Two basic types of scale in Japanese music

Yo-sen – male scale; Pentatonic scale

In-sen – female scale; Pentatonic scale
Different kinds of vocal and instrumental music in Japan?
Shomyo - is a Buddhist song also called, Buddhist chanting.
Gagaku - Elegant and refined music; has two styles
kigaku- instrumental music
Seigaku- vocal music
Bugaku - is a dance accompanied by a part or the entire gagaku ensemble
Shinto - ritual or ancient vocal music.
Saibara - Example of regional Japanese folk songs.
Kangen - Instrumental music composed of an ensemble including the hichirichi,
ryuteki and sho.
Different classifications of Japanese musical instruments
Stringed Instruments Wind Instuments
Koto Shinobue
Biwa Shakuhachi
Shamisen Sho
Percussion instruments
Shimedaiko
Kakko
Kotsuzumi
 MUSIC OF SINGAPORE
History - Is a small nation with a modern blend of Malay, Chinese, Indian, and
European immigrants
Characteristics - Is a small nation with a modern blend of Malay, Chinese, Indian,
and European immigrants,
-Kuda kepang/ horse dance- popular dance at weddings in
Singapore.
Nanyin - is a rare genre of hokkien traditional music.

Musical Instruments of Singapore

1.kulintang(idiophone) -Originated in Indonesia: small gongs made of metal.
2.Yangquin (chordophone) - Originated in Persia; a Chinese hammered dulcimer.
3.Angklung(idiophone) – Originated in Indonesia
4.Gaohu (chordophone) Orignated in China;similar construction to erhu; traditional
Guangdong type with dragon head, round body, no based and played with the body
held between the knees.
5.Sheng (aerophone) - Orignated in China; a Chinese mouth organ free reed..

Music of Malaysia
History -Tanah Melayu or Malaya before is –Malays is also known for its rich and
culture heritage.
Characteristics - Music of Malaysia can be categorized as: Classical, Folk,
Syncretic or acculturated, Popular, Contemporary art music, Characteristics
Ghaza- love songs
Dondang saying- rartee singing
Lagu Melayu asli- original Malay songs
Zapin, inang, and joget- dance music
Keroncon- vocal and instrumental genre
Bangsawan- Malay opera
 Musical Instruments of Malaysia
Ehru (chordophone) - Has only 2 strings but these are tunable. It ranges in 3
octaves.
Nafiri (aerophone) - Originated in Malaysia;the royal trumpet.
Rebana (membranophone) – Many single-headed drums in Malay
Tabla (membranophone - Originated in India; a set of two drums smaller drum is
called tabla and a larger drum called baya
Kertuk Kayu(idiophone) – An oblong-shaped instrument.

MUSIC OF SOUTHEAST ASIA

The history, culture, traditions, and beliefs of people in India
- Indonesian culture is extraordinarily rich
- Silat art
- Region
Musical Characteristics of Indonesia
Slendro – Male tonal system
Pelog - Female tonal system

Elements found In the folk song “The Patokaan”

Timbre – Vocal Nasal
Rhythm – Moderate in tempo
Harmony and Texture – Monophonic
Melody – uses slendro and pelog
 Javanese Gamelan Ensermbe
-a group in which students and community members learn to perform gamelan music
from Indonesia
Khedang- is a two-haded drum used by peoples from Maritime Southeast Asia.
Rebab - is one of the earliest known bowed instrument.
Celempung has has 20 to 26 metal strings in double courses
Gambang - with wooden bars as opposed to the metallic ones of the more typical 
metallophones in a gamelan
Suling - is a Southeast Asian bamboo ring flute.

Balinese Gamelan
-a staple of Balinese culture. Composed of a combination of metallophones,
xylophones, drums, gongs, and sometimes flutes

Vocal Music Of Thailand

Chaang – Thai folk song for children, Fast tempo

Musical Ensemble Of Thailand

Piphat - is a kind of ensemble in the classic music of Thailand, which features wind and
percussion instruments.
Ranaat -  is the generic name for keyboard percussion instruments used in the music of
Thailand.
Khaong-wong - is a gong circle used in Thai classical music. It has 18 tuned bossed
gongs, and is smaller and higher in pitch than the khong wong yai. 
Pi-nai - type of musical instrument with a quadruple reed played in the Thai piphat
ensemble
Ching - are finger cymbals played in Cambodian and Thai theater and dance
ensembles
Taphon - is a traditional drum of Thailand. It is barrel-shaped with two heads, and is
played by the hands and fingers of both hands, much like the more popular congas.
Originally called the Sa Phon, the taphon is used in the classical Thai wind-and-
percussion ensemble called piphat.
 Printmaking and Mixed Media of Asia
Batik - is originally an Indonesian-Malay word that means “to dot”.

Distinctive designs and color schemes of the batik textile from

different cultural communities in Indonesia and Malaysia
Indonesia
Batik Pendalangan - has earthly color tones; black indigo, brown, and dark yellow,
sometimes in all white background.
Lasem batik - Characterized by bright red color called abang getih pithik.
Batik Java Hokakai - Bright floral colors of purple, yellow, pink, celadon and indigo
and designed on earthy brown tones background.

Malaysia
Bright and vibrant colors of native flowers are dominant motif of batik printing in
Malaysia.
2 TYPES OF BATIK PRINTING
Hand-drawn type
Block-printing type
Pink - Color of romance; were used with the aohuitive floral and spiral designs over
sarongs.
Indigo, Purple, and Violet - colors of royalty; were used with the repetitive floral and
spiral designs over sarongs.

The art of batiking is similar to the one of drawing or painting on a piece of cloth.
Canting (tjanting)
Resist-dye process
Indonesian batik – often displays plants, flowers, animals, and geometric shapes
except the motif of Indonesian Muslims
 Process of batik making
1. The first wax is applied over the penciled-in outline
2. The cloth is dyed in the first dye bath.
3. Second application of wax is applied.
4. The cloth is dyed in the second dye bath.
5. the fabric is submerged in the final dye bath. In his case, any areas of the cloth that
have not been covered with wax will become brown.
6. The finished cloth after all of the wax has been removed.

PAINTING- One of the oldest forms of visual art; It is the art of applying paints
of surfaces to convey a message or information; Asians used painting to convey their
beliefs, traditions, hopes, and aspirations.

CHINESE PAINTING - Chinese considered painting to be the only fine art.

architecture and sculpture are classified as crafts.

2 MAIN KINDS OF CHINESE PAINTINGS

- Frescoes
- Painting on wood panels

2 TYPES OF SCROLL
VERTICAL WALL SCROOL -display for special occasions
HORIZONTAL HAND SCROLL

JAPANESE PAINTING - Reflected a refined and serene dignity; valued not only for
its simplicity but also for its colorful exuberance.

INDIAN PAINTING - Painting in India is a medium stating spiritual conceptions;

Indian paintings depict the rewards of good and evil deeds in the world.
THAI PAINTING - Thailand`s temple mural paintings are among the country`s great
artistic achievements.
COLORS THAT ARE RELATED TO THE RELIGION, BELIEFS
AND VALUES OF THE EAST ASIAN COUNTRIES
CHINA
RED- invokes positive energy, determination, vitality and courage.
ORANGE and RED ORANGE
Yin-Yang (universal principle of nature.) - Red stones in believed to arouse vitality and
enthusiasm.
Jade Green- signifies harmony and is of fundamental importance to the Chinese.
Celadon - Buddha, some corridors and panels of temples – yellow and gold

KOREAN
Turquoise (pale grayish blue) and sapphire (bright yellow) - to covey tranquility and
splendor

JAPAN
The use the color blue and monochrome to convey peace and sustainable harmony.
They also prefer to project the posts, panels, and torii(gate) in their natural colors-
BROWN, OCHRE or GRAY to express ingenuity and practicality.

The basis for establishing the motif of their art.

RED - Vitality, positivity, courage and joy.
Yellow/gold - Heavenly glory.
White - death
Black - Disaster and grief.

The basis for establishing the motif of their art.

Pink - romance
Green - Balance and harmony.
Blue - Peace.

THAILAND VIETNAM
Buddhist Golden Temple The yellow Buddha
Ganesh-elephant god Statuettes of deities
Teenagers praying The fruit festival

CAMBODIA MALAYSIA
The angkor Wat BAJU KURUNG
Carving deities Wood parang (bolo)
Khmer folks praying

INDONESIA BRUNEI
KOPIAH congkak

INDIA
a. RED- happiness, and is found on a bride`s dress, the groom`s robe and scarf, and
in the sindoor or holy red power.
b. Green: Related organ: Heart, Breast personality Traits: Soul-hearted
consciousness, expressing love in action, sympathetic, compassionate, humble,
understanding, self-controlled, adaptable, genorous, nature loving and romantic.
Rainbow color- highest meditative attainment before a body is transformed into a
pure light. (total happiness)
Red symbolizes life force, preservation, fire, and sacred things or places.
 MUSIC OF CHINA
ELEMENTS OF CHINESE MUSIC
1.Pitch/Tonal System - Most Chinese music is in pentatonic scale which derived that
five-tone scale system among Chinese legend.
The used of pentatonic scale is based in some symbolic attributes like:
kung- it is the primary tone which is associated with the Emperor.
Shang- it is the tone associated with the minister.
Chih- it is the tone associated with the state.
Chioa- it is the tone associated with the people.
Yu- it is the tone with significant Chinese objects.
2.Timbre - the type of singing is usually thin and nasal; high-pitched or shrill vocal
quality conveys life`s adversity in the northern part of China where they experienced
the cold, dry, and windy conditions.
3. Meter/Rhythm - Mostly duple meter
4. Texture - Homophonic texture because it is mainly the distinguishing characteristic
of early Chinese rituals.

THE TYPES OF CHINESE VOCAL MUSIC

1.RELIGIOUS MUSIC
Buddhist music- “SANSKRIT MUSIC” in Buddhist music, vocal intoning is
usually referred to as “chanting music, covering and liturgies.
Taoist music- the music is influenced by regional folk musicand is use in
ceremonial rituals like in Buddhist music.
2. The Art Song - It is one type of art song where a soloist sometimes performs
with a wooden clapper as an accompaniment.
3. Narrative music - The song is about a romantic legend accompanied by
instrumentation like in the drum songs.
4.Chinese Folk Music - Describes the lives of most Han Chinese people.
Shange is a mountain song created in strophic form.
 4 sections of Chinese classic orchestra
BOWED STRING INSTRUMENTS
Erhu - Two-stringed fiddle instrument which is one of the most well-known in the
Huqin family.
Banhu - It is the leading musical accompaniment in
Bang-zi– ballad specifically for local operas in Central China.

WIND INSTRUMENTS
DIZI -traditional Chinese flute. It can be played through double or triple tonguing and
fluttered.
XIAO - It is a famous wind instrument also known long flute.
SHENG - One of the oldest Chinese instruments, which also called “Chinese mouth
organ” it consists of 13-17 bamboo pipes.

PLUCKED STRING INSTRUMENTS

THE LUTE FAMILY
Yueqin - It is derived from the Ruan but the sound is thinner. It has short neck
and flat sound box.
Ruan - Chinese guitar ormoon guitar.
Pipa- The instrument is developed to plucked. It has short neck and a wooden
belly.
The Zither Family
Guqin - A seven- stringed zither that has a long and slender body made of pine
tree.
The Harp Family
Konghou - similar to harp. Aside from the right hand technique, it can be also
be played by the left hand in vibrato.
Pengling - Consists of two bells made of bronze.
Muyu - It is made from carved mulberry wood and is struck to produce sounds.