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Wehrli, F. (1944) Die Schute des Aristotles, Band 1: Dicaearchus, Basle.
Westerink, L. G. (1976), The Greek Commentaries on Plato's Phaedo 1:
Olympiodorus, Oxford.
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Kalamazoo.
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London.
Whitford, M. (1988), 'Luce Irigaray's Critique of Rationality' in Griffiths,
M., Whitford, M. (eds), Feminist Perspectives in Philosophy, London,
pp. 109-30.
Wicker, K. O'Brien (trans.) (1987), Porphyry the Philosopher, To Marcella,
Atlanta, Georgia.
Williams, E. W. (1975), 'What's so New About the Sexual Revolution?
Some Comments on Anglo-Saxon Attitudes Towards Sexuality in Women,
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Index
abbesses 184, 193, 206, 207; see also 188-9, 193, 195-6, see also nuns and
asceticism; nuns and nunneries nunneries
administration 124, 125, 211; see also Aspasia 72
labour, division of; power Australopithecus afarensis see Lucy
adornment 134-48,153,162,218,219, authority, accorded men 116, 120, 121,
220; and the written word, 144-6 128, 129, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140,
adultery 193, 194, 195, 210; 'strange 147-8, 182, 184, 187, 191
woman', 43, 45ff; in Wisdom Litera- Axiothea 73, 74
ture, 36, 37, 45ff; Roman, 128,
136-7; modern, 262--4 baptism, adult 191
aesthetics 95-6, 145 Bible New Testament, 152, 183, 196,
Agrippina II 115, 121-2, 124, 126 208; Old Testament, 53-66, !57, 158,
androgyny 137,148,152, 163;seealso 169, 207
gender . biology see medicine, social (dis)order
anoma1ousness 106, 107, 116, 121-30, body, the human female control over
137; see also social (dis)order own, 109, 110; and literary artistry,
Antonia the Younger 123--4 144-6; and art, 144ff; as social cat-
JEthelflaed 208-19 egory, 134--48; care of 134-48; tex-
Antony, St 154-5, 184 ture, 106-7, 108, 110, 111, 112; see
archaeology data analysis (gender also social order, physical appear-
bias), 2, 5, 6, 8, 9-11, 11-13, 17-20; ance, gender sexuality, medicine
orientalism, 11; Egyptian, 25; pro- Bronze Age see Minoans; Mycenaean
fessional division of labour, 14, 15, society
16-18; depiction in popular culture,
13, 14, 18; Minoan, Mycenaean see caste see social order - Hindu
under place-names chaos, women representative of 26, 28,
architecture women's quarters, 9, 59; 38-9,118-19,127-30,148,188,189,
Minoan, 13; Knossos palace, 8-9; at 249; see also social (dis )order
Mycenae, 10 charity 162, 184, 186, 188, 189, 190,
Arete 82, 84 192, 196
Aristotle 74, 76, 83, 88-9, 106 childbirth purification after, 59,
art Mycenaean, 10-11, 13;Minoan, 13; 196-7; in Hippocratic corpus, 105,
murals 41; statues, 27, 34; Egyptian 107, I 08, 112; miraculous, 195
32, 34; at Knossos, 9-10; use of fe- children respect for parents, 40, 41;
male body, 144ff; toiletry articles, following divorce, 35; of adulterers,
143--4; relief sculpture, 129, 141-2; 45-6; care of, 45, 123, 124; inherit-
coin portraits, 129; see also adorn- ance by, 37-8, 49; Jewish, 65, 66;
ment, icons baptism, 183; Christian, 163, 187,
asceticism 154-7, 169-3, 165-6, 198; care of parents, 190; education,
302
Index 303
187, 198; Isaac, 169ff; miraculous 21 0; punishment for illicit sex, 36;
births of, 196; see also puberty tomb reliefs, 41; burial duties, 48-9;
Christianity 152-66, 180, 181-199, tomb inscriptions, 117, (124); suttee,
206-21, 260 233, 247; keeners, 65; see also Eve;
Church Christian community, 152-66; inheritance
women in community, 206-7, 180, deceitfulness 98-9, 146-8, 153, 154,
181ff; female officers, 183,184,191, 162
192, 193, 206, 207 Devil, the 154-5, 159, 214-15, 216,
Circe 254-5, 256, 265 217,260,261
circumcision female, I 04; male, see Diotima 72, 73, 156
men divorce Christian, 188, 193; Egyptian,
citizenship Jewish, 62f; Greek, 92; 34, 35,36,38,42,44,46,48
Roman, 120, 135, 136, 137, 138, dress, see clothes
139--40, 141, 142-3, 148 dualism 33, 36, 88-99, 135; see also
Claudia 117 gender
Cleopatra 118
clothes 5, 73, 135, 137, 140, 142, 143, education 30, 156; Christian, 187, 196,
153, 158, 162, 185, 188, 192, 218, 198; Egyptian, 40, 44, 45, 49; Greek,
219, 220; see also cross-dressing 72, 73, 82, 94; Jewish, 58; Hindu,
coinage, Roman 129 244; Anglo-Saxon, 206, 207-8; Edu-
commandments, Jewish 58ff cational Instructions, see Wisdom Lit-
community Christian, 152, 180, 181 ff; erature; see also literacy
Jewish, 53-6; exclusively female, Elene, St 218-19, 225
65-6; see also nuns and nunneries; empress, see imperial women
social (dis )order Epicureans 74, 79, 80, 81
conception 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, epitaphs, see death
110, 111; see also sex eroticism 136, 138, 144, 157-8,
cosmetics 134-48; see also adorn- 163-6,252,254,255,256,260,261,
ment; personal appearance 262, 263, 264
Crete, see Minoans Evans, Arthur 9-10, II
cross-dressing 73, 135, 160, 195 Eve 153--4, 157, 158, 161, 162, 165,
213-14, 215, 216, 264
daily life prescriptive texts, 28ff, 156, evolution, reconstruction of human
165, 181, 191, 194, 196, 240, 241, 6-8
245, 249; Christian, 186-90,
191-9; Hindu, 240ff, 245, 249 Febronia 159
Damo 79
daughters Egyptian, 27, 29, 30, 48-9; Galen 102, 103, 105, 146
Jewish, 56-7; Christian, 187, 188, gender definitions of, 88-99, 105-7,
191, 195 116, 134ff, 148; binary oppositions,
deaconnesses 183--4, 191, 192, 194 12-13, 33, 36, 106-7, 110, 142-8,
death grave goods, 10; tombs at Thebes 156; and social status, 142, 194, 206,
(Egypt) 25; rituals, 30, 31, 65, 185, 207; within philosophy, 71, 73, 74,
304 Index
76, 83, 88-99; bias in language, 5, 192-3, 197-8, 211, 221; see also
12, 18; crossing boundaries, 137, 'peace-weaver'
147-8, 160, 214-15; stereotyping, Irene of Chrysobalanton, St 193-4
2ff, 8, 12, 14, 15, 16--18, 49, 71, 73, irrationality 92, 96--7, 99
74, 76, 83, 119, 246; concepts of71, Isis 26--7
73, 74, 76,83, 153,165-6,243,245, Islam 239
246; constructs, 2ff, 6, 7, 123, Israel the people, 57ff; the land, see
138-48, 161, 213, 214; see also Palestine
power
Genesis Old Testament, 57, 158, 161, Jerome 154, 157, 158, 162
169-80, 214; Old English, 213, 214 Jerusalem Temple of, 58ff, 65;
'gift-givers' 208, 211-12 Sanhedrin of, 63; pilgrimage to,
goddesses 233, 247 218-19
Grendel's mother 212-13 Jewish women 53-66
gynaecology 102-12; see also medi- Judaism 53-66
cine Judith 209, 219-21
Julia the Elder 128
Helena, St 186; see also Elene, St Juliana, St 216--18, 219, 225, 226
Helvia 75, 137 Julio-Claudians 115-30
Hild of Whitby 207-8, 219
Hinduism 233-49 Knossos, palace of 8
Hippaechia 73, 74, 82, 83, 84
Hippocratic corpus 102-12 labour, division of 2, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12;
holy women, see under individual names domestic, 72, 76, 117, 123, 124, 140,
homily, see sermons 156, 185, 186ff, 196, 208, 209,211,
homosexuality, male see men 239, 240, 241, 242ff, 245-6, 247,
homophobia 260 252, 262, 265, 266; professions and
honours, official 124, 129, 130, 139, non-domestic occupations, 19, 38, 39,
142, 211 41, 65, 70-84, 107, 123, 124, 142,
household 2ff; Egyptian, 31, 33, 39, 187, 208-9, 210, 211, 239; produc-
43-4, 45, 47, 48; Roman, 117, 118, ers, 19; in professional archaeology,
122, 123, 126, 127, 128, 129; Hindu, 14, 15, 16--18
240ff, 248 language, gender bias 6, 18, 20, 54ff
hunter-gatherer, see Palaeolithic Lasthemia 73, 74, 81-2
hysteria 96--7, 105, 264; see also medi- law legal disabilities, 63-4; courts, 63,
cine 125, 126; Jewish, 57ff; on illicit sex,
336; sumptuary legislation, 139, 141;
icons 159, 185, 193, 197-199 legal entitlements, see property; in-
imperial women 115-30, 193, 198 heritance; marriage contracts; see also
inheritance 206, 209, 247; Egyptian, text - prescriptive
35, 37, 38, 48, 49; Christian, 188, Leontium 74, 80, 81
189 liturgy Jewish, 61; Anglo-Saxon,
intercession 122-3, 125, 126, 127, 207-8
Index 305
literacy in Egypt, 27-8; Christian, 196, and cosmetics, 146; Hippocratic,
197; see also education 102-12; definition of normative, 104,
Livia 123-4, 126, 128 105; texts, 41, 102ff; icon venera-
Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis) 7 tion, 198; see also gynaecology
luxury, Roman 139-41, 143 Medusa 265
men as brothers, 156,191, 193;ashus-
Macrina 156--7, 164, 187 bands, 30, 31, 32, 33ff, 39, 40, 43,
man the hunter 14, 20 44, 48, 17lff, 187, 189, 206, 209,
Marcia 75 233, 243, 244, 245, 262, see also
magic, see witches wife; as sons, 28-9, 31, 40, 45, 48-9,
marriage Christian, 163, 164, 165-6, 56, 57, 169-80, see also children; as
183, 185, 187, 188, 189, 190; Ro- fathers, 28, 30, 39, 40, 45, 91, 93,
man, 142, 143-4; maintenance, 32; 128, 170ff, 210; as sexual beings, 95,
contracts, 35, 42, 46; adultery, 36, 144, 147-8, 154, 155, 156, 158, 163,
37, 45ff; Egyptian, 30, 31, 32ff, 42, 164; fear of women, 125, 135, 137,
44, 46, 48; status bestowed by, 255, 146, 152, 153, 155, 156, 159, 161,
261, 266, 267; aspirations for, 165, 212-13, 219, 220, 246, 252,
253-4,261,262-3;Hindu,240,244, 264ff, see also power; unmanliness,
245,247-8, 250; Greek, 94, 105, 108, 95, 98-9, 137, 147-8, 266--7; viril-
110, 111, 112; Anglo-Saxon, 206, ity, 95, 137, 147-8; as rational, 70,
210, 211, 212, 223, 224; Pythago- 71, 72, 74,92,94,97, 110,138,140,
rean ideal, 72, 78 214; beautifying selves, 135, 137,
martyrdom 155, 183, 184, 186, 188, 138, 142-3; and homosexuality, 137,
196,216--17,221,225 261; male as ideal, 106; man the
Mary Magdalene 159, 182, 186 hunter model, 6; dominant in archae-
Mary of Egypt 160, 185, 197 ology, 14-20; careers of, 29, 30,
Mary, Virgin and Mother 152, 154, 40, 41, 43, 44, 47, 62, 64, 73; civil
158, 159, 160, 161, 162ff, 165, 185, leaders, 62, 63, 64; dual nature, 33;
186, 196-7, 221; see also Eve adultery, 36, 37, 45ff; circumcision,
masculinisation 104, 105, 107, 160, 56-7, 58; Hindu religious duties,
212-13, 218; see also androgyny 241-2; as protectors and providers,
mathematics gender and, 90-1, sexu- 32, 266; male construct, Iff, 6, 8, 12,
ality and, 91 14; see also gender
matriarchy 265; Minoan, 9-10, 12, 13; Melania the Younger 183, 184, 188
imprecise term, 19; gender bias in menarche 111, 112
archaeology, 13 menopause 108, 111
matrilineality 56-7 menstrual taboo 59, 41-2, 104, 105,
matron (Roman) 115-30, 142; see also 106ff, 111, 112,246, 247
wife Messalina 115, 124, 126
Medea 102-12, 254, 256, 260 metaphysics, reproduction and 93-4
medical texts representations of methodologies feminist, 18-20, 64ff,
women, 102ff 99, 152-3, 162, 254; Christian femi-
medicine concepts of gender, 102-12; nist, 152-3, 162; historiography (an-
306 Index
cient and modern), 53ff, 103, 115- Pelagia 159-60
16, 123, 127, 130, 169; presentism, Perictione 73, 82
104, 153, 169,261, 262; gender blind, Perpetua 181
6, 7, 8, 17-20, 53ff; gender bias, 5, 6, philosophy representations of women
7, 9; archaeological, 2ff; problem of philosphers, 70-84; concepts of gen-
sources, see text der, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 83, 88-99,
midwives 65, 66 163--4, 165-6, 135
military 39, 124-5, 208, 213, 218-19, physical appearance 34, 70-1, 73, 74,
220-1, 225; see also power 82, 83, 104, 135-7, 138, 139, 142,
Minoans 8ff, 11 264-65, see also adornment
mothers 26-27; Christian, 169, 170, pilgrimage, pilgrims 58, 60, 186, 218
185, 186-7, 189, 197, 198, see also Poppaea Sabina 119-20, 121
Mary, Virgin and Mother; Jewish, 58, Plato, (Neo-)Platonism 73,88-99, 135,
169, 170;Roman, 118,123,129, 137; 156, 163--4, 165
Egyptian, 29, 30, 31, 35, 38, 40, 42, popular culture film, 13-14, 252-3,
45, 47, 48; Hindu, 238, 246; Anglo- 261, 262-7; fiction, 14, 18, 115; car-
Saxon, 210, 212, 221; Greek, 78-9, toon, 2ff; television, 262
91, 93; childbirth, 40, 41, 59, 65, 66; Postumia (Vestal Virgin) 143
inheritance from, 38; importance of power danger of women, 33, 35-6, 39,
mother's father, 37 45,46,48,49,65, 71,115,116, 118ff,
murderers 126, 254, 256, 260, 262-3 121, 122, 126, 127-8, 130, 136, 146,
Mycenaean society 10-11 148, 152, 153, 155, 156, 160, 161,
myth, see religion 212-13, 214, 246, 249, 254, 256,
262-3, 264, 265-6, 267; imperial
nature-culture divide 92, 97, 99, 103, women, 115-16, 118, 121, 122, 123,
104, 105, 107, 110, 111, 112, 135, 124, 125ff, 129, 130; intercession,
136, 138~ 140,143,145,246,264-5 122-3, 125, 126, 127, 193--4, 198-9,
nuns and nunneries 183-4, 188, 211, 221, see also peace-weaver;
189-90, 191-5, 207, 226 military, 39, 124-5, 208, 213, 218-
19, 221, 225; patronage, 117, 121,
Octavia 118, 122, 123 122, 123ff, 185-6, 127, 238; sought
old age 108, 183, 187, 189, 190, 191, through political rebellion, 39, 118,
195, 197 119,120, 121;controloverownbody,
orientalism 11, 12, 118, 141, 147 109, 110; in religious communities,
Origen 154-5, 157, 164-5 152; formal authority accorded men,
orphans 39, 48 29, 62ff, 64, 116, 118, 121, 162; ju-
dicial, 125-6; administration, 124,
Palaeolithic 1-2 125, 211; see also property and
Palestine 53ff wealth
patrilineality 56, 57 pregnancy 66,105,107,108,110,111,
patronage 118,122,123,124,125,127, 112, 247
238 prescriptive text, see text
Paul, St 152, 158, 182, 195, 196 presentism Iff, 5, 8, 19, 26, 243, 248
'peace-weaver' (Anglo-Saxon) 213 priestesses 72, (129), 143
Index 307
property and wealth, business 122, 124, Schurer, Emil 54ff
185, 186, 187ff, 190, 192, 194, 195, segregation 59, 61; see also architec-
206, 208, 211, 239, 247; of widows, ture
47; Roman, 123, 124; Jewish 60, 63, Sempronia 118, 119, 120, 128, 130
64; Egyptian, 31, 35, 37, 38, 49; sermons 61, 165, 169-70, 171, 175
women as consumers, 140, 141, 142, sex intercourse, 32, 36, 78, 111, 112;
143-4; see also power illicit intercourse, 36, 42, 43, 45ff,
proselytisers 186, 190, 191,207, 219 193, 195,261, 262; rape, 36; mastur-
prostitutes 159, 160, 193, 194; 'strange bation, 104; good exercise for
woman', 34, 45ff; Jewish, 66; Egyp- women, 108; reproduction/procrea-
tian, 43, 45ff; Greek (courtesan), 74, tion, 32, 48, 91, 93, 103, 104, 106,
79-80, 81' 82, 135, 136 108, 110, 111, 163, 186, 187-8;
puberty Jewish, 56-7; Greek, 111-12 women as sexually active, 78; depic-
public roles for women, see labour, tion in art, 144; see also childbirth,
division of; power menstruation
purity in Jewish law, 39; Greek, 78 sexuality women defined as sexual and/
Pythagoras, Pythagoreans 71, 72, or physical, 70ff, 76, 79-80, 83, 84,
73-4, 77, 78, 79, 88-99 119-20,134,135,136,137,140,143,
144, 147-8, 152, 153-4, 155ff, 160,
queens, see royalty 161, 162ff, 209, 215, 216, 220, 246,
252, 253, 255, 260, 261ff, 265, 267;
rape 36, 111 women sexually active, 43, 45ff, 49,
rebellion 139, 254; see also power 263-4, 267; see also asceticism
relics 186, 219, 220 sexual differences, theories of 88-99,
religion Christianity, 152-66, 181-199, 106, 109, 134, 136, 137ff
206-21; Judaism, 53-66; congrega- sexual imagery 32, 47, 111, 154, 157,
tion, 56ff; Egyptian, 26--7, 28, 33; 163, 209, 260
Mycenaean, 10-11, Minoan, 9; Ro- Simaetha, Greek 253-7, 262
man, 36; liturgy, 170; Hinduism, sisters 156, 191, 193
233-49; fundamentalism, revival slaves 142
249; see also witches social (dis)order prescriptive texts, 44,
ritesofpassage 56--7,111,142-3,188, 45, 48, 53-66, 72, 152, 154, 156,
240, 245 161, 165, 181, 183, 191; elite, 9, 29,
role models 196, 225-6 30,35,38,115-30,142,189-90,193,
Rome 117ff 208, 210-11, 225, 239; non-elite, 40;
royalty Anglo-Saxon, 208, 210, Roman, 120, 121, 122, 124, 127, 129,
211-12, 218, 219; Egyptian, 38, 39, 134-48; royalty, 9, 10, 27, 208, 210,
118; see also imperial women 211-12; Platonic, 88-99; community,
53-66; Jewish, 6lff; xenophobia, 34,
sacrifices, ritual of 59, 65, 243, 245; 45, 46; in Wisdom Literature, 28ff;
oflsaac, 169-80 power dynamics, 116, 121, 122, 124,
saints, see under individual names 126, 127, 129, 130; political disrup-
Sarah 169-80 tion of, 39, 118, 119, 120, 121, 214,
saviour, of men 159, 160, 161 253;Hindu,234,239,240,244,245;
308 Index
adornment and dress, 135, 137, 141, Theano 72, 76-9, 82, 84
142-3, 148, 188, 192; symbolism, Themista 74
103ff, 108ff, 129, 135ff, 139, 147, Themistoclea 72
140, 148, 156; reflected in nunner- Theodora 187, 194
ies, 194; Anglo-Saxon; woman transvestism, see cross-dressing
anomalous, 71, 72, 76; imperial, Tryambaka 238,239-40,245,247,249
218-19, 225; Egyptian, 45; social mo-
bility, 44, 48; see also power Urgulania 126
Socrates 72, 73
Song of Songs 157, 158, 164--5 virgmlty Ill, 143, 152, 154, 155ff,
Soranus 102, 107 159, 161, 162, 163-4, 166, 182,
sorcery, see witches 183, 184, 188, 189, 192, 196,
spirituality 155ff, 160, 163-4, 164, 216-17,220,221, 225; see also Mary,
181-199 Virgin and Mother
state, symbolism of 127-30, 138-41
stereotypes 252-3, 155-7, 261, 264, wickedness 33, 118-19, 120, 12lff,
265, 266; see also gender 128,130,153-4,162,214,215,246,
sterility 110, 188, 197, 198, 248 249, 255, 256, 260, 264--5; see also
Stoicism 75-6 dualism, power
Stone Age, see Palaeolithic widows Christian, 184, 187, 188,
suttee 233, 247 189-90, 191, 192, 195; Hindu, 233,
symbolism for the state, 127-30, 247; Jewish, 65; Anglo-Saxon, 206,
138-41; of social order, see social 219-20; Egyptian, 29, 35, 38ff, 47,
(dis)order 48; property, 47
synagogue 58, 60ff, 65 wife Hindu, 233, 236, 239, 240-41,
242ff, 245-6, 247-8, 249; Greek, 76,
temptress 263-4; see also gender; 77-9, 94, 105, 108, 109, Ill; Egyp-
sexuality tian, 27, 29, 31, 32ff, 43ff; 48; Anglo-
text prescriptive, 233, 234, 235, see Saxon,206,209,211,222,223,224;
also social order; problems as Christian, !57, 171ff, 189, 195; Ro-
sources,25-6,71,83,99, 102-3,104, man, 117, 118ff, 122, 123, 125ff, 129,
105, 121, 123, 127, 134f, 153, 156, 136-7, 137ff, 142; Jewish, 63, 171ff
181-2, 204--5, 222, 223, 224, 226, Wisdom Literature 24-49
236; attributed to female authorship, witches 65, 252-67; see also popular
75, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 105, culture
174--5, 181, 197, 222, 223, 224--5; womb in Hippocratic corpus, 105, 108,
ancient literary criticism, 144--6; tex- I 09ff, 112; see also hysteria
tual transmission, 25-6, 27, 28, 83, woman the gatherer 7
102-3, 169-70, 204--5, 233, 234--5, Wulf 224--5
236,248,252,253-5,257,262,265,
267 Xanthippe 73
Thecla, St 157, 159, 182, 184, 195, xenophobia 34, 45, 46
197

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