Boukhebti Habiba
Boukhebti Habiba
Boukhebti Habiba
ﻣﺬﻛـﺮﺓ
ﻟﻨﻴل ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ
ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻭﻓﻴﺯﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ
ﺘﺨﺼﺹ :ﺗﺜﻤﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ
2010
ﺗﺸﻜﺮﺍﺕ
ﺃﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﻋﺎﺩﻝ ﳒﻴﺐ ﺷﺎﻛﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﱂ ﻳﺒﺨﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺈﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺗﻪ ﻭﺭﺍﻗﺐ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺜﺐ
ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻭﻣﻨﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻗﺘﻪ.
ﺗﺸﻜﺮﺍﰐ ﺍﳊﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﳏﻤﺪ ﻓﲏ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻓﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﺑﺴﻄﻴﻒ ﻟﻘﺒﻮﻟﻪ ﺗﺮﺃﺱ ﳉﻨﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ
ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮﺓ ،ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺗﺬﺓ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﻦ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﳏﺎﺿﺮ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻓﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﺑﺴﻄﻴﻒ ﻭﺭﺷﻴﺪ ﺑﻠﺤﻄﺎﺏ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ
ﳏﺎﺿﺮ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻓﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﺑﺴﻄﻴﻒ .
ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﻞ ﻟﻸﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺣﺴﲔ ﻟﻌﻮﺭ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻓﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﺑﺴﻄﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ
ﻣﺴﻌﻮﺩ ﺭﻣﻀﺎﱐ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﳏﺎﺿﺮ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻓﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﺑﺴﻄﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫﺓ ﺗﻘﻴﺔ ﺭﻣﻀﺎﱐ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫﺓ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻓﺮﺣﺎﺕ
ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﺑﺴﻄﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﻭﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ.
ﻻ ﺃﻧﺴﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺷﻜﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺗﺬﺓ ﺍﶈﺘﺮﻣﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﻛﻦ ﳍﻢ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ
ﻭﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫﺓ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﺳﺎﺣﻠﻲ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺔ ﳐﱪ bactériologieﺑﺎﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﻟﺴﻄﻴﻒ
) ،(CHUﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﻠﻌﻘﻮﻥ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﳏﺎﺿﺮ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻓﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﺑﺴﻄﻴﻒ ،ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫﺓ ﻧﺼﲑﺓ
ﺑﻮﻟﻌﺸﺎﺏ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫﺓ ﳏﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺑﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ،ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺭﺷﻴﺪ ﺻﺤﺮﺍﻭﻱ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﳏﺎﺿﺮ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻓﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ
ﺑﺴﻄﻴﻒ ،ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫﺓ ﻣﺮﱘ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻲ ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫﺓ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻓﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﺑﺴﻄﻴﻒ.
ﺃﺷﻜﺮ ﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﳐﱪ bactériologieﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﻘﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺷﻜﺮ ﺃﲪﺪ ﺑﻮﻳﻮﺳﻒ
ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻓﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﺑﺴﻄﻴﻒ ﻭﻗﺪﻭﺭ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﲜﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻓﺮﺣﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ﺑﺴﻄﻴﻒ .
ﰲ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﻻ ﺃﻧﺴﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺷﻜﺮ ﺯﻣﻼﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻃﻴﻠﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ.
ﺇﻫﺪﺍﺀ
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ
48 ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ :01ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺍﻭﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﴰﺎﻝ ﺳﻄﻴﻒ
66 ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ :02ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟـ Mentha spicata
69 ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ :03ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟـ Mentha pulegium
77 ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ :04ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺪ ﺑﻜـﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺘﲔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﲔ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻋﲔ M. spicataﻭM. pulegium
78 ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ :05ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺪ ﺑﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ
ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ:
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ
18 ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ :01ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﳉﺬﺭ ،ﺳﺎﻕ ﻭﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻘﺔ
24 ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ :02ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﺍﻹﻳﺰﻭﺑﺮﻳﻦ . isoprene
59 ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ :15ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳉﺬﺭ ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ M. spicata
59 ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ :16ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳉﺬﺭ ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ M. pulegium
61 ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ :17ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺳﺎﻕ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻣﺴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ M. pulegium
ﻣﻠﻢ :ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ.
ﻍ :ﻏﺮﺍﻡ.
ﺡ :ﺍﳊﺠﻢ.
:x100ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﲑ 100ﻣﺮﺓ.
:x400ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺒﲑ 400ﻣﺮﺓ.
:RTﻭﻗـﺖ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎﺱ.
:ndﻏـﲑ ﻣﻌﺮﻑ.
:IRﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﻻﺣﺘـﺒﺎﺱ.
:trﺁﺛﺎﺭ.
اﻟﻔﮭﺮس
2
اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻨﻈﺮي
3
-Іاﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻷول
اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﯿﺔ
4
-1-Іﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﱯ:
ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻠﻚ ﻗـﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻼﺟﻴﺔ ،ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺎ ،ﻛﻤﺎ
ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻏﻀﺔ "ﻃﺮﻳﺔ" ﺃﻭ ﳎﻔﻔﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ
ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ.(Anonyme 2, 2007) .
ﻋﺮﻑ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻭﻋﻤﺮ (1993) ،ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﱯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﰲ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻪ
ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﲢﻮﺭﺍﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻠﻚ
ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻭﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻣﺮﺽ ﻣﻌﲔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﺮﺍﺽ
ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻋﻄﻴﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻳﺾ ﰲ ﺻﻮﺭﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺻﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﰎ
ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﲑﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﰲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﺸﺐ ﻧﺒﺎﰐ ﻃﺎﺯﺝ ﺃﻭ ﳎﻔﻒ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ.
ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺿﺎﻑ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻭﻋﻤﺮ (1993) ،ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﱯ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ ﻧﺒﺎﰐ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﺎ ﻓﻬﻮ
ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﻃﱯ ،ﻭﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﻨﺠﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻀﻢ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺜﲎ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺭﻗﻴﺎ ﺇﱃ
ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻫﺎ ﻭﺃﺑﺴﻄﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﺭﺍ.
-2-Іﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ:
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻱ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﰲ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺋﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ
ﺃﻭ ﲢـﻮﺭﺍﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﻋﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻃﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺻﻮﺭﺎ ﺍﳊﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺻﻮﺭ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ
ﺗﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﻋﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻃﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻋﺒﲑ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻝ ،ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺻﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ
ﰲ ﺍﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ .ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺮﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻓﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻓﺔ ﻛـﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺃﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﲢـﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺭﺓ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺩ) .ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻭﻋﻤﺮ.(1993 ،
ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﱯ ﺃﻭ
ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﺎ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻋﻼﺟﻲ ﻭﻫﻲ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮﺭﺎ ﺍﳌﻔﺼﻮﻟﺔ ،ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﲢﻀﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ) .ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻭﻋﻤﺮ.(1993 ،
5
-3-Іﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ:
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ﲤﺜﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﺍ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ،ﻭﺑﻨﻈﺮﺓ
ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻧﺪﺭﻙ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘـﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ،ﻓﻤﻌﻈﻤﻨﺎ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻛﺄﺳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻱ Théﺃﻭ
ﻗﺪﺣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻬﻮﺓ Caféﳌﺎ ﳛﺘﻮﻳﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﲔ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﺒﻪ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺸﻂ ،ﻭﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻨﺎﻉ
Mentheﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺑﻮﻧﺞ Camomilleﻭﺍﳍﻴﻞ Cardamomﳌﺎ ﲢﺘﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﻋﻄﺮﻳﺔ ،ﻭﻻ ﳜﻠﻮ ﻣﱰﻝ ﺍﻷﻡ
ﺍﳌﺮﺿﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﳊﻠﺒﺔ Fenugrecﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺎ ﰲ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﱭ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﲦﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﺘﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻏﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ
ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻭﻋﻼﺝ ﺍﳌﻐﺺ ﺍﳌﻌﻮﻱ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ .ﺗﻠﻚ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ
ﺍﳌﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﻗﲑ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻴﺔ
ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻭﺻﻔﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ،ﳏﺪﺩ ﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳉﺮﻋﺔ ﻭﻭﻗﺖ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ
ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺍﳊﺬﺭ ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋـﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺎ ﲟﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ) .ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﳊﺴﻦ.(2002 ،
-4-Іﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ:
ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻨـﻤﻮ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻋـﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﻮﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻬﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻗـﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﺍ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻧﻜﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﻤﻮ
ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ
ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﺻﻨﺎﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ
ﳛﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ) .ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﳊﺴﻦ.(2002 ،
6
-1-5-Іﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ:
ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﳕﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ،ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ
ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺼﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﺇﺫ ﻭﺟﺪ ﻣﺜﻼ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻠﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺗﻮﺭﺍ Datura
ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻛﺮ ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﺮ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﲨﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﺡ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻛﺮ .ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﻃﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﲰﲔ Jasminﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺑﻮﻧﺞ Camomille
ﻓﻬﺬﻩ ﲡﻤﻊ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻛﺮ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳉﻮ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﰲ ﻓﺼﻞ
ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻒ.
-2-5-Іﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ:
ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺩ ﻣﻮﻋﺪ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﻞ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻓﻨﺒﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻼﺡ ﻣﺜﻼ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻠﻮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﺸﺴﲔ Colchicineﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﲣﺘﻔﻲ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺭﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﲨﻌﺖ ﰲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻒ ،ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻤﻊ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻐﺬﺍﺀ ،ﺃﻣﺎ
ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺎ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﺎ ﲡﻤﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻒ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ
ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﻄﻌﻤﻪ ﺍﳌﺮ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺳﺎﻣﺎ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺼﻠﺢ ﻟﻸﻛﻞ.
-3-5-Іﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ:
ﺇﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﲟﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﻋﻤﺮ
ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ،ﻓﻔﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺮﺓ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﰒ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻌﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﲔ .ﻓﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻗﻮﺱ
Liquoriceﻻ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺟﺬﻭﺭﻩ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﻋﺎﻣﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻪ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﳚﺘﺎﻟﺲ Digitalisﻳﻌﻄﻲ
ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉ ﻠﻴﻜﻮﺳﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ،ﻭﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻭﻧﺪ Rhubarbﻳﻜﻮﻥ
ﻣﻔﻌﻮﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﱯ ﻗﻮﻳﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﳚﻤﻊ ﻭﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺳﺖ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ.
-6-Іﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ:
-1-6 -Іﺍﳉﺬﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻳﺰﻭﻣﺎﺕ:
ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﺍﳉـﻤﻊ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺭﺍﺣـﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ ،ﰲ ﻓـﺼﻞ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻒ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨـﻤﻮ
ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ .ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻊ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺮﺓ ،ﰲ ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻒ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ
ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻮﻟﻴﺔ .ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ،ﻳﺘﻢ ﻏﺴﻞ ﻭﲣﻠﻴﺺ ﺍﳉﺬﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻳﺰﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ .(Rubin, 2004) .ﻭﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺗﻘﺸﲑ ﺍﳉﺬﻭﺭ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﻨﻴﺖ ﰲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳉﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲡﻤﻊ ﰲ
ﺍﳋﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﻘﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳐﺘﺰﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳉﺬﻭﺭ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ) .ﺭﻭﳛﻪ.(1983 ،
7
-2-6-Іﺍﻷﺑﺼﺎﻝ:
ﳍﺎ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺛﺨﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﻮﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ،ﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﱯ
ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﻞ .(Gurib-Fakim, 2006) .L’oignon
-3-6-Іﺍﻟﺪﺭﻧﺎﺕ:
ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻔﺨﺔ ،ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ،ﺃﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻ ﺩﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻃﺎ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺔ .Hypoxis sp
).(Gurib-Fakim, 2006
-4-6-Іﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﺀ )ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻒ(:
ﳚﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻒ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲡﺮﻱ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ
ﺍﳋﻀﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ،ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺴﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﺀ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻒ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ .ﻭﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ
ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﻮ ﺭﻃﺒﺎ ﻓﻴﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ
ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻓﺔ ) .Cannelleﺣﺠﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ.(2004 ،
-5-6-Іﺍﳋﺸﺐ:
ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ،ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﺸﺮﻩ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ "ﳒﺎﺭﺓ" ﺃﻭ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺣﻄﻴﺒﺎﺕ.( Rubin, 2004) .
-6-6-Іﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺒﻴﺔ:
ﲡﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻤﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ
ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ .ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺒﻖ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ
ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺒﻞ ﲤﺎﻡ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻧﺴﺐ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ
ﳝﻜﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﲨﻊ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﲟﻜﻮﻧﺎﺎ) .ﺣﺠﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ .(2004 ،ﲡﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﺮ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ
ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ،ﻭﻻ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻏﺼﺎﻥ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﺪﻳﺔ ﺭﻃﺒﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻔﻦ) .ﺭﻭﳛﻪ.(Rubin, 2004 ،1983 ،
ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺪ ،ﻣﻊ ﲡﻨﺐ ﲨﻌﻬﺎ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﳛﺮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻪ
ﺍﳋﻀﺮﻳﺔ ،ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺗﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻉ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺺ ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻏﺼﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ.
ﳚﺐ ﺗﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﻓﺮﻙ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻜﺪﻳﺴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺳﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻴﺲ.( Rubin, 2004).
8
-7-6-Іﺍﻟﻘﻤﻢ ﺍﳌﺰﻫﺮﺓ:
ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻗﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺯﻫﺎﺭﻩ ،ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻄﺮﻳﺔ
ﻣﺜﻞ :ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻨﺎﻉ ،Mentheﺃﻛﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳉﺒﻞ ،Romarinﺍﳋﺰﺍﻣﻰ .( Rubin, 2004) .Lavande
-8-6-Іﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ:
ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺃﻥ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﲨﻌﻬﺎ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻭﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﻋﻨﺎﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ
ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﳉﻤـﻌﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﻡ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻭ ﲟﺠﺮﺩ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺑﻮﻧﺞ
Camomilleﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﲰﲔ ) .Jasminﺣﺠﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ2004 ،؛ .(Schauenberg, 2006
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﲡﻤﻊ ﺑﺮﺍﻋﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﻔﺘﺤﻬﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺢ ﺍﳋﺮﺳﺎﱐ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﻧﻔﻞ Girofleﻷﻥ
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺮﻛﺖ ﻟﺘﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻔﻘﺪﻫﺎ ﲤﺎﻣﺎ) .ﺣﺠﺎﻭﻱ ،ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ،
.(2004ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﲨﻌﻬﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﳉﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺃﻳﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ
ﻭﺟﺎﻓﺔ ،ﻭﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻄﻔﻬﺎ ﺻﺒﺎﺣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﲡﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻯ ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ
ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ .ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺒﺎﺯ la Mauveﻭﺍﳋﺸﺨﺎﺵ
.Papaverﲡﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺸﻂ )ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺑﻮﻧﺞ( ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺟﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺴﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﺎﺭ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻ
ﳚﺐ ﲣﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻛﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ) .ﺭﻭﳛﻪ 1983 ،؛ .(Rubin, 2004
-9-6-Іﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ:
ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺮﺓ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﻛﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﻥ .ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ
ﳊﻤﻴﺔ ﲡﻤﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻀﺞ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﻠﻴﻞ )ﺍﻵﺱ ،Myrtillesﺍﻟﺘﻮﺕ .(Frambiosesﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﺎﻓﺔ ﲡﻤﻊ
ﻧﺎﺿﺠﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﻻﺻﻔﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻋﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﳋﺸﺨﺎﺵ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻭﻳﺔ ) ،( Rubin; 2004ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﻧﺎ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﻴﺔ "ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﲡﻒ" ﻣﻦ ﲦﺎﺭ ﺍﳋﺸﺨﺎﺵ ﻓﺈﺎ ﲡﺮﺡ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻏﲑ ﻧﺎﺿﺠﺔ) .ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻭﻋﻤﺮ،
.(1993
-10-6-Іﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ:
ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ،ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻀﺞ ،ﻟﻜﻦ ﺇﺫﺍ
ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﲦﺎﺭ ﻣﺘﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻻ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺘﻔﺘﺢ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ )ﺳﻮﺭﳒﺎﻥ
،Colchiqueﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﻥ ،Linﺍﳋﺮﺫﻝ ،(Moutardeﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻤﻴﺔ ﳚﺐ
ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻟﺒﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻤﺮ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻛﺎﻭ.(Rubin, 2004).
9
-11-6-Іﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﺮﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ:
ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻤﺎﻍ ،ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺠﺎﺕ ،ﻟﱭ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺻﻤﻎ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ
ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻁ .ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺎﻓﺔ.
).(Rubin, 2004
-7-Іﺍﳊﻔﻆ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ:
-1-7-Іﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ:
ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻃﺎﺯﺟﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﲨﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻀﲑ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺃﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺩ
ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﲰﲔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﻀﲑ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺯﺟﺔ ،ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﰲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲡﻔﻴﻒ
ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﺮﺻﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﲢﺘﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ) .ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﳊﺴﻦ .(2002 ،
ﻋﺮﻑ ﺣﺠﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ (2004) ،ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ :ﻫﻮ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭ ،ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻪ:
-ﺍﶈﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻔﻦ ﺑﻮﻗﻒ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ.
-ﻭﻗﻒ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ .
-ﻭﻗﻒ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ .
-ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺤﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺤﻖ.
-ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺰﻥ.
ﻳﺘﻢ ﲡﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ)ْ (60-40ﻡ ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻄﺮﻳﺎ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ
).(Schauenberg, 2006 ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﻭﳚﻔﻒ ﲢﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻌﺪﻯ ْ 50ﻡ.
ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﲡﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ،ﻓﺎﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻏﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ )،(%90 -70
ﺍﳉﺬﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻳﺰﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺑﲔ ) ،( % 50-30ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ) ،(%70 -50ﺍﻟﻘـﺸﺮﺓ ) ،(% 20ﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ
ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﺎﻓﺔ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﳏﺘﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻷﺿﻌﻒ ).( Rubin, 2004) .(% 10
ﺇﻥ ﺗﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻴﺠﻒ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂ ﺍﻹﻧﺰﳝﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻳﺔ
ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﲢﻠﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﺴﲑﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻋﺪﳝﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻯ ﻃﺒﻴﺎ ،ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲡﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﻥ
ﳝﺮ ﺎ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﲝﻴﺚ ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ْ 60ﻡ ﺣﱴ ﲤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ،ﻭﻣﻦ
ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺎﻓﺔ ﰲ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﲣﻠﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ) .ﻋﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﳊﺴﻦ.(2002 ،
10
ﺫﻛـﺮ ﺣﺠﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ (2004) ،ﻋـﺪﺓ ﻃﺮﻕ ﻟﻠﺘﺠـﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ:
1-1-7-Іـ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ:
ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﲡﻔﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ،ﺃﻭ ﺑﻨﺸﺮﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻈﻞ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﻃﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ.
2-1-7-Іـ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ:
ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﻥ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﰲ ﺃﺣﺠﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ
ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊـﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﳍﺎ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ،ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤـﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﲞﺎﺭ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﲔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ
ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑﻩ.
3-1-7-Іـ ﺍﻟﺘﺠـﻔﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠـﻤﻴﺪ:
ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﲡﻤﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺼﻌﺪ ﺍﳉﻠﻴﺪ ﻭﻻ ﳝﺮ
ﲟﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻮﻟﺔ ،ﺃﻋﻄﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﺨﺮﺏ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ،
ﻭﺃﻫﻢ ﺷﺮﻭﻃﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺟﻮ ﺧﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ.
-2-7-Іﺍﳊـﻔﻆ " ﺍﳋـﺰﻥ ":
ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﳊﻔﻆ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺇﺫ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﰲ ﳐﺎﺯﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
-ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺷﺘﻌﺎﻝ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﲰﻨﺖ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﻻﺫ.
-ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺯﻥ ﺑﺎﺭﺩﺓ ﻭﻣﻌﺘﻤﺔ ﻭﺣﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ.
-ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﺯﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﳍﺠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺭﺽ) .ﺣﺠﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ.(2004 ،
11
-8-Іﺍﻟﻌـﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻮﻳﺔ:
ﻋﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﳊﺴﻦ ) (2002ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﻤﺮﺓ ،ﻣﻮﻃﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ
ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ ،ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺃﳓﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺇﻻ ﺃﺎ ﲤﻴﻞ ﻷﻥ ﺗﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ
ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺳﻴﻘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﺼﺎﻟﺒﺔ
ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻤﻮﻉ ﺍﳋﻀﺮﻱ ﻳﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﻏﺐ.
ﺃﻣﺎ (1963) Quezel et Santaﻭ (2006) Hilan et al.ﻓﻘﺪ ﻋﺮﻓﻮﺍ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑﺄﺎ
ﺷﺠﲑﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻄﺮﻳﺔ ،ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﺫﻳﻨﺎﺕ .ﺍﻹﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺇﺑﻄﻲ ،ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ
ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ "ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻞ ﳍﺎ" ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ " ﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ" ،ﺃﻭ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻮﺭﺓ ﺳﻨﺒﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻏﲑ
ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺯﻫﺮﺓ.
ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ ﰲ ﺃﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺳﺒﻼﺕ )ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ 4ﺇﱃ 10ﺳﺒﻼﺕ(،
ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﱘ .ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻳﺞ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺔ ،ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﰊ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲬﺴﺔ
ﻓﺼﻮﺹ )ﺑﺘﻼﺕ( ﻣﻠﺘﺤﻤﺔ .ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺑﺘﻼﺕ ،ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺘﻠﺘﲔ .ﻋﺪﺩ
ﺍﻷﺳﺪﻳﺔ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺳﺪﺍﺓ ﺧﺎﻣﺴﺔ ﺿﺎﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺪ ﳐﺘﺰﻟﺔ ،ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺳﺪﺍﺗﲔ ،ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ
ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻞ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﲔ ﻓﺼﻲ ﺍﳌﺘﻚ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ،Salviaﻭﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻚ ﻓﺺ
ﻋﻘﻴﻢ ﻭﺁﺧﺮ ﺧﺼﺐ ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﻢ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ .ﺍﳌﺘﺎﻉ ﻋﻠﻮﻱ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺮﺑﻠﺘﲔ ﻣﻠﺘﺤﻤﺘﲔ ،ﺍﳌﺒﻴﺾ
ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﺮﺗﲔ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺣﺎﺟﺰ ﻛﺎﺫﺏ .ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻱ Gynobasicﺃﻱ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ
ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﲔ ﺣﺠﺮﰐ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﺾ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺸﻄﺮ )ﻣﺸﻘﻮﻕ( ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﲟﻴﺴﻤﲔ ،ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺧﻨﺜﻰ ﺳﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻇﺮ
ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ .ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺮﺓ ﺟﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﻛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻠﺘﺤﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺬﺭﺓ.
)ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻭﺳﻲ ﻭﻭﺻﻔﻲ.( Quezel et Santa,1963; 2001 ،
ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻮﻳﺔ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ 200ﺟﻨﺴﺎ ﻭ 4000ﻧﻮﻉ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﳍﺎ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ
ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ .ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟـﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﻌـﺘﱪ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻏﲏ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎﺕ ،ﺍﻟﻔﻼﻓﻮﻧﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ.
ﺟﻨﺲ Phlomisﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ 100ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻏـﻨﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻼﻓﻮﻧﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ ،phénylethanoides
iridoides glycosiles ،phénylpropanoidesﺃﻣﺎ ﺟﻨﺲ Salviaﺗﺸـﻤﻞ ﺣـﻮﺍﱄ 900ﻧﻮﻉ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻬﺎ
ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺑـ .diterpenoidesﺟﻨﺲ Marrubiumﻳﺸﻤـﻞ 30ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳒـﺪﻩ ﰲ ﻛﺜـﲑ ﻣﻦ
ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ.(Nait Said, 2007 ) .
ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ 140ﻧﻮﻉ ﻧﺒﺎﰐ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ 29ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﰲ
ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ.(Belhattab, 2007) .
12
-1-8-Іﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ:
ﰎ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺟﻨﺲ Menthaﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ،ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺯﻭﻣﺎﺕ
ﻭﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ) .( Tucker et al., 2006ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ
ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻛﺒﲑ ،ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺲ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﰲ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺧﻼﻝ
ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻧﲔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴﲔ ،ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧـﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺧـﺘﻼﻑ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰲ
ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﳍـﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔSilva et al., 2006; Gobert et al., 2002; ).
.(Gracindo et al., 2006
ﺣﺴﺐ (2007) Belhattab in (1980) Ietswaartﻓﺈﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻮﻳﺔ Lamiaceae
) (Labiateaeﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ،Tubiliforesﺻﻒ ،Dicotylédonesﲢﺖ ﺷﻌﺒﺔ ،Angiospermes
ﺷﻌﺒﺔ .Spermatophytes
ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ (1848) Benthamﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺪﻡ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ
ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﺛﻲ ،ﻟﻜـﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻛـﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﻥ ﻣﻀﻰ ﳉﻨﺲ Menthaﻫﻮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺸﺮﻩ
(1896) Briquetﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺴﻤﻪ ﺇﱃ 17ﻧﻮﻉ ﻧﺒﺎﰐ ﻭ 33ﲢﺖ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻧﺒﺎﰐ ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺟﻨﺴﺎﻥ )،Mentha
،(Presliaﺍﺛﻨﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﲢـﺖ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ،subgeneraﲬﺴﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ sectionsﻭﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ
(Tucker et al., 2007) .subsections
ﺣـﺴﺐ (2007) Tucker et al. in (1992) Cantino et al.ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻮﻳﺔ ﲢـﺘﻮﻱ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﲦﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ،Lamioideae ،Chloranthoideae ،Ajugoideae :
Teucrioideae ،Scutellarioideae ،Pogostemonoideae ،Nepetoideaeﻭ.Viticoideae
Elsholtzieae, Lavanduleae, ﲢـﺖ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ Nepetoideaeﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻗـﺒﺎﺋﻞ :tribes
Mentheaeﻭ .(Muhittin et al., 2009) .Ocimeaeﻳﻨـﺪﺭﺝ ﺟﻨﺲ Menthaﺿﻤﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻠﺔ
،Mentheaeﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﺇﱃ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ،Preslia ،Eriodontes ،Audibertia :
Pulegiumﻭ.(Gobert et al., 2002; Tucker et al., 2007) .Mentha
ﻗﺎﻡ (2007) Tucker et al.ﲜﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﳉﻨﺲ Menthaﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﰎ ﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ
ﻭﺗﺼﺤﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻛﺜﲑﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ...(1876) Pérard ،(1986) Briquet ،(1848) Bentham :
ﻭﻗﺪﻡ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ 18ﻧﻮﻉ ﻧﺒﺎﰐ ﻭ 11ﻫﺠﲔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺪﻭﻧﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ).(01
13
-2-8-Іﺟﻨﺲ :Mentha
ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﻋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻌـﻤﺮﺓ ،ﳍﺎ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻋﻄﺮﺓ ،ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺟﺎﻟﺴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟﺎﻟﺴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﻨﻘﺔ.
ﺍﻟﻜـﺄﺱ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﰊ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜـﻞ ﺟﺮﺱ ﻟﻪ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺃﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻳﺞ ﻗﻤﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜـﻞ ،ﺃﺑﻴﺾ
ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ ﻓﺎﺗﺢ ،ﻟﻪ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻓﺼﻮﺹ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﺑﻞ ﻣﻠﺴﺎﺀ .ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﳎﺘﻤﻌﺔ ﻟﺘﻜـﻮﻥ ﻧﻮﺭﺓ ﺳﻨﺒﻠﻴﺔ
ﻃﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲨﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﺎﺔ ﳏﻠﻘﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ "ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ" ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻮﺿﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ
ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﰲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺇﺑﻂ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ .(Quezel et Santa, 1963) .ﻗﺪ ﻳﺼﻞ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ
ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺇﱃ 1ﻡ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ .(Guy et al., 2004; Bupesh, 2007) Mentha piperitaﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ
ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺑﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺟﺪ ﻋﻄﺮﺓ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺧـﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛـﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ ،ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﰲ ﳐﺘـﻠﻒ ﺃﳓـﺎﺀ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ) ،(Gracindo et al., 2006ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﻳﻨﻤﻮ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ
ﳝﻜﻦ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ ).(Mahmoudi, 1990; Beloued,1998
ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺟﻨﺲ Menthaﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ 25ﻧﻮﻉ ﻧﺒﺎﰐ ﺟﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ
carvone ،mentholو.(Arumugam et al., 2008; Li et al., 2001) pulégone
ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺟﻨﺲ Menthaﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻛـﻮﺎ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺘـﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ
) .(Li et al., 2001; Khanuja et al., 2000ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﻃﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ
ﺟﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﻨﻜﻬﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻮﺍﺑﻞ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻏﺬﻳﺔ ) Gracindo et al., 2006; Abd El-Wahab,
،(2009; Edris et al., 2003ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ ) Arumugam et al., 2006; Khanuja
،(et al., 2000ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺟﻨﺲ Menthaﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻼﺟﻴﺔ )(Edris et al., 2003
ﻭﻧﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺿﺪ ﺗﺄﻛﺴﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ).(Kanatt et al., 2008
ﻫﻮ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﺸﱯ ﻣﻌﻤﺮ ،ﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﻕ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ،ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺟﺎﻟﺴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟﺎﻟﺴﺔ ،ﻣﺴﻨﻨﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺣﺎﺩﺓ،
ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺮﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﺑﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ،ﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﺷﺒﻜﻲ ،ﺭﳏﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ،ﺧﻀﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ.
ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺭﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ،ﺍﻹﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜـﻞ ﻧﻮﺭﺓ ﺳﻨﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ )ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺒﻠﺔ ﻏﲑ
ﻣﻮﺭﻗﺔ( ،ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﻣﺘـﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ ) (08 - 04ﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻳﺞ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟـﺪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺷﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻭﺑﺎﺭ ﻋـﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻖ ،ﳍﺎ ﺷﻌﲑﺍﺕ
ﺃﻭ ﺃﻭﺑﺎﺭ ﺟﺪ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ .ﺯﺭﺍﻋـﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ ﻭﻏـﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻤﻮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎQuezel et Santa, ) .
.(1963; Mahmoudi,1990
ﺫﻛﺮ (1963) Quezel et Santaﺃﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ M. spicataﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ 50 -15ﺳﻢ ،ﻭﳝﻜـﻦ
ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﻞ ﻃـﻮﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ 1ﻡ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ .( Arumugam et al., 2008 ).ﺫﻛﺮ Hassani et
(2009) al.ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟـ M. spicataﻳﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ.
14
-1-1-2-8-Іﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ:
ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ :ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﻌـﺪﺓ ﺃﺳـﻤﺎﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ(Quezel .Mentha viridis L ،Mentha spicata L. :
).et Santa, 1963; Mahmoudi,1990
ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ :ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻨﺎﻉ ،ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ.(Quezel et Santa, 1963; Mahmoudi, 1990) .
-2-1-2-8-Іﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ:
ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻨﺎﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ :ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮﻧﺎﻥ ،limonèneﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻓﻮﻥ carvone
).(Mahmoudi, 1990
ﺫﻛﺮ (2008) Arumugam et al.ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ M. spicataﻏﲏ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ:
.dihydrocarveol ،menthol ،menthone ،limonene ،carvone
-3-1-2-8-Іﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﱯ:
ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ M. spicataﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻋﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺫﻭﻕ ﺣﺎﺭ ﻭﺣﺎﺩ ،ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻀﻐﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻌﺎﺵ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ،ﻳﻨﻤﻮ
ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺰﺭﻉ ،ﻭﻗﺖ ﺟﻨﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻒ .ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ ،ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳍﻀﻢ ،ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻋﻼﺝ
ﻟﻼﻣﺴﺎﻙ ،ﻣﻬﺪﺉ ،ﻣﺴﻜﻦ ﻟﻶﻻﻡ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﰿ ﻟﻸﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ )ﺍﻵﻻﻡ ،ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﻭﻗﻠﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ( ،ﻣﺴﻜﻦ
ﻣﻌﻮﻱ ،ﻣﻀﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻨﺞ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺩﻳﺔ ،ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻴﺎ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﻜﺔ ،(Mahmoudi,1990; Allen et Hatfield, 2004) .ﺯﻳﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻃﺎﺭﺩ ﻟﻠﺪﻳﺪﺍﻥ
ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻔﻴﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺯﻳﺖ ) .ascardiolﺣﺠﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ،(2004 ،ﻭﺫﻛﺮ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ Arumugam et al.
) (2008ﻭ (2008) Sweetie et al.ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟـ M. spicataﻧﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺗﺄﻛﺴﺪﻳﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ.
ﺃﻛﺪ (2008) Arumugam et al.ﺃﻥ ﻣﻐﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ M. spicataﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﳊﺎﺯﻭﻗﺔ ،ﺍﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ
ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﺍﺭ ،ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﱯ ،ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺎﺑﺢ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻴﺆ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻤﻞ ،ﻣﻨﺸﻂ .ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ ﻣﺪﺭ ﻟﻠﺒﻮﻝ
ﻭﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﺰﻡ ) .(Arumugam et al., 2006ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺯﻳﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﻤﺴﻜﻦ ﰲ
ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺁﻻﻡ ﻣﻐﺺ ﺍﳊﻴﺾ ﻭﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﻐﺺ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﺼﺎﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ
ﻭﺍﳌﻐﺺ ﺍﳌﻌﻮﻱ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻤﻀﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﺒﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ ،ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺒﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ) .ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﳊﺴﻦ ،(2002 ،ﺃﺷﺎﺭ
ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ) ; Salud G´omez-Prieto et al., 2007 ; Houdref, 1999 ; Sweetie et al., 2008
15
(Patra et al., 2001ﺃﻥ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ M. spicataﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﲢﻀﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﻛﻤﺤﺴﻦ ﻟﻠﻄﻌﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻜﻬﺔ ﻭﰲ
ﲢﻀﲑ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﺑﺎﺕ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﺕ.
-2-2-8-Іﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ : Mentha pulegium
ﻫﻮ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﺸﱯ ﻣﻌﻤﺮ ﻟﻪ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻋﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ،ﺫﻭ ﺳﺎﻕ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﻷﺿﻼﻉ ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻋﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻮﻫﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ
40-15ﺳﻢ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻭﺑﺎﺭ ،ﺑﺎﻫﺘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺑﺎﺭ ،ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﻌﻨﻘﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ )-15
25ﻣﻢ( ،ﻣﺴﻨﻨﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻑ .ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺇﺑﻄﻴﺔ ،ﻣﺘﻮﺿﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺟﺪ ﻛﺜﻴﻔﺔ .ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﰊ،
ﺑﻪ ﺃﺷﻌﺎﺭ )ﺃﻭﺑﺎﺭ( ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻖ ﳎﺘﻤﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ،ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺼﲔ ﺇﱃ ﲬﺴﺔ ﻓﺼﻮﺹ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺘﺎﻥ
ﺃﻗﻞ ﺣﺠﻤﺎ " ﺿﻴﻘﺘﺎﻥ" ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺘﺎﻥ ،ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻠﺔ ﻣﻠﺴﺎﺀ .(Beloued, 1998) .lisseﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﻋﺪﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻜﺜﻔﺔ ،ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺘﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ 10ﺇﱃ 30ﺳﻢ ،ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﳌﻐﻤﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻝ .(Quezel et Santa,1963) .ﺍﻹﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺃﻭﺕ ،ﻳﻨﻤﻮ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ
ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ.(Beloued, 1998) .
-1-2-2-8-Іﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ:
ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ.Mentha pulegium :
ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔherbe de saint ،frétillet ،dictamme de Virginie ، herbes aux puces :
.(Anonyme 1) .pouliot royal ،pouliot ،Laurent
16
ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺟﻴﺪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﺆ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻨﺞ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻱ ،ﺁﻻﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ) ،(Beloued,1998 ; Leclerc, 1994ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ
ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻓﻠﻮﻧﺰﺍ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻛﺎﻡ ) ،(Souâda et al., 2007ﻣﻬﺪﺉ ﻟﻸﻋﺼﺎﺏ ،ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺗﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ
ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻟﻸﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺭﻳﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻮ ﻭﻃﺎﺭﺩ ﻟﻠﺒﻠﻐﻢ) .ﺍﺑﻮﺯﻳﺪ ،(2000 ،ﻣـﻀﺎﺩ
ﻟﻠﺘﺸﻨﺞ ،ﻣﻌﺮﻕ ،ﻃﺎﺭﺩ ﻟﻠﺤـﺸﺮﺍﺕ ) ،(Shirazi et al., 2004ﺫﻛﺮ (2002)Frenchﻭ Thulasiram
(2001)et al.ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻴﻮ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻨﺒﻪ ﻟﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻹﺟﻬﺎﺽ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻣﻞ ،ﻳﻌﻮﺩ
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻮﱐ pulégoneﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺘﺔ .
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻃﺮﻱ )ﻏﺾ( ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜـﺪﻣﺎﺕ ،ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ،ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﲏ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻌﻲ،
ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺁﻻﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﺰﻡ ،ﻣﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻴﻘﺔ ،ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﲪﺎﻡ ﲞﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻠﻴﻮ ﺿﺪ ﺁﻻﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ.
).(Beloued, 1998
-9-Іﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ :Les Tissus végétaux
ﻳﺮﻯ ﺣﺠﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ) (2004ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺟـﺪ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ،ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻊ
ﰲ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻘﻂ ،ﻭﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻻ ﻣﻔﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﳛﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ.
ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﺎﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ،ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ
ﺍﳌﲑﺳﺘﻴﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﻌﻘﺪ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ
ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ .ﺗﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﳝﺔ.
-1-9-Іﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ :Les méristèmes
ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺑﻘﺪﺭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ،ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ
ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ.
-1-1-9-Іﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ :Les Méristèmes primaires
ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﲔ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺬﻭﺭ ،ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻘﺎﻥ ،ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ،ﰲ
ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﺒﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﳊﺰﻣﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻘﺎﻥ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻟﺬﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻘﺘﲔ ،ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﰲ
ﺳﻴﻘﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺫﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ.
-2-1-9-Іﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ :Les Méristèmes secondaires
ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺧﻠﻮﻱ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﺃﻭ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ
ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﲡﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ،ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ:
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· ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﺒﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﳊﺰﻣﻲ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳋﺸﺐ ،ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳊﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻭﺧﺸﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﻳﻦ.
· ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﺒﻴﻮﻡ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺰﻣﻲ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﻳﻨﺸﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﳝﺔ ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻆ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ.
· ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﺒﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻴﲏ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ ،ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻠﲔ ﻟﻠﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻭﻗﺸﺮﺓ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺍﺧﻞ) .ﺣﺠﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ،
.(2004
-2-9-Іﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﳝﺔ :Les Tissus permanents
-1-2-9-Іﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺸﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﻡ :Les Tissus Parenchymateux
ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺪﳝﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ،ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻣﺜﻞ :ﲣﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ
ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ،ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻩ ﺣﻴﺔ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﺭ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ) .ﺟﱪ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ.(2001 ،
-2-2-9-Іﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﻴﺔ :Les Tissus de soutien
*ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﻧﺸﻴﻤﻲ:
ﻫﻮ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻩ ﺣﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ
ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﱂ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﳕﻮ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ .ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻮﻧﺸﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ
ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻐﻠﻆ ﺍﳉﺪﺭﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ :ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﻛﻠﻮﻧﺸﻴﻤﻲ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ ،ﻓﺮﺍﻏﻲ ﻭﺻﻔﺎﺋﺤﻲ) .ﺟﱪ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ.(2001 ،
*ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻠﻮﺭﻭﻧﺸﻴﻤﻲ:
ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻩ ﻣﻐﻠﻈﺔ ﲟﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﲔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻴﺘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﲤﺎﻡ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻠﻮﻥ
ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﻳﻦ .ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍ ﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻠﻮﺭﻭﻧﺸﻴﻤﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ
ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺘﺼﻠﺒﺔ) .ﺟﱪ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ.(2001 ،
-3-2-9-Іﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻴﺔ :Les Tissus protecteurs
ﻫﻮ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﳛﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﰲ ﲪﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺆﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ:
* ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ:
ﺻﻒ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺻﺔ ،ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﺔ ،ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ،ﻛﻤﺎ
ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﻐﻮﺭ ،ﻗﺪ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺯﻭﺍﺋﺪ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ "ﺍﻷﻭﺑﺎﺭ" ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﻳﺔ.
* ﺍﻟﻔﻠﲔ:
ﻫﻮ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﻳﻐﻄﻲ ﺳﻮﻕ ﻭﺟﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻤﺮﺓ .ﺗﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻩ ﰲ ﺻﻔﻮﻑ ﻗﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ
ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﺒﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻴﲏ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻠﻆ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ﲤﺰﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ .ﺧﻼﻳﺎ
ﺍﻟﻔﻠﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﻣﻴﺘﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳛﻞ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﺑﻼﺯﻡ ﲡﻮﻳﻒ ﺧﺎﻝ .ﺣﺴﺐ ﲰﻚ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﳕﻴﺰ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ
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ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﺭ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺧﻔﻴﻒ ﻭﻃﺮﻱ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﻠﲔ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﲰﻴﻜﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﺭ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ
ﺍﻟﻔﻠﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﲰﻴﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻴﻠﻮﺯ ﺍﳌﺸﺒﻊ ﲟﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﲔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺪ ﳝﺘﻠﺊ ﲡﻮﻳﻒ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ
ﲟﺎﺩﺓ ﻗﺎﲤﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺭﺍﺗﻨﺠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺑﺎﻏﻴﺔ) .ﺑﻮﻏﺪﻳﺮﻱ.(2000 ،
-4-2-9-Іﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻠﺔ :Les Tissus conducteurs
*ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﺀ:
ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻫﺰﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺇﱃ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻳﺼﺎﺣﺐ
ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻲ .ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﺎﻟﻴﺔ ،ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ،ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ
ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﺀ ﻭﺑﺮﺍﻧﺸﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﺀ) .ﺑﻮﻏﺪﻳﺮﻱ.(2000 ،
*ﺍﳋﺸﺐ:
ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﳋﺸﱯ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻼﺡ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺋﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺼﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ
ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ .ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻗﺼﻴﺒﺎﺕ،
ﺑﺮﺍﻧﺸﻴﻢ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ) .ﺟﱪ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ.(2001 ،
19
)ﺏ( :ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﰲ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻘﺔ. )ﺃ( :ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ ﰲ ﺟﺬﺭ ﻓﱵ ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻘﺔ.
)ﺟﱪ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ(2001 ، ) (Gorenflot, 1994
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-5-2-9-Іﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ :Les Tissus de sécrétion
*ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ:
ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻧﻘﺮﺍﺽ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﺮﺍﻏﺎ ﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺯﺓ،
ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻹﻧﻘﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ .ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻮﻳﻒ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﻈﺎﻣﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ
ﻭﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻟﻴﺔ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻓﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ.
*اﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ:
ﻋﺮﻑ ﺃﺑﻮ ﺯﻳﺪ ) (2000ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺜﻞ
ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻭﲡﻤﻌﻪ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ،ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ
ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﻭﺑﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻘﺎﻥ .ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ:
-ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻮﻳﺔ:
ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻏﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﺭﺯﺓ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺭﻗﺔ ،ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺃﺱ
ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﻀﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻭﳏﺘﻮﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲦﺎﱐ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺭﺓ ،ﻣﻌﻨﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﻨﻘﺔ
ﻻﺗﺼﺎﳍﺎ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﻣﺜﻞ :ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺰﺍﻣﻰ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ.
-ﺍﳊﺮﺷﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﻳﺔ:
ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻏﺪﺓ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲦﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﳏﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻋﻨﻖ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺫﻭ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺄﺧﺮﻯ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺍﳊـﺠﻢ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ ،ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ . M. piperita
-ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﻳﺔ:
ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻸﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﰲ ﲡﺎﻭﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﳝﺘﺪ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ
ﺃﻋﻨﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻘﺎﻥ ﻭﻛﺆﻭﺱ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﺭ ،ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﺎﻟﺴﺔ
ﺃﻭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﻋﻨﺎﻕ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﻭﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﻛﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺑﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﲦﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ) .ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻭﻋﻤﺮ.(1993 ،
.1ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ :ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻌﲑﺓ ﻏﺪﻳﺔ ﻗﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﻀﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﳏﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ
ﻗﺼﲑ ﺭﻓﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﻚ ﺫﻭ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻠﻴﺘﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ،ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﻳﺔ
ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳋﺰﺍﻣﻰ) .ﺃﺑﻮ ﺯﻳﺪ.(2000 ،
21
.2ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ :ﻫﻲ ﺷﻌﲑﺓ ﻏﺪﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺮﺃﺱ ﻗﻤﻲ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﻀﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺫﻭ
ﺧﻠﻴﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﲰﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﺎﻟﺴﺔ ،ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ
ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ) .ﺃﺑﻮ ﺯﻳﺪ.(2000 ،
-ﺍﳋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﻳﺔ:
ﻫﻲ ﻏـﺪﺓ ﺯﻳﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﺑﺮﺃﺱ ﻛﺒﻴـﺮ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﳏﻤﻮﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﻖ ﻗﺼﲑ
ﳍﺎ ،ﺃﻭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳊـﺎﻣﻞ ﳏﺼﻮﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﲡـﻮﻳﻒ ﺑﲔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ ،ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ
ﻷﺷﻜـﺎﳍﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ،ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠـﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﺸـﺮﺓ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ
،Mentha piperitaﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺮﻭﻗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ) .Mentha viridisﺃﺑﻮ ﺯﻳﺪ.(2000 ،
ﺣﺴﺐ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻭﻋﻤﺮ ) (1993ﻓﺈﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﻟﻴﺔ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ.
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- IIاﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ
اﻟﺰﯾﻮت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ
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ﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﻏﲏ ﺑﺎﶈﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ ،ﺍﻟﻔﻼﻓﻮﻧﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ
ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺎﺑﻮﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻼﺟﻴﺔ ﻋﻈﻴﻤﺔ ،ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻤﻮﻍ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻔﺼﻴﺎﺕ ،ﻋﻼﻭﺓ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻞ ،ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ،
ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳉﻠﻮﺩ) ...ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺍﳊﺴﻦ2002 ،؛ .(Cimanga et al., 2002
- 1– IIﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ:
ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻄﺮﻳﺔ ،ﻃﻴﺎﺭﺓ ،ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﺳﻢ
ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ،ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ) ﺃﺯﻫﺎﺭ ،ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ،ﺳﺎﻕ ،ﺟﺬﻭﺭ ،ﻗﺸﻮﺭ ،ﲦﺎﺭ ،(..ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻦ
ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ) .(Da Porto et Decorti, 2009; Bakkali et al., 2008ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺰﻳﺞ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﺘﺮﺍﻛﻴﺰ ﺿﺌﻴﻠﺔ .(Adam et al., 2009) .ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪﻫﺎ
ﻣﻦ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ،ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﺼﻞ ﻣﻦ %17-16ﰲ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻧﻔﻞ ،ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ % 0.2ﰲ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﲰﲔ ،ﻳﺘﻢ
ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺻﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪﺓ ﻃﺮﻕ ،ﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻸﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﻂ ﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﲑ ﺇﺫ ﺗﻨﺠﺬﺏ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻧﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﲞﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﲑ )ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ( ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺘﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ
ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ :ﺍﻟﻮﺧﺰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌـﺼﺮ expressionﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﲦﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺟﻨﺲ .Citrus
)Bruneton, 1999؛ Bakkali et al., 2008؛ ﺣﺠﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ.(2004 ،
ﺣﺴﺐ (1979) Belaicheﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺯﻳﺖ
ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻮﻥ ﻣﺜﻼ ،ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺩﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻜﻮﺎ ﻃﻴﺎﺭﺓ ،ﺻﻔﺔ ﲡﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ
ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ
ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺻﻤﺎﻍ ،ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺠﺎﺕ
ﻳﺮﻯ ﺣﺠﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ) (2004ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺈﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
-ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﺑﻼﺯﻡ(.
-ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻄﻢ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﻨﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻱ.
-ﲢﻠﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻮﻛﻮﺳﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ.Sinigrin :
-2 -IIﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ:
ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟـﺪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻗـﻴﺔ ،ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ 1750ﻧﻮﻉ ﻧﺒﺎﰐ
ﻋﻄـﺮﻱ .ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲣﻠﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻜـﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺪﺧـﻞ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺴﻤﺔ ﺇﱃ
ﻋـﺪﺩ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ،Lamiaceae ،Rutaceae ،Lauraceae ،Myrtaceae :
24
...Piperaceae ،Zingiberaceae ،Poaceae ،Cupressaceae ،Apiaceae ،Asteraceae
) .(Bruneton, 1999 ; Bakkali et al., 2008
-3 -IIﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ:
ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ
ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ :ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ) (Tubéreuseﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ) ،(Eucalyptusﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪﺍ ﰲ :ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ
) ،(Cannelleﺍﳋﺸﺐ ) ،(Bois de roseﺍﳉﺬﻭﺭ ) ،(vétiverﺍﻟﺮﻳﺰﻭﻣﺎﺕ ) ،(Gingembreﺍﻟﺜـﻤﺎﺭ
) (Badianeﻭﺍﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ ). (Bruneton, 1999 ) .(Muscade
ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﻧﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭ
ﻗﺮﺏ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
-ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻔﺮﺯﺓ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺭﻳﺔ Lauraceaeﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﳒﺒﻴﻠﻴﺔ
.Zingiberaceae
-ﺃﻭﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﻔﺮﺯﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻮﻳﺔ .Lamiaceae
-ﺟﻴﻮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻔﺮﺯﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺬﺍﺑﻴﺔ Rutaceaeﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺗﻴﺔ .Muraceae
-ﻗﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻔﺮﺯﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﳋﻴﻤﻴﺔ Apiaceaeﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ . (Bruneton, 1999) .Asteraceae
-4- IIﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ:
ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻳﺾ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ،ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﳍﺎ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﰲ ﻏﺎﻟﺐ
ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻏﺎﻣﺾ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳛﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺩﻭﺭ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ )ﻛﺎﺑﺢ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺵ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳍـﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ،ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻛﻤﺼﺪﺭ
ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،(...ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ :ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ
)ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ،ﻓﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ ( ..ﻭﺟﺬﺏ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻘﻴﺢ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﺭ
ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ "ﺭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ" ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔBruneton, Mohammedi, 2006).
; .(1999
-5- IIﺍﳋﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ:
ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ ﻭ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻮﺭ ،ﻭﻫﻲ
ﻃﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ ،ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ،ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ ،ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ
ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ )ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ :ﺳﺎﺳﺎﻓﺮﺍﺱ ،Sassafrasﺍﻟﻘﺮﻧﻔﻞ ،Girofleﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻓﺔ
،Cannelleﳍﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻧﻜﺴﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﱄ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ( ،ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻄﺒﺔ ،ﺗﺬﻭﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ
25
ﺍﻹﻳﺜﲑ ﻭﺍﳌﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﻢBruneton, 1999) .؛ ﺣﺠﺎﻭﻱ
ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ.( 2004 ،
ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ،ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻜﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ
ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑـ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺯﻫﺮﻱ ﻣﻘﻄﺮ.( Bruneton, 1999) .
ﺍﻟﺰﻳـﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﻃﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﺪﺓ ،ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺮﻛـﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺻﻴﻐﺘﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ (C5H8)n :ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﻠﱪﻭﺑﺎﻥ phénylpropaneﻭﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ
ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ(Bouaoun et al., 2007; Rhayour, 2002) ،
-1-6-IIﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﻴﺔ:
ﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﻛـﺒﺎﺕ ﻫﺪﺭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ) isopréniques (C5ﻭﺗﺸـﻤﻞ:
les )les diterpènes (C20) ، les sesquiterpènes (C15) ،les monoterpènes (C10
).( Chami, 2005; Rhayour, 2002) .triterpènes (C30
ﺃﻣﺎ (2004) Laouerﻭ ،(2009) Da Porto et Decortiﻓﻘﺪ ﻋﺮﻓﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺑﺄﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﻂ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ hydrocarburesﻭﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﻘﺔ .ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ
ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ ) (Essence de térébenthineﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ
26
ﻓﺎﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﲢﺘﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ )ﻓﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻭﺫﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ
ﻣﺼﺪﺭﳘﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ(.
ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﻭﺯﺎ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻲ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺃﻱ ﻃﻴﺎﺭﺓ
ﻭﻫﻲ monoterpènesﻭ ،(Bruneton, 1999) .sesquiterpènesﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ Bakkali et al.
) (2008ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ .% 90
ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻻﺕ :Alcoolsﻏﲑ ﺣﻠﻘﻴﺔ citronellol ،linalol ،géraniol؛ ﺣﻠﻘﻴﺔ )ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ( ﻣﺜﻞ:
27
ﺍﻹﻳﺜﲑﺍﺕ ،1,8-cinéole :éthersﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻷﻳﺜﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﻴﺔ .ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺍﻹﻳﺜﲑﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺎ ﰲ ﻋﻄﺮ
ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﻛﻪ ) .(oxydes de rose،oxydes de linanol
ﺣﺴﺐ ( 2004) Rubinﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟـﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳـﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻳﺘـﻢ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻮﻇـﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ
ﲢﻤـﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑـﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻤﻠﻬﺎ :ﺃﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ ،ﻛﻴﺘﻮﻥ ،ﻛﺤﻮﻝ.(..
28
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(04ﺑﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ.
)(Brut; 2004
-2-1-6-IIﺍﻟﺴﻴﺴﻜﻮﺗﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎﺕ :sesquiterpènes
ﺻﻴﻐﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ) .(C15 H24ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺣﻠﻘﻴﺔ ،ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺔ،
) .(Belhattab, 2007ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺎﺕ) (b- caryophylène, b-bisabolène, longifolène
ﻭﻗﺪ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ) ،(farnésol, carotolﺃﻭ ﻛﻴﺘﻮﻧﻴﺔ )،(nootkatone, b-vétivone
ﺃﻭ ﺃﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ ) ،(sinensalsﺃﻭ ﺇﻳﺴﺘﺮ ) . (Bruneton,1999) .(acétate de cédryle
29
-2-6-IIﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ:
ﻫﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻴﻞ ﺑﺮﻭﺑﺎﻥ ،(C6-C3) phénylpropaneﻭﻫﻲ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﰲ
ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲣﻠﻴﻘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ،ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ allyl- et
propénylphénolsﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺃﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ .ﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻤﻠﻬﺎ :ﺃﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪ ،ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺮ ،ﲪﺾ ،ﺍﻻﻳﺜﺮ
ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﱄ ،ﻓﻴﻨﻮﻝ ،ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﻋـﺎﺋﻠﺔ ) Apiaceaeﺍﻟﺒﻘـﺪﻭﻧﺲ ،Persilﺍﻟﻘﺮﻧﻔﻞ (...Girofleﻣﺜﻞ:
.apiol, anétholﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ )ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻧﻔﻞ ،Girofleﺍﻟﺮﳛﺎﻥ ،Basilicﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﻌﻮﺫﻳﻦ ،Muscadeﺍﻟﻘﺮﻓﺔ
... cinnamaldéhyde ، asarones ،safrole ،eugénol :(cannelleﻭﻗﺪ ﳒﺪﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ
ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ C1-C6ﻣﺜﻞ .(Bruneton, 1999) .vanilline :
30
ﻟﻼﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ ﻭﻛﻤﺴﻜﻦ antalgiqueﻭﻣﻬﺪﺉ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﱯ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ،ﻛـﻤﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌـﻤﻞ Clou de Girofle
ﺳﻨﺔ 1623ﰲ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﰲ ﻃﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﻛﻤﻄﻬﺮ ﻭﻣﺴﻜـﻦ ﻟﻸﱂ ،ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﻡ Ailﻭﺑﻨﻔﺴﺞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﻮﺙ )ﺯﻫﺮﺓ
ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﻮﺙ( ﺍﻟﱪﻱ Penséeﺿﺪ ﺗﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﺍﻳﲔ.(Rubin, 2004) .
ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺯﻳﺖ Mentha rotundifoliaﺍﻟﻐﲏ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ )ﳐﻔﺾ
ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ،ﻣﻮﺳﻊ ﻟﻠﻌﺮﻭﻕ ،ﻳﺒﻄﺊ ﺧﻔﻘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ( ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻬﺪﺉ ،ﻟﻪ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺑﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ،ﺿﺪ ﻓﻄﺮﻳﺔ ،ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻗﺪ
ﺃﻛﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺗﺄﻛﺴﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺟﻨﺲ
.(Delfine et al., 2005) .Menthe
ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳍﺎ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺿﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﺔ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺎ ﻣﺴﻜﻨﺔ
ﻟﻶﻻﻡ ،ﻣﻨﺸﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻠﺐ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳍﻀﻢ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﻨﺸﻂ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ
ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﻟﺒﺘﻮﺱ ﻛﻤﻄﻬﺮ ﺭﺋﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﺮﻧﻔﻞ ﻛﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳍﻀﻢ ﻭﻛﻤﻄﻬﺮ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ
ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ،(Rubin, 2004) ...ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟـ Ascardiolﻃﺎﺭﺩ ﻟﻠﺪﻳﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻔﻴﻠﻴﺎﺕ
)ﺣﺠﺎﻭﻱ ﻭ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ .(2004 ،ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ
ﺗﺘﻨﻘﻞ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﺗﺐ ،ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ،ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ .ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻬﲑﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺪ ﺗﻌﻔﻨﻴﺔ،
ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺗﻄﻬﲑ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﻲ "ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ" ﻭﺍﳊﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﺒﺔ
ﻟﻸﻣﺮﺍﺽ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﲑﻭﺳﻴﺔ.
) .(Billerberck, 2007
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ،
ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺩﻕ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﳍﺎ.(Bouaoun et al., 2007) .
ﻗﺎﻡ Dormanﻭ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ (2008) Amarti et al. in 2000 ،ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺔ )ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ( ﻭﺗﺄﺛﲑﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ 25ﺳﻼﻟﺔ ﺑﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺃﻥ thymolﻟﻪ ﺃﻛﱪ
ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺑﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﰒ ﻳﻠﻴﻪ carvacrolﻭ . l’ α-terpinéolﻛﻤﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ
Cosentinoﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ (2008) Amarti et al. in 1999 ،ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ
ﲤﻠﻚ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺑﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ،ﻭﺃﺿﺎﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺪﳝﺎ ﻭﺗﻠﻔﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ
ﻟﻠﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﱪﻭﺗﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻡ ،ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﰲ ﳐﺰﻭﻥ ATPﺿﻤﻦ
ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﳍﺎ.
-1-2-7-IIﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ :Activité antibactérienne
ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﲟﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﲜﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﻛﺪ in (1910) Martindale
(1979) Belaicheﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﺰﻋﺘﺮ L’Origanﺃﻛﱪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻝ
phénolﺑـ 25,76ﻣﺮﺓ ﺿﺪ ،le colibacilleﻭﰲ ﺳﻨﺔ 1919ﻗﺎﻡ Bonnaureﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻬﲑﻳﺔ ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺰﺍﻣﻰ ،lavandeﺃﻣﺎ (1979) Belaiche in (1930) Rideal et Walkerﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﺎﻣﺎ
ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺪ ﺑﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ Origan d’Espagneﻭﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺘﻪ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻟﻴﺔ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ (2008) Kaloustianﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ
ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ Pellecuerﺳﻨﺔ 1973ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺛﺒﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻟﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺯﻳﻮﺕ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻮﻳﺔ ) (Romarin, Thym, Sarrietteﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ P. Belaicheﺳﻨﺔ 1974ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ
ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺒﺶ ﻗﺮﻧﻔﻞ Clou de Girofleﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﻓﺔ ،Cannelleﺣﻴﺚ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻷﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪﺍﺕ aldéhydesﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻇﻬﺮ ﻫﺬﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺑﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ.
ﺃﺟﺮﻯ (2006) Erturkﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ 11ﺯﻳﺖ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺳﻼﻻﺕ ﺑﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ
ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ The agar dilutionﻭﻓﻄﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﻗﺮﺍﺹ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻏﺎﺭ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻋﻄﺖ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ
ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺪﺕ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ .ﻗﺎﻡ Koné et al.
) (2004ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟـ 50ﻧﺒﺘﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺄﺛﲑﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻀﺪ ﺑﻜـﺘﲑﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ 6ﺳﻼﻻﺕ ﺑﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ
ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻃﺮﻳﻘـﺘﺎﻥ disc diffusion plates on agar:ﻭ microdilution in liquid mediumﻭﻗﺪ
ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ،ﻣﻨﻬﺎ 31ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺯﻳﱵ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺿﺪ ﺑﻜﺘﲑﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﻡ .
-2-2-8-IIﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ :Activité Antifongique
ﻧﺸﺮ (1979) Belaiche in (1556 ،1954) Kellner et Kobertﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺪ ﻓﻄﺮﻳﺔ
ﻟـ 175ﺯﻳﺖ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ،L’Origan d’Espagneﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﲤﻜﻦ in (1958) Jasper et al.
(1979) Belaicheﻣﻦ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺪ ﻓﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕL’Origan, Bouleau, :
.Thymﺃﻣﺎ (2006) Chaker et al.ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﺜـﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧـﻮﺍﻉ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ
ﻋـﺎﺋﻠﺔ : Apiaceae
)Magydaris pastinaceae Lamk Paol ; Bupleurum plantagineum (Desf
ﻭ Ammoides verticillataﻭﺗﺄﺛﲑﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻄﺮﻳﻦ ) (Aspergillus niger, Fustinacea spﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ
ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﺮﺍﺹ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺧﻠﺼﻮﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ.
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ﺣﺴﺐ (2006) Mohammediﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﻥ carvacrol :ﻭ thymolﳝﻠﻜـﺎﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ
ﺑﻜـﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﻭﻓﻄﺮﻳﺔ ،ﻣﻦ ﺟـﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ M. pulegiumﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺘـﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ
R(+) pulégoneﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ % 82ﳝﻠﻚ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﻦ Péniciliumﻭ.Mucor
ﺃﺛﺒﺖ (2004) Guy et al.ﺃﻥ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ:
) ،les tiques (Amblyomma variegatumﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ
Eucalyptus tereticornisﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ Amblyomma variegatumﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ
ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺘﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺪﻣﺮﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺒﻴﺪﺍ ﻟﻠﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ ) (insecticidesﻣﻊ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻹﻧﺎﺙ
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻛﻮﺭﻫﺎ .ﻭﺫﻛﺮ )ﺣﺠﺎﻭﻱ ﻭﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ (2004 ،ﺃﻥ ﺯﻳﺖ Citronellol
ﻃﺎﺭﺩ ﻟﻠﺤﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﻟﺒﻌﻮﺽ .ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺃﻛﺪ (2007) Benayad et al.ﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟـ
M.pulegiumﺃﻥ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﳊﺸﺮﺍﺕ )Rhyzopertha Sitophilus oryzae
(dominica,ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺑﻴﺪﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﻼﻝ 24ﺳﺎﻋﺔ.
-4-2-8-IIﲰﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﺮﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣـﺔ:
ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺧﻄﲑﺓ ) ،(Rubin, 2004ﺃﻣﺎ
(2001) Véroniqueﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﻛﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ
ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻤﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ،limonène ،thuyone ،pulégoneﺃﻛﺪ
) (Thulasiram et al., 2001ﺃﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ pulégoneﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺳﺎﻣﺎ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪﻳﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ،ﻭﺫﻛﺮ ) (French, 2002ﺃﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ pulégoneﺳﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺒﺪ .ﺃﻣﺎ ) Pavlidou et al,
(2004ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﻛﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ pulégoneﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﲰﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﲑﻗﺎﺕ
Bactrocera oleaeﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﲰﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳑﺰﻭﺝ ﲟﺮﻛﺐ .menthone
ﻛﻤﺎ ﺫﻛـﺮ (1999) Brunetonﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﲰﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ
ﺍﻟﻔـﻢ :ﺑﲔ 2ﻭ 5ﻏـﺮﺍﻡ/ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻡ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ )ﻟﻠﻜﺎﻟﺒﺘﻮﺱ ،Eucalyptusﺍﻟﻘﺮﻧﻔﻞ ،(... Girofleﺃﻭ
ﺃﻛـﱪ ﻣﻦ 5ﻏﺮﺍﻡ/ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻡ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺑﻮﻧﺞ ،ﺍﳋﺰﺍﻣﻰ ،ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮﻥ ،(...ﻣﻦ 1ﺇﱃ 2ﻏﺮﺍﻡ/ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ
ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﺮﳛﺎﻥ ،Basilicﺍﻟﻄﺮﺧﻮﻥ ،Estragonﺍﻟﺰﻭﻓﺎﺀ 1.5) Hysopeﻣﻴﻠﻴﻐﺮﺍﻡ/ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻡ( ،ﺍﻟﺰﻋﺘﺮ،
ﺻﻌﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﱪ 1.7) Sarrietteﻏﺮﺍﻡ /ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻡ( ،ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺮﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﻱ 0.34 Moutardeﻏﺮﺍﻡ/ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻡ.
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ﺃﺷﺎﺭ (2004) Rubinﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳋﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﻷﺎ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ
ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﺪﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺑـ ) 0.3ﺇﱃ 0.80ﻏﺮﺍﻡ/ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻛﺤﺪ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ( ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ 1ﻏﺮﺍﻡ
ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ.
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺭﻭﳛﻪ ) (1983ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﻭﺻﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻘﺎﺭ ـ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻘﺎﺭ ﻵﺧﺮ -ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ
ﻟﻠﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻱ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﺛﻠﺜﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﺮﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﱂ ﻳﺒﻠﻐﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ
ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺮﻫﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ،ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﺑﲔ 7ﺇﱃ 14ﺳﻨﺔ ﻳﻜﺘﻔﻮﻥ
ﺑﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﳉﺮﻋﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﻳﻜﺘﻔﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﳉﺮﻋﺔ ﺃﻭ ﲦﻨﻬﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻦ.
-8-IIﻃﺮﻕ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ:
ﺣﺴﺐ ) ; Burt, 2004; Bruneton, 1999; Rubin, 2004ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻭﻋﻤﺮ،1993 ،
،(Laouer, 2004ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ:
-1-8-IIﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﲑ:
ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻄﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺟﺬﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﲞﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ
ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﱪﺩ ﺗﺘﻜﺎﺛﻒ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻭﻷﻥ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ
ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﻔﺼﺎﳍﻤﺎ .ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺎ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ
ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺯﺟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻔﻔﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ :ﺍﻟﺮﳛﺎﻥ ،ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻨﺎﻉ ...
-1-1-8-IIﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ:
ﻳﺘﻢ ﺧﻠﻂ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻟﻴﺨﻀﻌﺎ ﻣﻌﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺣﱴ
ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻴﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺣﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﻌﻪ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﻔﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻜﺜﻒ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻟﻴﻨﻔﺼﻼ ﻋﻦ
ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ،ﻭﳚﻤﻊ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ.
-2-1-8-IIﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﲑ ﺑﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ:
ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﲑ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺟﺎﻓﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﲑ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﺣﺪﻩ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ
ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻃﺮﻳﺔ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ.
-2-8-IIﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ )ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ( :expression
ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺧﺰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﲦﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻏﻀﺔ ،ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ
ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﰲ ﻏﺪﺩ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻐـﻼﻑ
34
ﺍﻟﺜﻤـﺮﺓ .ﺗﺒﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﲦﺎﺭ ﺍﳊﻤﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﲡﻤﻊ ﰲ ﺃﻛﻴﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺎﺵ ﰒ ﺗﻀﻐﻂ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﺑﺲ
ﺧﺎﺻﺔ.
-3-8-IIﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺑﺎﳌﺬﻳﺒـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺭﺓ :solvants organiques volatils
ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ
ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﲰﲔ ،ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺞ ،ﺍﻟﺰﻧﺒﻖ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺮﺟﺲ.
-4-8 -IIﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨـﻼﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺤـﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ :enfleurage
ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ .ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻌﻤﺪ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻤﻴﺔ
ﻟﻴﺘﻢ ﲨـﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻤﻴﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻮﻡ ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ
ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺭ .ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺯﻳﻮﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ.
-5-8 -IIﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨـﻼﺹ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﺝ :micro-ondes
ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺒﺘـﻜﺮﺓ ،ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﺨﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻷﻣـﻮﺍﺝ
micro-ondesﻣﺆﺩﻳﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺴﺨﲔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﻮﺩ
ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐـﺪﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﺘﺰﺝ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺬﻳﺐ ﺷﻔﺎﻑ ﺑﺎﺭﺩ ﻭﻳﺬﻭﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ ﰒ ﻳﺼﻔﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ.
).(Laouer, 2004
-9-IIﻃﺮﻕ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ:
-1-9-IIﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻴﻘﺔ ):chromatographie sur couche mince (CCM
ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺴﻂ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ،ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺼﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ ﺑﲔ
ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻙ ،ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺒﻴﻜﺔ )ﺯﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ،ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﳌﻨﻴﻮﻡ( ﻣﻐﻄﺎﺓ
ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺻﺔ gel de silice) :أو ،( gel de celluloseﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻫﻮ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ
ﻣﺬﻳﺐ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺩ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺎ ،ﻳﻬﺎﺟﺮ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﲝﻴﺚ ﳚﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻌﻪ .ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ
ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﻔﺼﻞ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﺻﻌﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ،ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﺼﻞ
ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﻭ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺫﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻙ .ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﻴﺤﺔ ﲢـﺖ ﻣﺼﺒﺎﺡ ﻟﻸﺷـﻌﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠـﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﺑﺮﺵ ﻭﺭﺫ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ
ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺷﻒ.( Bencheikh, 2005; Belhattab, 2007) .
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-2-9-IIﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ ):chromatographie en phase gazeuse (CPG
ﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻜـﻮﻥ ﻃﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ
ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ " ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺨﲔ " ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ﻓﺴﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﻔﻨﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﻔﻀﻠﺔ ﰲ
ﲢﻠﻴـﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ،ﺇﺫ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘـﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ،ﻣﻦ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﺎ
ﺗﺘﻢ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻗﺼﲑ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﻮﺛﻮﻕ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ.(Bruneton, 1999; Belhattab, 2007) .
ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻏﺎﺯ )ﺍﳍﻠﻴﻮﻡ ،ﺍﻵﺯﻭﺕ ،ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ( ﻳﺴﻤﻰ
ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ ،Vecteurﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺼﻞ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﶈﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺬﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ
ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳍﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘ ﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ،ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﳕﻄﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ
ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ :ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﻏﺎﺯ -ﺻﻠﺐ ،ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ
ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﻠﺐ ﻛﺎﻟﺴﻠﻴﺲ siliceﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﲔ ،alumineﻭﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻫﻮ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﻏﺎﺯ -ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﺪﻋﻰ
ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻌﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻃﻴﺎﺭ.( Bencheikh, 2005) .
ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺼﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ
ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﻄﻴﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ ،spéctromètre de masseﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲡﺰﺋﺔ ﻭﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ
ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻛﺘﻠﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻛﺘﻠﻬﺎ .ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﻴﺎﻑ
ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﺓ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ.(Desjobert et al., 1997) .
36
اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻘﻲ
37
-IIIاﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ
اﻷدوات واﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ
38
: ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ-1-III
: ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ-1-1-III
ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﻴﻮMentha spicata ﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺧﻀﺮMentha ﲤﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ
ﰎ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﲔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ،Mentha pulegium
، ﻭﻗﺪ ﻋﺮﻓﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﲟﺨﱪ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ،2008 /06/28-27-26 ﺿﻮﺍﺣﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﺷﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ
. ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺳﻄﻴﻒ،ﺑﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ
ﰒ ﺟﺰﺉ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻄﻊ،ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻔﻴﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻈﻞ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﻀﻪ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻬﻮﻯ
. ﺻﻐﲑﺓ
: ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ2-1-III
،American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺳﻼﻻﺕ ﺑﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ
:ﻭﻫﻲ
،Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853،Escherichia coli ATCC 25922
،Salmonella typhi : ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻻﺕ،Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923
،Staphylococcus epidermidis،Schigella sonnei ،Streptococcus pneumoniae
ﻓـﻘﺪ ﰎ ﻋـﺰﳍﺎ ﺳﺮﻳﺮﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺿﻰklebsiella pneumoniae ،Streptococcus pyogenes
(CHU) ﻭﲢـﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻮﻋـﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺨـﱪ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﻜـﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻲ ﻟﺴﻄﻴﻒ
.
.Tween 80( ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻳﻦDMSO) Dimethyk sulfoxide ﺍﻟﺪﳝﺜﻴﻞ ﺳﻠﻔﻮﻛﺴﻴﺪ: ﺍﳌﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ-3-1-III
:ﺃﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻉ-4-1-III
.MH -Meuller Hinton ﻭﺳﻂ.1
.le bouillon nutritif ﺍﳌﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﻐﺬﻱ.2
: ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ-5-1-III
: ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﻛﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﺇﳚﺎﰊ ﻭﻫﻲ،ﰎ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ
، Ceftriaxome ( CRO ) ، la ceftazidine (CAZ) ،Oxacilline (OX )
، Pristinamycine (PT) ،Gentamicine ( GM) ،Erythromycine (E)
،Vancomycine (VA) ،Chloramphénicol (C ) ،Fosfomycine (FOS )
، Benzylpécilline phénoxyméthypénicilline (P) ، Colistine (CS)
، Ciprofloxacine (Cip) ، Triméthropime +Sulfamides ( SXT)
39
ﺳﻌﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺩ ﺣﻴﻮﻱ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ).(02
-6-1-IIIﺍﳌﻠﻮﻧﺎﺕ:
.1ﺃﺧﻀﺮ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ .Vert d’iode
.2ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﱯ .Carmin aluné
-2-IIIﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ:
-1-2-IIIﺣـﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ:
ﰎ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﴰﺎﻝ ﺳﻄﻴﻒ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ
ﻣﻴﺪﺍﱐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺟﺮﻱ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳍﻢ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﺍﻭﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ )ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻛﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻦ
ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﺑﲔ( ،ﰒ ﰎ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﲞﺮﺟﺔ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﺟﻠﺒﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﱪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﰎ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﲰﺎﺀﻫﺎ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻠﻮﺭﺍ ) ،(Flore de santa et Quezelﰒ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺸﺒﺔ.
ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰎ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﺟـﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﱐ:
.1ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ؟
.2ﻫﻞ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﲰﺎﺀ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ؟.
.3ﻷﻱ ﻏﺮﺽ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ؟.
.4ﻫﻞ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ؟.
.5ﺃﻳﻦ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳒﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺘﺔ ؟ ﻭﺃﻳﻦ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ؟
.6ﻫﻞ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﻔﻬﺎ؟
.7ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺟﲏ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺘﺔ ؟.
.8ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺟﲏ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺘﺔ؟.
.9ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ؟.
.10ﻫﻞ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺟﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻏﻀﺔ؟.
.11ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﲢﻀﲑﻫﺎ؟.
.12ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ؟
.13ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻼﺝ؟
.14ﻫﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻄﺮ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺪﺛﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ؟
.15ﻫﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ؟.
40
-2-2-IIIﲢﻀﲑ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﳛﻴﺔ:
ﰎ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ :ﺟﺬﻭﺭ ،ﺳﻴﻘﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺘﺘﲔ M. spicataﻭ M. pulegiumﰒ
ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻳﺪﻭﻳﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ:
.1ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ ﺑﲔ ﺷﻄﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻠﺴﺎﻥ " "bois du sureauﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺐ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ
ﺟﺬﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺎﻕ.
.2ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺷﻔﺮﺓ ﺣﻼﻗﺔ ﺣﺎﺩﺓ .
.3ﻧﻀﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﰲ ﻣﺼﻔﺎﺓ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻛﻲ ﻻ ﲡﻒ ﳊﲔ
ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ.
.4ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺘﻠﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻋﻒ ) ،double colorationﺑﻮﻏﺪﻳﺮﻱ(2000 ،
ﻭﻓﻖ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :
· ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﰲ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺟﺎﻓﻴﻞ ﻣﺪﺓ 20ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ .
ﺗﻐﺴﻞ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﺮ ).( Eau distille ·
ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﰲ ﲪﺾ ﺍﳋﻞ ﺍﳌﺨﻔﻒ ) ( Acide Acétique) (%10ﻣﺪﺓ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺘﲔ. ·
ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ ﺍﳉﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﺮ. ·
ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﰲ ﺃﺧﻀﺮ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ) (Vert d’iodeﻣـﺪﺓ ) ( 3-2ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ . ·
ﺍﻟﻐﺴﻞ ﺍﳉﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﺮ. ·
ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﱯ ) (Carmin alunéﻣﺪﺓ ) ( 20-15ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ. ·
ﺗﻐﺴﻞ ﺟﻴﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﺮ. ·
-3-2-IIIﺍﺳﺘﺨـﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ:
ﺗﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﰒ ﲣﻀﻊ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻄﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﱪ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ
ﻳﺪﻋﻰ ﻛﻠﻴﻔﻨﺠﺮ ) (Clevengerﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ). (06
ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﲞﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﲪﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ .ﺗﻐﻤﺮ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﰲ
ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﻕ ﺯﺟﺎﺟﻲ ) Ballonﺳﻌﺘﻪ 1ﻟﺘﺮ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻻ ﳝﻸ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﻛﻠﻴﺎ )ﳝﻼ
ﺛﻠﺜﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ( ﻗﺼﺪ ﲡﻨﺐ ﲡﺎﻭﺯ ﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﻓﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻂ .
ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﲢﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﻳﺘﺸﺒﻊ ﲞﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺘﺔ ﻓﻴﻨﻘﻞ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻋﱪ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ
ﲤﺮ ﻋﱪ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺗﱪﻳﺪ ﺃﻳﻦ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﺜﻒ ﻟﻠﺒﺨﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺑﺄﻧﺒﻮﺑﺔ ﺎ ﻣﺎﺀ
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ﻣﻘﻄﺮ ،ﻭﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﲔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﻃﺎﰲ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﺮ
ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ ،ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﲑ ﺗﺴﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻲ.
ﳚﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻗﺎﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺯﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺈﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﻭﻣﻌﺘﻤﺔ ،ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ
ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ ،ﲢﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﰲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ
ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ْ 6 – 4ﻡ.
42
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) :(05ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﲑ ﳕﻂ ﻛﻠﻴﻔﻨﺠﺮ ).(Clevenger
)أﺑﻮ زﯾﺪ(2000 ،
43
-4-2-IIIﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ :Analyse des huiles essentielles
ﻋﻤﻠ ﻴﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﳌﺪﻣﺞ ﺑﺎﳌﻄﻴﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ
.Le couplage CPG/SM
ﰎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ
ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﺣﺘﺒﺎﺳﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺜﻴﻼﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﻣﻌﺪﺓ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﻭﻣﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺔ
ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ(.
-5-2-IIIﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﱵ:
-1-5-2-IIIﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ :Technique par contact direct
ﺣﺴﺐ ) (Belaiche, 1979ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ
ﺑﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ؛ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺔ.
*ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ:
ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻪ ،ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ
ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ؛ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ
ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﺮﺍﺹ.
*ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ :
ﻫﻲ ﺗﻘـﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﻂ CMIﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺗـﻞ CMBﻟﻠﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ،ﻳﻌﺮﻑ
ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﻂ CMIﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺜﺒﻂ ﻛﻞ ﳕﻮ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ،ﺃﻣﺎ
ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺗﻞ CMBﻓﻬﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺘﻞ % 99.99ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ) .ﺑﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺦ،
.(2008
ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟـ M. spicataﻭ M. pulegiumﰎ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻷﻗﺮﺍﺹ ) (techniques de diffusionﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ:
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اﻟﻌﺰﻟﺔ اﻟﺒﻜﺘﯿﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮة
45
ﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻉ Mueller Hintonﻣﻊ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ
ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪﺓ ،ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺍ S. pneumocaeﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻉ Mueller Hintonﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺪﻡ MH
) au sangﰲ ﻛـﻞ 200ﻣﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻉ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ 5ﻣﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ(.(Rahal, 2005) .
ﻳﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﰲ ﺃﻃﺒﺎﻕ ﺑﺘﺮﻱ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻄﺮ 9ﺳﻢ ﺑﺴﻤﻚ 4ﻣﻢ ) ﲟﻌﺪﻝ 20ﻣﻞ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺑﻴﺘﺮﻱ( ،ﰒ
ﺗﺘﺮﻙ ﺣﱴ ﺗﺘﺼﻠﺐ ﻟﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻉ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ.
ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲢﻀﲑ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﺎﺡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻱ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﺑﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﺣـﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﲔ
8
18ﺇﱃ 24ﺳﺎﻋـﺔ ﰲ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻣﻌﻘﻢ ،ﰒ ﺗﻀﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﻜﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ) 0.5 Mc Farlandﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺎﺭﺏ 10
ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺍﺕ /CFUﻣﻞ( ﺃﻭ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻖ ﰲ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ 625ﻧﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ
ﻭﺿﺒﻄﻬﺎ ﺑﲔ 0.08ﻭ . 0.1ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﺎﺡ ﺧﻼﻝ 15ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻀﲑﻩ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﳕﻮ
ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ.
ﻳﻐﻤﺲ ﻣﺎﺳﺢ ﻗﻄﲏ ﻣﻌﻘﻢ ) (écouvillonﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻱ ﰒ ﳝﺴﺢ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﳉﺎﻑ
ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻣﺘﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻜﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺘﺪﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻖ °60ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺓ .ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺸﺒﻴﻊ
ﺍﻷﻗﺮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﻤﺔ ،ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ 6ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ ﺑـ 10ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﱵ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ،ﰒ ﺍﳌﺰﻳﺞ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻮﻥ
ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﳌﺨﻔﻒ ﰲ DMSOﺇﱃ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ) ،5/1 ،2/1ﻭ 10/1ﺡ/ﺡ( ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ،% 50
% 10 ،% 20ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ ،ﰒ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺃﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺰﺭﻭﻋﺔ .ﲢﻀﺮ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺑﻴﺘﺮﻱ ﺇﺿﺎﰲ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻗﺮﺍﺹ ﻣﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺑـ
10ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ DMSOﻭﻗﺮﺹ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻓﺎﺭﻍ ،ﻛﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﱯ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻗﺮﺍﺹ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻛﺸﺎﻫﺪ ﺇﳚﺎﰊ ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ
ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ).(Rahal, 2005) (NCCLS
ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺳﻼﻟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻨﻌـﺪﻣﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ 08ﻣﻠﻢ ،ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ
ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﺑﲔ 14/08ﻣﻠﻢ ،ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺗﺜﺒـﻴﻂ ﻳﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﲔ 20/14ﻣﻠﻢ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ
ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ 20ﻣﻠﻢ. (Duraffourd et al., 1990) .
ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ )ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺒﻴﺪ( ﻧﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻤﺮﻳﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺢ ﲟﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﻘﻤﺔ ﰒ ﻧﺪﺧﻠﻬﺎ
ﰲ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻐﺬﻱ ﰒ ﲢﻀﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺣﺎﺿﻨﺔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺎ °37ﻡ ﳌﺪﺓ
24-18ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ،ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺗﻌﻜﺮ ﳏﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻄﻲ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﱂ ﻳﺘﻌﻜﺮ ﻓﺎﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﺎﺗﻞ ﺃﻭ
ﳑﻴﺖ.
46
ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺘﻴﲔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﲔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﲔ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﲔ M. spicataﻭ M. pulegiumﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺑﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﺿﺪ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ
ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ،ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﰎ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ CMIﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ.
-2-1-5-2-IIIﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ:
ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ CMIﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟـ M. spicataﻭ M. pulegiumﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺳﻂ ﺻﻠﺐ ،ﰎ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻉ
ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺰﺝ ﺍﳌﻘﺘﺮﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ NCCLSﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ CMIﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ
ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ.
ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺰﺝ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺳﻂ Mueller Hintonﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) ،(07ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺼﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰒ ﺗﺰﺭﻉ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜـﻞ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌـﻤﺎﻝ ﺇﺑﺮﺓ ﺯﺭﻉ ﻣﻌﻘﻤﺔ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺑﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ
، 0.5 Mc Farlandﲢﻀﻦ ﺍﻷﻃﺒﺎﻕ ﰲ°37ﻡ ﳌﺪﺓ 24 -18ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﻀﻦ ﺗﻔﺤﺺ ﻷﺟﻞ
ﲢﺪﻳﺪ CMIﻟﻜﻞ ﻧﻮﻉ ﳐﺘﱪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻟـ . CMI
47
ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻣﻌﻘﻢ ﺗﺤﺮﯾﻚ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل + Tween 90%ﻣﺎء ﻣﻘﻄﺮ ﻣﻌﻘﻢ %10
)) (1ح/ح(
48
– IVاﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ
اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ واﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ
49
-1-IVﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ :caractères morphologiques
ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﳌﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﰎ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﺣـﻞ ﳕﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﲔ
ﺧـﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ).(2009 -2007
ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ Mentha spicataﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﺸﱯ ﻣﻌﻤﺮ ،ﻏﺰﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﻉ ،ﻳﻨﻤﻮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ ،ﻟﻪ ﺳﻴﻘﺎﻥ
ﻣﻄﻤﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ "ﺭﻳﺰﻭﻣﺎﺕ" ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻴﻘﺎﻥ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﺟﺬﻭﺭ ﻋﺮﺿﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻗﻪ
ﻣﺘﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ ،ﺫﺍﺕ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺃﺧﻀﺮ ﺩﺍﻛﻦ ،ﺷﺒﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻕ ،ﺷﺒﻪ ﺟﺎﻟﺴﺔ ،ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﺼﺎﻟﺒﺔ .ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻹﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ
ﲤﺘﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ،ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻹﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﻴﻘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺼﺎﺑﺎ
ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﲟﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻹﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻘﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺒﻄﺤﺔ ،ﺍﻹﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺳﻨﺎﺑﻞ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ .ﻳﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻀﺮﻳﺎ.
ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ Mentha pulegiumﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﺸﱯ ﻣﻌﻤﺮ ،ﻳﻨﻤﻮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ ،ﺳﻴﻘﺎﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ
ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﺒﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺯﺍﺣﻔﺔ ،ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺳﻴﻘﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﺒﺔ .ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻗﻪ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮﻉ
ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ،ﺧﻀﺮﺍﺀ ،ﻣﻌﻨﻘﺔ ،ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﺼﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ .ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻹﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ
ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ،ﺍﻹﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻧﻮﺭﺍﺕ ،ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺇﺑﻂ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻣﺘﻮﺿﻌﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ
ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﺣﻮﻝ ﳏﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ ﺍﳊﺎﻣﻞ ،ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺎﺭ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺛﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺬﻭﺭ ﻭﺧﻀﺮﻳﺎ.
50
. Mentha spicata ﻧﺒﺎﺕ:(08) ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ
51
.Mentha pulegium ﻧﺒﺎﺕ:(09) ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ
52
-2-IVﺣﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﱐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺟﺮﻱ ﻣﻊ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﺑﲔ ﻭﻛﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻦ ﰎ ﺿﺒﻂ
ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺪﺍﻭﳍﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﳍﺎ ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺳﻄﻴﻒ ،ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ
ﺗﻀﻢ 86ﻧﻮﻉ ﻧﺒﺎﰐ )ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ (01ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ.
ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ 40ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ ،ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺇﺫ ﻗﺪﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ
ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺑـ 13ﻧﻮﻉ ﻧﺒﺎﰐ ،ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺔ ﺑـ 12ﻧﻮﻉ ﻧﺒﺎﰐ.
53
: ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺪﺍﻭﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﴰﺎﻝ ﺳﻄﻴﻒ:01 ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ
54
Rosaceae اﻟﺰﻋﺮورة Crataegus oxycantha L.
Cupressaceae اﻟﺴﺮو Cupressus sempervirens L.
Asteraceae اﻟﺨﺮﺷﻒ Cynara carduncellus L.
Thymelaeaceae ﻻزاز Daphne gnidium L.
Solanaceae اﻟﺴﻜﺮان Datura stramonium L.
Apiaceae ذﯾﻞ اﻟﻘﻂ Daucus carota L.
Cucurbitaceae ﻓﻘﻮس اﻟﺤﻤﯿﺮ Ecballium elaterium Rich.
Boraginaceae Echium vulgare L.
Asteraceae ﻣﺮارة اﻟﺤﻨﺶ Erythraea centaurium
Myrtaceae اﻟﻜﺎﻟﯿﺘﻮس Eucalyptus globulus L. bill.
Apiaceae اﻟﺸﺒﺖ،اﻟﺒﺴﺒﺎس اﻟﺒﺮي Foeniculum vulgare (Mill) Gaerth
55
Muraceae اﻟﺘﻮت Morus sp
Apocynaceae اﻟﺪﻓﻠﺔ Nerium oleander L.
Lamiaceae اﻟﺤﺒﻖ Ocimum basilicum L.
Oleaceae اﻟﺰﺑﻮج Olea europea L.
Cactaceae اﻟﮭﻨﺪي Opuntia ficus-indica L.
Lamiaceae اﻟﺰﻋﺘﺮ Origanum glandulosum DEST.
Papaviraceae ﻗﺒﺎﺑﻮش Papaver rhoeas L.
Caryophyllaceae ﻛﺴﺎرة اﻟﺤﺠﺮ Paronychia argentea Lamk.
Asteraceae اﻟﺤﺮﯾﺸﺔ Picris echioides L.
Salicaceae اﻟﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮ اﻟﺤﻠﺒﻲ Pinus halepemsis
Anacardiaceae ﺗﯿﺬﻛﺚ Pistacia lentiscus L.
Plantaginaceae اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺻﺔ،اﻷﻟﻤﺔ Plantago lagopus L.
Plantaginaceae اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺻﺔ Plantago major L.
Salicaceae اﻟﺼﻔﺼﺎف Populus alba
Fagaceae اﻟﺒﻠﻮط Quercus ilex L.
اﻟﺮﺗﻤﺔ Retama sphaerocarpa L.
Rhamnaceae ﻣﻠﯿﻠﺲ Rhamnus sp.
Euphorbaceae اﻟﺨﺮوع Ricinus communis
Lamiaceae اﻹﻛﻠﯿﻞ Rosmarinum officinalis L.
Rosaceae اﻟﻮرد اﻟﺒﺮي Rosa sp.
Rutaceae اﻟﻔﯿﺠﻞ Ruta montana
Lamiaceae ﺳﻮاك اﻟﻨﺒﻲ Salvia offisinalis L.
Asteraceae اﻟﺠﻌﺪة Santolina rosmainifolia
Asteraceae ﺗﻠﻔﺎف Sonchus oleraceus L.
Asteraceae اﻟﻤﺮ Sonchus arvensis
Lamiaceae اﻟﺨﯿﺎﻃﺔ Teucrium polium L.
Apiaceae اﻟﺰﻋﯿﺘﺮة Thymus vulgaris L.
Apiaceae اﻟﺪرﯾﺎس Thapsia garganica L.
56
Fabaceae اﻟﺤﻠﺒﺔ Trigonella fenum-graecum L.
Ulmaceae أوﻟﻤﻮ Ulmus campestris L.
Urticaceae اﻟﺤﺮﯾﻖ Urtica urens L.
Scrophulariaceae ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﻟﻨﻈﺎر Verbascum phlomodes L.
Violaceae اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺞ Viola adorata
Rhamnaceae اﻟﺴﺪرة Ziziphus sativus L.
57
-3-IVﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﳛﻴﺔ:
-1-3- IVﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﳛﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﻕ:
ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﲔ M. spicataﻭM. pulegium
ﻻﺣﻈﻨﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻧﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﻭﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ ،ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ،ﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺐ.
-1-1-3- IVﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ :M. spicata
ﺳﻴﻘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ M. spicataﳍﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﳎﻬﺰﺓ ﺑﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺩﻋﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻮﻟﻮﻧﺸﻴﻤﻲ
ﺫﻭ ﺗﺜﺨﻦ ﺯﺍﻭﻱ.
-1-1-1-3- IVﺍﻟﺒـﺸﺮﺓ:
ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻒ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻔﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻣﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ،ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) ،(a, c .10ﺗﱪﺯ
ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻭﺑﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ،ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ،ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲦﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻣﺘﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )،(d .10
ﻛﻤﺎ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﻳﺔ :ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺷﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻏﺪﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺃﺱ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﺘﻔﺨﺔ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ،ﺫﺍﺕ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺼﲑ ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺷﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻏﺪﻳﺔ
ﺫﺍﺕ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺑﻴﻀﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﳏﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺼﲑ ،ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻐﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻐﻼﻑ ﻛﺒﲑ
ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﲢﺘﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻍ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ،ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻏﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻏﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ).10
.(f ،e
-2-1-1-3- IVﺍﻟﻘـﺸﺮﺓ:
ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺑﺮﺍﻧﺸﻴﻤﻲ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻧﺸﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) ،( a, b, c .10ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺑﲔ
ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺿﻴﻘﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﺎ ،ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻛﺘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻮﻧﺸﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺨﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻱ.
-3-1-1-3- IVﺍﳊـﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ:
ﲢﺎﻁ ﺑﺎﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮ ،ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ،ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺸﺐ ﰲ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻳﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﳊﺎﺀ ﳓﻮ
ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺻﻞ ،Procambiumﺗﺘﻮﺯﻉ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ .ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ).(a, b .10
-4-1-1-3- IVﺍﻟﻠـﺐ:
ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺑﺮﺍﻧﺸﻴﻤﻲ ﺫﻭ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻀﻠﻌﺔ ﻭﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ .ﳛﺘﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺐ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ
ﺍﳌﻘـﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ).(b .12
58
-2-1-3- IVﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ :M. pulegium
ﺳﻴﻘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ M. pulegiumﳍﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺣﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻴﺔ ﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ
ﻧﺴﻴﺠﻴﺔ.
-1-2-1-3- IVﺍﻟﺒﺸـﺮﺓ:
ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺘﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) ،(g .11ﲢﺘﻮﻱ
ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ ﻛـﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﺑﺎﺭ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻭﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻠﻴﺘﲔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﺮﻳﻀﺔ
ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻤﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺿﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) ،(k .11ﻛـﻤﺎ ﰎ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﳑﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ،ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ )،(j ،i .11
ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻏﺪﺩ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ،ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ،ﻣﻨﺘﻔﺨﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮﺓ ،ﺫﺍﺕ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺼﲑ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ
ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻏﺪﺩ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺑﻴﻀﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ،ﺫﺍﺕ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺼﲑ ﻣﻐﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻐﻼﻑ
ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ،ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﺟﺪ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ .ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ.
-2-2-1-3- IVﺍﻟﻘـﺸﺮﺓ:
ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺑﺮﺍﻧﺸﻴﻤﻲ ﻓﺮﺍﻏﻲ ،ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) (g, i. 11ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻧﺸﻴﻤﻴﺔ
ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ .ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ " ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ " ﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻨﺸﻴﻤﻲ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺨﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻱ
ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻛﺘﻞ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ
ﻭﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻲ.
-3-2-1-3- IVﺍﳊـﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ:
ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﺎﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮ ،ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ،ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺸﺐ ﻭﳊﺎﺀ
ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻼﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ،ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟـﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻭﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ ﺍﻟـﻮﺍﺻﻞ
،Procambiumﺗﺘﻮﺯﻉ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﰲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ .ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ).(h .11
-4-2-1-3- IVﺍﻟﻠـﺐ:
ﳛﺘﻞ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ،ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺑﺮﺍﻧﺸﻴﻤﻲ ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻩ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ،ﻛﻤﺎ
ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ،ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ).(h .11
59
-2-3- IVﺍﻟـﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﳛﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻭﺭﺍﻕ:
ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻭﺭﺍﻕ ،ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﲔ ) (13 ،12ﰎ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ:
-1-2-3- IVﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ :M. spicata
ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ ﺻﻒ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻔﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ،ﺗﻐﻠﻒ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻞ ،ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻐﻮﺭ ،ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ
ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ،ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﺎﻃﺔ ﲞﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ،ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) .(14ﺍﳊﺰﻣﺔ
ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﳊﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ ،ﳛﻴﻂ ﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺰﻣﺔ
ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺑﺮﺍﻧﺸﻴﻤﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ،ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻞ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ ،ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﺫﻭ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ
ﺍﳌﺘﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺻﺔ ﰒ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻹﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ ،ﻳﻠﻴﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ،
ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ )ﻭﺍﻗﻴﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻞ
ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ،ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺳﺎﻕ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ ﻓﻘﺪ ﰎ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺃﻭﺑﺎﺭ
ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲦﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ :ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ،ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ،ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮﺓ
ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ،ﺫﺍﺕ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺼﲑ ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﻴﻀﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ،ﺫﺍﺕ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺼﲑ ،ﻣﻐﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻐﻼﻑ
ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ،ﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﱯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ
ﻟﻠﻮﺭﻗﺔ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻓﻴﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻗﺎﺕ.
-2-2-3- IVﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ : M. pulegium
ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ ﺻﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻔﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ،ﺗﺘﻮﺯﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻐﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﳏﺎﻃﺔ ﲞﻼﻳﺎ
ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ،ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ،ﺗﻐﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻮﺗﻜﻞ .ﺍﳊﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ ،ﲢﺎﻁ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺑﺮﺍﻧﺸﻴﻤﻲ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﲔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺧﻼﻳﺎﻩ
ﻓﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ ،ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻞ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﻳﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻹﺳﻔﻨﺠﻲ ﰒ ﻳﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﻔﻞ
ﺑﺼﻒ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ.
ﻳﻼﺣﻆ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻴﺔ ،ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ –ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ،-ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﺟﺪ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻴﺔ
ﻓﻬﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻭﻗﺼﲑﺓ ،ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻠﻴﺘﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ،ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ.
60
-3-3-IVﺍﻟـﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﳛﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺬﺭ:
ﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰎ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳉﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﲔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﺃﻥ
ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﲔ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ،ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﲔ ).(16 ،15
-1-3-3- IVﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ :M. spicata
-1-1-3-3- IVﺍﻟﺒﺸـﺮﺓ:
ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﻭﺍﻗﻲ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻃﺒﻘﺘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺍﺻﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺧﻠﻮﻳﺔ ،ﲢﺘﻮﻱ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﺻﺔ.
-2-1-3-3- IVﺍﻟﻘﺸـﺮﺓ:
ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻧﺸﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ﺍﳌﻀﻠﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺘﺨﻠﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ
ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ ،ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﲑﺓ ﺗﺪﻋﻰ ﺑﺎﻷﺩﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻃﻨﺔ.
-3-1-3-3- IVﺍﳊـﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ:
ﲢﺎﻁ ﺑﺎﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺻﻒ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ،ﻳﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺿﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ،ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺣﺰﻡ ﺧﺸﺒﻴﺔ
ﻭﲬﺴﺔ ﺣﺰﻡ ﳊﺎﺋﻴﺔ.
-4-1-3-3- IVﺍﻟﻠﺐ:
ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺑﺮﺍﻧﺸﻴﻤﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ.
-2-3-3- IVﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ :M. pulegium
ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳉﺬﺭ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻫﻮ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ،
ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﻦ:
-1-2-3-3- IVﺍﻟﺒﺸـﺮﺓ:
ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﻭﺍﻗﻲ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻔﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋـﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺍﳊﺠﻢ ،ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻨﻴﺔ،
ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﺻﺔ.
-2-2-3-3- IVﺍﻟﻘﺸـﺮﺓ:
ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺻﻔﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋـﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺑﺮﺍﻧﺸﻴﻤﻲ ﻓﺮﺍﻏﻲ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ
ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ،ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺑﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻣـﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻃﻨﺔ.
-3-2-3-3- IVﺍﳊـﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ:
ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﳏﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﺎﶈﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮ ،ﺗﺘﻮﺯﻉ ﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺸﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ
ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻭﻫﻮ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺣﺰﻡ ﻭﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ.
61
-4-2-3-3- IVﺍﻟﻠـﺐ:
ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺑﺮﺍﻧﺸﻴﻤﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ.
b a
x100 x400
x100 x400
x400
f e x400
x400 x400
x400 x400
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) : (10ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻴﻘﺎﻥ ﻓﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ M. spicata
62
g
h x400 x100
k
63
x100 x100
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ) :(12ﻣﻘﻄﻌﺎﻥ ﻋﺮﺿﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ M. spicata
x100 x100
b a
x100 x100
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ) :(14ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﻐﻮﺭ a :ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ b ، M. spicataﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺸﺮﺓ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ M. pulegium
64
100 x
100x
65
-4-3-IVﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ:
ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﲔ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﻭﺳﲔ ،ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ
ﻭﺍﳉﺬﺭ ﲤﻴﺰﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﺍﺣﺘﻠﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ ،ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﲔ ) (e .18) ،(b .17ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﻄﻮﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﲔ
ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻭﻛﺎﻣﺒﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﲔ ،ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﺒﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﳊﺰﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﲔ ﺣﺰﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺐ ،ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﻭﻗﻞ
ﲰﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ .ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻴﺔ
ﺃﻛﱪ ،ﺍﻷﻭﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ M. pulegiumﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﻗﺪ
ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ،ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ).(c .17
ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ M. pulegiumﻟﻮﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺐ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺬﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ ،ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻧﺸﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﶈﻴﻂ
ﺑﺎﳊﺰﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺑﺮﺍﻧﺸﻴﻤﻲ ﻓﺮﺍﻏﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ).(d ،b ،a .17
66
b a
x100 x400
d c
x100 x400
e
x100
67
ﻣﻦ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃـﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰎ ﺇﺟـﺮﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻘﺎﻥ ،ﺍﳉﺬﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻴﺔ
ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻋـﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴـﲔ M. spicataﻭ ،M. pulegiumﻻﺣﻈﻨﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ
ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﲔ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﻭﺳﲔ ،ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺳﻴﻘﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ M. spicataﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻗﺸﺮﺓ ﺿﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﳔﺎﻉ ﳛﺘﻞ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ
ﺍﳌﻘ ﻄﻊ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻨﺸﻴﻤﻲ ﻳﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﳌﺮﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ،ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ M. pulegiumﻓﺎﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ ﳑﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ،
ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ "ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ" ﻭﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻛﺘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻨﺸﻴﻤﻲ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺨﻦ
ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻱ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﻓﺮﺍﻏﻲ ﲝﺖ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ ﺃﻭﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻐﻤﻮﺭ
ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ،ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ،ﳝﻸ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻉ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ
.M. spicataﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ )ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ( ﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻃﻊ ،ﻻﺣﻈﻨﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺯﻭﺍﺋﺪ ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ:
ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ )ﲬﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻏﺪﻳﺔ ﺩﺭﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﺎﻣﻴﺔ( ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ.
ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ M. spicataﰲ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ
ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺟﺪ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻓﺘﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺭﻗﺔ ،ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﻳﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﱪ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ،ﰲ
ﺣﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ M. pulegiumﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ
ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ،ﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﺪ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ
ﺍﻟﻐﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺃﻛﱪ ﳑﺎ ﻫﻲ
ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻﺣﻈﻨﺎ
ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻕ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﻋﻤﻖ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻋﻨﺪ M. spicataﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﲰﻚ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ M.
pulegiumﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﲰﻚ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ M. spicataﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) ،(13 ،12ﻛﻤﺎ ﰎ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﻓﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ
ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺸﻴﻤﻲ ﰲ ﻋﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ .M. pulegium
ﺃﻣﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﳜﺺ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺬﺭ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ )ﲬﺴﺔ ﺣﺰﻡ ﻭﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ
ﻧﻮﻉ( ،ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻉ ﰲ M. spicataﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻉ ﻋﻨﺪ ،M. pulegiumﻛﻤﺎ ﻻﺣﻈﻨﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ
ﺑﺮﺍﻧﺸﻴﻤﻲ ﻓﺮﺍﻏﻲ ﰲ ﻗﺸﺮﺓ ﺟﺬﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ.
ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺑﻮﻏﺪﻳﺮﻱ ) (2000ﺃﻥ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﺑﺮﺍﻧﺸﻴﻤﻲ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ،
ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻛﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻮﻳﺔ
ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻨﺎﻉ.
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ﺃﺟﺮﻯ (2009) Kahraman et al.ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ Salvia indica L.ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻘﺒﻴﻠﺔ
Mentheaeﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﻴﺎﻣﻪ ﺑﻔﺤﺺ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﳛﺘﻠﻬﺎ
ﺍﻟﻠﺐ )ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻉ( ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻧﺸﻴﻤﻴﺔ.
ﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﺎﻕ ﻓﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ Lamium albumﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ،ﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺸﺐ ﻭﳊﺎﺀ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﲔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺗﺘﻮﺯﻉ ﰲ ﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ
ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﻑ )ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﺔ( ،ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻴﺴﺞ ﻛﻮﻟﻨﺸﻴﻤﻲ ،ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ
ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺐ ﺍﺣﺘﻞ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ).(Robert et Catesson, 1990
ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺸﺮﺓ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺷﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﻏﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﻔﺮﺯﺓ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ
ﺫﺍﺕ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻮﻳﺔ ،ﻓﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲣﻠﻴﻖ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ
Mentha piperitaﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺯﺓ ﻟﻠﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﻳﺔ ،ﺇﺫ ﻳﻮﺟـﺪ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺑﺸـﺮﺓ ﺳﺎﻕ ﻭﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ ،ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻨـﻬﺎ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ )ﲬﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻏﺪﻳﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﻴﺔ
(small, capitate glandular trichomesﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﳏﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ
ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ،ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ )ﲬﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻏﺪﻳﺔ ﺩﺭﻋﻴﺔ (peltate glandular trichomesﲢﺘﻮﻱ
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﻔﺎﺥ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺑﻪ ﲦﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻔﺮﺯﺓ ﳏﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻮﻳﻘﺔ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﰒ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ
ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻄﻤﻮﺭﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ .ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻔﺮﺯﺓ ﻣﻐﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻐﻼﻑ ﺟﻠﺪﻱ ﲰﻴﻚ ﻳﺘﻜﺪﺱ
ﰲ ﲡﻮﻳﻔﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ) .(Maffei et al., 2007ﺃﺷﺎﺭ (2007) Valerija et al.ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﻴﺔ
" "Capitate hairsﻋﻨﺪ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﻳﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ stalk
ﻭﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻞ ،subcuticular spaceﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻛﺪ ) Zizovic et al.,
(2005ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :ﺍﻟﺮﳛﺎﻥ ،Basilicﺍﻹﻛﻠﻴﻞ ،Romarinﺍﻟﺰﻋﺘﺮ
Origanﺍﻟﻨﻌﻨﺎﻉ ) ،(Spearmint ،Peppermintﺍﳋﺰﺍﻣﻰ ...Lavendeﲤﻠﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻗﻬﺎ ﻧﻮﻋﲔ
ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﻴﺔ ) (capitate glandsﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﻋﻴﺔ ) ،(peltate glandsﰲ
ﺣﲔ ﺫﻛﺮ (1999) Shanker et al.ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ Mentha arvensisﳛﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻗﻪ
ﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮ ﻭﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻛﺒﲑ
ﳛﻮﻱ ﲦﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻔﺮﺯﺓ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳏﻤﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺎﻕ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ،ﰒ ﺃﺿﺎﻑ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﱪ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻭﺭﺍﻕ .ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ Mentha citrataﻓﻘﺪ ﻭﺟﺪ Spencer et
(1990) al.ﺃﻧﻪ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺪﺩ ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺼﲑ ﻭﺭﺃﺱ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﺘﻔﺨﺔ
M. Pulegium ﻭﻣﺴﺘﺪﻳﺮﺓ .ﻭﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳌﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﳕﻮ ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ
69
ﻭﺟﺪﺕ (2009) Karray-Bouraoui et al.ﰲ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻗﻪ
ﻭﺳﻴﻘﺎﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻭﺑﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺯﺓ ،ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻫﺎﻣﻴﺔ
) (small, capitate glandular trichomesﺗﺘﻜـﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪﺓ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺳﻮﻳﻘﺔ ﲢـﻤﻞ ﺭﺃﺱ
ﻣﻨﺘﻔﺦ ﻣﺘﻜـﻮﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻏﺪﺓ ﺩﺭﻋﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺑﻴﻀﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜـﻞ
) (peltateglandular trichomesﺗﺘﻜـﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺧـﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻐﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻐـﻼﻑ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ .ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻛﺪﺕ ﺃﻥ
ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺯﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐـﺪﺩ ﺍﳋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻋﻴﺔ ﳐﺘـﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻵﺧـﺮ ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﺣـﻞ ﳕﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ
ﻓﻌﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺿﺠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ M. Pulegium :ﻋﺸﺮﺓ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ M. spicata ،ﺍﺛﻨﺘﺎ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ،
M. piperitaﲦﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﳜﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ،ﻓﻘﺪ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ
ﺍﳋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ M. spicataﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻋﻴﺔ.
-4- IVﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ:
ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨـﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺘﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﺮﻗﺖ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ
ﻏﻠﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ،ﰎ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﺮﺩﻭﺩﻳﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ،ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﻨﺎﻉ M. spicataﰎ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ
ﺃﺻﻔﺮ ﳐﻀﺮ ﻓﺎﺗﺢ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﲟﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ % 0.87ﺃﻣﺎ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻴﻮ M. pulegiumﺃﻋﻄﻰ ﺯﻳﺖ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺫﻭ ﻟﻮﻥ
ﺃﺻﻔﺮ ﻓﺎﺗﺢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﲟﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ .% 01ﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺻـﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ Arumugam et al.
) (2008ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨـﻼﺹ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟـ M. spicataﺑﺎﳌﺬﻳﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ) ،(éthanolﻟﻮﺣﻆ
ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻛﱪ ،ﺇﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ،% 5.25ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻭﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ
ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻀﺔ ﻣﻦ M. pulegiumﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﻤﻮ ﰲ ﺇﻳﺮﺍﻥ ،ﲢﺼﻞ Mahboubi
(2008) et al.ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣـﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺑﻜـﺜﲑ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ،% 0.27ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﲢـﺼﻞ (2007) Benayad et al.
M. pulegiumﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﻤﻮ ﰲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨـﻼﺻﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤـﺎﻝ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ
ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ .% 2.33
ﲢـﺼﻞ (2008) Vian et al.ﰲ ﲢـﻠﻴﻠﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﻄﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ
M.spicataﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮﺓ ،ﺇﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ،% 0.59ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ M. pulegiumﻭﺟﺪ
ﺍﳌﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ .% 0.90ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻭﺟﺪ (2007) Brada et al.ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺻﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﻄﲑ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ
ﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻫﻮ Mentha rotundifoliaﺍﳌﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ 0.8
%ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟـ 100ﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺭﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺇﱃ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻗﻄﻒ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ ﺃﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻹﺯﻫﺎﺭ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺷﺎﺭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺑﲔ 1.6ـ % 1.8ﰲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ
ﺍﳉﲏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﲔ ﺟـﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻹﺯﻫﺎﺭ ،ﻛـﻤﺎ ﲢﺼﻞ (2006) Hilan et al.ﻋﻠﻰ
ﻣﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ % 0.7ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺻﻪ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﻄﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ .Mentha longifolia
70
ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ
ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ،ﺍﻟﺮﻃﻮﺑﺔ ،ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ،ﻭﻗﺖ ﺟﲏ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ،ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻃﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ) .ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻭﻋﻤﺮ،
.(Lamendin et al., 2004 ; 1993ﺃﺷﺎﺭﺕ (2008) El kolliﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ Mentha
piperitaﺃﻛﺪﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻈﻼﻡ ﻳﻨﻘﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ %01.43ﺇﱃ ،%01.09ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ
ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﳌﺮﻛﺐ mentholﺗﻨﺎﻗﺼﺖ ﻣﻦ % 61.8ﺇﱃ ،% 57.5ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺳﻠﱯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ
ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ
%1.4ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺼﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ .%0.7
-5- IVﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ:
ﲰﺤﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﲢﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟـ M.spicataﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﺪﻣﺞ ﻣﻊ
ﺍﳌﻄﻴﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻠﻴﺔ Le couplage CPG/SMﺑﺈﺣﺼﺎﺀ 57ﻣﺮﻛﺐ 44 ،ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰎ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﲤﺜﻞ
% 97.205ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺭ ،ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ،% 6.12 limonène ،% 59.40 carvone
،% 4.66 germacréne-Dﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻜ ﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺎﺭ ﻟـ M.spicataﻣﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ )(02
71
.Mentha spicata ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟـ:(02) ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ
72
38 25.071 β-copaène 1434 0.347
39 25.424 nd 1484 0.490
40 25.551 (E- β-farnésène 1453 0.542
41 25.715 α-humulène 1460 0.187
42 25.866 nd 1466 0.431
43 26.031 γ-muurolène 1473 0.258
44 26.389 Germacrène-D 1487 4.665
45 26.690 Bicyclogermacrène 1499 0.722
46 26.978 γ-cadinène 1511 0.109
47 27.184 Delta cadinène 1520 0.271
48 27.256 Cis calaménène 1523 0.152
49 28.616 Spatulénol 1581 0.664
50 28.747 Oxyde de caryophyllène 1587 0.649
51 29.470 nd 1619 0.268
52 29.851 nd 1636 0.153
53 30.053 nd 1645 0.024
54 30.366 α-cadinol 1660 0.470
55 31.010 nd 1689 0.362
56 31.242 nd 1699 0.239
57 36.561 nd 1961 0.231
73
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ) :(19ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ ﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟـMentha spicata
74
.Mentha pulegium ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟـ:(03) ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ
76
ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ) :(20ﺍﳌﻨﺤﲎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﱐ ﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟـMentha pulegium
77
ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ (2007) Benayad et al.ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﺇﺫ ﻭﺟﺪ ﰲ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ
ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟـ M. pulegiumﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﻄﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺮﻛـﺐ pulégoneﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ % 33.03؛ ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ
(2008) Mahboubi et al.ﲢـﺼﻞ ﰲ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﺔ ﳐﺎﻟﻔﺔ ،ﺇﺫ
ﻭﺟـﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ،% 04.7 α-terpineol ،% 33.0 piperitenone ،% 38.0 piperitone :
.% 02.3 pulégone
ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ) (Lorenzo et al., 2002ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ
ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﻄﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ M. pulegiumﻭﺟﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ pulégoneﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﺑـ
% 73.4ﻭ . % 12.9 isomenthone
ﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺎ (2008 ) Vian et al.ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ،ﻭﻗﺪ ﲢﺼﻞ ﰲ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ
ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﻟـ M. spicataﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،ﻓﺎﳌﻜـﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ
،% 10.6 limonène ،% 16.9 cis-carveol ،%45 carvoneﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺣـﺎﻟﺔ M. pulegium
ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌـﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻫﻲ،% 02.8 menthone ،% 03.3 linalool ،% 83.7 pulégone :
.% 02.1 trans-isopulegoneﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﻩ ﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨـﻼﺹ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌـﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳉﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﺝ
) (Microwave hydrodiffusion and gravityﻭﺟﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ M. spicataﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﻛﺎﻥ
،% 0.60ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﺔ ،% 10.3 limonène ،%15.3 cis-Carveol ،% 40.5 Carvoneﻭﰲ
ﺣـﺎﻟﺔ ،M. pulegiumﺧﻠﺺ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ % 0.95ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ pulégone
،% 1.9 trans-isopulegone ،% 03.1 menthone ،% 87.8ﺃﻣﺎ linaloolﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ
ﻓﻘﻂ.
ﻭﺟﺪ ) (Hadjiakhoondi et al., 2000ﰲ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﻄﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ
M. spicataﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ % 11.25 linalool ،% 22.4 Carvoneﻭ ،% 10.80 limonèneﺃﻣﺎ
78
) (El Hassani et al., 2009ﻓﻘـﺪ ﻭﺟـﺪ ﰲ ﲢـﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ ﺃﻥ
،% 08.42 Limonene ،% 15.40 Dihydrocarvyl acetate ،% 44.94 Carvone
% 6.52 p-Menth-8-en-2-olﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﺔ.
ﺃﻣﺎ (2009) Chauhan et al.ﻓﻘﺪ ﲢﺼﻞ ﰲ ﲢﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ M. spicataﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ
ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ % 9.57 limonène ،% 76.65 carvoneﻭ.% 01.93 1,8-Cineole
ﺑﻴﻨـﻤﺎ ﲢـﺼﻞ (2006) Hilan et al.ﻋﻠﻰ 76ﻣﺮﻛـﺐ ﰲ ﲢـﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺁﺧﺮ
ﻫﻮ M. longifoliaﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﻤﻮ ﰲ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ ،%50 menthol
.% 03.5 menthone ،%04 isomenthone ،% 20 acétate de methyle
ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢـﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ (2007) Gulluce et al.ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮﺓ ،ﻓﺘﺤـﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ
ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﻄﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﻟـ M. longifoliaﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﻤﻮ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﺃﻇﻬﺮ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻜـﻮﻧﺎﺕ
ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ،% 18.4 cis-piperitone epoxide ،% 14.7 piperitenone oxide :
.% 06.6 isomenthone ،% 07.9 menthone ،% 15.5 pulégone
ﱂ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﺔ ﻛـﻞ ﻣﻦ (2009) Hajlaoui et al.ﺗﺒﺎﻳﻨﺎ ﻛـﺒﲑﺍ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ
ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﲔ M.pulegiumﻭ ، M. longifoliaﺇﺫ ﻛـﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻜـﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ
ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ،% 05.82 menthone ،% 17.02 isomenthone ،% 61.11 pulégone
،% 02.63 piperitoneﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻵﰐ
.% 10.70 menthone ،% 11.54 1,8-cineole ،% 47.15 pulégone
ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ M. piperitaﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ
ﺃﺟﺮﺍﻫﺎ (2008) Bakkali et al.ﻓﺎﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ،% 19 menthone ،% 59 menthol :
ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ M. piperitaﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﻄﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺎ
(2007) V.G.de Billerberckﻛﺎﻧﺖ .menthol, menthone
ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ (2007) Brada et al.ﳐـﺎﻟﻔﺔ ،ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ
ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﻄﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ Mentha rotundifoliaﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﻤﻮ ﰲ ﻣﻠﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﻳﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ
ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ ،% 27.8-29.4 oxyde de pipériténone ،% 19.7-31.4 oxyde de pipéritone :ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ "ﺍﻟﺸﻠﻒ" ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺒﺔLa pipériténone :
.% 17.6 oxyde de pipéritone ،% 54.9
79
ﻣﺮﻛﺐ carvoneﻳﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺑﻨﺴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻮﻥ cuminﻭﺍﻟﻨﻌﻨﺎﻉ Menthe
ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﺴﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺎ ،ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﻌـﻄﺮﺍﺕ.(Anonyme 1) .
ﺇﻥ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﳍﺎ ﻗﺪ ﳚﻌﻞ
ﳏﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺘﻐﲑﺍ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﺪﺓ ﻭﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲBruneton, 1999) .؛
.(Belaiche, 1979
ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻒ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻻﺳﻴﻤﺎ
ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻛﻠﻴﻞ Romarinﻓﺎﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﻤﻮ ﰲ ﴰﺎﻝ ﺇﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ
ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﻤﻮ ﺑﺮﻳﺎ ﰲ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ،ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﻤﻮ ﻓﻴﻪ
ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ،ﻓﻠﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ )ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺸﻤﺲ ،ﻓﺼﻞ
ﺍﳉﲏ ،ﻭﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ( ،ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ
ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ ﺫﻭ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻴﺐ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ،(Lamendin et al., 2004) .ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ
ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﰲ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ.(Chauhan et al., 2009) .
81
ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ % 50ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻧﻌـﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰﻳﻦ %20ﻭ ،%10ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻛـﺎﻥ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻱ )(GM
ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ 30ﻣﻠﻢ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ) (FOXﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ 35ﻣﻠﻢ.
ﰎ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ) DMSOﺷﺎﻫﺪ ﺳﻠﱯ( ﻭﱂ ﻧﺴﺠﻞ ﺃﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺑﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ.
ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ )ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺒﻴﺪ( ﰎ ﲤﺮﻳﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺢ ﲟﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﻘﻤﺔ ﰒ ﺍﺩﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ
ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻐﺬﻱ ﻟﺘﺤﻀﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﰲ ﺣﺎﺿﻨﺔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺎ °37ﻡ ﳌﺪﺓ 24-18
ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ،ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻌﻜﺮ ﳏﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﺎﺗﻞ ﺃﻭ ﳑﻴﺖ.
82
ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ) :(04ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺪ ﺑﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺘﲔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﲔ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻋﲔ M. spicataﻭ M. pulegiumﺍﳌﻌﱪ
ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ.
ﻗﻄﺮ ﺗﺜﺒﯿﻂ زﯾﺖM. pulegium ﻗﻄﺮ ﺗﺜﺒﯿﻂ زﯾﺖM.spicata اﻟﻐﺮام
)ﻣﻠﻢ( )ﻣﻠﻢ(
اﻟﺸﺎھﺪ)ﻣﻠﻢ(
)(DMSO 100% 50% 20% 10% 100% 50% 20% 10% اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ )ح/ح(
P. aeruginosa
- - - - - - - - - - ATCC27853
E. coli
- 09 07 - - 10 08 - - - ATCC 25922
S. aureus
- 11 07 - - 10.5 07 - - + ATCC25923
- 12 07 - - 10 07 - - + S. epidermidis
- 14 09 - - 14 10 - - + S. pneumoniae
- 10 07 - - 08 07 - - - S. typhi
- 10 07.5 - - 09 06.5 - - - k. pneumoniae
- 09 07 - - 09 07 - - - S. sonnei
- 20 14 - - 16 13 - - + S. pyogenes
83
. ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺪ ﺑﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﱪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺳﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﻠﻴﻤﺘﺮ:(05) ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ
اﻟﻤﻀﺎدات
VA SXT P OX CIP PT FOS GM E CRO CS CAZ C اﻟﺤﯿﻮﯾﺔ
اﻟﺒﻜﺘﯿﺮﯾﺎ
P. aeruginosa
40 33 24 35
27853 ATCC
E. coli ATCC25922
24 32 22 25
S. aureus
36 28 30
ATCC25923
S. epidermidis
24 38
S. pneumoniae
19 34 30
S. typhi
27 38
k. pneumoniae
36 15
S. sonnei
35 30
S. pyogenes
55
84
-7 - IVﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﻂ ﻟﻠﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ :CMI
85
c b a
f e d
h g
: ﻋﻠﻰM. spicata ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ زﯾﺖ
.%100 ﺑﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰStr. pyogenes :c
.%100 ﺑﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰSta. epidermis :e
.%50 ﺑﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰSta. epidermidis :f
: ﻋﻠﻰM. pulegium ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ زﯾﺖ
.%100 ﺑﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰStr. pyogenes :a
.%50 ﺑﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰStr. pyogenes :b
.%100 ﺑﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰSta. epidermidis :d
.%100 ﺑﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰStr. pneumoniae : h
Sta. epidermidis. ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﺸﺎھﺪ اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ و اﻻﯾﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻟـ:g
0
: ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻤﻮ اﻟﺴﻼﻻت اﻟﺒﻜﺘﯿﺮﯾﺔM. pulegium وM. spicata ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﺰﯾﺘﺎن اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺎن ﻟـ:(21) اﻟﺸﻜﻞ
Streptococcus pneumocae ، Staphylococcus epidermidis، Streptococcus pyogenes
86
k j i
87
ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ،(2007) Billerberckﺇﺫ ﻭﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ
ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻷﺭﺑﻌﲔ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻧﺒﺎﰐ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻷﻗﺮﺍﺹ ﺍﳌﺸﺒﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻳﺖ
ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﲣﻔﻴﻒ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﺘﲔ P. aeruginosaﻭ S. aureusﺃﻥ ﺃﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ 10ﻣﻠﻢ
ﻭ 40ﻣﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ M. piperitaﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﺘﲔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺗﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ.
ﻛﻤﺎ ﲢﺼﻞ (2006) Saeedﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ )ﺑﺪﻭﻥ
ﲣﻔﻴﻒ( ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ M. piperitaﺿﺪ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺳﻼﻻﺕ ﺑﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ،ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻼ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻗﺮﺍﺹ ،ﺇﺫ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻂ
ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ E.coliﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ 13ﻣﻠﻢ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﻗـﻄﺮ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﺔ S. typhiﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ
10.33ﻣﻠﻢ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻨـﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻜـﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﻡ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ،ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ
ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ (2008) Mahboubi et al.ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ M. pulegium
ﻭﺍﻟﻐﲏ ﺑﺎﳌﺮﻛﺒﲔ piperitoneﻭ ،piperitenoneﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻷﻗﺮﺍﺹ ،ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ % 10/1
" 01ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻳﺬﺍﺏ ﰲ 10ﻣﻴﻜـﺮﻭﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ "(DMSO) dimethylsulfoxide
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺘﺔ ﺳﻼﻻﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ S. epidermidisﻭ E. coliﺃﻥ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ 19ﻣﻠﻢ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ
ﺍﻟﺴـﻼﻟﺔ ،S. epidermidisﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﺔ E. coliﱂ ﺗﺒﺪﻱ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ،ﻛﻤﺎ
ﺧﻠﺺ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﻡ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﱵ ،ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﻡ ﺃﺑﺪﺕ
ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ.
ﻭﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳـﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻜـﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﻟـ 25ﻧﻮﻉ ﻧﺒﺎﰐ ،ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺴـﻼﻻﺕStaphylococcus :
Escherichia coli ATCC ،Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 ،epidermidis
،22592ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﻏﺎﺭ ،ﻭﺟﺪ (2006) Erturkﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ
Mentha piperitaﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻼﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ،ﻓﺎﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻷﺩﱏ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﻂ ﻟﻨﻤﻮ
ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ CMIﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ 05ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻏﺮﺍﻡ /ﺍﳌﻴﻠﻴﻠﺘﺮ.
ﺧﻠﺺ (2009) Hajlaoui et al.ﰲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﲔ
M.pulegiumﻭ M.longifoliaﺿﺪ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺳﻼﻻﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ P. aeruginosa ATCC27853
ﻭ S. aureus ATCC25923ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻷﻗﺮﺍﺹ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ
M.pulegiumﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺇﺫ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﲟﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﺜﺒـﻴﻂ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ 08ﻣﻠﻢ ﻭ10.66ﻣﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ
ﻟﻠﺴـﻼﻟﺘﲔ ،ﺃﻣﺎ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟـ M. longifoliaﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﻋﻄﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ 10ﻣﻠﻢ
ﻭ12.66ﻣﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ.
88
ﺷﺮﺣﺖ (2004) Brutﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ،ﻓﻠﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ
ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻭﺑﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻠﻪ ﻳﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻪ
ﻭﻳﻔﻜﻜﻪ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻐﲑ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺎﺫﻳﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﻋﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﲔ.
ﺃﻛﺪ (2004) Perry et al.ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﻡ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﻡ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺃﻛﱪ ﲰﻜﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﻡ ،ﺇﺫ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﺭ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺸﺎﺋﲔ ﺑﻼﺯﻣﻴﲔ ﻳﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ
ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺒﺘﻴﺪﻭﻏﻠﻴﻜﺎﻥ peptidoglycaneﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﻡ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﻡ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ
ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﺑﻼﺯﻣﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ .peptidoglycane
ﺃﺷﺎﺭ (1979) Belaicheﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﲢﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﻀﺪ ﺑﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻻﺕ ،géraniol :ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻻﺕ ،eugénol :ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺘﻮﻧﺎﺕ،pulégone ،carvone :
،thuyoneﺍﻷﻟﺪﻫﻴﺪﺍﺕ citral :ﻭﺍﻷﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ،terpinène ،cinéol ،ascaridol :
....dipanthène ،pinène ،limonène
ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﺃﲝﺎﺙ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ carvoneﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺒﺪﺩ
pHﺍﳌﺘﺪﺭﺝ ﻭﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻏﻼﻑ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ ،ﺣﺴﺐ (2004) Brut in (1995) Oosterhaven et al.ﻓﺈﻥ ﳕﻮ
ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﻟـ E.coliﻭ Streptococcus thermophilusﻳﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ ﰲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ carvoneﻛﻠﻤﺎ
ﺯﺍﺩ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺒﺪﺩ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﺔ .ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ carvone
ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺎ (2004) Brut in (1998) Helander et al.ﻻ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﺘﺎﻥ
ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺘﺎﻥ Streptococcus thermophilus ،E.coliﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﳍﺎ.
ﻗﺎﻡ (2010) Damunupola et al. in (1995) Oosterhaven et al.ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ
S-carvoneﻋﻠﻰ ﳕﻮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ،Streptococcus thermophilus :
Escherichia coliﻭ Lactococcus lactisﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻻﺣﻆ ﻧﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﳕﻮ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻻﺕ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ
.S-carvone
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ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ:
ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺳﻄﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻷﻏـﺮﺍﺽ ﻃﺒﻴﺔ ،ﺪﻑ ﻫﺬﻩ
ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﻼﻝ ﺟﻴﺪ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ،ﲰﺤﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺣﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ
ﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﺣﺼﺎﺀ 86ﻧﻮﻉ ﻧﺒﺎﰐ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﻨﺎ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﻟﻨـﻌﻨﺎﻉ Menthaﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ
ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻮﻳﺔ Lamiaceaeﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻋـﺪﺓ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻧﻌﻨﺎﻉ ،ﺣﺒﻖ ،ﻓﻠﻴﻮ ،ﺯﻋﺘﺮ ...ﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ
ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﳛﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﲔ M. spicataﻭ M. Pulegiumﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺟﺮﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ ،ﺍﳉﺬﺭ
ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﺔ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ،ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﰲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﻓﻔﻲ
ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ ﻣﺜﻼ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻉ ،ﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﺀ ،ﺍﳋﺸﺐ ،ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺻﻞ ،ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ،ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﲔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﻳﻦ
ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ،ﻟﻜﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ M. Pulegiumﲤﻴﺰ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﻓﺮﺍﻏﻲ ﻛﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﰲ
ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺮﺓ ﰲ M. Pulegiumﺃﻭﺳﻊ ﳑﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ M. spicataﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻉ ﻓﻬﻮ
ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ،ﻻﺣﻈﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺃﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﲰﻜﺎ ﰲ M. Pulegiumﻭﺃﻗﻞ
ﻋﻤﻘﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻕ ﻭﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻧﺴﻴﺞ ﻓﺮﺍﻏﻲ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﰐ ،ﺃﻣﺎ M. spicataﻓﺄﻭﺭﺍﻗﻪ ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻕ،
ﺃﻗﻞ ﲰﻜﺎ ،ﻫﺬﺍ ﻭﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﲔ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺑﺎﺭ .ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﳉﺬﻭﺭ
ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﲔ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﺰﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻄﻊ ...ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻧﺸﻴﻤﻲ
ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻇﻬﺮ ﰲ ﻗﺸﺮﺓ ﺟﺬﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ M. Pulegiumﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻟﻪ.
ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﻟﻠﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻘﻄﲑ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻋﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﲔ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺲ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻭﳘﺎ:
Mentha spicataﻭ ،Mentha Pulegiumﺃﺳﻔﺮﺕ ﻋـﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨـﻼﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺩﻭﺩ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ
% 0.87ﻭ % 01ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـ M. spicataﻭ M. Pulegiumﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑﺘﺤـﻠﻴﻞ
ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﻮﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ % 06.129 limonène ،% 59.40 carvone
ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـ ،M. spicataﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ menthone ،% 38.815 Pulégone
% 06.348 pipéritone ،% 16.528 pipériténone ،% 19.240ﰒ 06.096 isomenthone
%ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـ .M. pulegium
ﺃﻋﻄﺖ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﳍﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﲔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﲔ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺇﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻻﺕ
ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﻡS. aureus ATCC25923،S.epidermidis ،S. pyogenes ،S. pneumoniae :
ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ % 100ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ 14ﻣﻠﻢ 20 ،ﻣﻠﻢ 12 ،ﻣﻠﻢ11 ،ﻣﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ ،ﻟﻜﻦ
ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ % 50ﻓﺄﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ 09ﻣﻠﻢ 14 ،ﻣﻠﻢ 07 ،ﻣﻠﻢ 07 ،ﻣﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ،
ﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟـ ،M. Pulegiumﰲ ﺣﲔ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ M. spicata
ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ،ﻓﺄﻗـﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺜـﺒﻴﻂ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ 14ﻣﻠﻢ 16 ،ﻣﻠﻢ 10 ،ﻣﻠﻢ 10.5 ،ﻣﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ
90
ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻼﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ،% 100ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ 10ﻣﻠﻢ 13 ،ﻣﻠﻢ،
07ﻣﻠﻢ ﻭ 07ﻣﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ،% 50ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﻡ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﲔ
ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﲔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﲑﻳﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ ،ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺴـﻼﻻﺕ،k. pneumoniae ،E. coli ATCC25922 :
S. typhi ،S. sonneiﺍﻟﱵ ﻛـﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻗـﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺜـﺒﻴﻂ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ 09 M. Pulegium
ﻣﻠﻢ 10 ،ﻣﻠﻢ 09 ،ﻣﻠﻢ 10 ،ﻣﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ،% 100ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟـ M.
spicataﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷﻗﻄﺎﺭ 10ﻣﻠﻢ 09 ،ﻣﻠﻢ 09 ،ﻣﻠﻢ 10 ،ﻣﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﱄ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ،ﻟﻜﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ %50
ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ 07ﻣﻠﻢ ﺇﻻ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﺔ k. pneumoniaeﻭ E. coli ATCC25922ﺍﻟﱵ ﻛﺎﻥ
ﻗﻄﺮﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺜﺒﻴﻂ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎﻥ 07.5ﻭ 07ﻣﻠﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻉ M. Pulegiumﻭ 06ﻣﻠﻢ ﻭ 08ﻣﻠﻢ ﻣﻊ
،M. spicataﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻟﺔ P. aeruginosa ATCC27853ﻓﻠﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﳍﺎ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺘﲔ
ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﲔ.
ﺇﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻧﺎ ﻟﻸﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﻭﺳﺔ ﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﻓﺔ ،ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺸﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﻨﺎ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ
ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺪﻟﺔ ،ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻬﺠﲔ ،ﻻﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﰲ
ﺍﳌﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ
ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ.
91
ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ:
-ﺃﻣﲔ ﺭﻭﳛﻪ ،ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺍﻭﻱ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﱘ ،ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ .ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻢ،
ﺑﲑﻭﺕ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ،ﺹ.1983. 39 ،28 ،27
-ﳏﻤﻮﺩ ﺻﺎﱀ ﺳﺮﺍﺝ ﻋﻠﻲ ،ﻳﻮﻧﺲ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﳊﺴﻦ ،ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﺳﺘﺰﺭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﺻﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ
ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ،ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻡ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ،ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﺼﻞ 2002 .ﻡ.
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-ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﺑﻮﻏﺪﻳﺮﻱ ،ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ،ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ-ﺑﻦ ﻋﻜﻨﻮﻥ-ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ،
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:Sites internet ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﻴﺖ
-(Anonyme 1): 2009 http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentha_spicata ».
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100
(01) ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ
،(1986) Briquet ،(1848) Bentham ﺿﻤﻦ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀMentha ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻒ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﺠﻨﺲ
:(1977) Brighton ﻭHarley ،(1876) Pérard
ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ
Oxacilline OX 5
Ceftiaxone CRO 30
Fosfomycine FOS 50
Gentamicine GM 10
Chloramphénicol C 30
Erythromycine E 15ul
Vancomycine VA 30
Colistine CS 50
Benzylpécilline
P 6
phénoxyméthypénicilline
Ciprofloxacine CIP 5
Ceftazidime CAZ 30
ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ )(03
ﺃﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻉ:
ﻣﻴﻠﺮ ﻫﻠﱳMH agar :
Résumé :
Le but de cette étude est la simplification de l’exploitation des plantes médicinales, qui
sont largement distribuées dans la région de Sétif. L’enquête dans la région d’étude a permis
de recenser 86 espèces. L’extraction des huiles essentielles de M. spicata et de M.pulegium
est effectuée par hydrodistillation. L’analyse chimique des huiles essentielles qui est faite
par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrophotométrie de masse CPG/MS a
permis d’identifier 57 constituants pour M. spicata et 43 constituants pour M.pulegium. Les
composés majoritaires sont le carvone et le pulégone. L’activité antibactérienne des huiles
essentielles est testée par deux techniques de l’aromatogramme, Technique par contact direct
Méthode de diffusion sur milieu gélosé, puis quantifiée par la technique de dilution, les
résultats montrent une activité antibactérienne très importante sur les souches bactériennes
sauf sur Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 qui est résistant. L’étude anatomique
montre quelques différences entre les deux espèces.
Mots clés : Plantes médicinales, Mentha, Etude anatomique, Huiles essentielles, Activité
antibactérienne.
Abstract:
The aim of this work is the simplification of the exploitation of medicinal plants that
are widely spread in the region of Sétif. Field work allowed us to count 86 species. The
extraction of the essential oils from two species, M. spicata and M.pulegium was obtained
by hydrodistillation method with a Clevenger apparatus. Chemical analysis of these oils was
carried out by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry
CPG/MS; this allowed us to count 57 compounds for M. spicata and 43 compounds for
M.pulegium. The essential compounds were the carvone and the pulégone for the two
species respectively. Antibacterial activity was tested by using the agar diffusion test, the
results show an antibacterial activity except for species Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC
27853 which show complete resistance. Anatomical study shows the differences between
the two species.
Key words: Médicinal plants, Mentha, Anatomical study, Essential oils, Antibactérial
activity.