Designation: C 110 – 00a

Standard Test Methods for

Physical Testing of Quicklime, Hydrated Lime, and
Limestone1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 110; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope C 25 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Limestone,

1.1 These test methods cover physical testing of quicklime Quicklime, and Hydrated Lime3
and hydrated lime, and of limestone not otherwise covered in C 28 Specification for Gypsum Plasters3
ASTM standards.2 C 50 Practice for Sampling, Inspection, Packing, and Mark-
ing of Lime and Limestone Products3
NOTE 1—Quicklime and hydrated lime have a high affinity for moisture C 51 Terminology Relating to Lime and Limestone (as used
and carbon dioxide. Caution should be taken to protect both hydrated and
by the Industry)3
quicklime during sampling, storage, and testing (see Practice C 50).
C 91 Specification for Masonry Cement3
1.2 The test procedures appear in the following order: C 109 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic
Section Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or 50-mm Cube Specimens)3
Air Entrainment 13
C 117 Test Method for Material Finer than 75–Micrometre
Apparent Loose Density of Hydrated Lime, Pulverized (No. 200) Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by Washing4
Quicklime, and Limestone 16 C 136 Test Method for Sieve Anlaysis of Fine and Coarse
Apparent Packed Density of Hydrated Lime, Pulverized
Quicklime, and Limestone 17 Aggrgates4
Autoclave Expansion of Hydrated Lime 8 C 150 Specification for Portland Cement3
Dry Brightness of Pulverized Limestone 15 C 185 Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement
Dry Screening by Air Jet Sieve 19
Fineness of Pulverized Quicklime and Hydrated Lime by Air Mortar3
Permeability 18 C 188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement3
Limestone Grindability 20 C 204 Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by
Particle Size of Pulverized Limestone 14
Plasticity of Lime Putty 7 Air Permeability Apparatus3
Popping and Pitting of Hydrated Lime 9 C 207 Specification for Hydrated Lime for Masonry Pur-
Residue and Sieve Analysis 5 poses3
Settling Rate of Hydrated Lime 11
Slaking Rate of Quicklime 12 C 230 Specification for Flow Table for Use in Tests of
Specific Gravity of Hydrated Lime Products 21 Hydraulic Cement3
Standard Consistency of Lime Putty 6 C 305 Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Cement
Water Retention of Hydrated Lime 10
Wet Sieve Analysis of Agricultural Liming Materials 22 Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency3
C 430 Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the the 45-µm (No. 325) Sieve3
standard. C 472 Test Methods for Physical Testing of Gypsum, Gyp-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the sum Plasters and Gypsum Concrete3
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- for Test Methods for Construction Materials4
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- C 702 Practice for Reducing Field Samples of Aggregate to
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Testing Size4
2. Referenced Documents C 778 Specification for Standard Sand3
C 1005 Specification for Weights and Weighing Devices for
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Use in the Physical Testing of Hydraulic Cements3
1
D 75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates5
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C07 on
Lime and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C07.06 on Physical Tests.
Current edition approved June 10, 2000. Published August 2000. Originally
published as C 110 – 34 T. Last previous edition C 110 – 00.
2 3
For tests on limestone as aggregate, see Vol 04.02 of the Annual Book of ASTM Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01.
4
Standards. For tests on limestone as building stone, see Vol 04.05 of the Annual Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.
5
Book of ASTM Standards. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.03.

Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
 C 110
E 11 Specification for Wire and Cloth Sieves for Testing 5.2.5 Attach a pressure gage to the water faucet and a rubber
Purposes6 tubing to the output side of the pressure gage. On the other end
E 29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to of the rubber tubing attach the spray nozzle (see 5.2.3).
Determine Conformance with Specifications6 5.3 Residue of Quicklime:
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to 5.3.1 Select a representative 2.5-kg (5-lb) sample of the
Determine the Precision of a Test Method6 quicklime. Break lime selected for this test so as to entirely
pass a 25.0-mm (1-in.) square mesh screen. Test the pulverized
3. Terminology
lime as received. Place the sample in a box of wood or of some
3.1 Definitions—Unless otherwise specified, for definitions material of similarly low thermal conductivity, and an experi-
of terms used in this standard see Terminology C 51. enced operator should slake it with sufficient water at 21 to
27°C (70 to 80°F) to produce the maximum quantity of lime
4. General Procedures
putty, carefully avoiding “burning” or “drowning” the lime.
4.1 Sampling—Samples of lime and limestone for chemical Allow it to stand for 1 h and then wash through an 850-µm (No.
analysis shall be taken and prepared in accordance with the 20) sieve by a stream of water having a moderate pressure. Do
requirements of Practice C 50 applicable to the material to be not rub any material through the sieve. Continue the washing
tested. until the residue on the screen appears to consist entirely of
4.2 Calculation: coarse particles, but in no case continue the washing for more
4.2.1 The calculations included in the individual procedures than 30 min. Dry the residue to constant weight at a tempera-
sometimes assume that the exact weight specified has been ture of 100 to 107°C (212 to 225°F) and calculate the
used. Accurately weighed samples which are approximately percentage residue, based on the original weight of the sample.
but not exactly equal to the weight specified may be used
5.4 Sieve Analysis of Hydrated Lime:
provided appropriate corrections are made in the calculation.
Unless otherwise stated, weights of all samples and residues 5.4.1 Select a 100-g sample of the hydrated lime as received
should be recorded to the nearest 0.0001 g. and place on a 600-µm (No. 30) sieve, which is nested above
4.2.2 In all mathematical operations on a set of observed a 75-µm (No. 200) sieve. Wash the material through the sieves
values, the equivalent of two more places of figures than in the by means of a stream of water from the nozzle attached to a
single observed values shall be retained. For example, if rubber tubing (see 5.2.5) after adjusting the water pressure to
observed values are read or determined to the nearest 0.1 mg, 10 psi (69 kPa) 60.25 psi (61.7 kPa). Carefully wash the
carry numbers to the nearest 0.001 mg in calculation. sample through the sieves without allowing any splashing over
4.3 Rounding Figures—Rounding of figures to the nearest the sides of the sieve. After the sample is washed through the
significant place required in the report should be done after the top sieve, separate the two sieves and continue washing
calculations are completed, in order to keep the final results through the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve until the water coming
free from calculation errors. The rounding procedure should through the sieve is clear, that is, no particles can be seen in a
follow the principle outlined in Practice E 29. beaker of the rinse water, but in no case continue the washing
longer than 30 min. Take care not to let water accumulate on
5. Residue and Sieve Analysis the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve, because the openings will become
5.1 Significance and Use: clogged and the operation cannot be completed in 30 min.
5.1.1 This test method determines the residue obtained from 5.4.2 Calculate the percentage residue retained on each
slaking quicklime. Residue, in this case, is largely unreacted sieve, based on the original weight of the sample. The weight
material such as uncalcined limestone or dolomite, overburned of the material retained on the 600-µm (No. 30) sieve shall be
quicklime, or gross impurities, or a combination of these. added to the weight of the material retained on the 75-µm sieve
5.2 Apparatus: to obtain the correct weight of the material retained on the
5.2.1 The sieves used shall conform to the requirements of 75-µm sieve.
Specification E 11. Preferably the sieves should have a 4-in. 5.5 Sieve Analysis of Limestone and Dry Quicklime:
depth. 5.5.1 Select the desired sieves and nest them with the
5.2.2 If sieve calibrations are required, follow the method as coarsest sieves on top. Weigh a 100-g sample of the material to
outlined in Test Method C 430. be tested and place it on the top sieve. Conduct the sieving
5.2.3 Spray Nozzle conforming to the requirements of Test operation by means of a lateral and vertical motion of the sieve
Method C 430.7 accompanied by a jarring action to keep the sample moving
5.2.4 Pressure Gage shall be 3-in. (75-mm) minimum continuously over the surface of the sieve. Continue sieving
diameter, and shall be graduated in 1-psi (6.9 kPa) increments, until not more than 1 % of the residue passes any sieve during
and shall have a maximum capacity of 30-psi (207 kPa). The 1 min. If mechanical sieving is used, the device shall be such
accuracy at 10 psi (69 kPa) shall be 60.25 psi (61.7 kPa).7 as to impart the type of agitation described in the hand sieving
operation. Continue the shaking for a period of 15 min.
6
5.5.2 Weigh the residue retained on each sieve to the nearest
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
7 0.1 g. Report the results of the sieve analysis as follows: (1)
A wet washing spray attachment, Soiltest Model CL-364, or equivalent has
been found suitable for this purpose. Available from Soiltest, Inc., 86 Albrecht total percentages passing each sieve, ( 2) total percentages
Drive, P.O. Box 8004, Lake Bluff, IL 60044-8004. retained on each sieve, or ( 3) percentages retained between

2
 C 110
consecutive sieves, depending upon the form of the specifica- 6.2.3 Base Plate—The base plate for supporting the ring
tion for the use of the material under test. mold shall be of plate glass and about 100 mm square.
5.6 Precision and Bias: 6.2.4 Mechanical Mixers .8
5.6.1 No precision data are available due to the limited use 6.3 Standard Consistency Determination:
of these test methods. Therefore, users are advised to develop 6.3.1 Mechanical Mixing Procedure Using the Vac-U-
their own laboratory precision. No statement is being made Mixer—To a measured amount of water contained in an
about the bias of these test methods. 800-cm3 Vac-U-Mix bowl, add 300 g of hydrated lime and
hand mix for 10 s with a stiff spatula (Note 2). Cover putty to
6. Standard Consistency of Lime Putty
prevent evaporation of water. After the applicable soaking
6.1 Significance and Use: period, 30 min maximum for Type S, special hydrated lime,
6.1.1 In order to measure certain physical properties of a and not less than 16 h nor more than 24 h for Type N, normal
lime putty, such as plasticity, it is necessary to have a uniform hydrated lime, insert the paddle assembly and mix the putty for
or standard consistency (viscosity), since the property mea- 30 s with the mechanical mixer. Remove the paddle assembly
surement is affected by the consistency level. and scrape down any putty adhering to it and to the sides of the
6.2 Apparatus: mixing bowl. Remix for 30 s and determine the consistency as
6.2.1 Modified Vicat Apparatus—The apparatus, con- prescribed in 6.3. If the penetration is less than 15 mm, return
structed as shown in Fig. 1, shall consist of a bracket, A, all of the material to the mixer bowl, add additional water, and
bearing a movable brass rod, B, 6.3 mm in diameter and of remix for 15 s. If the penetration is greater than 25 mm, repeat
suitable length to fit the Vicat bracket. A plunger, C, 12.5 mm the test.
in diameter, made of aluminum tubing, shall be attached to the
lower end of the rod. The total weight of the rod with plunger NOTE 2—Most lime hydrates will require 250 to 300 mL of water to
produce a putty of proper consistency for this test if 300 g of lime are used.
shall be 30 g. The lower end of the plunger shall be closed
without shoulders or curvature and the tube may be loaded with 6.3.2 Mechanical Mixing Procedure Using the Hobart N-50
shot to the specified weight. The total weight required may also Mixer—To a measured amount of water contained in the N-50
be obtained by means of a weight, D, screwed into the rod. The mixing bowl, add 600 g of hydrated lime and hand mix for 10
rod can be held in any position by means of a screw, E, and has s with a stiff spatula (Note 3). Cover putty to prevent
a mark midway between the ends which moves under a scale, evaporation of water. After the applicable soaking period, 30
F, graduated in millimetres, attached to the bracket, A. min maximum for Type S, special hydrated lime, and not less
6.2.2 Mold—The conical ring mold shall be made of a than 16 h nor more than 24 h for Type N, normal hydrated lime,
noncorroding, nonabsorbent material, and shall have an inside insert the paddle assembly and mix the putty for 1 min at a
diameter of 70 mm at the base and 60 mm at the top, and a slow speed. Stop the mixer and scrape down the paddle and the
height of 40 mm. sides of the mixing bowl. Remix for 4 min at a slow speed.
Determine the consistency as prescribed in 6.3.3. If the
penetration is less than 15 mm, return all of the material to the
mixing bowl, add additional water, and remix for 15 s. If the
penetration is more than 25 mm, repeat the test.
NOTE 3—Most lime hydrates will require 500 to 600 mL of water to
produce a putty of proper consistency for this test if 600 g of lime are used.
6.3.3 Consistency Determination—To determine consis-
tency, place the mold with its larger end resting on the glass
base plate and fill with the lime putty. Then strike off the putty
flush with the top of the mold. Center the lime putty, confined
in the ring mold resting on the plate, under the rod of the
modified Vicat apparatus (Fig. 1). Bring the plunger end, C, in
contact with the surface of the lime putty and take an initial
reading. Release the rod and take the final reading 30 s after the
plunger is released. The lime putty is of standard consistency
when a penetration of 20 6 5 mm is obtained. Record both the
total amount of water required to bring the putty to standard
consistency and the actual penetration. Proceed with the
plasticity determination in accordance with 7.3.
6.4 Precision and Bias:
6.4.1 The precision and bias of this test method has not been
determined.

8
A Vac-U-Mixer or an N-50 Hobart Mixer, or equivalent, has been found
FIG. 1 Modified Vicat Apparatus suitable for this purpose.

3
 C 110
7.2.3 Absorption of Plasticimeter Base Plates:
7.2.3.1 Total Absorption—Plasticimeter base plates when
immersed in water at room temperature for a period of 24 h
shall absorb not less than 40 g of water. Before making the
determination, dry the porcelain plates overnight in an oven at
temperatures of between 100 and 110°C (212 and 230°F) and
permit to cool to room temperature. Dry the plaster plates
overnight over calcium chloride at room temperature. After
immersion and before weighing, wipe off the excess water with
a damp cloth.
7.2.3.2 Rate of Absorption (Note 4)—When tested over an
area 70 mm (23⁄4 in.) in diameter, the water absorbed shall be
in accordance with the following:
Time, min Water Absorbed, mL

1 8 to 14
2 5 to 71⁄2
3 4 to 61⁄2
4 4 to 6
5 31⁄2 to 51⁄2
Constants of the Machine: NOTE 4—A convenient apparatus for determining the rate of absorption
Absorption of Porcelain Base Plate—minimum of 40 g in 24 h. For rate of
absorption of base plates see 7.2.3.2.
consists of a buret sealed onto an inverted glass funnel from which the
Dimension of Base Plate—25 mm (1 in.) in thickness by 100 mm (4 in.) in stem has been removed. The diameter of the larger end of the funnel shall
diameter. be ground so as to be 70 mm (23⁄4 in.) in internal diameter. The funnel may
Dimensions of Disk—0.8 mm (1⁄32 in.) in thickness by 76 mm (3 in.) in be attached to the plate on which the measurement is being made by
diameter. melted paraffin. The paraffin should not be too hot. A little experience will
Speed of Vertical Shaft—1 revolution in 6 min, 40 s. indicate when it is of the proper consistency.
Torque on Disk when Bob Reading is 100—1.41 N·m. 7.3 Plasticity Determination:
FIG. 2 Emley Plasticimeter 7.3.1 Lubricate a ring mold such as is described in 6.2.2
with a thin film of water, place on a porcelain base plate (see
7. Plasticity of Lime Putty 7.2.2 and 7.2.3) or a disposable plaster base plate (see 7.2.3),
7.1 Significance and Use: fill with the paste which has been adjusted to standard
7.1.1 This test method provides a measure of the degree of consistency as described in 6.3.3, and strike off level. Remove
stiffening of lime putty of standard consistency as water is the mold by raising it vertically without distorting the paste.
withdrawn from it by a standard suction base plate. Center the base plate and paste in the instrument and turn the
7.1.2 Plasticity is an important property when applying carriage up by hand until the surface of the paste is in contact
mixtures containing lime putty to porous or absorptive surfaces with the disk and the distance between the disk and the top of
such as in plastering, stuccoing, and masonry construction. the base plate is 32 mm (11⁄4 in.). Throw the carriage into gear
7.2 Apparatus: and start the motor. It is essential that the motor be started
7.2.1 Determine the plasticity of lime putty using the exactly 120 s after the first portion of the paste has been placed
plasticimeter shown in Fig. 2.9 in the mold. Record the time when the first portion of paste is
7.2.2 Cleaning and Care of Base Plates— In making the placed in the mold as zero time; the motor is therefore started
plasticity determinations, much of the success attainable de- at 2 min. Take care to protect the specimen from drafts during
pends upon the condition of the base plates. In the case of the test.
porcelain plates which are reused, improper cleaning results in 7.3.2 Record the scale reading at 1-min intervals until the
clogging of the pores with reduction in the rate of absorption. test is completed. Consider the test complete when: ( 1) the
After a plate has been used, wipe the excess lime off and scale reading reaches 100, (2) any reading is less than the one
immerse the plate in clear water for not less than 2 h, after before, or (3) the scale reading remains constant for three
which transfer it without drying to a dilute solution of consecutive readings (2 min) and the specimen has visibly
hydrochloric acid (HCl, 1 + 9) where it shall be kept immersed ruptured or broken loose from the base plate. Note the time and
for another 2 h. Then transfer to a receptacle containing the scale reading at the end of the test.
running water for at least 1 h. The plate is then free of acid. 7.4 Calculation:
After the removal of excess water, place the plate in an oven 7.4.1 Calculate the plasticity figure as follows:
overnight at a temperature of between 100 and 110°C (212 and P 5 =F2 1 ~10T! 2 (1)
230°F) for drying. Before using, cool the plate to room
temperature. where
P = plasticity figure,
F = scale reading at the end of the test, and
9
Emley Plasticimeters are no longer manufactured. If test is required, contact the T = time in minutes from the time when the first portion of
chairman of Subcommittee C07.06 through ASTM Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor
Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.
paste was put in the mold to the end of the test.

4
 C 110
7.5 Precision and Bias: Standard portland cement 7g
7.5.1 There are as yet insufficient analyzed data to permit Standard aggregate (pulverized limestone) 16 g
preparation of a precision and bias statement for this test Blend the mix until homogeneous.
method. When data are collected and analyzed, precision and 8.4.2.3 Autoclave and calculate expansions of the test tablet
bias statements will be proposed. and the standard tablet in accordance with 8.3.1.
8.4.2.4 Determine the autoclave expansion of hydrated lime
8. Autoclave Expansion of Hydrated Lime
for masonry purposes by subtracting the average percent
8.1 Significance and Use: expansion of the standard tablet from the sample tablet.
8.1.1 Expansion of pressed tablets of hydrated lime gener- 8.5 Precision and Bias:
ally indicates the presence of unhydrated oxides of magnesium 8.5.1 No precision data are available due to the limited use
and calcium. The relation of the degree of expansion in this test of this test method. Therefore, users are advised to develop
method to field performance has not been determined. their own laboratory precision. No statement is being made
8.2 Apparatus: about the bias of this test method.
8.2.1 Mold and Press—A steel mold capable of producing a
press tablet at least 0.032 m (1.25 in.) in diameter and 0.006 m 9. Popping and Pitting of Hydrated Lime
(0.25 in.) thick, and able to sustain at least 88.9 kN (20 000 9.1 Significance and Use:
lbf) pressure from a suitable press. It should be provided with 9.1.1 Pops and pits are caused by the hydration and expan-
a release jig also. sion of coarse particles of unhydrated lime or lime-impurity
8.2.2 Autoclave, capable of holding 1034 kPa (150 psi) for reaction products present in the hydrated lime. The level of
2 h. popping and pitting in the sample is indicative of the potential
8.2.3 Micrometer, dial-type, capable of measuring 2.54 µm for the appearance of surface defects in plastering applications.
(0.0001 in.). 9.2 Gauging Plaster:
8.2.4 Microscope, with graduated lens for measuring 0.10 9.2.1 The gauging plaster used for the popping and pitting
mm. test shall conform to the Test Methods section of Specification
8.3 Procedure: C 28 and shall have a setting time of not more than 1 h when
8.3.1 Weigh out 15 g of hydrated sample, place in the mold, tested in accordance with Test Methods C 472. Test the
and press into a tablet. Press to 33.4 kN (7500 lbf) for 10 s, gauging plaster without lime in the manner described in 9.3 to
then increase pressure to 88.9 kN (20 000 lbf) or more. Hold ensure its freedom from pops and pits. If any pops or pits are
for 10 s before releasing. Press tablet from mold with jig and found, provide another lot of gauging plaster that is free of
draw three diameter lines across the surface of the tablet using pops and pits when subjected to this test.
a lead pencil. Draw two diameter lines normal to each other 9.3 Procedure:
and draw the third bisecting the 90° angles of the other two. 9.3.1 Mix 100 g of hydrated lime with sufficient water to
Measure the diameters with a dial micrometer and place the bring to such a consistency as to give a penetration of 20 6 5
tablet on the autoclave rack. Use aluminum foil to protect the mm when tested in accordance with 6.3.3. Mix into this putty,
tablets from water dripping. Autoclave at 862 to 1034 kPa (125 25 g of gauging plaster (9.2.1), adding more water as required
to 150 psi) for 2 h. Begin timing when the pressure reaches 345 to maintain workable consistency. Spread on a glass plate to
kPa (50 psi). After the autoclaving interval, allow the autoclave make a pat at least 150 by 200 mm (6 by 8 in.) by
to cool, remove the tablet, and remeasure the diameters. approximately 3 mm (1⁄8 in.) in thickness. Trowel to a smooth
Calculate the average percent expansion of the tablet from the finish. Allow to stand overnight.
before and after measurements. 9.3.2 Place the specimen and plate on a rack in the steam
8.4 Expansion of Hydrated Lime-Portland Cement- bath so that water is not in contact with the specimen to be
Aggregate: tested. Provide a sloping cover above the specimen to prevent
8.4.1 Materials: condensed steam from dripping onto the surface of the speci-
8.4.1.1 Standard Cement—Type I or Type II portland ce- men. Raise the temperature of the water in the steam bath to
ment. boiling and maintain at boiling for 5 h. Remove the specimens
8.4.1.2 Standard Aggregate—Pulverized limestone, minus from the bath and examine for pops and pits.
212-µm (No. 70) sieve, having less than 0.5 % silicon dioxide 9.3.3 The pitting potential of hydrated lime can be deter-
(SiO2). mined in conjunction with autoclave expansion as in 8.3.1.
8.4.2 Procedure: However, it is not necessary to measure diameter, if only the
8.4.2.1 Test Tablet—Make up a pressed tablet in accordance pitting potential is to be determined. After following the
with the procedure outlined in 8.3.1 using the following procedure for expansion in 8.3.1, examine the pressed tablet
mixture for the sample: under the measuring microscope, and count and measure the
Standard portland cement 14 g pits in millimetres.
Hydrated lime 8g
Standard aggregate (pulverized limestone) 72 g 10. Water Retention of Hydrated Lime
Blend the mix until homogeneous. 10.1 Significance and Use:
8.4.2.2 Standard Tablet—Make up a pressed tablet in ac- 10.1.1 This test method measures the ability of the hydrated
cordance with the procedure outlined in 8.3.1 using the lime in a plastic mix with sand to retain water, and hence retain
following mixture for the sample: consistency of the mix, when subjected to an applied suction.

5
 C 110
This ability, measured as a percent of the original consistency, 10.3 Consistency:
is indicative of the workability to be expected in a masonry 10.3.1 Apparatus—The flow table and mold used for the
containing the lime. measurement of consistency of the mortar shall conform to
10.2 Proportioning and Mixing: Specification C 230.
10.2.1 Apparatus—The apparatus used shall conform to 10.3.2 Procedure—Carefully wipe dry the flow table top
Practice C 305. and place the flow mold at the center. Immediately after
10.2.2 Proportions—The mortar tested shall be composed completing the mixing operation, fill the mold with mortar
of 500 g of lime and 1500 g of standard sand conforming to gently pressed into place by the finger tips to ensure uniform
13.2.4. If hydrated lime putty is used, use that weight of putty filling free of voids. Smooth off the mortar level with the top of
that is equivalent to 500 g of dry hydrated lime. the mold by aid of a trowel, and remove the mold. Immediately
10.2.3 Mechanical Mixing: drop the table through a height of 13 mm (1⁄2 in.), 25 times in
10.2.3.1 Place the dry paddle and the dry bowl in the mixing 15 s. The flow is the resulting increase in diameter of the
position in the mixer. mortar mass, expressed as the percentage of the original
10.2.3.2 Place a measured quantity of water in the bowl. diameter. The mortar may be adjusted, if the flow is below
10.2.3.3 Add the lime to the water, then start the mixer and 100 %, by additions of water until the flow is within the range
mix at slow speed (140 6 5 r/min) for 30 s. from 100 to 115 %. Make each adjustment by returning the
10.2.4 Add the entire quantity of sand slowly over a 30-s mortar to the original mixing bowl, add water, and then mix at
period while mixing at slow speed. medium speed (2856 10 r/min) for 30 s. If the flow of the
10.2.5 Stop the mixer, change to medium speed (285 6 10 original mortar is greater than 115 %, prepare a new batch.
rpm) and mix for 30 s. 10.4 Water Retention Test:
10.2.6 Stop the mixer and let the mortar stand for 11⁄2 min. 10.4.1 Apparatus—The equipment used to determine water
(During the first 15 s of this interval, quickly scrape down into retention shall conform to either apparatus used for the water
the batch any mortar that may have collected on the side of the retention test in Specification C 91 (see Figs. 3 and 4).
bowl, then for the remainder of this interval cover the bowl 10.4.2 Procedure:
with the lid.) 10.4.2.1 Adjust the mercury relief column or vacuum regu-
10.2.7 Finish the mixing for 1 min at medium speed. lator to maintain a vacuum of 51 6 3 mm as measured on the
10.2.8 In any case requiring a remixing interval, any mortar manometer or the vacuum gauge. Seat the perforated dish on
adhering to the side of the bowl shall be quickly scraped down the greased gasket of the funnel. Place a wetted filter paper in
into the batch prior to remixing. the bottom of the dish. Turn the stopcock to apply the vacuum

FIG. 3 Apparatus Assembly for the Water Retention Test

6
7
C 110

FIG. 4 Vacuum Gauge Apparatus Assembly for the Water Retention Test
 C 110
to the funnel and check the apparatus for leaks and to Wet with 50 mL of carbon dioxide (CO2) free distilled water at
determine that the required vacuum is obtained. Then turn the 23 6 1.7°C (73.46 3°F) and mix thoroughly by alternately
stopcock to shut off the vacuum from the funnel. inverting and righting the cylinder slowly for a period of 2 min.
10.4.2.2 Immediately after the final consistency test Allow the graduate and contents to stand at 23 6 1.7°C for 30
(10.3.2), return all of the mortar to the bowl and remix the min and then dilute to the 100-mL mark with CO 2-free
entire batch for 15 s at medium speed. Immediately after distilled water at 23 6 1.7°C. Mix contents again thoroughly as
remixing the mortar, fill the perforated dish with the mortar to before and allow to stand undisturbed at 23 6 1.7°C for 24 h.
slightly above the rim. Tamp the mortar 15 times with the 11.3 Report:
tamper. Apply ten of the tamping strokes at approximately 11.3.1 Report the sedimentation height in millilitres after 1⁄4,
uniform spacing adjacent to the rim of the dish and with the 1⁄2, 3⁄4, 1, 2, 4, and 24 h, reading the bottom of the meniscus.

long axis of the tamping face held at right angles, to the radius
NOTE 5—Slight variations in results of this test method on a sample run
of the dish. Apply the remaining five tamping strokes at in different laboratories or by different operators are permissible. The test
random points distributed over the central area of the dish. The is not an absolute one, but is designed to distinguish between fast and slow
tamping pressure shall be just sufficient to ensure filling of the settling hydrates.
dish. On completion of the tamping, the top of the mortar 11.4 Precision and Bias:
should extend slightly above the rim of the dish. Smooth off the 11.4.1 No precision data are available due to the limited use
mortar by drawing the flat side of the straightedge (with the of this test method. Therefore, users are advised to develop
leading edge slightly raised) across the top of the dish. Then cut their own laboratory precision.
off the mortar to a plane surface flush with the rim of the dish
by drawing the straightedge with a sawing motion across the 12. Slaking Rate of Quicklime
top of the dish in two cutting strokes, starting each cut near the 12.1 Significance and Use:
center of the dish. If the mortar is pulled away from the side of 12.1.1 The temperature rise in 30 s is a measure of the
the dish during the process of cutting off the excess mortar, reactivity of the softer-burned portion of the quicklime. Total
gently press the mortar back into contact with the side of the slaking time provides a measure of the overall degree of
dish using the tamper. reactivity of the material. Total temperature rise is largely
10.4.2.3 Turn the stopcock to apply vacuum to the funnel. dependent on the available lime content of the sample.
After suction for 60 s, quickly turn the stopcock to expose the 12.1.2 These slaking parameters provide an indication of
funnel to atmospheric pressure. Immediately slide the perfo- the performance of the quicklime to be expected in industrial
rated dish off the funnel, touch it momentarily on a damp cloth slaking systems. Slaking characteristics have an effect on lime
to remove droplets of water, and set the dish on the table. Then slurry properties such as settling characteristics, viscosity,
using the bowl scraper (rubber scraper as specified in Practice particle size, and reaction rate.
C 305), plow and mix the mortar in the dish for 15 s. Upon 12.2 Apparatus:
completion of mixing, place the mortar in the flow mold and 12.2.1 Mechanical Stirrer ,10 speed 400 6 50 r/min, fitted
determine the flow. Carry out the entire operation without with a special stirring rod.
interruption and as quickly as possible. Not more than 30 min 12.2.2 Modified Dewar Flask ,11 665-mL, fitted with special
should be required for completion, starting from the comple- rubber gasket covers.
tion of the mixing of the mortar for the first flow determination. 12.2.3 Thermometer, dial-type, 0 to 100°C range in 1°C
10.4.3 Calculation: increments or thermocouple with a response time equivalent to
10.4.3.1 Calculate the water retention value for the mortar or faster than the dial thermometer.
as follows: 12.2.4 Torsion Balance.
Water retention value 5 ~A/B! 3 100 (2) 12.2.5 Sieve, 203-mm (8-in.), 3.35-mm (No. 6), conforming
to Specification E 11.
where: 12.2.6 An apparatus essentially the same as that illustrated
A = flow after suction, and
in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 shall be used. The apparatus consists of a
B = flow immediately after mixing.
covered reaction container fitted with a mechanical stirrer and
10.5 Precision and Bias:
thermometer. The quicklime charge shall be stirred with a
10.5.1 No precision data are available due to the limited use
mechanical stirrer fitted with a stainless steel rod, the end of
of this test method. Therefore, users are advised to develop
which is formed into a loop to follow the contour of the
their own laboratory precision.
reaction container. The vacuum reaction flask shall be provided
11. Settling Rate of Hydrated Lime with a cover consisting of two circular pieces of gasket rubber
sheet, approximately 3 mm (1⁄8 in.) thick. The first piece is
11.1 Significance and Use:
provided with a single radial slot that slides over the stirring
11.1.1 This test method provides a measure of the rate of
rod and the thermometer. The second piece (top) has a similar
settling of a hydrated lime slurry, a form in which this material
slot plus a hole to provide for the dial thermometer. When the
is frequently used. In some applications a slow settling slurry
two cover pieces are in place, the slot on the lower piece is at
is desirable; in others, fast settling is preferred.
11.2 Procedure:
11.2.1 Place 10.0 g of lime hydrate in a 100-mL glass- 10
A Fisher 14-498, or equivalent, has been found suitable for this purpose.
stoppered graduated cylinder (internal diameter about 24 mm). 11
A Fisher 10-197, or equivalent, has been found suitable for this purpose.

8
 C 110

FIG. 5 Slaking Reactivity Apparatus

by the particle size of the sample and must be as close to a 3.35

mm (No. 6) sieve as possible. It is not necessary that 100 % of
the sample pass a 3.35 mm (No. 6) sieve, but all of the sample,
including the plus 3.35 mm (plus No. 6) fraction, must be used
in the test.
12.3.2 Slaking Rate—Adjust the temperature of about 500
mL of distilled water in accordance with the schedule given in
Table 1, and add the specified amount to the Dewar flask. Set
the agitator revolving at 400 6 50 r/min. The temperature of
the water in the flask must be 60.5°C of the desired tempera-
ture. Quarter and weigh out the required amount of the
prepared quicklime sample. Add the quicklime to the water
without delay and simultaneously begin timing. Put the covers
in place immediately. Take a reading at each 30 s interval.
12.3.3 Continue readings until less than 0.5°C temperature
change is noted in each of three consecutive readings. The total
active slaking time will then be the time at which the first of the
three consecutive readings was taken. The temperature at this
time will be considered the final reaction temperature. Subtract
the initial temperature from the final temperature to obtain the
total temperature rise. Subtract the initial temperature from the
FIG. 6 Stirring Rod Detail temperature at 30 s for the temperature rise in 30 s. Subtract the
initial temperature from the temperature at 3 min for the
temperature rise in 3 min.
right angles to the slot on the upper piece with the thermometer
12.4 Report:
stem extending through the lower slot. The apparatus may be
assembled by any convenient supporting equipment. TABLE 1 Schedule for Slaking Rate
12.3 Procedure: Material to Be Tested
12.3.1 Prepare the sample of quicklime (as rapidly as Dolomitic High Calcium
Temperature of water,° C 40 25A
possible to prevent sample deterioration) so that a majority of Quantity of water, mL 400 400
the material passes a 3.35 mm (No. 6) sieve. Place the sample Quantity of quicklime, g 120 100
in an airtight container and allow to come to room temperature A
Initial temperature of 40°C may be used, provided the report of results states
before testing. The slaking rate of lime is significantly affected the initial temperature.

9
 C 110
12.4.1 Record the actual temperature rise and plot a suitable TABLE 3 Unit Weights and Apparent Specific Gravities
curve showing temperature rise as the ordinate and time as the Materials
Unit weight, Specific
abscissa. The results may also be reported as: kg/m3(lb/ft3)A Gravity

12.4.1.1 Temperature rise in 30 s (or at any other designated Portland cement 1,504 (94) 3.15
Hydrated lime 800 (50) 2.30
time) in degrees Celsius, Blended Ottawa sand 1,280 (80) 2.65
12.4.1.2 Total temperature rise in degrees Celsius, and A
The unit weight values listed for cementitious materials are assumed values
12.4.1.3 Total active slaking time in minutes. commonly used in construction practice.
12.5 Precision and Bias:
12.5.1 Twelve laboratories cooperated in the testing of five TABLE 4 Weight of Materials for Mortar Batch
high calcium quicklimes and four dolomitic quicklimes thereby Proportions Portland Hydrated Blended Ottawa
obtaining the repeatability (r) and reproducibility (R) (Practice Mortar by Cement Lime Silica Sand
E 691) data contained in Table 2. Type Volume (g) (g) (g)
12.5.2 Due to the lack of a recognized industry standard, the M 1:1⁄4:33⁄4 470.0 62.5 1,500
bias of this test method has not been determined. The variety of S 1:1⁄2:41⁄2 376.0 100.0 1,440
N 1:1:6 282.0 150.0 1,440
reporting options also complicates obtaining a suitable bias O 1:2:9 188.0 200.0 1,440
statement. Lime/Sand 1:3 300.0 1,400

13. Air Entrainment

13.3.3 Determination of Flow—Determine the flow in ac-
13.1 Significance and Use: cordance with the Procedure section of Test Method C 109.
13.1.1 Hydrated lime, particularly that containing an air- 13.4 Procedure:
entraining additive, used in masonry mortar may contribute to 13.4.1 If the mortar has the correct flow, use a separate
the air content of the mortar. Certain specifications and portion of the mortar for the determination of entrained air.
applications of mortar place a limit on this air content. Determine the weight of 400 mL of mortar in accordance with
13.2 Apparatus: Test Method C 185.
13.2.1 Scales, Sieves, Glass Graduates, Tamper, Measure, 13.5 Calculation:
Straightedge, Spatula, Tapping Stick, and Spoon, conforming 13.5.1 Calculate the air content of the mortar and report it to
to the requirements given in Test Method C 185. the nearest 0.1 % as follows:
13.2.2 Flow Table, conforming to the requirements pre-
D 5 ~W1 1 W2 1 W 3 1 Vw!/
scribed in Specification C 230.
@~W1/S1! 1 ~W 2/S2! 1 ~W3/S3! 1 V w# A
13.2.3 Mixing Apparatus, conforming to the requirements 5 100 2 ~W m/4D! (3)
as prescribed in Practice C 305.
13.2.4 The sand shall be a blend of equal parts by weight of where:
graded Ottawa sand and standard 20–30 Ottawa sand. The D = density of air-free mortar,
fineness of graded Ottawa sand and standard 20–30 sand may W1 = weight of portland cement, g,
be checked by using the methods described in Specification W2 = weight of hydrated lime, g,
C 778. W3 = weight of blended Ottawa sand, g,
13.3 Preparation of Mortar: Vw = water used, mL,
13.3.1 Proportions for Mortar—Portland cement-hydrated S1 = specific gravity of portland cement,
lime mortar for measurement of air entrainment shall be S2 = specific gravity of hydrated lime,
S3 = specific gravity of blended Ottawa sand,
proportioned to conform, in batch size, to the unit weights by
A = volume % of entrained air, and
volume of cementitious material and aggregate as shown in Wm = weight of 400 mL of mortar, g.
Table 3. The portland cement shall conform to Specification
C 150, and the hydrated lime to Specification C 207. The NOTE 6—For lime/sand mortars, W1 and S1 should be dropped from the
quantity of water, measured in millilitres, shall be such as to calculation.
produce a flow of 110 6 5 % as determined by the flow table. 13.6 Precision and Bias:
Proportions for the generally used batch sizes based on Table 2 13.6.1 The single operator within laboratory standard devia-
material unit weight shall contain the weights as prescribed in tion has been found to be 0.56 % air content throughout the
Table 4. range of 8 % to 19 % air content. Therefore results of two
13.3.2 Mixing of Mortars—Mix the mortar in accordance properly conducted tests by the same operator on similar
with the procedure for mixing pastes in Practice C 305. batches of mortar should not differ by more than 1.6 % air
content.
TABLE 2 Precision Data 13.6.2 The multilaboratory standard deviation has been
found to be 1.0 % air content throughout the range of 8 % to
Results in °C Rise
Material Labs r R 19 % air content. Therefore, results of two different laborato-
Time Range Tested
ries on similar batches of mortar should not differ from each
High Calcium 12 30 s 12.3–44.4 1.56 4.21 other by more than 2.8 % air content (see Test Method C 185).
High Calcium 11 3 min 32.1–56.1 1.72 4.72
Dolomitic 10 30 s 3.6–12.0 1.38 2.84 14. Particle Size of Pulverized Limestone
Dolomitic 9 3 min 21.2–36.4 1.62 3.72
14.1 Significance and Use:

10
 C 110
14.1.1 Particle size of pulverized limestone, as the word is readings at the top of the meniscus; and (4) Hydrometers: In
used in these methods, is the percent distribution of the spite of the supposed similarity in volume of the hydrometers
equivalent spherical diameter of the individual particles ex- (ASTM 152H), variations of as much as 1.0-scale divisions
pressed in micrometres, using the principle of sedimentation between two similar hydrometers have been noted. The cor-
and Stokes’ law for particle size determination. It is intended rection factor brings all four into line with one another. It is not
for use with pulverized limestones with not more than 0.5 % necessary to repeat this calibration unless changing to a
residue on a 45-µm (No. 325) sieve. different hydrometer.
14.2 Apparatus: 14.4.3 Weigh 40 g of sample.
14.2.1 Soil Hydrometer, ASTM 152H.12 14.4.4 Add approximately 300 mL of distilled water to the
14.2.2 Sedimentation Cylinder, ASTM, 1000-mL capacity. mixer, 30 mL of the particle-dispersing solution, followed by
14.2.3 Rubber Stopper, Size 12. 40 g of unknown sample. Cover. Agitate for exactly 2 min at
14.2.4 Thermometer, 0 to 105°C. high speed.
14.2.5 Stop Watch. 14.4.5 Transfer the slurry quantitatively to the 1000-mL
14.2.6 Regular Clock or Watch. sedimentation cylinder. Make up to approximately 3.2 mm (1⁄8
14.2.7 Mixer .13 in.) above the mark since it must be read from the top (as the
14.2.8 Water Bath. bottom of the meniscus is not visible) and this will approximate
14.2.9 Balance .14 the 1000-mL calibration of the cylinder. Cylinder temperature
14.2.10 Watch Glass. can be adjusted to 20°C by running cool water on the outside
14.2.11 Graph Paper ,15 3 cycles 3 70 divisions. of the cylinder and stirring with a thermometer until 20°C is
14.2.12 Sieve, 45-µm (No. 325), stainless steel cloth, brass reached. Cap with the rubber stopper. Mix well by inverting the
frame, 8-in. diameter. cylinder 15 or more times. Remove the stopper and put the
14.2.13 Sieve, 500-mesh, stainless steel cloth, brass frame, cylinder in a water bath that has been previously adjusted to as
4-in. diameter, 5-in. tall frame. close to 20°C as is possible. Start the stop watch and note the
14.3 Reagents: time on the clock. At exactly 41⁄2 min after start, carefully insert
14.3.1 Particle-Dispersing Agent 16 (30 mL of 25 % solu- the hydrometer to the approximate point where the reading is
tion is diluted up to 400 mL with distilled water). to be made. Take the reading at exactly 5 min. Record the
14.4 Procedure: reading and temperature (Note 7). Remove the hydrometer and
14.4.1 Determine meniscus correction by inserting the hy- wash clean of any slurry. Cover the cylinder with the watch
drometer in the sedimentation cylinder filled to mark with glass.
distilled water. Record the reading at the top of the meniscus
NOTE 7—Temperature must be taken inside the cylinder and not in the
and at the bottom of the meniscus. The difference between the water bath.
two readings is the meniscus correction. For example, in Fig. 7,
the correction for the hydrometer used is 1.2. This reading is 14.4.6 Take additional readings at 15, 30, 60, 120, or 180
added to each R to obtain Rr. min; 300 or 360 min; and 1200 or 1440 min after the start.
14.4.2 Calibrate the hydrometer by adding 30 mL of the 14.4.7 Take a 25-g sample and run a 500-mesh wet-sieve
particle-dispersing solution to the sedimentation cylinder, then test. The opening of the 500-mesh sieve is approximately 25
bringing up to the mark with distilled water at 27°C. Mix µm. From this result calculate the percent finer than 25 µm. Do
thoroughly and take a hydrometer reading (read at the top of not discard the plus 500-mesh but use this with the 45-µm (No.
the meniscus). Repeat after cooling the cylinder to 17°C and 325) sieve to obtain the percent finer than 44 µm. The opening
adjusting the meniscus so it is on the mark. Assume a of the 45-µm sieve is 44 µm.
straight-line relationship and draw a line that gives the com- 14.5 Calculation:
posite correction factor. This factor is the difference between 14.5.1 Arrange the data on a sample sheet.
the reading and zero. These are the corrections entered in Table 14.5.2 Record the date and clock readings as readings are
5 and should be determined for each hydrometer. Four factors taken.
are compensated for in the correction factor: (1) Temperature: 14.5.3 Readings are usually taken at 5, 15, 30, 60, 180, 360,
Hydrometers and cylinders are calibrated at 20°C; variations and 1440 min. The 25-µm point is obtained from the 500-mesh
from this temperature produce inaccuracy in the hydrometer sieve result and the 44-µm point is obtained from the 45-µm
reading; (2) Specific gravity: Addition of dispersant changes sieve result.
the specific gravity of the solution; ( 3) Meniscus correction: 14.5.4 Record the temperature, T, and the hydrometer read-
Hydrometers are graduated to read at the bottom of the ing, R, for each reading.
meniscus but opaque calcium carbonate solutions require 14.5.5 Obtain R r by adding the meniscus correction to each
R value.
12
14.5.6 Obtain R c, the corrected hydrometer reading, from
Available from Taylor Instrument Co., Catalog No. 22297.
13
The Hamilton Beach Model No. 210 mixer, or equivalent, has been found
Fig. 7. This value can be different for each hydrometer and
suitable for this purpose. must be individually determined.
14

15
The O’Haus CG 311 balance, or equivalent, has been found suitable. 14.5.7 Obtain L from Table 6 using Rr values.
Dietzgen No. 340-L310 or Keuffel and Esser No. 359-71G graph paper, or
14.5.8 =L/ T is found from Fig. 8 and the values for L and
equivalent, has been found suitable.
16
Daxad 30, a particle dispersing agent, has been found suitable, and is available T (time). For times not in Fig. 8, calculate the =L/T since the
from the Dewey and Almy Div. of W. R. Grace Co. values for L and T (in minutes) are known.

11
 C 110

FIG. 7 Composite Correction Factor for Hydrometer

TABLE 5 Hydrometer Composite Correction Factor is below 20° C, this correction should be added.
Temperature, °C Correction Factor 14.5.11 Find P by using Table 8 and the value for Rc.
17 +1.90 14.5.12 The values of Dc are now plotted against the values
18 +1.52 of P.
19 +1.14
20 +0.76
14.6 Precision and Bias:
21 +0.39 14.6.1 The precision and bias of this test method has not
22 0.00 been determined.
23 −0.38
24 −0.76
25 −1.14 15. Dry Brightness of Pulverized Limestone
26 −1.52
27 −1.90
15.1 Summary of Test Method:
15.1.1 A sample of the dry material is compressed and its
reflectance measured on a reflectometer that has previously
14.5.9 Find D at 20°C in terms of =L/T using Table 7. been standardized.
14.5.10 . To correct D for temperature, use Table 8 and find 15.2 Significance and Use:
DD in terms of =L/T . Multiply by DT (DT is the difference 15.2.1 This test method provides a measure of the reflec-
in temperature between 20°C and the actual temperature of the tance, or whiteness, or both of ground calcium carbonate
test). This will give a value to be subtracted from the D found products by comparison with a standard, using green and blue
in 14.5.9 if the temperature is above 20°C. If the temperature filters.

12
 C 110
TABLE 6 Effective Depth, L, for Hydrometer 152H 15.5.2.2 The Eastman Kodak barium sulfate reflectance
Rr L, cm Rr L, cm standard is provided with reflectance values at various wave-
0 16.3 31 11.2 lengths. Since some variation is possible between lots of
1 16.1 32 11.1 BaSO4, the values used to standardize the reflectometer must
2 16.0 33 10.9
3 15.8 34 10.7
be calculated. A normal Y value will be between 99.0 and 98.5,
4 15.6 35 10.6 depending on the lot number.
5 15.5 36 10.4 15.5.2.3 After this has been accomplished, a reading of the
6 15.3 37 10.2
white standard plaque can be taken and the values of X, Y, and
7 15.2 38 10.1 Z recorded. This plaque can then be used as a secondary
8 15.0 39 9.9 standard for future standardizations. This reduces the necessity
9 14.8 40 9.7
10 14.7 41 9.6
of making a barium sulfate pellet for every test series.
11 14.5 42 9.4 15.6 Procedure:
12 14.3 43 9.2 15.6.1 The reflectometer must be given ample warm-up
13 14.2 44 9.1
time prior to the sample readings.
14 14.0 45 8.9 15.6.2 The reflectometer must first be standardized; this
15 13.8 46 8.8 consists of standardization of the bottom of the scale and
16 13.7 47 8.6
17 13.5 48 8.4
standardization of the upper part of the scale.
18 13.3 49 8.3 15.6.3 Sample pellets should then be pressed (Note 8)
19 13.2 50 8.1 following manufacturer instructions explicitly (Note 9).
20 13.0 51 7.9
21 12.9 52 7.8 NOTE 8—Ground products with more than 0.5 % residue on a 45-µm
(No. 325) screen will require special care in preparing the sample cup. The
22 12.7 53 7.6
23 12.5 54 7.4
coarser the product, the harder to obtain a compact, smooth surface.
24 12.4 55 7.3 NOTE 9—Some reflectometers and spectrophotometers can measure
25 12.2 56 7.1 reflectance with the powder sample in a horizontal position, thus elimi-
26 12.0 57 7.0 nating the necessity to prepare a sample pellet. Also, coated ground
27 11.9 58 6.8 limestones are difficult to pelletize. Loose powder samples should be
28 11.7 59 6.6
smoothed in a convenient sized container until the surface is level and free
29 11.5 60 6.5
30 11.4 from cracks and other surface defects.
15.6.4 After the reflectometer has been standardized, the
15.3 Apparatus: sample pellets are centered beneath the opening and positioned
15.3.1 Reflectometer :17 so that no light escapes from the pellet-opening interface.
15.3.2 Dry Powder Press (See Fig. 9)18—Instructions, as 15.6.5 The samples are then read for X, Y, Z, L, a, and b
supplied by the manufacturer, for preparation of the sample and values. These values are recorded.
use of the powder press shall be explicitly followed. 15.6.6 To determine if the values of the reflectometer have
15.3.3 White Porcelain Standard Plaque, to be used as drifted, the white standard (either the barium sulfate pellet or
secondary standard. the porcelain plaque) is placed over the specimen port and
15.4 Reagent: read. Values should be the same as those placed in the
15.4.1 Barium Sulfate (BaSO4)—Use Eastman Kodak19 processor during the standardization procedure.
Chemical No. 6091, white reflectance standard only. 15.7 Report:
15.5 Calibration and Standardization: 15.7.1 The Y value is recorded as the dry brightness of that
15.5.1 Zero Scale Calibration (bottom of scale standardiza- specific limestone.
tion): 15.8 Precision and Bias:
15.5.1.1 Place the black glass provided with the instrument 15.8.1 The same instrument, operator, and standard should
over the specimen port, so that the shiny side is towards the reproduce 60.2 %. Different instrument (Note 10), operators,
opening. The glass should be positioned so that no light and standard should agree 61.0 %.
escapes from the black glass-opening interface. NOTE 10—It is recognized that there are various manufacturers of
15.5.1.2 The processor is then adjusted to read zero reflec- reflectometers, and testing has been undertaken to relate X, Y, and Z
tance. tristimulus color values from one instrument to another. If results of this
comparison testing are desired, please contact the Pulverized Limestone
15.5.2 Standardizing of the White Standard (standardization
Association.
of the upper part of the scale):
15.5.2.1 A primary standard pellet (barium sulfate) which is 16. Apparent Loose Density of Hydrated Lime,
free from surface flaws should be positioned over the specimen Pulverized Quicklime, and Limestone
port so that no light can escape at the pellet-opening interface.
16.1 Significance and Use:
16.1.1 This test method determines the loose or unsettled
17
The Hunter D25A-Tristimulus colorimeter, or equivalent, has been found density of hydrated lime, pulverized quicklime, and limestone.
suitable for this purpose.
18 It provides for an approximate measure of the maximum
The Bausch and Lomb or Carl Zeiss Dry Powder Press Assembly, or
equivalent, has been found satisfactory for this purpose. volume occupied by a given weight of hydrated lime, pulver-
19
Registered trademark. ized quicklime, or limestone.

13
 C 110

FIG. 8 Values for = L/T as Related to Lfor Given Values of T (Time)

TABLE 7 D as Related to =L / T at 20°C TABLE 8 DD from =L / T

=L / T D, µm =L / T D, µm =L / T DD
0.05 0.7 1.05 14.0 2.0 0.32
0.10 1.4 1.10 14.7 1.9 0.31
0.15 2.0 1.15 15.4 1.8 0.29
0.20 2.7 1.20 16.0 1.7 0.27
0.25 3.4 1.25 16.7 1.6 0.26

0.30 4.0 1.30 17.4 1.5 0.24

0.35 4.7 1.35 18.0 1.4 0.23
0.40 5.4 1.40 18.7 1.3 0.21
0.45 6.0 1.45 19.4 1.2 0.19
0.50 6.7 1.50 20.1 1.1 0.18

0.55 7.4 1.55 20.8 1.0 0.16

0.60 8.0 1.60 21.4 0.9 0.15
0.65 8.7 1.65 22.1 0.8 0.13
0.70 9.4 1.70 22.8 0.7 0.11
0.75 10.0 1.75 23.4 0.6 0.10

0.80 10.7 1.80 24.1 0.5 0.08

0.85 11.4 1.85 24.8 0.4 0.07
0.90 12.0 0.3 0.05
0.95 12.7 0.2 0.03
1.00 13.4 0.1 0.02

16.2 Apparatus: 16.2.2 Density Cup, 400 mL cylindrical cup as described in

16.2.1 Flour Sifter—A 114 to 127 mm (41⁄2 to 5 in.) the Apparatus Section of Test Method C 185.
kitchen-type flour sifter of either the squeeze handle type or the 16.2.3 Balance, suitable for weighing at least 800 g accu-
hand crank type. It shall be able to hold at least 300 g of rately to 0.1 g.
hydrated lime or 500 g of limestone or quicklime. The wire 16.2.4 Clock or Watch.
mesh openings should be between 0.8 and 1.5 mm. 16.2.5 Straight Edge.

14
 C 110
TABLE 9 Values for P as Related to Rc, Using a = 0.988 16.3.4 Weigh the cup and sample to the nearest 0.1 g and
and W = 40 determine the weight of the sample by difference.
NOTE 1—Calculate to nearest 0.1 of Rc. For a reading of 24.7, take 16.3.5 The loose density of the material is calculated and
reading of 24.5 which is 60.0 and add 2 3 0.4 or 60.8%. reported as grams per cubic centimetre, or as pounds per cubic
Rc P Rc P Rc P Rc P foot.
0.0 0.0 11.5 28.5 23.0 57.0 34.5 85.0 16.4 Calculation:
0.5 1.5 12.0 30.0 23.5 58.0 35.0 86.5 16.4.1 Calculate the loose density as follows:
1.0 2.5 12.5 31.0 24.0 59.0 35.5 87.5
1.5 3.5 13.0 32.0 24.5 60.0 36.0 89.0 D 5 W/V (4)
2.0 5.0 13.5 33.5 25.0 62.0 36.5 90.0
2.5 6.0 14.0 35.0 25.5 63.0 37.0 91.5 where:
3.0 7.5 14.5 36.0 26.0 64.0 37.5 92.5 D = loose density,
3.5 8.5 15.0 37.5 26.5 65.0 38.0 94.0
4.0 10.0 15.5 38.5 27.0 66.5 38.5 95.0
W = weight of sample, g, and
4.5 11.0 16.0 39.5 27.5 67.5 39.0 96.5 V = volume of cup, cm3.
5.0 12.5 16.5 40.5 28.0 69.0 39.5 97.5 16.4.2 For reporting as pounds per cubic foot, multiply
5.5 13.5 17.0 42.0 28.5 70.0 40.0 99.0
grams per cubic centimetre by 62.43.
6.0 15.0 17.5 43.0 29.0 71.5 40.5 100.0
6.5 16.0 18.0 44.5 29.5 72.5 16.5 Precision and Bias:
7.0 17.5 18.5 45.5 30.0 74.0 16.5.1 Single Operator Precision—The single operator
7.5 18.5 19.0 47.0 30.5 75.0
8.0 20.0 19.5 48.0 31.0 76.5
standard deviation has been found to be 0.4 lb/ft3(Note 10).
8.5 21.0 20.0 49.5 31.5 77.5 Therefore, results of two properly conducted tests by the same
9.0 22.5 20.5 50.5 32.0 79.0 operator on the same material should not differ by more than
9.5 23.5 21.0 52.0 32.5 80.0
10.0 25.0 21.5 53.0 33.0 81.5
1.13 lb/ft 3.
10.5 26.0 22.0 54.5 33.5 82.5 16.5.2 Multilaboratory Precision—The multilaboratory
11.0 27.5 22.5 56.5 34.0 84.0 standard deviation has been found to be 1.26 lb/ft3(Note 11).
Therefore, results of two properly conducted tests from two
different laboratories on samples of the same material should
not differ by more than 3.6 lb/ft 3.
NOTE 11—These numbers represent, respectively, the (1s) and (d2s)
limits as described in Practice C 670.
16.5.3 The above precision statements are based on a
multilaboratory testing program for determination of the loose
bulk density of hydrated lime. No statement is made regarding
the precision of this method as it relates to other materials. Due
to a lack of a recognized industry standard, the bias of this test
method has not been determined.
17. Apparent Packed Density of Hydrated Lime,
Pulverized Quicklime, and Limestone
17.1 Significance and Use:
17.1.1 This test method determines the packed or settled
density of hydrated lime, pulverized quicklime, and limestone.
FIG. 9 Dry-Powder Press It provides for determining the minimum volume occupied by
a given weight of hydrated lime, pulverized quicklime or
16.3 Procedure: limestone.
16.3.1 Weigh the empty density cup to the nearest 0.1 g on 17.2 Apparatus:
a balance. Place the tared cup on a solid table with a suitable 17.2.1 Graduated Cylinder, 100 mL capacity.
mat inserted underneath the cup to collect excess sample 17.2.2 Balance, accurate to 0.1 g.
spilling over the cup. Fill the flour sifter with more than enough 17.3 Procedure:
material to fill the density cup. Start the clock and the sifting 17.3.1 Weigh to within 0.1 g a 25 g sample of powdered
device to facilitate the flow of powder into the cup. Overflow material and transfer it to the graduated cylinder.
the cup until there is a cone of excess material. 17.3.2 Allow powder to settle by gently tapping the cylinder
16.3.2 After 3 min, carefully remove the excess powder by on a desk top cushioned with a thick magazine or writing tablet
passing the edge of a spatula blade parallel with, and in contact so that compaction occurs without fluffing.
with, the top of the cup. Move the spatula smoothly and keep 17.3.3 Record the volume of the lime after each 100 taps
it level at all times to prevent packing or pulling the sample out and continue tapping until compaction volume change is less
of the cup. than 0.5 mL/100 taps.
16.3.3 After the cup is level, lightly tap it with the edge of 17.3.4 Calculate the density in grams per cubic centimetre
the spatula to settle the powder. Wipe the outside of the cup or in pounds per cubic foot to the nearest pound.
with a lintless cloth or paper towel. Avoid spilling the sample 17.4 Calculation:
while transferring the cup to the balance for weighing. 17.4.1 Calculate the packed density as follows:

15
 C 110
D 5 W/V (5) introduced by the interaction of the test material with soluble
liquid media.
where: 19.1.3 This test method is suitable for screening material
D = packed density,
from a nominal 300 µm (50 mesh) in size to 20 µm (635 mesh).
W = weight of sample, g, and
V = final volume of sample, cm 3. NOTE 12—Blinding of the sieves can occur at various sizes depending
17.4.2 For reporting as pounds per cubic foot, multiply on the materials being sieved. Experience has shown 45 µm (325 mesh) to
grams per cubic centimetre by 62.43. be the lower limit with some hydrates. Other hydrates and pulverized
17.5 Precision and Bias: quicklime may be sieved to 32 µm (450 mesh). Limestone can be sieved
to 20 µm (635 mesh).
17.5.1 Single Operator Precision—The single operator
standard deviation has been found to be 0.5 lb/ft3(Note 11). 19.2 Apparatus:
Therefore, results of two properly conducted tests by the same 19.2.1 An Enclosed Device, capable of creating a vacuum
operator on the same material should not differ by more than on the backside of a sieve causing a rotating slit nozzle to
1.4 lb/ft 3. supply an air stream perpendicular to the bottom of the sieve.
17.5.2 Multilaboratory Precision—The multilaboratory The purpose is to suspend all material on the sieve by the air
standard deviation has been found to be 1.7 lb/ft3(Note 11). stream on a rotating basis.20
Therefore, results of two properly conducted tests from two 19.2.2 Balance, suitable for weighing accurately to 0.01 g.
different laboratories on samples of the same material should NOTE 13—Selection of balance with regard to accuracy is dependent on
not differ by more than 4.8 lb/ft 3. the sample size chosen and residue retained and must be consistent with
17.5.3 The above precision statements are based on a the accuracy required. Therefore, a balance weighing accurately to 0.001
multilaboratory testing program for determination of the g may be desired.
packed bulk density of hydrated lime. No statement is made 19.2.3 Brush, soft bristle.
regarding the precision of this method as it relates to other 19.2.4 Sieve Cover—A hard plastic transparent cover used
materials. Due to a lack of a recognized industry standard, the to create a vacuum on the sieve.
bias of this test method has not been determined. 19.2.5 Test Sieves—The sieves should be constructed using
a woven wire, either brass or stainless steel, mounted on a
18. Fineness of Pulverized Quicklime and Hydrated Lime substantial frame. Electroformed sieves are not recommended
by Air Permeability because of increased blinding and cleaning problems, making
18.1 Significance and Use: them impractical to use under most conditions. The sieves shall
18.1.1 This test method covers the determination of fineness be approximately 8 in. in diameter and conform to Specifica-
of pulverized quicklime and hydrated lime using the Blaine air tion E 11. A flexible collar must be used to ensure an air tight
permeability apparatus described in Test Method C 204. Fine- fit between the sieve and the device.
ness in terms of surface area shall be expressed as total surface 19.3 Procedure:
area in square centimetres per gram, or square metres per 19.3.1 After placing the appropriate sieve into position,
kilogram. weigh (to the nearest 0.01 g) a sample of the test material and
18.1.2 This test method provides, in general, relative rather place it on the sieve.
than absolute fineness values. For the complete description of
NOTE 14—The amount of sample and duration of sieving are dependent
the apparatus and the procedures for use, refer to Test Method upon the type of material and gradation and therefore should be adapted
C 204. to individual conditions. Generally, the larger the sample size, the more
18.2 Precision and Bias: representative of the material tested and the less significant are errors of
18.2.1 Although precision for the test method for fineness of technique, therefore, the results are the more exact. Sample weights can
portland cement by air permeability apparatus has been re- vary from 20 g for material finer than 40 µm up to 50 g for larger, heavier
ported in Test Method C 204, the precision of this test method materials.
has not been determined for pulverized lime and hydrated lime. 19.3.2 Place cover on sieve, set timer to 6 min and start
When sufficient data has been obtained and analyzed, a vacuum (maintain vacuum according to manufacturer’s recom-
statement of precision will be provided. In the meantime users mendation). Any material clinging to the cover or edge of the
of this test method are advised to develop their own. sieve can be removed by light tapping with a mallet or similar
device (see Note 14). If agglomerations form, they can be
19. Dry Screening of Hydrated Lime, Pulverized broken apart with a soft bristle brush.
Quicklime, and Limestone by Air Jet Sieving
NOTE 15—Static electrical charges can often develop on the cover (if it
19.1 Significance and Use: is made of plastic) causing it to hold a heavy film of the material being
19.1.1 This test method uses a rotating slit nozzle to supply
a stream of air directed at the backside of a test sieve, keeping
the screen from “blinding.” The aerated material is then pulled 20
The apparatus describes commercially available units sold by the Alpine
back through the sieve by a vacuum source. American Corporation of Natick, Massachusetts. Although the description of the
19.1.2 The advantages of dry screening by air jet sieving are apparatus is directed toward this commercially available equipment, it does not
restrict the use of other equivalent equipment which may be available or may be
twofold. The material being tested is less likely to “blind” the constructed, as long as it follows the general principles outlined under the summary
screen because of the recurring counterflow of an air stream to of this test method.
the back of the sieve. Also, dry screening avoids the error

16
 C 110
sieved. If tapping will not loosen the material, a static face sheet21 may be 20.4.8 Riffle Sample Splitter ,26 open pan, 12.7 mm (1⁄2 in.)
used to wipe the cover surface before starting the test. chute width.
19.3.3 After screening, clean the sieve with a fine bristle 20.4.9 Stopwatch.
brush being careful not to damage the mesh and then weigh the 20.5 Reagents and Materials:
residue to the nearest 0.01 g. 20.5.1 Milling Solution, a 0.1 % solution of acrylate based
19.4 Calculation: dispersant.27 The dispersant chosen should not increase the
19.4.1 Calculate percent passing as follows: solubility of limestone in water.28
@~S 2 R!/S# 3 100 5 percent passing (6)
20.6 Sampling:
20.6.1 Sample in accordance with Practice D 75.
where: 20.6.2 Reduce the sample in accordance with Practice
S = sample weight, g, and C 702 and prepare by sieving out the material that passes a
R = weight of sieve residue, g. 850-µm (No. 20) sieve29 and is retained on a 425-µm (No. 40)
19.5 Precision and Bias: sieve.29
19.5.1 There are as yet insufficient analyzed data to permit 20.7 Procedure:
preparation of a precision and bias statement for this test 20.7.1 Weigh seven grinding media, make adjustments (by
method. substitutions or filing) to bring total weight to 160 g 6 1 g.
20.7.2 If the jar mill has provision for automatic shut-off, set
20. Limestone Grindability Determination by the it for 5000 revolutions, otherwise determine the mill r/min by
Laboratory Ball Mill Method counting the revolutions in an accurately timed period (using
20.1 Scope: stopwatch) and then calculate the exact time required for 5000
20.1.1 This test method is used to determine the relative revolutions.
grindability or ease of pulverization of limestones of differing 20.7.3 Weigh out 20 6 0.01 g of dried 20 by 40 mesh
hardness and to report this as a grindability index. limestone. Record actual weight as W1.
20.1.2 This test method is applicable to all types of lime- 20.7.4 Add 180 mL of milling solution to clean and empty
stone. mill jar.
20.2 Summary of Test Method: 20.7.5 Add the seven grinding media and quantitatively
20.2.1 Limestone of a specified size range is wet ground in transfer the limestone sample to the mill jar and secure the top.
a ball mill therein receiving a specified amount of grinding 20.7.6 Place the mill jar on the mill rollers and operate the
energy. The amount of minus 75-µm (200-mesh) limestone mill for the exact time required to make 5000 revolutions.
produced is measured by wet sieving and reported as the 20.7.7 Quantitatively transfer the limestone slurry from the
percent passing 75-µm (200-mesh) after 5000 revolutions. This jar mill by rinsing the entire contents onto a coarse sieve (for
is the grindability index. example, 3.35 mm (No. 6)) and an underlying 75-µm (No. 200)
20.3 Significance and Use: sieve. Rinse the media and coarse sieve and separate the sieves.
20.3.1 This test method is useful for comparison and accep- 20.7.8 Wet sieve the sample remaining on the 75-µm (No.
tance testing of limestone for applications where fine ground 200) sieve to remove the finer material.
limestone is desired. 20.7.9 Dry and weigh the residue from the 75-µm (No. 200)
20.4 Apparatus: sieve and record as W2 (to the nearest 0.01 g).
20.4.1 Jar Mill ,22 operated at 110 6 10 r/min. 20.8 Calculation:
20.4.2 Mill Jar ,23 ceramic 14 cm (51⁄2in.) diameter by 16.2 20.8.1 Calculate the grindability index ( GI) as follows:
cm (63⁄4in.) high. GI 5 ~W1 2 W2!/W1 3 100 (7)
20.4.3 Grinding Media, 160 6 1 g total, consisting of seven
ceramic 21 by 21 mm (13⁄16 by 13⁄16 in.) cylindrical grinding 20.9 Precision and Bias:
media24 (about 23 g each). 20.9.1 The precision and bias of this test method has not
20.4.4 The sieves used shall conform to the requirements of been determined at this time.
Specification E 11. 21. Specific Gravity of Hydrated Lime Products
20.4.5 Weights and weighing devices, shall conform to the
requirements of Specification C 1005. 21.1 Significance and Use:
20.4.6 Drying Oven, capable of maintaining 100°C. 21.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the
20.4.7 A Chipmunk Crusher ,25 capable of breaking large specific gravity of hydrated lime. The specific gravity of
rocks to less than 6.35 mm (1⁄4 in.). hydrated lime is needed for calculations of air content (see
Section 13) and Blaine Surface Area.

21
Commercially available.
22 26
U.S. Stoneware No. 753-RM rotating mill, or equivalent, has been found Curtis Matheson Scientific Model No. 095-851, or equivalent, has been found
satisfactory for this purpose. satisfactory for this purpose.
23 27
U.S. Stoneware mill jar No. 774-B-00, or equivalent, has been found Alcosperse 149 from Alco Chemical Corp., or equivalent, has been found
satisfactory for this purpose. satisfactory for this purpose.
24 28
U.S. Stoneware burundum 13⁄16in. grinding media, or equivalent, has been Distilled or deionized water should be used for milling solution or solubility
found satisfactory for this purpose. tests.
25 29
Bico-Braun Crusher (jaw, chipmunk) Model No. 241-34, or equivalent, has U.S. Standard Sieves 6, 20, 40 and 200 mesh sizes; 20.3 cm (8 in.) diameter
been found satisfactory for this purpose. by 5 cm (2 in.) depth with stainless steel wire cloth.

17
 C 110
21.1.2 The specific gravity of hydrated lime is defined as the inclined position (Note 17), or gently whirl it in a horizontal
mass of a unit volume of the solids. circle as to free the lime from air until no further air bubbles
21.2 Apparatus: rise to the surface of the liquid. If a proper amount of hydrated
21.2.1 Le Chatelier Flask—The standard flask, which is lime has been added, the level of the liquid will be in its final
circular in cross section with shape and dimensions conforming position at some point of the upper series of graduations. Take
essentially to Fig. 1 of Test Method C 188 (Note 16). The the final reading after the flask has been immersed in the water
requirements in regard to tolerance, inscription and length, bath in accordance with 22.3.4.
spacing, and uniformity of graduation shall be rigidly ob- 21.4.4 Immerse the flask in a constant-temperature water
served. There shall be a space of at least 10 mm between the bath for sufficient periods of time in order to avoid flask
highest graduation mark and the lowest point of grinding for temperature variations greater than 0.2°C between the intial
the glass stopper. and final readings.
21.2.1.1 The material of construction shall be best quality 21.5 Calculation:
glass, transparent and free of striae. The glass shall be 21.5.1 The difference between the first and the final readings
chemically resistant and shall have small thermal hysteresis. represents the volume of liquid displaced by the mass of
The flasks shall be thoroughly annealed before being gradu- hydrated lime used in the test.
ated. They shall be of sufficient thickness to ensure reasonable 21.5.2 Calculate the hydrated lime density, p, as follows:
resistance to breakage. mass of hydrated lime ~g!
21.2.1.2 The neck shall be graduated from 0 to 1 mL and p~Mg/m3 ! 5 p~g/cm3! 5 (8)
displaced volume ~cm3!
from 18 to 24 mL in 0.1 mL graduations. The error of any
indicated capacity shall not be greater than 0.05 mL. NOTE 19—The displaced volume in milliliters is numerically equal to
21.2.1.3 Each flask shall bear a permanent identification the displaced volume in cubic centimeters.
number and the stopper, if not interchangeable ground, shall 21.6 Precision and Bias:
bear the same number. Interchangeable ground-glass parts shall 21.6.1 There are as yet insufficient analyzed data to permit
be marked on both members with the standard-taper symbol preparation of a precision and bias statement for this test
followed by the size designation. The standard temperature method. When data is collected and analyzed, precision and
shall be indicated, and the unit of capacity shall be shown by bias statements will be proposed.
the letters “mL” placed above the highest graduation mark.
NOTE 16—The design is intended to ensure complete drainage of the 22. Wet Sieve Analysis of Agricultural Liming Materials
flask when emptied, and stability of standing on a level surface, as well as 22.1 Scope:
accuracy and precision of reading.
22.1.1 This test method covers the determination of grada-
21.3 Reagents: tion of an Agricultural Liming material by wash. Material finer
21.3.1 Ethyl Alcohol (Abolute), free of water, shall be used than 75 micormetres (No. 200) sieve will be removed from the
in the density determination. The ethanol used should not have aggregate during the test, prior to dry sieving of the coarser
been denatured with methanol. fraction.
21.4 Procedure: 22.1.2 The results of this procedure can be used to deter-
21.4.1 Determine the specific gravity of hydrated lime on mine compliance to a particle size distribution relative to
the material as received, unless otherwise specified. applicable specifications for agricultural liming materials.
21.4.2 Fill the flask (Note 17) with denatured ethyl alcohol 22.1.3 This method can not be used for the sieve analysis of
to a point on the stem between the 0 and 1-mL mark. Dry the quicklime or materials containing quicklime, because of the
inside of the flask above the level of the liquid, if necessary, exothermic reaction with water.
after pouring. Record the first reading after the flask has been 22.2 Significance and Use:
immersed in the water bath (Note 18) in accordance with 22.2.1 Material finer than the 75 micrometres (No. 200)
22.3.4. sieve can be separated from larger particles more efficiently
NOTE 17—It is advisable to use a rubber pad on the table top when and completely by wet sieving than through the use of dry
filling or rolling the flask. sieving. In sieving fine aggregate, the finer fractions can adhere
NOTE 18—Before the hydrated lime has been added to the flask, a loose to the coarser fractions through a normal dry sieving operation.
fitting lead-ring weight around the stem of the flask will be helpful in Further, due to electrostatic charges, fine material can also
holding the flask in an upright position in the water bath, or the flask may adhere to the coarser sieves. By removing the finer fractions
be held in the water bath by a buret clamp. through the wash test, these problems are avoided. Therefore,
21.4.3 Introduce a quantity of hydrated lime, weighed to the when an accurate determination of an agricultural liming
nearest 0.05 g, (about 50 g for hydrated lime) in small material is desired, this test method should be used.
increments at the same temperature as the liquid (Note 17). 22.2.2 The results of this test method are included in the
Take care to avoid splashing and see that the hydrated lime calculation of gradation, and the total amount of material finer
does not adhere to the inside of the flask above the liquid. A than 75 micrometres by washing, plus that obtained by dry
vibrating apparatus may be used to accelerate the introduction sieving the same sample, is reported with the results. Usually
of the hydrated lime into the flask and to prevent the lime from the additional amount of material finer than 75 micrometres
sticking to the neck. After all the hydrated lime has been obtained in the subsequent dry sieving process is a small
introduced, place the stopper in the flask and roll the flask in an amount. If it is large, the efficiency of the washing operation

18
 C 110
should be checked. It could, also, be an indication of degrada- NOTE 22—If mechanical washing equipment is used, the charging of
tion of the material. water, agitating, and decanting may be a continuous operation.
22.3 Apparatus and Materials: 22.5.4 Return all material retained on the nested sieves by
22.3.1 Balance—A balance or scale readable and accurate flushing to the washed sample. Dry the washed material to
to 0.1 g or 0.1 % of the test load, whichever is greater, at any constant mass at a temperature of 110 6 5° C and determine
point within the range of use. the mass to the nearest 0.1 g. Calculate the amount of material
22.3.2 Sieves—The sieves shall be mounted on substantial passing a 75 micrometre sieve by washing according to 22.6.1.
frames, either full height or extended, and constructed in a 22.5.5 Select the sieves of a suitable size as desired or
manner that will prevent loss of material during sieving. The required by specification and those sieves necessary to regulate
sieves shall be of equal diameter and shape to allow for the amount of material between the various screens. Nest the
nesting. The sieves shall conform to Specification E 11. screens in order of decreasing size of opening, from top to
22.3.3 Sieve Pan—A pan of the same diameter as the sieves. bottom, on a sieve pan. Be sure to nest the 75 micrometre sieve
22.3.4 Container—A pan or vessel of a size sufficient to just above the pan. Place the dried sample on the top sieve.
contain the sample covered with water and to permit vigorous Shake the nested sieves briskly or by use of a mechanical
agitation without loss of any part of the sample or water. device for a sufficient period to assure that the sample has been
22.3.5 Oven—An oven of sufficient size, capable of main- adequately screened (see Note 23).
taining a uniform temperature of 110° 6 5°C.
NOTE 23—To be adequately screened, no more than 1 % of the residue
NOTE 20—The use of a mechanical apparatus to perform the washing on any individual sieve will pass that sieve during 1 min. of continuous
operation is not precluded, provided the results are consistent with those sieving. For a more detailed explanation refer to C 136-84a, paragraph
obtained using manual operations. The use of some mechanical washing 7.4.
equipment with some samples may cause degradation of the sample.
22.5.6 The amount of material on an eight inch sieve after
22.4 Sampling: shaking is limited to approximately 200 g, so that all particles
22.4.1 Since sampling is equally as important as testing, it is during a test have access to the screen medium (see Note 24).
critical that samples be obtained that are representative of the If the amount remaining on a sieve is greater than 200 g, the
materials being investigated. Therefore, sampling must be sieve analysis must be repeated. Place an intermediate sieve
conducted in as conscientious a manner as possible. Incremen- between the overloaded sieve and the one nested above.
tal sampling should be employed, combining the increments
NOTE 24—A twelve inch screen can be used, but the amount of material
into one bulk sample. retained on a sieve is limited to 6 kg/m2.
22.4.2 Use the procedures described in Practice C 50, or
Practice D 75. 22.5.7 Record the weight of material from each size incre-
22.4.3 To reduce the bulk sample to the amount needed for ment and the sieve pan by weighing on a balance to the nearest
testing, the use of mechanical splitters or the process of 0.1 g (see Note 25). Total the retained masses of all the size
quartering must be used. At no time can a random lot be drawn increments and the sieve pan from the dry sieve test. If this
from the bulk sample for testing. amount differs from the dry mass of the sample after washing
22.5 Procedure: by more than 0.3 %, the results should not be used for
acceptance purposes.
22.5.1 Dry the test sample to constant mass at a temperature
of 110 6 5°C. Determine the mass to the nearest 0.1 % of the NOTE 25—A soft bristle can be used to help remove material from
mass of the test sample. The amount of sample required for this sieves, but at no time can material be forced through a sieve.
test shall be between 200 to 400 g. The test sample shall be the 22.6 Calculation:
end result of the reduction. Reduction to an exact predeter- 22.6.1 Calculate the amount of a material passing a 75
mined mass shall not be permitted. micrometre sieve by washing as follows:
22.5.2 After drying and determining the mass, place the test
sample in the container and add sufficient water to cover it. A 5@~B – C! / B# 3 100 (9)
Agitate the sample with sufficient vigor to result in complete where:
separation from the coarser particles of all particles finer than A = percentage of material finer than a 75 micrometre sieve
the 75 micrometre sieve from the coarser particles, and to bring by washing,
the fine material into suspension. Immediately pour the wash B = original dry mass of sample, g, and
water containing the suspended and dissolved solids over the C = dry mass of sample after washing, g.
nested sieves (see Note 21), arranged with the coarser sieve on 22.6.2 Calculation of amount of material passing individual
top. Take care to avoid, as much as feasible, the decantation of sieves follows:
coarser particles of the sample. 22.6.2.1 Add weight of material finer than a 75 micrometre
NOTE 21—It is recommended that a #16 mesh sieve or one of sieve by washing (B – C, in 22.6.1) to the weight of material
approximate size be used to nest on top of the # 200 mesh sieve for finer than a 75 micrometre sieve obtained in the dry screening,
protection from the sample. if washed.
22.5.3 Add a second charge of water to the sample in the 22.6.2.2 Calculate the percent retained on each sieve and the
container, agitate, and decant as before. Repeat this operation pan as follows:
until the wash water is clear (see Note 22). A 5~B / C!3 100 (10)

19
 C 110

where: 22.7 Precision and Bias:

A = percentage of material retained on each sieve (pan), 22.7.1 The precision and bias of this method has not been
B = dry mass of sample, g, retained on each sieve (pan), determined by this subcommittee at this time. For precision
and and bias data from similar methods refer to Test Method C 117
C = original dry mass of sample, g. and Test Method C 136.
22.6.2.3 Calculate the cumulative percent retained for each
screen by adding the percentage retained on that sieve and all 23. Keywords
sieves of larger diameter opening. 23.1 apparent density; dry brightness; dry screening; fine-
22.6.2.4 For each screen, subtract the cumulative percent ness; lime putty; limestone grindability; particle size; slaking
retained from 100 to obtain the percent passing. rate

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20