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    Von Nuemann Architecture

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    Muhammad Usama
    The document describes the Von Neumann architecture, which is used in modern computers. It introduced the concept of a stored-program computer where both data and programs are stored in memory. The basic structure includes a central processing unit (CPU), main memory, and input/output devices connected by buses. The CPU contains an arithmetic logic unit and a control unit that directs data flow. This architecture forms the basis of all modern computers despite its sequential processing limitations known as the "Von Neumann bottleneck."

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    Von Nuemann Architecture

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Usama
    29 views3 pages
    The document describes the Von Neumann architecture, which is used in modern computers. It introduced the concept of a stored-program computer where both data and programs are stored in memory. The basic structure includes a central processing unit (CPU), main memory, and input/output devices connected by buses. The CPU contains an arithmetic logic unit and a control unit that directs data flow. This architecture forms the basis of all modern computers despite its sequential processing limitations known as the "Von Neumann bottleneck."

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    Introduction to computer by peter norton

    Original Title

    Von_Nuemann_Architecture

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    The document describes the Von Neumann architecture, which is used in modern computers. It introduced the concept of a stored-program computer where both data and programs are stored in memory. The basic structure includes a central processing unit (CPU), main memory, and input/output devices connected by buses. The CPU contains an arithmetic logic unit and a control unit that directs data flow. This architecture forms the basis of all modern computers despite its sequential processing limitations known as the "Von Neumann bottleneck."

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    29 views3 pages

    Von Nuemann Architecture

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Usama
    The document describes the Von Neumann architecture, which is used in modern computers. It introduced the concept of a stored-program computer where both data and programs are stored in memory. The basic structure includes a central processing unit (CPU), main memory, and input/output devices connected by buses. The CPU contains an arithmetic logic unit and a control unit that directs data flow. This architecture forms the basis of all modern computers despite its sequential processing limitations known as the "Von Neumann bottleneck."

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    Von Nuemann Architecture

     Fixed Program Computers – Their function is very specific and they couldn’t be
    programmed, e.g. Calculators.
     Stored Program Computers – These can be programmed to carry out many
    different tasks, applications are stored on them.
    The modern computers are based on a stored-program concept introduced by John Von
    Neumann. In this stored-program concept, programs and data are stored in a separate
    storage unit called memories and are treated the same. This novel idea meant that a
    computer built with this architecture would be much easier to reprogram. The basic
    structure

    Three basic units:


    1. The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
    2. The Main Memory Unit
    3. The Input/Output Device
    1.Central processing unit (CPU)
     Control Unit
    A control unit (CU) handles all processor control signals. It directs all input and output
    flow, fetches code for instructions and controlling how data moves around the system.
     Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

    The arithmetic logic unit is that part of the CPU that handles all the calculations the CPU
    may need, e.g. Addition, Subtraction, Comparisons. It performs Logical Operations, Bit
    Shifting Operations, and Arithmetic Operation.

    Figure – Basic CPU structure, illustrating ALU

    Main Memory Unit (Registers) –


    1. Accumulator: Stores the results of calculations made by ALU.
    2. Program Counter (PC): Keeps track of the memory location of the next
    instructions to be dealt with. The PC then passes this next address to
    Memory Address Register (MAR).
    3. Memory Address Register (MAR): It stores the memory locations of
    instructions that need to be fetched from memory or stored into memory.
    4. Memory Data Register (MDR): It stores instructions fetched from memory
    or any data that is to be transferred to, and stored in, memory.
    5. Current Instruction Register (CIR): It stores the most recently fetched
    instructions while it is waiting to be coded and executed.
    6. Instruction Buffer Register (IBR): The instruction that is not to be
    executed immediately is placed in the instruction buffer register IBR.
    • Input/Output Devices – Program or data is read into main memory from the
    input device or secondary storage under the control of CPU input instruction.
    Output devices are used to output the information from a computer. If some
    results are evaluated by computer and it is stored in the computer, then with the
    help of output devices, we can present it to the user.

    • Buses – Data is transmitted from one part of a computer to another, connecting


    all major internal components to the CPU and memory, by the means of Buses.
    Types:
    1. Data Bus: It carries data among the memory unit, the I/O devices, and the
    processor.
    2. Address Bus: It carries the address of data (not the actual data) between
    memory and processor.
    3. Control Bus: It carries control commands from the CPU (and status signals
    from other devices) in order to control and coordinate all the activities within
    the computer.
    Von Neumann bottleneck –
    Whatever we do to enhance performance, we cannot get away from the fact that
    instructions can only be done one at a time and can only be carried out sequentially.
    Both of these factors hold back the competence of the CPU. This is commonly referred
    to as the ‘Von Neumann bottleneck’. We can provide a Von Neumann processor with
    more cache, more RAM, or faster components.
    This architecture is very important and is used in our PCs and even in Super Computers.

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