HOUSING

Module – I | Housing| Semester 9 | B.Arch | Department of Architecture | MASAP

• Food, clothing and shelter (housing) are the primary requirements of life.

• The availability of these necessities in sufficient quantity and quality

increases the physical efficiency and productivity of the people.

• So housing is an important component of human resource development

Literally speaking house and home seems to be same in sense and meaning but a
distinction between the two is must.

Home - includes the family relationships and bonds of affection which are nurtured
with in this architectural structure

House - an architectural structure for accommodation.

But in wider meaning,

Housing covers all the ancillary services and community facilities which are essential to
human well being. In addition to the physical structure, it includes water supply,
sanitation, and disposal of water, recreation and other basic amenities of life. Thus
housing can be defined as a component architectural structure within a total system
consisting of various settlement variables.

Issues that housing addresses are:

 Land (land policy)
 Dwelling Unit (DU)
 Finance
 Infrastructure – physical and social
 Legal
 Political Priorities
Introduction to housing in early settlements with emphasis on
the evolution of settlement pattern in Kerala.
Need of Shelter ?

From Adverse weather condition

To safeguard their food supplies and

domestic animals

To protect themselves from predators

and enemies
 Tribal community hamlets

Village
A settlement is a place where people live. mega polis
Environmental Factors Governing Settlement

The environment has considerably affected human being right from his evolution. The
environment has affected humans settlements in many ways.

The main factors which affect the distribution of population and human settlement are
 Relief of a land
 Climate
 Soil
 Mineral Deposits
 Water Supply

Environment plays an Important role in deciding population distribution, density,

settlement type and patterns.
Settlement hierarchy

urban settlement

rural settlement
 Indian Context

Urban Rural
 EVOLUTION OF SETTLEMENTS

Phase-1

Primitive Unorganised
Human settlement
Living in caves
Palaeolithic Age & Mesolithic Age
Nomads and Hunters
Living in tree houses
 Phase-2

Primitive organised
Human settlement
Living in planes
Neolithic Age
Farmers and Herders
Timber and thatch
 Phase-3

Static Urban
Settlements or cities
 Phase-4

Dynamic Urban
Settlements
Phase-5

Universal Human
Settlements
Types of settlements
 Length: 500 km
 Width: 30-120 km
 Area: 38864 sq.km
 13th most populous state in India
 overall population density of 2,200 people
per square mile, or 860 per square kilometre.
 Kerala is home to almost 3% of India's
population
 Its land is three times more densely settled
than the rest of the country.
KERALA

Evolution of domestic architecture

• Erumadom or houses constructed on tree

tops is the first seen evidence of housing.
• Later bricks and tiles were introduced in
northern parts of Kerala even then wood
was used in south.
• Later shortage of wood give way to bricks
and tiles.
History of settlement in Kerala

Namboothiri's established in Kerala by the course of

the 8th century. The major upper class housing types
that formed settlement of Kerala
 Kovilakom - housing of the ruling class.
 Illam and mana - housing for Brahmins and
Namboothiri's.
 Tharavadu - housing for Nair community.

Brahmin settlement:
• Namboothiri dominated areas are called uru.
• Central point of focus is the temple, controlled by
a committee called devaswam.
• Small colony of 10-20 families established with their
houses round the village temple.
According to popular belief and oral
traditions, the ancestors of the Brahmins of
south India had migrated from northern India
to the southern parts of the subcontinent in
the course of Aryan invasion.

The Tamil and Tulu Brahmins who had

migrated to various parts of Kerala at different
time periods were termed as ‘Paradesi
Brahmins’ by the indigenous communities. The
migrants brought with them the new style of
housing termed as agraharams.
Nair settlement:
Houses are associated with a temple with
surrounding called Thara.
The traditional building types of Tharavadu are
• Nalukettu
• Ettukettu
• Pathinarukettu
• Basic multiples of chathursala
But the various Acts fundamentally affected the
structure of Nair Tharavadu.

• By 2nd half of the 20th century, the joint family

system collapsed in Kerala.
• Nuclear family became dominant type.
• Upper class not used to farming by themselves
sold their properties.
• Today migration of work forced inhabitants of
Kerala to all parts of the world.
Features of traditional housing

 Generally rectangular in plan.

 Placed in 45* to the predominant wind direction.
 Usually low and had a double roof so that inner
roof is protected from the sun and the
intervening space is cooled by air circulation.
 Large overhanging eaves and low slung roof
provides protection from rain and solar
radiation.
 Walls were made of wood and laterite, thus low
thermal conductivity.
 High plinth to prevent surface rain water from
flooding in.
 Wide veranda around the building protect the
wall from direct sun and rain.
 A Vegetation all around the building cooled the air which passes through it.
 Height of the building and width of central courtyard is related in such a way that there is very less sunlight
falling directly into the courtyard.
Current settlement pattern
 Unique with dwellings made in individual plots.
 Uniformly distributed all over the habitable area.
 Consequence of the existing social, climatic and geographical conditions.

Social infrastructure
- Population is more or less evenly distributed.
- Better distribution of basic facilities which are normally provided in the
urban areas is available in the rural areas as well.
- Only marginal migration trends.
- Comparatively low rate of population growth in urban centres.

Urbanization trends
• No town is said to have developed fully on an industrial base.
• Increase in rate of urbanization is not due to any large scale migration.

Rural-urban continuum
• Internationally famous for the pattern.
• Corridor/ribbon type development along the communication routes.
• Contrast between town and village are not so serious.
INDIA - Housing Scenario
Challenges – Diverse & Vast

• 2.4% of worlds surface area

• 1.2 bn population
Large • 2nd largest in the world
Population

• 0.6 million villages

• 7933 Towns
Multi-level

• 4,635 ethnic groups

• 80,000 Segments, Synonyms and Titles
Multi-Ethnic
Challenges – Diverse & Vast

• 2875 religions and other persuasions

Multi- • 6661 mother tongues
cultural

• Nomads, Homeless, Forest/Island Dwellers

Difficult • Infants, Elderly women, Disabled
people

• Disturbed civil conditions

Difficult • Inaccessible terrain
Areas
 With 2.4 % of the world’s land area,
India has about 17.5 % of the The growth of the population affects the
world’s people.
national income, per capita income,
 On 1st March, 2011, India’s investment, saving and standard of
population has been enumerated
living. It affects directly, every aspect of
as 1201.934 Millions and is now rising
social and economic life.
at the rate of well over 1.47 million
per month.
Factors:
 Increase in birth rate
 Decrease in death rate
 Better medical facilities
 Increase Immigration
 Decrease in Emigration
 Illiteracy
POPULATION EXPLOSION

 The rapid increase in population over a

relatively short period is called population
explosion.
 The world population which was around 2
billion (2000 million) in 1900 reached about 6
billion by 2000.
 A similar trend was observed in India too. Our
population which was approximately 350
million at the time of our independence
reached close to the billion mark by 2000 and
crossed 1 billion in May 2000
Census Houses – India 2011
(In crore)

Census Houses Total Rural Urban

Total 33.1 22.1 11.0

Occupied 30.6 20.7 9.9

Residential 23.6 16.0 7.6

Residential-cum-other uses 0.9 0.6 0.2

Non-residential 6.2 4.1 2.1

Vacant 2.5 1.4 1.1

Number of households 24.7 16.8 7.9

Role of Housing:

Housing is closely associated to the process of overall socio-economic development.

It provides shelter and raises the quality of life.

It generates conditions which are congenial to the achievement of social objectives

such as health, sanitation and education.

It provides employment opportunities to the rural and urban people.

Moreover it helps to improve urban rural equality by narrowing down the difference in
the standard of living.

Thus housing performs multiple functions including many social needs of the household.
Demographic Profile

1951-1961 2001-2011
Urbanization refers to the population shift from
rural to urban residency.

The world is rapidly becoming more urban.

By 2030, the world’s population will have increased by as

many as 1.7 billion people.

90% of this urban explosion will occur in Asia and Africa.

By 2030, more than 400 million people will be living in cities
in India.

It is predicted that by 2050 about 64% of the developing

world and 86% of the developed world will be urbanized

Furthermore, today, one in every six of India’s urban

households live in slums, a number forecast to rise
exponentially over the coming years Dharavi: Largest Slum
 Rural population and their development:

Over 70% of India’s population still lives in rural areas.

There are substantial differences between the states
in the proportion of rural and urban population
(varying from almost 90% in Assam and Bihar to 61%
in Maharashtra 54%).

The proportion of people in developing

countries who live in cities has almost doubled
since 1960 (from less than 22% to more than
40%), while in more developed regions the
urban share has grown from 61% to 76%.
Population explosion

A sudden, large increase in the size of a population

Effects of Population explosion

 Over use of natural resources

 Increase in Food Demand
 Increase in waste generation

Other effects like

 Unemployment
 Poverty
 Increase in crime rate
 Energy crisis
 Over crowding of cities
 Number of Households and the Housing Stock – India
1991-2011

30
Gap in Housing Stock
25

20

15
24.7 24.5
10 19.2 18.7
15.1 14.7
5

0
1991 2001 (In crore) 2011

Households Housing Stock

The gap between households and housing stock is narrowing

Housing demand refers to the willingness and ability to purchase a house.

Housing need refers to the number of houses required, given growth in households,
itself derived from household size and population growth.

Essentially housing need is a number, derived from population and household size
projections, that makes no allowance for affordability. If those who need houses are
unable to afford houses, they don’t buy or demand them.
 STATE WISE HOUSING NEED IN INDIA

 Housing need concentrated in

nine states.

 The estimates reveal that 70 % of

the housing needs until 2022
would be concentrated in just
nine states.

 These states are Uttar Pradesh,

Bihar, Maharashtra, West Bengal,
Madhya Pradesh, Andhra
Pradesh , Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu,
and Karnataka.
HOUSING NEEDS

HOW TO DEAL WITH THE PRESENT SITUATION AND MEET THE RISING HOUSING DEMAND?

 India need to develop about 11 crore housing units.

 70% of the housing need till 2022 should be concentrated in 9 states.

 More focus need to be given for affordable urban houses, which is 70% of the total
urban housing requirement.

 About 1.7 to 2 lakh hectare of land is required to fulfill urban housing needs
 Housing Policies

 Housing Programmes in Five Year Plans

 FIVE-YEAR PLANS OF INDIA

 From 1947 to 2017, the Indian economy was premised on the concept of planning. This
was carried through the Five-Year Plans, developed, executed, and monitored by the
Planning Commission (1951-2014) and the NITI Aayog (2015-2017).
 With the prime minister as the ex-officio chairman, the commission has a nominated
deputy chairman, who holds the rank of a cabinet Minister.
 The Twelfth Plan completed its term in March 2017.
 The new government led by Narendra Modi, elected in 2014, has announced the
dissolution of the Planning Commission, and its replacement by a think tank called the NITI
Aayog (an acronym for National Institution for Transforming India)
 Five Year Plans in India

1st Five Year Plan Housing Programmes

 focus on institution-buildingin Five
and Year
housing Plans
for weaker sections of society
(1951-1956)  Low income housing
 Houses for Govt. employees and weaker section
 Housing for refugees from E & W Pakistan
 Introduction to LIG Housing
 Social Housing – Integrated subsidised Industrial Housing Schemes
 1.3 million houses constructed

2nd Five Year Plan  The Industrial Housing Scheme was widened to cover all workers
(1956-1961)  LIC started granting loans to individuals
 3 new housing schemes
 Rural housing
 Slum Clearance
 Sweepers housing
 1.9 million houses constructed
 Five Year Plans in India

3rd Five Year Plan  Focus on needs of the Low Income Groups.
(1961-1966)  Set up central housing board
 Loans to MIG by LIC
 Housing Policies linked with economic development and industrial policies of the country.
 Plan aimed to increase
 National income by 30%
 Agricultural production by 30%
 Economical development in backward areas

4th Five Year Plan  Focus on the need to prevent the growth of population in large cities and decongestion
(1969-1974) and dispersal of population through the creation of smaller townships
 Control population in large city
 Nationalised banks
 Housing for EWS
 G.O.I to give financial assistance to state Govt. and U.T to provide minimum facilities for
slum dwellers
 Housing & Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO-1971)
 Five Year Plans in India

5th Five Year Plan  ULCRA act (1976)

(1974-1977)  Employment and poverty alleviation
 Establish better relationship between Housing Policy and Land Policy
 Financial assistance to MIG and LIG
 Subsidised Houses to EWS
 Improved living condition of slums
 Minimum Need Programme(MNP)
 Self Help Housing schemes
 More assistance to rural landless labours
 More financial resources to public agencies to develop infrastructure

6th Five Year Plan  Focus on the provision of services along with shelter, particularly for the poor
(1980-1985)  Facilities to houseless using public resources-shelter for poor
 Promote and encourage self help housing
 Infrastructure development- provision of services
 Direct subsidy for EWS
 Housing schemes based on HH income (EWS,LIG,MIG,HIG)
 Rental Housing Schemes for state Government Employees
 Five Year Plans in India

7th Five Year Plan  NHB (National Housing Board) as apex Housing Finance Institution
(1985-1990)  NHB authorized to regulate entire housing finance sector of the country
 LIC HF, SBI HF came
 IAY (Indira Awas Yojana) and Minimum need programme made progress
 The National Housing Policy and Habitat Policy (1988)

8th Five Year Plan  Urban sector

(1992-1997)  Shelter for all
 Private Housing
 Housing Finance institutions
 Tax incentives
 Special assistance programme in the form of subsidies
 Strengthen infrastructure
 Five Year Plans in India

9th Five Year Plan  Shelter for all

(1997-2002)  Affordable Housing
 Focus on
 Agriculture
 Rural income
 Marginal farmers
 Landless labours
 HUDCO and other financial Institution
 National housing and habitat policy 1998
 Repel Urban Land Ceiling Regulation Act

10th Five Year Plan  Strengthen EWS and LIG

(2002-2007)  National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy (NUHHP-2007)
 Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM 2005-2014)
 Basic Services to the Urban Poor (BSUP)
 Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP)
 PPP model brought in
 Five Year Plans in India

11th Five Year Plan  PPP model urban renewal

(2007-2012)  Telecom revolution
 RAY (Rajiv Awaz Yojana)

12th Five Year Plan  NITI Ayog ( 2014)

(2012-2017)  Housing for all by 2022
In view of various problems faced in relation to housing in independent India, it became
necessary for the government to come out with a comprehensive national policy that
clearly spelt out priorities for promoting a sustained development of housing.

THE NATIONAL HOUSING POLICY AND HABITAT POLICY (1988)

Housing is not only a commodity but also a productive investment.

It promotes economic activities as well as creates the base for attaining several national
policy goals
BASIC OBJECTIVES

 To motivate and help all people and in particular the houseless and the
inadequately housed, to secure for themselves affordable shelter through
access to land, materials, technology and finance.
 To improve the environment of human settlements with a view to raise the
quality of life through the provision of drinking water, sanitation and other
basic services.
 The policy envisages priority for promoting access to shelter for the houseless
and disadvantaged groups such as Scheduled Castes. Scheduled Tribes and
freed bonded labourers, rural landless labourers and economically weaker
sections.
STRATEGIES:

 Making available developed land at reasonable rates for housing,

 providing security of tenure to households both in rural and urban areas
 developing a viable and accessible institutional system for the provision of housing finance

ACTION PLANS:

 Provision of house sites to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, freed bonded labourers and
landless labour, including artisans
 Provision of financial assistance for house construction to them on suitable loan-cum-
subsidy bases
 NATIONAL HOUSING POLICY (1994)

FEATURES:

 Providing the necessary back up to support the construction of new and additional units
and upgradation of the existing ones:
 Ensuring availability of land and conferring homestead rights;
 Minimising displacement of rural households by developmental projects;
 Undertaking adequate rehabilitation measures for those affected by natural calamities;
 Promoting the use of locally available materials and construction practices;
 Providing basic infrastructure services including water, sanitation and roads;
 Offering protective discrimination to the weaker sections of society
BASIC OBJECTIVES:

 To assist all people, and in particular the houseless, the inadequately housed and the vulnerable
sections and to secure for themselves affordable shelter through access to developed land,
building materials, finance and technology
 To create an enabling environment for housing activity by various sections by eliminating
constraints, and by developing an efficient and equitable system for the delivery of housing
inputs;
 To expand the provision of infrastructure facilities in rural and urban areas in order to improve the
environment of human settlements, increase the access of poorer households to basic services,
and to increase the supply of developed land for housing
 To undertake, within the overall context of policies for poverty alleviation and employment, steps
for improving the housing situation of the poorest sections and vulnerable groups by direct
initiative and financial support of the State
 To help mobilize the resources and facilitate the expansion of investment in housing
in order to meet the needs of housing construction and upgradation and
augmentation of infrastructure.
 To promote a more equal distribution of land and houses in urban and rural areas,
and to curb speculation in land and housing in consonance with macroeconomic
policies for efficient and equitable growth.
 To promote vernacular architecture and to preserve the nations rich heritage in the
field of human settlements.
GOALS:

 reduce houselessness;
 provide larger supply of developed land and finance to different income groups;
 promote use of appropriate and energy saving building materials and cost effective
construction technologies;
 assist in the upgradation of all unserviceable house in rural and urban areas, with a view to
particularly improving the housing conditions o f the rural homeless and the inadequately
housed, slum dwellers, Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes, and other vulnerable sections;
 provide the minimum level o f basic services and amenities to ensure a healthy environment
within the framework of integrated development o f rural and urban settlements;
ELEMENTS:

 Housing norms
 Rural Housing
 Slums & squatter settlements and Housing for Urban Poor Supply and management of land
 Infrastructure
 Conservation of Housing Stock and Rental housing
 Housing finance
 Building material and technology
 Special programmes for disadvantaged groups
 Role of Government, private sector and the community
 Fiscal policy
 Legal and regulatory framework
 Human resource development
 Action Plan