09 - Chapter 2 PDF

CHAPTER II
SAIVA TEMPLES AND IMAGES
Siva is the creator (Srishtikara), preserver (Sthitikarta) as well as destroyer

(iSamhara or Pralayakara). He is the lord of all ‘beings’ - Pasunam-Patih, a
great God (Mahadeva). He is always referred to as Isa or Mahesvara, the

Supreme One. This element of superiority of Siva as a Lord par excellence has
survived through centuries down to this day.
Siva is worshipped in iconic and aniconic forms. The Saivites place the
linga emblem as the principal object of worship in the garbhagriha. Some times
the various anthropomorphic forms of this god are consecrated. Linga is an
emblem, a symbol or an invisible sign of the spiritual transcendence of Siva. It is
highly difficult for us to trace its origin. The historians try to trace it back in the
Indus Valley Civilization, Vedas, Epics and Puranas etc.
From the study of 351 inscriptions, about 428 Saiva temples and images
are recorded. These inscriptions throw light on the temples built for Siva and also
on his attendants and associates such as Karttikeya, Nandi, Kshetrapala,
Bhairava, Mailara etc.
The following table shows the distribution of inscriptions Saiva temples

and images spread over 17 districts of Karnataka.
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District-wise distribution of Saiva Temples and Images
SI. No. Districts Inscriptions Temples and

Images
1. Dharwad 73 100
2. Kolar 32 73
3. Bellary 39 48
4. Bijapur 41 37
5. Mysore 36 39
6. Shimoga 33 35
7. Raichur 25 26
8. Chitradurga 19 20
9. Bangalore 19 16
10. Gulbarga 07 08
11. Tumkur 06 07
12. Kadur 06 05
13. Belgaum 04 04
14. South Kanara 05 04
15. Hassan 03 03
16. North Kanara 02 02
17. Coorg 01 01
351 428
DHARWAD DISTRICT
Seventy-three inscriptions reveal 100 Saiva temples and images. Of these

one belongs to the Satavahanas, four to the Chalukyas of Badami, twenty-three to
the Rashtrakutas, one to the Gangas of Talakad and forty to the Chalukyas of
Kalyana The dynastic affiliation of four records cannot be ascertained.
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The Satavahanas
The earliest, as well as the only inscription1 found at Vasana in Nargund

taluk belonging to the reign of King Vasishthiputra Sri Pulumavi is undated. But
on paleographical grounds has been assigned to 245 A.D. It is a Brahmi
inscription in Prakrit language. It states that a sculptor made a pillar and donated
it to god Mahadeva Chandasiva residing in the temple at Vasana. It is assumed
that King Vasishthiputra built this temple in memory of his father Chanda-
Satakami (Chanda Sri). This temple has been regarded as the earliest of the Saiva
temples endorsed by the records found in Karnataka2.
The Chalukyas of Badami
The earliest inscription3 found at Aminbhavi in Dharwad taluk belonging

to the reign of King Pulakesi I Satyasraya is dated 567-568 A.D. It records a
grant made for god Kalideva of Ammiyanabhavi by the king.
The second inscription4 found at Puligere (modem Lakshmeshvara) in

Shirahatti taluk is recorded on a stone tablet. The inscription on the tablet reads
from lines 51 to 61. It is undated. It is a 10th century A.D. copy of a 7th century
A.D. copper plate. This was repeated for the sake of confirmation or
preservation. The king under whom the inscription was earlier issued was
Satyashraya (Pulakesi II, 610-642 A.D.)5. Its main purpose was to register a land
grant to Shankajinendra-chaityalaya by Sendraka King Durgasakti, but while
defining the boundaries of the gift land, the names of four Saiva temples,
Jyesthalinga, Ramesvara, Hobesvara and Sindesvara are mentioned.
The third inscription6 found at Kurtakoti in Gadag taluk belongs to the

reign of King Vijayaditya Satyasraya (696-733 A.D.). This undated record refers
to a certain Mupamna (social identity unknown) who built a big temple, probably
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the Mahadeva temple (Mahadegula) at Kuruttakumte (Kurtakoti), and made a
gift to it
The fourth inscription7 found at Bannikoppa in Bankapur taluk belonging

to the reign of King Vijayaditya-bhatara, is undated. It refers to a Saiva devotee
from the North (uttarapatha), whose name is damaged (..... pagana). He
constructed a temple of god Arjunesvara and installed Nandisvara at Bannikoppa.
He also endowed the temple with some land grant. It could be possible that the
temple was named after Arjuna, a hero of Mahabharata.
The Rashtrakutas
The earliest inscription8 found at Chikka-Madhure in Challakere taluk of

Tumkur district belonging to the reign of King Prabhutavarsha (Govinda III), is
dated 815 A.D. It refers to the Gavaganesvara and Nakharvesvara temples and to
a priest named Vinitatmacharya attached to the latter temple at Kolur in
Bankapur taluk of Dharwad district. This temple of Kolur is the earliest reference
of a Saiva temple belonging to Rashtrakuta dynasty in this district.
The second inscription9 found at Siragambi (Tirigamme) in Hirekerur taluk

names the King as Jagattunga Pratapavaloka (Govinda III, 793-815 A.D.) and is
undated. It registers a gift of land to god Beldeva. The first gift was made by
Pollabbe, wife of the King’s subordinate Ere-ammarasa, governing Banavasi-
12000 and second gift was made by Lokabbe, wife of Avarevarasa, a subordinate
administering Tirigamme. The grant was received by the preceptor Naganandi,
disciple of Bellavasada-gwravar. As the second grant was received by a Saiva
priest, it can be concluded that Beldeva refers to Siva. The similarity between
the god’s name {Bel) and the guru’s name {Bellavasada) points to a possibility
that it could be the name of a place.
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The third inscription10 found at Arishinaguppi in Hangal taluk belonging to
the reign of King Amoghavarsha I, is dated 859 A.D. It records a gift of tank by
nal-gavunda Purushottama for god [Ma]la[go]rala at Kiruguppudur. Bankeya, the
Chellaketana feudatory entrusted it to Kankala-gorava. The name of the god is
not made clear, but on the basis of the reference made to the gorava, it may be
assumed that it was the name of Siva.
The fourth inscription11 found at Shiggavi (Shiggaon) in Shiggavi taluk

belonging to the reign of King Amogavarsha I is dated 865 A.D. It mentions god
Mahadeva of Mulasthana, and a grant given by the administrators of Elamvalli
along with Monigorava for the temple of Aditya-Bhatara.
The fifth inscription12 found at Nidagundi in Bankapur taluk belonging to

the reign of King Amogavarsha I is undated, but can be assigned to 874-875 A.D.
It refers to a temple of god Mahadeva built by Kuppanna, pergade of Nidagunda-
12. Kundatte, son of Bankeya of Chellaketana family and Rapa (social identity
unknown) made land grants to it in order to ensure merit to Bankeya.
The sixth inscription13 found at Mevundi in Mundaragi taluk belonging to

the reign of King Akalavarsha Prithvivallabha (Krishna II) is dated 887 A.D. It
records that mahasamanta Kupparasa constructed the Ko[ye]gesvara (degula) at
Meluvidu (Mevundi) and made a land grant to it. The grant was entrusted to
Vedava[ha]na-bhattara.
The seventh inscription14 found at Kunimellihalli in Bankapur taluk

belonging to the reign of King Akalavarsha (Krishna II), is dated 895 A.D. It
mentions the temple of god Dindesvara and its priest Omkara-Siva-bhatara.
The eighth inscription15 found at Mevundi in Mundargipetha taluk

belonging to the reign (878-914 A.D.) of King Akalavarsha (Krishna II), is
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undated. It refers to god Kuppesvara installed and endowed by mahasamanta
Kuppadevarasa. Reference is also made to temple of Mallikarjuna, located in this
village.
The ninth inscription16 found at Galpoji in Byadgi taluk belonging to the

reign (878-948 A.D.) of King Kannama (Krishna II), is undated. It registers a
land grant given for the services of god Mahadeva by Nellega, the nal-gavuanda
and Sabba, the ur-gavunda.
The tenth inscription17 found at Andi (Anaji) in Hirekerur taluk mentions

neither the name of the King nor the date on which it was issued. On the basis of
the name of Lokate, Chellaketana feudatory, it may be assigned to the time of the
King Krishna II (878-914 A.D.). It registers a land grant given by Ayapa-arasa to
the temple built by A[yapa]gamuda of Andi. The name of the temple is not
specified, but as the temple is stated to have been a centre of Sastiparise
(Saktiparishe), there is no doubt that it was a Saiva establishment.
The eleventh inscription18 found at Honnatti in Ranebennur taluk, does not

mention the name of the king and is undated. On the basis of Lokate, the ruling
feudatory, the king can be inferred to be Krishna II (878-914 A.D.). It refers to
the temple [of Ramalinga] to which land grants were given by nalgamunda-
Aychanna, Palayya and Basayya (social identity unknown).
The twelfth inscription19 found at Hiremaganur in Ranebennur taluk

belonging to the reign of King Indravallabha III is dated 916 A.D. It records the
construction of a temple and the installation of a linga by a certain gavunda
(name lost) and a cash grant given by him for its maintenance. The thireenth
inscription20 found at Hattimattur in Karajgi taluk belonging to the same king
mentioned above, is dated 916-17 A.D. The inscription from lines 1 to 13,
registers a grant of the village Vutavura of Kachchavara-Kadamma by the
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mahasamanta Lendeyarasa in the presence of 250 mahajanas of Paltiya-
Maltavura (Hatti-Mattur). It does not state to whom the grant was made. The top
of the stone tablet carries the image of Nandi, which helps to infer that the grant
probably was made for Siva. The second part of the inscription, on
palaeographical grounds assigned to 11th or 12th century A.D., refers to the grants
made over to the temple of Bhogesvara by some telligas. Probably the unknown
god referred to the first part of the inscription was Bhogesvara. The fourteenth
inscription21 found at Havangi in Hangal taluk belonging to the same king
mentioned above is dated 918 A.D. It registers a land grant given for the
perpetual lamp to god Kalideva at Havanige by Kamarasa, the sunkavergade
(tax-collector).
The fifteenth inscription22 found at Kalasa in Bankapur taluk belonging to

the reign of King Gojjigadeva Nripatunga (Govinda IV) is dated 929-930 A.D. It
refers to Kalidevasvami’s Siva-nilaya located in the Agrahara Ereyana-Kadiyur
(Kalasa) as well as to Brahmesvarapura; the latter was perhaps a seperate quarter
of the same agrahara with Brahmesvara temple.
The sixteenth inscription23 found at Kavajgeri (Kovujugere) in Ron taluk

belonging to the reign of King Suvamavarsha (Govinda IV) is dated 933 A.D. It
refers to some temples built with great devotion by Ballajja-govwndb of
Kovujugere. The chief among them was Siddhesvara and Bikesvara. He also
installed a Nandi, apart from the Kandapihta and Paniyavattalu (yoni) in the
former temple located at Kolagur.
The seventeenth inscription24 found at Kurtakoti in Gadag taluk belonging

to the reign of King Akalavarsha Prithvivallabha (Krishna III), is dated 946 A.D.
It records a land grant given by a gavunda named Lokayya, for the services of
god of Mulasthana of Kurutakunte. He entrusted it to Bhujanga-bhatara. The
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eighteenth inscription25 found at Soratur in Gadag taluk belonging to the same
king as above, is dated 951 A.D. It states that perggade Achapayya and gamunda
Samikalteyamma made a land grant for a temple (name not mentioned) as well as
for imparting education in the matha attached to it. The grant was entrusted to a
Saiva priest, Bhimarasi bhattaraka. This helps to infer that the god and the temple
belonged to Saivism. It also states that a certain Bhavani-^em' gave to the god one
pana on each pern (hem).
The nineteenth inscription26 found at Nagavi in Gadag taluk belonging to

the reign of King Nityavarsha (Khottiga), is dated 969 A.D. It refers to the temple
of Ramesvara at Nagavi (Nagavavi) and to a land grant given by Boluga, a
subordinate of Ganga feudatory Satyavakya Kongunivarma Permanadi
(Marasimha II). The grant was intended for imparting education, for maintaining
a feeding house (satra) and for renovation. As it was entrusted to Lakulideva, a
Saiva priest, it was in all probability an establishment of the Lakulisa sect.
The twentieth inscription27 found at Savadi in Ron taluk belonging to the

reign of King Khottigadeva, is dated 970 A.D. It refers to the construction of a
temple for [Sva]yambhulinga, along with a mantapa by Gangara Vatsayya (social
identity unknown). It also records that tax-collector (sunkada) Ballayya gave land
to the above mentioned temple and also gave some land to the sthanapati. The
twenty-first inscription28 found at Adargunchi in Hubli taluk belonging to the
same ing as above is dated 971-972 A.D. It registers land grants given for the
temple of Malligesvara at Adargunchi by Panchaladeva, governor of the Sebbi-
30, and Malliga Gadayya (social identity unknown).
The twenty-second inscription29 found at Gundur in Bankapur taluk

belonging to the reign of King Kakkaladeva (Karka II) is dated 974 A.D. In the
translation part of IA XII, the king is mentioned as Kakka III, but according to
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genealogy it can only be Karka II30. It records a land grant given to the temple of
Mahadeva at Kadekeri by the King’s subordinate Boluga and by nalgamunda
Rajayya and by urgamunda Manayya.
The twenty-third inscription31 found at Hebbal in Shiratti taluk belonging

to the reign of King Kannaradeva (Krishna IV), is dated 975 A.D. Its states that
Marasingadeva’s grand mother Bhujjabbarasi constructed a temple called (named
after her) Bhujjabesvara and also a tank. A land grant was made by
Marasingadeva II for the services of the god and for the maintanence of a matha.
This was entrusted by Bhujjabbarasi and pergade-Kannayya to Gokamarasi-
bhatara.
The Gangas of Talakad
The solitary inscription32 found at Lakshmesvara in Shirahatti taluk

belonging to the reign of King Marasimha Satyavakya Kongunivarma
(Marasimha II) is dated 968-969 A.D. It refers to three Saiva temples, called
Jyesthalinga, Balabbesvara and Karmatesvara which is found while mentioning
the boundary of a gift land made to Gangakandarpa Jinendra-Mandira by the
King Marasimha II.
The Chalukyas of Kalyana
The earliest inscription33 found at Magadi in Shirahatti taluk is dated 970

A.D. It probably belongs to Trailokyamalla (Taila II) when he was a vassal. He is
stated to have set up Kayigesvara at Magundi (Magadi). A certain Kayikajja at
the instance of a Saiva priest Sivasakti-Vakkani-bhatara, seems to have made a
gift of lands at Magundi, and two villages named Adiravalli and Sogivalli, for the
services of Kayigesvara and Kappesvara temples. He also made money grants
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and entrusted it to Sakalarasi-pandita who was attached to the Saiva
establishments of this village.
The second inscription34 found at Kurhatti in Navalgund taluk belonging to

the reign of King Ahavamalla (Taila II) is dated 980 A.D. It refers to a Sivagriha
built by PiriyafKoJti-gavwrafo. The third inscription35 found at Talakal in
Yalburga taluk of Raichur district belonging to the same king as mentioned
above, is dated 991 A.D., and speaks of a priest and a temple at Maladalur. It
records a gift given to Amritarasi of Nagalesvara temple at Talakal. It also refers
to Amritarasi’s guru Sankarasi-bhalara of the Siddhesvara temple at Maladalur
located in Bankapur taluk. The fourth inscription36 found at Hosur in Gadag taluk
belonging to the same king as above, is dated 995 A.D. It states that
Koralagunda, the manneya and the nalgavunda belonging to the Sinda race and
Kunnala family, along with Aycha-gavunda and other gcmmdas of Mulugunda-
12, made a land grant for the benefit of the Mulasthana temple at Eleya-Posur
(Hosur). The gift was entrusted to Vidyabharana-pandita, infront of the god
Devesvara of Mulugunda. The temple of Mulasthana was attached with a school
for the maintanence of which also a separate land grant was given by Ereyamma-
gavunda.
The fifth inscription37 found at Kardugi in Gadag taluk belonging to the

reign of King Irivabedanga Satyasraya is dated 1002 A.D. It refers to the temple
of god Svayambhudeva at Agrahara Kardugi and to a land grant received by it
from mahasamanta Sobhanarasa for imparting education. It was entrusted to
Kalajnani-Vakkani-jiya, the disciple of Koppina-Vakkani-jiya, who was in turn, a
student of Puliyana-pandita of this temple. The sixth inscription38 found at Yali-
Sirur in Gadag taluk belonging to the same King as mentioned above, is dated
1005 A.D. It states that the same mahasamanta Sobhanarasa, at the instance of
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gavundas and aruvattokkalu (60 agriculturist tenants) of Sirivur, made a land
grant for the Mulasthana temple. This grant was entrusted to Revabbe-goravi, a
Saiva priestess. The seventh inscription39 found at Kukkanur in Yalburga taluk of
Raichur district, refers to a temple and a Saiva priest of Sundi in Dharwad
district. It is dated 1005 A.D. and belongs to the same king as mentioned above.
But at the beginning of the inscription King Jagadekamalladeva (Jayasimha II) is
mentioned. The inscription while mentioning the genealogy of a Saiva priest
(name damaged), refers to a Saiva acharya (name damaged), of the temple of
Nagaresvara at Sundi (Sudi).
The eighth inscription40 found at Alur in Gadag taluk belonging to the

reign of King Vikramaditya (V) is dated 1010 A.D. It registers a land grant made
by the urodeya Chattavarayya after washing the feet of the Brahmana
mahasenadhipati Venneya-bhatta, to the Guhiya-matha in Sirivur. A reference is
made to the temples of Siddhesvara and Allesvara while mentioning the
boundary of the gift land. The ninth inscription41 found at Ummachige in Gadag
taluk belonging to the same King as mentioned above, is dated 1012 A.D. It
refers to the creation of an agrahara by dandanayaka-Kesimayya, after receiving
the village Ummachige from the King. It was entrusted to the 104-mahajanas by
Maunara Sridhara-bhatta of Ron. Land grants were also made by Maunara
Sridhara-bhatta to god Somesvara and Bhagiyabbesvara.
About nineteen inscriptions issued during the reign of Jagadekamalla

Jayasimha II (from 10th to 28th), refer to Saiva temples. They are as follows:
The tenth inscription42 found at Sidenur in Byadgi taluk is dated 1015 A.D.
It refers to a land grant made by several gavundas of Sidiyanuru (Sidenur). As
the inscription is badly damaged the name of the god is not found, but the detail
Sidiyanuru Mula ... , probably Mulasthana, refers to a Saiva establishment. The
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eleventh inscription43 found at Kallihal in Haveri taluk is dated 1019 A.D. It
registers a land grant by Jogabbe, wife of mahamandalesvara Kundaraja at the
request of Rachamalla (Sahadeva’s brother), for services of Sahadevesvara
temple, built earlier (1017 A.D.) by Sahadeva, the gavunda of Ajjadi. Lenka
(warrior) Munja is stated to have donated a tank to this temple. The twelfth
inscription44 found at Mulgund in Gadag taluk is dated 1019 A.D. It records that
dandanayaka Palarasa made the Palesvara Svyambhudeva temple as a
Kalamukha Brahamacharya Sthana and entrusted the land grant to Pavitrarasi-
bhattaraka. A reference to the temples of Sobanesvara, Gunadabesvara,
Kammatesvara and Ramesvara is recorded while defining the boundary of the
land grant made to Syvambhudeva temple. The thirteenth inscription45 found at
Nagarahalli in Mundargi taluk is dated 1022 A.D. It registers construction of
Dhammesvara temple by Tribhuvana Narayana Dharmasetti and a land grant to it
made by the king and Nagama-gavunda. The fourteenth inscription46 found at
Ron in Ron taluk is dated 1022 A.D. It refers to the construction of
Mulasthanadeva temple at Ron by Sankimayya, son of a brahmana named
Ayatavarma. And Sankimayya’s brother Machimayya made grants of land,
money and an oil mill for burning perpetual lamp in this temple. The fifteenth
inscription47 found at Hawsabhavi in Hirekerur taluk is dated 1024 A.D. It refers
to the temple of god Prabhu Sarvesa to which Keta-gavunda, along with samasta
praje (people of the village) and Vaimannigas (probably Village Panchyat),
donated some land. It was entrusted to Mallikarjuna pandita, an expert in Lakula-
shastra. An oil mill was also granted by the Pergade of Konavatti along with
Duggaraja, Devapayya and Hariyanna (social identity unknown). The sixteenth
inscription48 found at Asundi in Gadag taluk is dated 1026 A.D. It refers to the
temple of god Bhogesvara and to a grant made to it by mahasahanadhipati
[Saujchayanayaka. It was entrusted to Devasingi-pandita, a disciple of Maleyala-
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pandita of the temple of Nakaresvara at Annegere (Annigeri). The seventeenth
inscription49 found at Hosur in Gadag taluk is dated 1028 A.D. A reference is
made in the record to the temple of Mulasthanadeva while mentioning the
boundaries of the gift land made by Aycha-gavunda of Posur, to the basadi
constructed by him in the memory of his wife Kanchiyabbe-gavt/mft. The
eighteenth inscription50 found at Mulgund in Gadag taluk is dated 1028 A.D. It
refers to Nagasvami’s guru Bhavashivadeva, who was heading the temples of
Sobanesvara at Mulugunda, Gundabbesvara, and Lokebbesvara at Magundi and
Jagadekamallesvara at Muchchundi. The temples of Sobanesvara and
Gundabbesvara are the same already referred in the 1019 A.D. inscription. The
nineteenth inscription51 found at Uphunasi in Hangal taluk is dated 1028 A.D. It
registers land grants made to a temple and to a matha by Kundabbarasi, wife of
mahamandalesvara Kundaraja. The name of the temple is not found, but as the
grant was entrusted into the hands of Devarasi-jiya, it can be said that the temple
belonged to Saivism. The twentieth inscription found at Kulenur in Haveri taluk
is dated 1028 A.D. It states that mahamandalesvara Kundaraja’s wife
Kundabbarasi inspired with devotion, made a land grant to a temple (degula).
The name of the temple is not found, but as the land grant was entrusted to
Sankarasi-jiya, it can be said that the temple belonged to Saivism. The twenty-
first inscription53 found at Benakanakonda in Ranebennur taluk is dated 1033
A.D. It states that Uttarayya of the Chikkamba family holding the office of the
manneya as well as of the nalgavunda, made a land grant for the god Mahadeva.
The twenty-second inscription54 found at Rajur in Ron taluk is dated 1033

A.D. It records receipt of some grants by Chandrabhushanadeva achari; priest of
the Kalideva temple. The patron is not mentioned. It further states that Prabhu
Joga, an administrator, installed god Jogesvara, and also made land grants for the
service of god Gavaresvara along with aruvattokkalu. A reference is made to
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Gramesvara temple while mentioning the boundaries of the gift land. A grant of
taxes and house-sites was made by gavare-gandas (wandering merchants selling
betel-leaves on donkeys)55 and mummuri-dandas (wandering merchants selling
betel-nuts, pepper, turmeric at markets)56, to god Gavaresvare. While specifiying
the boundaries of these grants, references are also made to the temples of
Somanatha, Kshetrapala and Kattalesvara. The twenty-third inscription found at
Kallihal in Haveri taluk is dated 1034 A.D. It refers to a land grant made on the
initiative of queen Lakshmadevi by the king to god Sahadevesvara of Ajjadi. The
grant was entrusted to Sri Kantha-Bhattaraka. The twenty-fourth inscription58
found at Gundenhalli in Byadgi taluk is dated 1034 A.D. It states that
Amgiyabbe, mother of Ajavarma (probably a gavunda), constructed the
Mallikaijuna temple at Alur. To this temple, her grandson gavunda-Kambayya,
son of Ajavarma, granted lands and entrusted it to Uttamasingi-jiya. At a later
date, one more land grant was made by Boppa-gavunda of Alur and others to the
same temple for repairs. The twenty-fifth inscription59 found at Belagali in Hubli
taluk, dated 1041 A.D., and is a damaged inscription. It records a land grant made
in the Sabbi-nadu by a Kadamba chief (details not clear) for the services of god
Sivesvara. The twenty-sixth inscription60 found at Adur in Hangal taluk is dated
1043 A.D. It records the construction of Banasankaradeva temple by ....vayya,
probably Saivayya, son of Vamadeva and also a gift of land and garden to the
temple. Also a reference to Vamadeva, disciple of Devarasi-jiya, who was the
sthanadhipati of Svayambhudeva temple, is recorded. The twenty-seventh
inscription61 found at Kaginelli in Hirekerur taluk is damaged and the date is lost.
A reference to Svyambhu, a land grant, a matha and vidhya-dana are mentioned,
which help to infer the existence of a temple. The details of the patron are not
found. The twenty-eighth inscription found at Yemmiganur in Hirekerur taluk is
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undated. It records a land grant made for god Ramesvara at Yemmanur, by Kava
of Yemmanur (Yemmiganur).
About twelve inscriptions issued during the reign of Ahavamalladeva

(Somesvara I) (from 29th to 40th), refer to Saiva temples. They are as follows:
The twenty-ninth inscription63 found at Kundgol in Kundgol taluk is
assigned to 1044 A.D. It records construction of a degula (name lost), a land

grant and a house-site given for the services of this god by the mahajanas. The
grant was entrusted to a Saiva priest named Balachandresvara. The thirtieth
inscription64 found at Yeribyateri in Ron taluk, dated 1044 A.D., and is a much
damaged record. It registers a grant given for the services of gods Mulasthana
Belera Jogesvara and Bolesvara. The thirty-first inscription65 found at Adur in
Hangal taluk is dated 1044-1045 A.D. It refers to a temple of Kalesvara built by
Kalagavunda and to a tank attached to the temple. His brother Barma-gavunda
made a land grant to the god and to the servants of the temple, which was
entrusted to a Saiva priest (name damaged). The thirty-second inscription66 found
at Kolur in Haveri taluk is dated 1045 A.D. It mentions Rajagurudeva, who was
incharge of twelve towns, for the benefit of the temple of Indresvara at
Bankapura, granted some land to the temple of Kalidevesvara at Kolur. It further
states that Kaliyammarasa, a manneya, assigned thirty houses to defray the cost
of the maintanence of perpetual lamps in the temple. This grant was entrusted to
Mallikarjuna-bhattara, a disciple of Vamarasideva. The temple of Indresvara may
have been built earlier in the memory of the Rashtrakuta King Indra IV who died
in 982 A.D. at Bankapur. The exact date of its construction is however, not
known, but it is the earliest reference to this temple so far found in Kolur
inscriptions67. The thirty-third inscription68, found at Morigeri in
Hagaribomanahalli taluk of Bellary district, dated 1045 A.D. speaks of
53
Nagaresvara temple at Annigere in Dharwad district. The thirty-fourth
inscription69 found at Belvatti in Hangal taluk is dated 1047 A.D. It refers to the
repairs and maintanence of Svayambhu temple, under the supervision of
Devarasi-pandita, the acharya of the Kogalesvara temple for the purpose of
which funds were made available by the king’s subordinate, Mayuravarma. The
thirty-fifth inscription70 found at Medur in Hirekerur taluk is undated but is
assigned to 1047 A.D. It records the construction of the Makalesvara temple by
MzkaXdi-gavunda at Mejur (Medur), and to a land grant made and entrusted to
Agni-bhattarka. The details of the patron are damaged but he is probably
mahasamanta Bijjarasa. The thirty-sixth inscription71 found at the same place
mentioned above is dated 1047 A.D. It states that mahasamanta Bijjarasa made a
land grant to god Makalesvara of Mejur (Medur) and entrusted it to the Saiva
priest Agni-bhattaraka. The thirty-seventh inscription found at Mallur in Haveri
taluk is dated 1048 A.D. It states that mahamandalesvara Kumara Jomadevarasa
arrived at Mallur, made a land grant for the services of god Kavesvara, and
entrusted it to Tribhuvanasinga-jiya. Kumara Jomadevarasa seems to have given
another grant for the maintanence of Mtdasthana temple of this centre. The
thirty-eighth inscription73 found at Holianaveri in Ranebennur taluk is dated 1048
A.D. It does not mention the king’s name. It records a grant of a village Aneveri
by mahamandalesvara Chamundarayarasa and an administrator named Ketarasa,
at the holy place of Ramatirtha at Kudalasangama (at the centre where the rivers
meat), near RattapalIi-70. The gift was entrusted to a Saiva priest
Dhafvalagoniyadeva], a disciple of Aneyadeva. Ramatirtha was a Saiva centre,
perhaps with a temple located in it. The thirty-ninth inscription74 found at
Ingalagundi in Hirekerur taluk, dated 1049 A.D., and registers a land grant by
Mahadeva, son of Keta-gavunda, to the temple of Malesvara. The fortieth
inscription75 found at Korlahalli in Mundargi taluk is dated 1050 A.D. It states
54
that Akkadevi, paternal aunt of the king, summoned her subordinate,
mahasamanta manneya Ajjarasa and washing his feet made a land grant for the
services and maintanence of a temple. The name of the god is damaged, but a
reference to thousand lingas in the imprecatory verses, is a clear evidence to say
that the deity referred to, belonged to Saivism.
Unidentified Dynasties
The earliest inscription76 found at Karmadi in Ron taluk, on paleographical

iL
grounds can be assigned to c. 9 century A.D. It records a land grant to a temple

by the mahajanas of Karmadi to which a priest named Isanarasi-bhatara was
attached. A portion of the gift land was to be utilised for imparting education.
The second inscription found at Mantage in Hangal taluk, on

palaeographical grounds can be assigned to c. 10th century A.D. It refers to a
patroness named Biri of Kulaga (?) who was responsible for the construction of a
doorway. The name of the temple is not mentioned, but as the inscription is
found on a doorway opposite to the Isvara temple at Mantage, it can be said that
the doorway might have been constructed for a Saiva temple.
The third inscription78 found at Hulagur in Shiggaon taluk is dated 1018

A.D. It records that a land grant made for the temple of god Ramesvara at
Pullunguru (Hulagur) by Vavanarya.
The fourth inscription79 found at Bardur in Mundargi taluk is dated 1032
A.D. It registrers a land grant made for god Bharatesvara at Agrahara

Bharatapura. The gift was purchased from the mahajanas of this pura and its
maintanence is again entrusted to them. The name of the patron is, however,
missing.
55
Table showing Saiva Temples and Images in Dharwad District
SI. Dynasty/ Temples and Patrons References

No. King/ Images
Date
1. Satavahanas Mahadeva Sculptor Krishnan,
Vasishthiputra Chandasiva temple K.G.,
Siri Pulumavi at Vasana Uttankitha
Undated Sanskrit
(245 A.D.). Vidya Aranya
Epigraphs,
Vol II p.376.
2. Chalukyas of Kalideva oi King Pulikeshi I IA XXX, p.
Badami Ammiyanabhavi 209.
Pulikeshi I
567-568 A.D.
3. -do- 1. Jyeshthalinga Durgasakti, a Ibid., VII,
Satyasraya 2. Ramesvara Sendraka chief pp. 106ff.
Pulikeshi II 3. Hobesvara
Undated 4. Sindesvara
(610-642 A.D.). temples at Puligere
4. -do- Mahadegula at Mupamna (?) SIIXI, pti, 2.
Vijayaditya Kuruttakumte
Undated
(696-733 A.D.).
5. -do- Arjunesvara ....pagana, a Ibid., XVIII,
temple and Nandi person from 3.
at Bannikoppa North India
6. Rashtrakutas Nakharesvara EC XI, Cl.
Govinda III temple at Kolur 34
815 A.D.
7. -do- Beldeva Pollabbe, wife Progress
Undated of subordinate Reports of
(793-815 A.D.). Ere-ammarasa the KRIfor,
and Lokabbe, 1953-57,6,
wife of pp. 69-70.
subordinate
Avarevarasa
8. -do- [Ma]la[go]raladeva nalgavunda Ibid., 9, p.
Amogavarsha I Purushottama 72.
859 A.D.
56
9. -do- Mahadeva ol Kll, 13.
865 A.D. Mulasthana at
Shiggaon
10. -do- Mahadeva 1. pergade ElVII, pp.
Amogavarsha I Kuppa- nna 208ff.
Undated 2. Kundatte
(874-875 A.D.). (feudatory
chief)
3. Rapa (?)
11. -do- Ko[ye]gesvara mahasamanta SIIXI, pt. i,
Krishna II degula at Meluvidu Kupparasa 22.
887 A.D.
12. -do- Dindesvara — £/XVI,pp.
895 A.D. 277ff.
13. -do- 1. Kuppesvara mahasamanta SII XL, pt. i,
Undated 2. Mallikarjuna Kuppadevarasa 30.
(878-914 A.D.).
14. -do- Mahadeva 1 .nalgamunda Progress
Kannama Nellega Reports of
(Krishna II) 2. ur-gamunda theKRIfor,
Undated Sabba 1953-57, 12,
(878-914 A.D.). p. 74.
15. -do- Temple (degula) of Ayaparasa AT VI, 3.
Ayapa-gamunda at
Audi
16. -do- Temple [of 1. nalgamunda AR1E., 1933-
Ramalinga] Aychanna 34 ‘E’ -90, p.
2. Palayya and 127.
Basayya (?)
17. -do- Construction of a gavunda (name SII XVIII,
Indra III temple and effaced) 20.
916 A.D. installation of a
linga
18. -do- Name not known mahasamanta IA XII, pp.
916-917 A.D. (probably Lendeyarasa, 224ff.
Bhogesvara) and some
telligas
19. -do- Kalideva of Kamarasa, ARIE 1949-
918 A.D. Havanige sunkaverggade 50 ‘B’- 87,
p. 25.
20. -do- 1. Kalideva- £7X111, pp.
"
Govinda IV svami’s Siva- 326ff.
57
929-930 A.D. nilaya at
Kadiyur
2. Brameshvara
temple
21. -do- 1. Siddesvara Ballajja- SIIXI, pt. i,
933 A.D. temple gavunda 35.
2. Nandi
3. Bikesvara
temple
4. Khandapitha
and
Paniyavattalu in
a temple at
Kolagur
22. -do- Mulasthana o: Lokayya- Ibid, 37.
Krishna III Kuritakunte gavunda
946 A.D.
23. -do- God (name not X.perggade- IA XII, pp.
951 A.D. mentioned) Achappayya 256ff.
2. gamunda
Samikaltey-
amma
3. Bhavanisetti
24. -do- Ramesvara temple Boluga (a 57/XI, pt.i,
Khottiga at Nagavi subordinate of 41.
969A.D. Ganga
feudatory)
25. -do- Construction of Gangara Ibid, 42.
970 A.D. degula and a Vatsayya (?) and
mantapa, and sunkada
installation of Ballayya
[sva]yambhulinga
26. -do- Malligesvara Panchaladeva IA XII, pp.
971-972 A.D. Malligesvara (administrator) 255ff.
and Malliga
Gadayya (?)
27. -do- Mahadeva of 1 .Boluga Ibid, pp.
Kakkaladeva Kadekeri (subordinate) 270ff.
973-974 A.D. 2. nalgamunda
Rajayya
3. ur-gamunda
Manayya
28. -do- Bhuijabbesvara at 1. Bhuj jabbarasi El IV, pp.
58
Kannaradeva (?) Hebbal 2. Marasimha II 350ff.
(Krishna IV)
975 A.D.
29. Gangas of 1. Jyesthalinga IA VII, pp.
Talakad temple lOlff.
Marasimha II 2. Balabesvara
968-969 A.D. temple
3. Karmatesvara
temple
30. Chalukyas of 1.Kayigesvara 1. King Tailall Annigeri,
Kalyana temple at 2. Kayikajja A.M. and
Tailall Magundi Joshi, B.R.,
970 A.D. 2.Kappesvara TDLSCI,
temple KRI, 1940-
41 to 1942-
43,4, p. 27
31. -do- Sivagriha Piriya[ko]ti- SIIXI, pt. i,
980 A.D. gavunda 45.
32. -do- 1 .Nagalesvara Desai, P.B.,
991 A.D. temple at Talakal Studies in
2.Siddesvara at Epigraphy,
Maladalur 23, pp. 26 ff.
33. -do- 1. Temple of 1. manneya 57/XI, pti,
995 A.D. Mulasthana at Koralagunda 47.
Posavur 2. Achagavunda
2.Devesvara at and other
Mulugunda gavundas
34. -do- Svayambhudeva mahasamanta Ibid., 48.
Irivabedanga temple at Kardugi Sobhanarasa
Satyasraya
1002 A.D.
35. -do- Mulasthana -do- Ibid, 50.
1005 A.D. temple
36. -do- Nagaresvara KUES:%
temple at Sundi 51. pp.
224ff.
37. -do- 1. Siddesvara urodeya Chatta- El XVI, pp.
Vikramaditya V temple at varyya 27ff.
1010 A.D. Maladuru
2. Allesvara
temple
38. -do- 1. Somesvara 1. dandanayaka- Ibid, XX,
59
1012 A.D. 2. Bhagiyabb- Kesimayya pp. 64ff.
esvara 2.Maunara
Sridhara-
bhatta
39. -do- Mulasthana of Gavundas of 57/XX, 20.
1015 A.D. Sidyanuru Sidyanuru
40. -do- Sahadesvara 1. Jogabbe (wife Ibid, XVIII,
Jayasimha II temple of 44.
1019 A.D. mahamandal
esvara)
2. gamunda-
Sahadeva
3.LenkaMunja
41. -do- 1.Palesvara dandanayaka- Hajawagol,
Svayambhudeva Palarasa Dhanavant.
temple Mulugundan
2. Sobhanesvara au: Ondu
temple Adhyayana,
3. Gundabbesvara pp. 357-361.
4. Kammatesvara
5. Ramesvara
42. -do- Dharmmesvara 1. Tribhuvana- 5/7 XI, pt-i,

1022 A.D. temple Narayana 58.
2. Dharmasetti
3. Nagama-
gavunda
4. King
43. -do- Mulasthana Sankimayya and El XIX,
temple at Ron his brother pp. 222ff.
Machimayya
44. -do- God Prabhu- 1. Keta-gavunda KIYV, 22.
1024 A.D. Sarvesa 2. Samastha-
praje
3. Vaimannigas
4. pergade of
Konavatti,
5. Duggaraja(?)
6. Devapayya
(?) 7. Hariyapa
(?)
45. -do- 1. Bhogesvara mahastanadhipa 57/XI, pt-i,
1026 A.D. temple ti 63.
60
2. Nakaresvara at [Saujchayanaya-
Annigere ka
46. -do- Mulasthanadeva ... Ibid., 65.
1028 A.D. temple
47. -do- 1. Sobhanesvara Ibid., 64.
temple at
2. Gundabbesvara
at Magundi
3. Lokabbesvara
at
Magundi
4. Jagadekamlle-
svara temple at
Muchchundi
48. -do- degula Kundabbarasi ARIE 1949-
(wife of 50, ‘B’ 128,
mahamandales- p. 29.
vara Kundaraja)
49. -do- degula -do- El XV, pp.
33 Iff.
50. -do- Mahadeva 1 .Uttavayya, the 57/XVIII,
1033 A.D. nal-gavunda 48.
2. manneya
51. -do- 1. Kalideva l.Prabhu-Joga Ibid., XI, pt-
2. Jogesvara (administrator) i, 69.
3. Gavaresvara 2 .aruvattokkalu
4. Gramesvara 3. gavare-
5. Somanatha gandas
6. Kshetrapala 4. mummuri-
7. Kattaiesvara dandas.
temples
52. -do- God King Ibid., XVIII.
1034 A.D. Sahadevesvara 50.
53. -do- Mallikarjuna at Amgiyabbe and ARIE 1960-

Alur her grand son, 61 ‘B’, 415,
gavunda p. 91.
Kambayya
54. -do- God Sivesvara Kadamba chief Ibid., 1941-
1041 A.D. (name not clear) 42 ‘E’, 9, p.
255.
55. -do- 1 .Banasankara- Probably 57/XX, 24.
61
1043 A.D. deva temple Saivayya (name
2. Svayambhudeva effaced)
temple
56. -do- God Svayambhu Ibid., XVIII.
Undated 53.
(1015-1044
A.D.).
57. -do- God Ramesvara Kava (?) AY IV, 21.
1044 A.D.
58. -do- degula mahajanas 5/7 XX, 29.
Somesvara I
1044 A.D.
59. -do- 1. Belera Ibid., XI, pt-
Jogesvaradeva ii, 120.
ofMulasthana
2. God Bolesvara
60. -do- God Kalesvara Kala-gavunda Ibid., XX,
1044-1045 A.D. and his brother 31.
Bamma-
gavunda
61. -do- 1 .Indresvara 1. Rajagurudeva El XIX, pp.
1045 A.D. temple at 2. manneya 180ff.
Bankapura Kaliyammarasa
2.Kalidevesvara
temple at Kolur
62. -do- Nagaresvara SIIIX, pt-i,
temple at 101.
Annigere
63. -do- 1. Svayambhu Mayuravarma AR1E 1946-
1047 A.D. temple (feudatory chief) 47 ‘B\ 206,
2. Kogalesvara p. 35.
temple
64. -do- Makalesvara 1. Makala- AY VI, 11.
temple at Mejur gavunda
2. mahasamanta
Bijjarasa
65. -do- -do- mahasamanta Ibid., 8.
Bijjarasa
66. -do- 1. God Kavesvara mahamandales- 577 XVIII,
1048 A.D. 2. Mulsathana vara Kumara 60.
temple Jomadevarasa
67. -do- Ramatirtha of 1. mahamanda- Ibid., 61. 1
62
Kudala-sangama lesvara
Chamundaray-
arasa
2. Ketarasa
(an
administrator)
68. -do- Malesvara temple Mahadeva Kalaburgi,
1049 A.D. (son of a M.M.,
gavunda) DJSS, 46,
p.71.
69. -do- Siva temple Queen Akkadevi SI1XI, pt-i,
1050 A.D. (name damaged) 86.
70. Unidentified degula of mahajanas of Ibid., XV,
Dynasty Isanarasi-bhatara Karemadi 492.
Anonymous
c. 9th century
A.D.
71. -do- Isvara temple at Biri (a lady) of ID Vol. 13.
c. 10th century Mantage Kulaga (?) p.73.
A.D.
72. -do- Ramesvara of Vavanarya (?) Kalaburgi,
1018 A.D. Pullunguru M.M., DJSS,
166, p. 32.
73. -do- Bharatesvara at SIIXV, 528.

1032 A.D. Agrahara
Bharatapura
KOLAR DISTRICT
Thirty-two inscriptions referring to Saiva temples have been noticed in this

district. Of them, two belong to the Gangas of Talakad, one to that of the
Rashtrakutas, one to the Collateral branch of the Gangas of Talakad, fifteen to the
Nolamba-Pallavas, eleven to the Cholas. The dynastic affiliation of two records
cannot be ascertained.
63
The earliest inscription80 found at Sivarapattana in Kolar taluk belonging

to the reign of King Sripurusha is dated 753 A.D. It describes that Sivamara II,
son of Sripurusha, donated a piece of land for the services of god Kantesvara.
The second inscription81 found at Madivala in Srinivaspur taluk belonging
to the same king mentioned above, is undated, but it can be assigned to 770
A.D.82 It refers to another son of Sripurusha, named Duggamara Ereyappor, who
made a grant of some land for the services of ‘....ttondisvara’. The grant was
made over to a Saiva priest (bhatara).
The Rashtrakutas
A<]
A copper plate found at Nandi in Chikballapur taluk belonging to the

reign of King Prabhutavarsha (Govinda III) is dated 806 A.D. It refers to a grant
made by the King in Kandamangala village for the Sivalaya (Bhoganandisvara)
constructed by Manikabbe (Ratnavali) at Nandi. This grant is stated to have been
made on the request of Kshatriya Mahabali Banaraja, named Sriparama
(Vijayaditya I), husband of Manikabbe. The latter was a daughter of Indapparasa
(Indra), brother of King Govinda III84. The grant was entrusted to Isvaradasa,
disciple of Kalasakti of Kalamukha sect who was head of the sthana.
The Collateral branch of the Gangas of Talakad
Keeping in mind the chronological order, the details of Chikballapur

copper plate inscriptions85 are placed here. It belongs to the collateral branch of
Gangas of Talakad and is found at Chikballapur in Chikballapur taluk. It is
assigned to the time of King Jayateja and is dated 810 A.D. It states that
Ratnavali, beloved queen of Vidyadhara (Vijayadittya I) and mother of Dadda,
the Bana chief constructed Sivalaya (Bhoganandisvara) at Nandi and donated
64
land. It also records that Isvaradasa, a chief disciple of the Kalamukha guru
Kalasakti was the head of the matha attached to the temple.
The Nolamba-Pallavas
The earliest inscription86 found at Nandi in Chikballapur taluk belonging to
the reign of King Nolambadhiraja is dated 880 A.D. It mentions that Puliyanna,
son of Ainurvachari, constructed a tower in the courtyard of a Sivalaya at Nandi,
from the funds provided by some gavtmdas. The tower (gopuram) was probably
constructed for Arunachalesvara temple.
The second inscription87 found at Avani in Mulbagal taluk belonging to the

reign of King Nolamba-Narayana (Polalchora II), is dated 890 A.D. It states that
the king’s wife Divabbarasi (Devambike) constructed Nolamba-Narayanesvara
temple at Poraramangala and donated a bell and a village called Yelanagara. The
temple is stated to have been constructed to commemorate the death of her son,
Vira Mahendra Nolambadhiraja. The details are confirmed by another record88
found at this place and also dated 890 A.D. But in this record Devambike is
stated to have named this temple after one of her husband’s title Nolamba-
Narayana.
The fourth inscription89 found at Avani in Mulbagal taluk does not name
the king and is undated. But it has been assigned to this dynasty90 and to the reign
of King Ayyapadeva and to 920 A.D.91 It states that Mahendra-bhatta constructed
a temple (kiriya degula) named Kaliyuga-Rudra, after one of the titles of the
famous Saiva priest Tribhuvana Kartara-bhatara, during the reign period of
Nolamba-Pallavas.
The fifth inscription92 found at Madigere in Chintamani taluk belonging to

the reign of King Pallavakulatilaka-Nolambadiraja is dated 931 A.D. It states that
65
Nagamayya (social identity unknown) donated a piece of land for the services of
god Kamesvara.
The sixth inscription93 found at Avani in Mulbagal taluk belonging to the

reign of King Dileeparasa is undated, but it has been assigned to 950 A.D.94 It
mentions that the King released some taxes of Avaniyasthana for the services of
god Mahadeva. As this inscription is engraved on the basement of the Satrughna
temple at Avani, we may assume that the god Mahadeva mentioned in this
inscription is the one and the same which is now called Satrughna temple.
The seventh inscription95 found at Anur in Chintamani taluk belonging to

the reign of King Iriva-Nolambdhiraja is dated 951 A.D. It registers a land grant
made by three people named Bhimayya, Nolamba and Tirumayya (social identity
unknown) for the services of god Bhimesvara.
The eighth inscription96 found at Avani in Mulbagal taluk, dated 961 A.D.
does not name the King. It is assigned to the reign of King Dileepa. It states that
Tribhuvana Kartara-deva, the Kaliyuga-Rudra, who was incharge of this sthana
at Avani for forty years, is stated to have constructed fifty temples and two big
tanks. He appears to have been a great Saiva guru, and as such, all those which
he constructed could have been Saiva temples.
The ninth inscription97 found at Uttanur in Mulbagal taluk belonging to the
reign of King Nanni-Nolamba is dated 969 A.D. It reveals that Nolamba-setti

donated a piece of land for the services of god Mahadeva.
The tenth98, eleventh99 and the twelfth100 inscriptions found at

Lakshmanesvara temple at Avani in Mulbagal taluk are undated. The tenth
inscription found on the Panchanga jagati to the south entrance of the
Lakshmanesvara temple runs thus - ‘Svasti Sri Vira-Nolambam., The eleventh
-b-'/ST* V P7 66
inscription engraved close to the tenth inscription found to the right reads thus -
‘Svasii Sri Tribhuvana-Devam. ’ The twelfth inscription engraved on the north
outer wall of the Lakshmanesvra temple is found to the right of the sculpture of
Tribhuvana Kartara-deva. It reads - Sri Tribhovana kartara.’- bhatara’. These
records help to infer that the Lakshmanesvara temple was built by Tribhuvana
Kartara-deva with the help of King Anniga (Bira Nolamba), probably in the year
940 A.D.101
The thirteenth102, fourteenth103 and fifteenth104 inscriptions are engraved on
the basement of Isvara temple in Gattukamadenahalli of Bowringpet taluk. These

inscriptions do not reveal the names of the dynasty, the King or the date on which
they were issued. But they have been assigned to Nolamba-Pallava dynasty105.
The inscriptions, however, state that a temple was constructed and endowed by
Vammagachari-setti and the grant was received by Tiruperi-bhatta, the priest, and
Nolambachari, the architect of the temple.
The Cholas
The earliest inscription106 found at Kundatti in Kolar taluk belonging to the

reign of King Rajaraja I is dated 991 A.D. It records that Rajendra-Sola-
Palavaradittan alias Mukkarasar, the chief of Kaduvetti, built a temple on the hill
Virasritirumalai at Surur and endowed a village named Purakuttai for the services
of god Somesvara Udaiya-Mahadevar. The second inscription107 found at Siti-
betta in Kolar taluk belongs to the above mentioned king. It is dated 1005 A.D. It
informs that Tanma-setti and others granted land for the services of god
....kshetrapala-deva. Kshetrapala is understood to be guardian-deity, in the form
of Siva Bhairava108.
About five inscriptions issued during the reign of Rajendra Chola Deva I
(from 3rd to 7th), refer to Saiva temples. They are as follows:
67
The third inscription*09 found at Kaivara in Srinivaspur taluk is dated 1015
A.D. It states that Pudiyanna, the son of Macharasa, a local chief, donated land
for the services of god Gangesvara. The fourth inscription110 found at Kolar in
Kolar taluk is dated 1023 A.D. It states that Vira-Sola (social identity unknown)
donated a piece of land for the services of god Bhattara of Kuvalalam (Kolar).
The name of the god is erased. Since the land grant was made to Siva-brahmanas,
we may presume that the temple to which he was attached belonged to Saivism.
The fifth inscription111 found at Nancharalu in Bagepalli taluk is dated 1033 A.D.
It mentions that Tasari-ppanman Kattaman, a chief of Kudal-12 in Irumadi-nadu,
donated a piece of land to the temple of Mahadeva at Tasari. The sixth
inscription112 found at Nandi in Chikballapur taluk is dated 1033 A.D. The name
of the king is effaced, but it states that Machayya-gamunda, Irayaman, Ponnayan
and other inhabitants of the village (social identity unknown) offered a piece of
land for the services of god Ma-Nandi-Isvaram-Udaiyar of the village Nandi and
placed it under the protection of the Mahesvaras. The seventh inscription113
found at Tamaka in Kolar taluk is dated 1041 A.D. It refers to the grant made by
the king for god Mahadeva alias Tiruviramisvara-Udaiyar of the village Kalani.
About four inscriptions issued during the reign of Rajadhiraja I (from 8th to
11th), refer to Saiva temples. They are as follows:
The eighth inscription114 found at Mindigal in Chintamani taluk is dated

1048 A.D. It records that dandanayaka Appimayya alias Rajendra-Chola-
Brahma-Maraya, a subordinate of King Rajadhiraja I donated a piece of land and
an oil-mill for the temple of Somesvara of Mindunigallu (Mindigal) when it was
renovated by Bairayya, son of Muddarasa of Muruganamale. Bairayya was also
known as Rajendra-Chola-Pompalamaraya. The ninth inscription115 found at
Nandi in Chikballapur taluk is dated 1049 A.D. It states that an officer named
68
Vira-Vichchadira-Muvendra Velar alias Mathur Udaiyar Satti....offered a gold
plate and some ornaments (specified) for the god Maha-Nandisvaram-Udaiya-
Mahadevar of Nandi hill. The tenth inscription116 found at Yeldur in Mulbagal
taluk is dated 1050 A.D. It states that Virarakshasa-Brahma-Mararyan alias
Samundan-Irugaiyan of Iratiyur (social identity unknown) donated a vast piece of
land for the services of god Isanisvaram-Udaiya Mahadeva of Iratiyur. Another
inscription has almost the same details as found in the tenth inscription. It
states that the patron belonged to the Sandiliyan gotra.
The earliest inscription118 found at Nekkundi in Chintamani taluk is dated
955 A.D. It states that Gamunda Somideva donated a piece of land for the
services of a god, which was in all probability the same one located in the temple
of Somesvara, on the basement of which the inscription has been found.
The second inscription119 found at Pedda-Negavare in Mulbagal taluk is
dated 1046 A.D. It refers to two donors, a nayaka and another named Madeya,
who made land grants for the services of gods Mallikarjuna and Mahadeva.
Table showing Saiva Temples and Images in Kolar District

No. King/ Images
Date
1. Gangas of Kantesvara Sivamara (II), son ECX, Kl, 6.
Talakad of Sripursha
Sripurusha
753 A.D.
2. -do- Duggamara Ibid., Sp. 57.
Undated Ereyappor, son of
770 A.D. Sripurusha
3. Rashtrakutas Sivalaya of 1. King Ibid., XVII.
Govinda III Manikabbe at Nandi 2.Ratnavali, wife CB. 106.
806 A.D. (Bhoganandisvara ofMahabali
69
temple) Banaraja
4. Collateral -do- Ratnavali Ibid., 66.
branch of
Gangas of
Talakad
Jayateja
810A.D.
5. Nolamba Arunachalesvara Gavtmdas Ibid, 26.
Pallavas temple at Nandi
Nolambadhiraja
880 A.D.
6. -do- Nolamba-Naraya- Divalabbarasi Ibid, X,
890 A.D. nesvara temple at Mb. 38.
Poraramangala
7. -do- -do- -do- Ibid., 50.
Polalchora II
890 A.D.
8. -do- Kaliyuga-Rudra Mahendra-bhatta Ibid., Mb.
Ayyapadeva temple (a Saiva (?) 67.
920 A.D. guru)
9. -do- Kamesvara Nagamayya (?) ASMAR
Pallava- 1924, p.
Kulatilaka 48.
Nolambadhiraja
931 A.D.
10. -do- Mahadeva at Avani King EC X, Mb.
Dileepayya 51
Undated
950 A.D.
11. -do- Bhimesvara 1. Bhimayya (?) Ibid, Ct.
951 A.D. 2.Nolamba (?) 49.
3.Triuvayya (?)
12. -do- Fifty temples Tibhuvana- Ibid, Mb.
961 A.D. (Unnamed) Kartara-deva 65.
13. -do- God Mahadeva Nolamba-iSer/i Ibid, Mb.
Nanni-Nolamba 122.
969 A.D.
14. -do- Lakshmanesvar Vira Nolamba (?) Ibid, XVII,
Anniga temple at Avani Mb. 293.
Undated
(940 A.D.).
15. -do- -do- Tribhuvana-deva Ibid, 294.
70
16. -do- -do- Tribhuvana- Ibid, X,
Kartara-bhatara Mb. 43.
17. -do- Isvara temple at Vammagachari- Ibid, XVII,
King (?) Gattu-Kamadena- setti Bg-100.
Undated halli
18. -do- -do- -do- Ibid, 101.
19. -do- -do- -do- Ibid., 102.

20. Cholas Somesvara Udaiya- Rajendra-Sola- Ibid, X, Kl.
Rajaraja I Mahadevar Pallavaradittan (a 75.
991 A.D. Chola chief)
21. -do- Kshetrapaladeva Tmma-setti and Ibid, XVII,
1005 A.D. others Kl. 44 (R).
22. -do- Gangesvara Pudiyanna (local Ibid., Sp.

Rajendra Chola chief) 17.
Deval
1015 A.D.
23. -do- Bhattara of Vira-Sola............ Ibid, Kl.
1023 A.D. Kuvalalam (Kolar) (?) 112ff.
24. -do- Mahadevar Tasari- Ibid, Bg. 7.
1033 A.D. ppanmankattaman
(a chief)
25. -do- Ma-Nandi-Isvaram- Machayya- Ibid, CB.
Udaiyar of Peru gavunda, 23.
Nandi Irayaman,
Pannayan and
inhabitants of the
village
26. -do- Mahadeva alias King Ibid, Kl.
1041 A.D. Tiruviramisvara- 149b.
Udaiyar at Kalani
27. -do- Somesvara 1. dandanayaka- Ibid., Ct.
Rajadhiraja I Appimayya 30.
1048 A.D. 2.Bairayya
28. -do- Ma-Nandisvaram- Vira-Vichchadira- Ibid., CB.
1049 A.D. Udaiya-Mahadevar Muvendra-Velar 21.
(an officer)
29. -do- Isanisvaram- Samundan- Ibid, Mb.
1050 A.D. Udaiya-Mahadeva Irugaiyan (?) 105c.
oflratiyur
71
30. -do- -do- -do- Ibid., Mb.
106a.
31. Unidentified God (?) gavunda- Ibid., Ct.

Dynasty Somideva 34.
Anonymous
955 A.D.
32. -do- Mallikarjuna Nayaka and Ibid., Mb.
1046 A.D. Madeya (?) 235.
BELLARY DISTRICT
Thirty-nine inscriptions, referring to Saiva temples have been found in this

district. Of them, one belongs to the Chalukyas of Badami, five to the
Rashtrakutas, twenty-four to the Chalukyas of Kalyana, five to the Nolamba-
Pallavas. The dynastic affiliation of four records cannot be ascertained.
The only inscription120 found at Chippagiri in Alur taluk belonging to the

reign of King Vijayaditya Satyasraya (696-733 A.D.) is undated. It refers to a gift
of land, a tank, a well, and a flower garden granted by Bantarasa (probably a
local chieftain) to Dharmma-bhatara to be used for the services of a god (name
not mentioned). On the assumption that Dharmma-bhatara was a Saiva priest, it
has been held that the temple with which he was associated was that of Siva.
The Rashtrakutas
The earliest inscription121 found at Doddimakala in Adoni taluk belonging

to the reign of King Goyindra-Ballaha (Govinda IV) is dated 931 A.D. It states
that Kama-setti, a bangle merchant, donated a piece of land to the temple of god
Kamesvara and to the servants attached to it.
72
The second inscription122 found on Kumarasvami hill at Sandur in Sandur
taluk belonging to the reign of King Krishnaraja (Krishna III; 939-967 A.D.) is
undated. It refers to a grant of the village Kereyapalli lovingly given by the King
for the services of god Shanmukha on Kumarasvami hill.
The third inscription123 found at Kolgallu in Bellary taluk belonging to the

reign of King Akalavarshadeva (Krishna HI) is dated 966 A.D. It records that
Gajadharayya (Gadadhara) was in charge of Samyuktasvami Karttikeya-
tapovana.
Another inscription124 found at the same place mentioned above, belonging

to the reign of King Khottiga is dated 967 A.D. It reveals that Gadadhara hailed
from Gauda country (Bengal) and this virtuous and learned saint installed the
images of Karttikeya and Mahesvara at Kolgallu, along with some other images
of Hindu gods in memory of his deceased elders, with a view to attain an abode
in heaven.
The fifth inscription125 found at Kudatini in Bellary taluk belonging to the

reign of the same King mentioned above, is dated 971 A.D. It is found engraved
on the platform (jagati) of Kumarasvami tejpple. It reveals that Gadadhara of
Bhattatala village installed the image of Skanda and the ruling King made a land
grant for the god and the temple.
The first two inscriptions126, found at Kudatini in Bellary taluk, issued
under the reign of King Ahavamalladeva (Taila II) are dated 976 A.D. They
register a land grant for the services of god Svamideva and for Bhairava, in the
presence of dandasani Gadadhara-brahmacharin and others. This is the same
73
Gadadhara referred to earlier in the Rashtrakuta records but the attribute
dandasani is added to his name in the records.
The third inscription127 found at Kanchagara-belagallu in Alur taluk
belonging to the same King mentioned above, is dated 981 A.D. It records that
the King re-confirmed land grants given earlier to three Siva temples as well as to
the Panchikesvara temple. The last part of the inscription supplies the
information that Revaladevi, wife of Vira-Nolamba-Pallava-Permanadideva, also
added some land grant for the services of god Kalapriya.
The fourth inscription128 found at Hampadevanahalli in Hospet taluk

belonging to the reign of King Vikramaditya V is dated 1014 A.D. It states that
queen ‘.... vabbarasi’ of Iriva-Nolambhadhiraja released land revenue (panrtasu)
for the services of god Mahakala at Pampa (Hampi).
About twelve inscriptions issued during the reign of King Jagadekamalla I

tli th
(Jayasimha II) (from 5 to 16 ), refer to Saiva temples. They are as follows:
The fifth inscription129 found at Mallayyanagudda in Siruguppa taluk is

dated 1017 A.D. It states that the Nolamba-Pallava chief, Jagadekamalla
Nolamba Psallava Pemanadi, donated the village Siriyanuru for the services of
god Mailardeva. This appears to be the earliest reference to god Mailara-linga,
one of the most popular folk-deties in Karnataka.
The sixth inscription130 found at Bagali in Harapanahalli taluk is dated

1018 A.D. It mentions that pergade Narasinghayya, under the orders of
Nolamba-Pallava chieftain Jagadekamalla Permanadi alias Udaiyaditya, reached
Balguli (Bagali), and washing the feet of Somasingha bhalara in the presence of
mahajanas of this center, donated a piece of land for the offerings of god
74
Kalidevasvami of Bagali. A reference is made to Logesvara temple, while
mentioning the boundaries of the donated land.
The seventh inscription131 found at Pura in Kushtagi taluk (now in Koppala

district) is dated 1018 A.D. It refers to the land grants given by a dandanayaka
(name effaced) to Kondayavari Ayyana in the presence of god Virupaksha of
Hampi. It also refers to a land grant given to god of Mulasthana and Kalideva at
Hampi.
The eighth inscription132 found at Hiremagalageri in Harapnahalli taluk is

dated 1021-22 A.D. It refers to the construction of the temple of Svayambhudeva,
probably by manevergade Pallava..... Brahmadhiraja and to the land grants given
by him as well as dandanayaka Polalamayya. The Svayambhudeva temple is
stated to have been located at the upper parts of the town and its chief custodian
was Brahmarasi-jiya.
The ninth inscription133 found at T.Ramapura in Siruguppa taluk is dated

1022 AD. It mentions that one Tondehala Kambeya (social identity unknown)
installed god Mahadeva and donated some land for its services to Balachandra-
jiya-
The tenth inscription134 found at Talavagalu in Harapanahalli taluk is dated
1034 AD. It registers a land grant given by Nolamba-Pallava chief Udayaditya,

for the services of god Bhogesvara of Talavage. While defining the boundaries of
this land-grant, a reference to Mahadeva’s temple is recorded. Another land grant
was added to this by a lady named Kanchiyabbe.
The eleventh inscription135 found at Chimnahalli in Hadagali taluk is dated

1034-35 A.D. It registers a grant of a piece of land, taxes and an oil-mill by
manevergade Ketaya-nayaka along with aruvottokkalu to the upkeep and services
75
of god Kalideva at Nelkudure. The administrative responsibility of these grants
was entrusted to Duggaraja-pandita. A reference to god Mulasthanadeva is found
while mentioning the boundaries of the donated land.
The twelfth inscription136 found at Tumbigere in Harapanahalli taluk is

dated 1034-35 A.D. It states that vergade Chandimayya-nayaka with the consent
of the King Jayasimha II granted a piece of land for the services of god
Mulasthanadeva of Tumbigere.
The thirteenth inscription137 found at Bagali in Harapanahalli taluk is dated
1035 A.D. According to this, the aivadimbru (fifty mahajanas), and other
residents of Bagali met in the temple of Kalideva and made arrangements from
the taxes collected for the maintenance of a feeding house (satra), a dancer
(patra), and also for the administration of the income from the house given away
by this patra.
1 38
The fourteenth inscription found at Mannere-Masalavada in
Harapanahalli taluk is dated 1036 A.D. It states that a manneya named Ayyana-
Bhivajogarasa, Mmz-gavmda, Mvko.-gavunda, Rachamma-govM«dar,
Bhogayachayya and Sahadevayya (social identity unknown) made a land grant to
Kalideva temple of Mulasthana. A water tank situated in front of the temple of
Mahadeva was also donated to it by the same patrons.
The fifteenth inscription139 found at Oruvayi in Bellary taluk is dated 1036

A.D. It registers a land grant by the Nolamba-Pallava King Udayaditiyadeva, the
subordinate of Jayasimha II, and his sister Revaladevi, the queen of Jayasimha II,
to brahmana Mahadevashanangi, Krishnayya and Tuppada-Devayya for having
immersed the bones of the Nolamba-Pallava queen Mahadevi in the Ganges and
for the services of a god (name effaced) at Oruvayi. The grant was entrusted to
Trailokapandita, which helps to infer that the god belonged to Saivism.
76
The sixteenth inscription140 found at Sogi in Hadagali taluk is dated 1038
A.D. This, much effaced inscription seems to register a land grant for the services
of god (name damaged) by a patron (name damaged), but from the priest and the
matha attached to it, it has been surmised that the temple belonged to Saivism.
About eight inscriptions issued during the reign of King Somesvara I also
called Trailokyamalladeva Ahavamalla, (from 17th to 24th), refer to Saiva
temples. They are as follows:
The seventeenth inscription141 found at Hachcholli in Siruguppa taluk is

dated 1044 A.D. It registers a land grant given by the king’s mandalika named
Vidayyananati at Pachcholli to Trailokyamalla-jiya, a Saiva priest. Probably this
was made over to this Saiva priest for the maintenance of a Saiva temple.
The eighteenth inscription142 found at Sirivaram in Bellary taluk is dated

1044 A.D. It states that Puliyanna, the urodeya of Kappekallu and Pallavarasa, a
subordinate of Odeyaditya (Udayaditya) made over some land grants to
Jyeshtharasi-balara for the purpose of conducting services in the Mahadeva
temple. A piece of land, a garden and an oil-mill was also included in this grant.
Part of the income obtained from the land given by this donor was meant for the
maintenance of a matha.
The nineteenth inscription143 found at Satturu in Harapanahalli taluk is

dated 1044 A.D. It records that Sovimayya, the urodeya of Sattiyuru and
Kupparasa, a manneya of Masavadi-140, offered a piece of land and an oil-mill
for the services of god Mahadeva of Sattiyuru. The maintenance of all these was
entrusted to Dharmasiva, son of Davasiga.
The twentieth inscription144 found at Morigeri in Hagaribommanahalli

taluk is dated 1045 A.D. It states that Lenka-1000 (brave and dedicated
77
community of warriors) led by dandanayaka Tikanna built Nolambesvara and
Lenkesvara temples at agrahara Moringere to commemorate the death of
Udayaditya, Nolamba-Pallava chieftain, and obtained a tract of land called
Savantaya-pala from the King, and renaming it Sivapura, and made provisions
for the worship of these gods as well as for imparting education in the matha.
They caused the gift to be made by Ghattiyarasa, the Nolamba chieftain, in the
hands of Somesvara-pandita of the Lakulisa sect. The inscription also refers to
the construction of another temple of Govindesvara, facing the Nolambesvara
temple on the tank-bund called Kondagereyeri by Lenka-senabova (an
accountant), called Govindayya.
The twenty-first inscription145 found at the same place mentioned above is

dated 1046 A.D. It refers to the land grants further added by dandanayaka
Tikanna and others, probably for the services of gods Nolambesvara and
Lenkesvara in the presence of god Virupaksha, and entrusted it to the same
pandita. It also refers to the establishment of a well, tank, and a garden by
dandanayaka Somimayya, who donated it to Nolambesvara. Somimayya is
described as Sivapadashekara. Another land grant was made to the god by two
brothers named Nagavarmayya and Vishanayya (sons of urodeya Naranamayya).
The twenty-second inscription146 found at Mailara in Hadagali taluk is

dated 1046 A.D. It refers to Pergade Kalidasayya, who after washing the feet of
Chillukacharya gifted a piece of land, two houses and a stall, for the services of
gods Svayambhudeva and Mulasthanadeva.
The twenty-third inscription147 found on the same tablet along with the
above mentioned inscription mentions the same patron and the same date. It is
badly damaged, but records that pergade made a special provision for burning a
perpetual lamp in the temple of the Mulasthana.
78
The twenty-fourth inscription148 found at Sirastahalli in Harapanahalli
taluk is dated 1048 A.D. It states that manneya Kokarasa, urodeya Puttiyanna,
\2Q-mahajanas and amvattokkalu entrusted some land, six hundred arecanut
trees, twelve house-sites and two oil-mills to Vidyanidhi-panditha for the service
of god Sankaradeva of Mulastham at Sirave [de]. Further details say that several
members of different communities and professions added more grants to this.
Dandayya, Puttiyanna’s son-in-law, gave a row of arecanut trees from his grove,
an accountant (karana) from Kottara gave five panas (gold coins), some pluckers
of betel-leaves (koylalis) donated some land and coins, Bhayipayya (social
identity unknown) donated some tax, Somanathayya and a certain
Malayyanerehayya gave the same to the above god. This temple belonged to the
Lagudiga (Lakulisa) sect is borne out by this record.
About five inscriptions issued during the reign of King Jagadekamalla-

Nolamba-Pallava-Permanadi alias Udayaditya (from 1st to 5th), refer to Saiva
temples. They are as follows:
4
The earliest inscription149 found at Halenelludi in Bellary taluk is undated,

but can be assigned to 1025 A.D. It states that Pallava-Permanadi, alias
Udayaditya, granted a piece of land for the services of god Siddhesvaradeva of
Nerundigallu. The second inscription150 found at Kalkambha in Bellary taluk is
dated 1028 A.D. It states that Sahale-gavunda made a grant of some land for the
service of the god Mahadeva of Mulasthana at Chihanapatti. The third
inscription151 found at Somalapura in Bellary taluk is dated 1030 A.D. It states
that Nolamba chief Kanakarasa made a gift of land for the service of god
Mahadeva of Arakere. The fourth inscription found at Dammuru Kaggallu in
Bellary taluk is dated 1033 A.D. It records that Urodeya Udayaditya of Sigadevi
79
made a gift of land to Uttamarasi-pandita for the worship of god Mahadeva. The
fifth inscription153 found at Kanchikere in Harapanahalli taluk is dated 1039 A.D.
It states that the sandhivigrahi (minister in charge of peace and war) Aridasayya
set up a lirtga and granted some land for its worship.
An inscription154 found at Kudatini in Bellary taluk, dated 981 A.D., does

not name the King nor the dynasty as it is mutilated. It registers some gift of land
for the repairs and white wash. As the inscription is on the pillar in the
Kumarsvami temple at Kudatini, the grant was obviously made for Skanda. The
second inscription155 found at Bagali in Harapanahalli taluk, dated 1031 A.D.,
does not name either the King or the dynasty. It refers to the temple of Kalideva.
The third inscription156 found on Kumarasvami-betta in Sanduru taluk, dated
1045 A.D., is engraved in the Kumarasvami temple to the left side of the pedestal
of the linga. It states that Dharmambudhi, son of Chanayachari and grand son of
Hampachar! of Orwe installed an image of a peacock, vehicle of Kumara. The
fourth inscription found at Kudatini in Bellary taluk, dated 1050 A.D., registers
a piece of land given for the services of god Somesvara by a lady called
Jasanakabbe (social identity unknown).
Table showing Saiva Temples and Images in Bellary District

No. King/ Images
Date
1. Chalukyas of God (Name not Bantarasa SII IX, pt-i,
Badami found) (probably a local 48.
Vijayaditya chief)
Undated
(696-733 A.D.).
80
2. Rashtrakutas Kamesvara Kamasetti Ibid, 60.
Goyindara- (bangle-
Ballaha IV merchant)
931 A.D.
3. -do- Shanmukha on King ASMAR
Krishna III Kumarasvami hil 1935, pp.
Undated near Sandur 136ff.
(939-967 A.D.).
4. -do- Samyuktasvami Gajadharayya (an SII IX, pt-i,
966 A.D. Karttikaya ascetic) 67.
tapovana at
Kolgallu
5. -do- Karttikeya and -do El XXI, pp.
Khottiga Mahesvara at 260ff.
967 A.D. Kolgallu
6. -do- Skanda at Kudatini -do- SII IX, pt-i
971 A.D. 70.
7. Chalukyas of 1. Svamideva King Ibid, pt-i,
Kalyana 2. Bhairavadeva 72.
Taila II
976 A.D.
8. -do- -do- -do- Ibid., 73.
9. -do- 1. Three Siva -do- Ibid., 74.

temples
2. Panchikesvara
3. Kalapriya
10. -do- Mahakaladeva at Queen......... vab Ibid, 79.
Vikramaditya V Pampa (Hampi) barasi
1014 A.D.
11. -do- Mailaradeva at Nolamba Pallava KUES: I,
Jayasimha II Mallayyanagudda feudatory 59
1017 A.D. chieftain pp. 132-
Udayaditya 133.
12. -do- 1. Kalideva of 1.Perggade SII IX, pt-i,
1018 A.D. Bagali Narasinghayya, 80.
2. Logesvara 2,Nolamba
temple Pallava
chieftain
alias Udayaditya
81
13. -do- 1. Virupakasha at KUES: II,
Hampi 18, pp. 296-
2. Mulasthana at 297.
Hampi
3. Kalideva at
Hampi
14. -do- Svayambhudeva at dandanayaka SIIIX, pt-i,

1021-1022 A.D. Meganagere Polalamayya 82.
15. -do- Mahadeva Tondehala KUES: I,
1022 A.D. Kambeya (?) 11, pp. 98-
99.
16. -do- 1. Bhogesvara at 1.Nolamba 57/IX, pt-i,
1034 A.D. Talavage Pallava 87.
2. Mahadeva chieftain
Udayaditya
2. Kanchiyabbe
(?)
17. -do- 1. Kalideva of 1. manevergade Ibid, 88.
1034-1035 A.D. Nelkuderi Ketayya-
2. Mulasthana nayaka
2. aruvattokkalu
18. -do- Mulasthanadeva veggade Ibid., 96.
ofTumbigere Chandimayya-
nayaka
19. -do- Kalideva at Bagali 1. Fifty Ibid., 89.
1035 A.D. mahajanas
2. other
inhabitants
3 .patrada
Siriyawe
20. -do- 1. Mulasthana 1. manneya Ibid., 90.
1036 A.D. Kalideva Ayyana-
2. Mahadeva Bhivajogarasa
and other
gavundas
2. individuals
21. -do- God at Oruvayi Nolamba-Pallava Ibid., 92.

(name effaced) King Udayaditya
and his sister
Revaladevi, wife
of Jayasimha II
82
22. -do- God (name — Ibid, 93.
1038 A.D. effaced)
23. -do- dehara (a temple) Vidayya-nanati KUES: I,
Somesvara I (mandalika) 18,
1044 A.D. pp. 103-
104.
24. -do- Mahadeva at 1. urodeya SIIIX, pt-i,

Sirivaram Puliyanna 98.
2. Pallavarasa
(subordinate)
25. -do- Mahadeva at 1. urodeya Ibid., 99.
Sattiyuru Sovimayya
2. manneya
Kupparasa
26. -do- 1. Nolambesvara 1. Lenka 1000 Ibid., 101.
1045 A.D. temple and
2. Lenkesvara dandanayaka
temple Tikkanna, their
3. Govindesvara at chief
Moringere 2. Govindayya
(senabova)
27. -do- 1. Nolambesvara 1. dandanayaka- Ibid, 104.
1046 A.D. temple Tikkanna,
2. Lenkesvara 2. dandanayaka
temple Sovimayya,
3. Virupaksha 3. Nagaramayya
temple and Vishnuyya
(sons of
urodeya)
28. -do- 1. Svayambhu- Perggade Ibid., 102.
deva temple Kalidasayya
2. Mulasthana
temple at
Mailara
29. -do- Mulasthana -do- Ibid, 103.

temple at Mailara
30. -do- Sankaradeva of 1. manneya Ibid., 107.
1048 A.D. Mulasthana at Kokarasa
Siravede 2. urodeya
Puttiyanna
3 .aruavattokkalu
83
4.120
mahajanas
5. Dandayya
6. koylalis and
others
31. Nolamba- Siddesvara of King KUES: I,
Pallavas Nerundigallu 51, p. 66.
Jagadekamalla
Nolamba Pallava
Peramadi deva
(Udayaditya)
Undated
(1025 A.D.).
32. -do- Mahadeva of Sahale-gcmmda Ibid, 49, p.
1028 A.D. Mulasthana at 65.
Chiyanapatti
33. -do- Mahadeva of Nolamba chief Ibid, 70,
1030 A.D. Arakere Kanakarasa pp. 86-87
34. -do- Mahadeva of urodeya Ibid, 1,58,

1033 A.D. Dammurukaggalu Udayaditaya pp. 74-75.
35. -do- linga sandhivighrahi SIIIX, pt-i,

1039 A.D. Aridasayya 94.
36. Unidentified Skandain Ibid, XVII,

Dynasty Kumarasvami 51.
Anonymous temple at Kudatini
981 A.D.
37. -do- Kalideva temple — Ibid, 93.
1031 A.D.
38. -do- Consecration of a Dharmambhudi isms I, 8,
1045 A.D. Peacock (son of p. 179.
Chanayachari)
39. -do- Somesvara Jasanakabbe (?) SII XVII,
1050 A.D. 56.
84
BIJAPUR DISTRICT
Forty-one inscriptions, associated with Saiva temples have been found in

this district. Of them, twelve belong to the Chalukyas of Badami, seven to the
Rashtrakutas and seventeen to the Chalukyas of Kalyana. The dynastic affiliation
of five records cannot be ascertained.
The earliest inscription158 found at Mahakuta in Badami taluk belonging to
the reign of King Mangalesa is dated 602 A.D. The inscription on the lower part
of a monolithic pillar, states that Mangalesa after conquring Kalachuri King
Budhavarasa, set up a pillar of victory and donated a part of the wealth acquired
during his conquests, along with ten villages around Mahakuta, in the presence of
his step-mother Durlabhadevi, for the services of Makutesvaranatha. As this
grant is stated to be an addition to what the king’s father and elder brother had
earlier given, it is obvious that the temple of Makutesvara was not the creation of
Mangalesa but of his father and brother Kirtivarma I.
The second inscription159 found at Aihole in Hungund taluk belonging to
the reign of King Vijayaditya is dated 709 A.D. The inscription engraved on the
outer wall of the Huccimalli temple I at Aihole, states that the king consented to
release a measure of oil for burning a perpetual lamp in this temple. The original
name of the temple is lost but there is a linga in the garbhagriha.
The third inscription160 found at Pattadakal in Badami taluk belonging to

the reign of King Vijayaditya (696-733 A.D.) is undated. The record on a
monolithic pillar refers to the construction of Vijayesvara (Sangamesvara) temple
by the King Vijayaditya.
85
The fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh label inscriptions are found on the
pillars of the mantapa of the Vijayesvara (Sangamesvara) temple. The fourth
inscription161 found on the first pillar, reveals that Peggade Poleyachchi of
Mahadevigeri gave 51 gadyanas for the making of this pillar; the fifth
inscription162 on the second pillar records that it was donated by a certain person
named Vidyasiva, the sixth inscription163 on the third pillar records that a
courtesan (sule) of this temple named Chalabbe, donated three pillars to the
temple. The seventh inscription164 found on the fourth pillar records that a certain
Matibodamma (probably an officer) donated two pillars. All these inscriptions do
not mention the name of the king or the date. But as they refer to the donations
for the pillars’ construction, it can be inferred that it was during the reign of King
Vijayaditya (696-733 A.D.).
The eighth inscription165 found at Mahakuta in Badami taluk belonging to
the same king mentioned above, is undated. It refers to Vinapoti, one of the
beloved consorts (pranavallabe) of the king who bestowed the entire gift of the
hiranyagarbha (a mahadana), and also a pedestal of rubies and a silver umbrella,
and some land for Makutesvara.
The ninth inscription166 found at Pattadakal in Badami taluk belonging to

the reign of King Vijayaditya and his son Vikramaditya II, is undated. It can be
assigned to 733-34 A.D. or to an earlier date. It refers to a grant of a stone throne
and a bracelet for god Lokapalesvara, the architect of which temple was
Anantaguna. This inscription referring to Lokapalesvara temple probably might
have been brought and placed in the Lokesvara temple at Pattadakal167.
The tenth inscription168 found at the same place mentioned above, is
undated. It refers to the establishment of the temple of Lokesvara-bhattaraka by

Lokamahadevi, senior queen of Vikramaditya II, to commemorate her husband’s
86
three victories against the Pallavas of Kanchi. Another inscription169 from the
same place mentioned above, is also undated. It records that the king made a land
grant, comprising of Nareyangal-50 to the temple of Lokesvara. -A grain grant
was also made by the people (samaya) of the place.
The twelfth inscription170 found at Pattadakal in Badami taluk belonging to

the reign of King Kirtivarma II is dated 754 A.D. The inscription is found on a
monolithic pillar standing in the middle of three temples; Vijayesvara-bhattaraka,
Lokesvara-bhattaraka and Trailokyesvara-bhattaraka. It not only refers to the
establishment of the Vijayesvara (Sangamesvara) and Lokesvara temples
respectively by Vijayaditya and Lokamahadevi, but it also registers the
establishment of another temple named Trailokyesvara by Trailokyamahadevi,
younger queen of Vikramaditya II and sister of Lokamahadevi and also the
mother of Kirtivarma II. Both these queens hailed from Haihaya royal family
(Kalachuris), and were married to Vikramaditya II. Reference to the
Trailokyesvara temple is found only in this pillar inscription. The temple was
erected by Trailokyamahadevi to commemorate her husband’s three victories
against the Pallavas of Kanchi. An acharya called Jnanasiva, who hailed from the
Mrigathanikahara vishaya, on the banks of the Ganges had taken residence in the
Vijayesvara temple, is stated to have made a land grant for the worship and other
religious activities in order to seek god’s blessings for his parents and himself.
The Rashtrakutas
The earliest inscription171 found at Pattadakal in Badami taluk belonging to

the reign of King Dharavarsha Shri Kali-ballaha (Dhruva, 780-793 A.D.) is
undated. It records that Badi-poddi, the daughter of Goyinda-poddi a courtesan
attached to the Lokamahadevi temple (Lokesvara), made grants, which included
land, gosasa (thousand cows), a horse-chariot, an elephant-chariot, and a
87
ubhayamukhi (a calving cow). This is the earliest reference to gosasa dam found
in Karnataka.
The second inscription172 found at Aihole in Badami taluk mentions the

name of the King Amoghavarsha, is undated. It is assigned to 844-894 A.D.173
but in the 9th century A.D. it can only be Amoghavarsha I, because his reign
period is 814-878 A.D.174 The inscription is on a wall of the temple, on the right
side of Ravalapadi cave. It registers that when the King had newly assumed
power, Balakartara-bhatara, the disciple of Aryakartara-bhatara, made some
grant. Other details are damaged. The name of the temple or of the god and the
purpose of the grant is not found, but as all the temples near Ravalapadi cave
belonged to Saivism, it can be inferred that the grant was made to a Saiva god.
The third inscription175 found at Badami in Badami taluk, does not mention
the name of the king, nor does it mention the date. On palaeographical grounds it
has been assigned to c. 9th century A.D. The inscription on the north wall of the
Bhutesvara temple is assigned to the Rashtrakuta dynasty176. This temple was
originally constructed during the period of Chalukyas of Badami, but there is no

clear proof to date either the temple or the record. It registers a land grant made
to god Bhutesvara-bhatara by a certain Shridhara of Painga lineage.
The fourth inscription177 found at Lokapur in Mudhol taluk belonging to

the reign of King Akalavarsha Krishna II (878-914 A.D.) is undated. It records
that Lokate, a Chellaketana feudatory constructed a temple for god Hara and
found a town bearing his name, Lokapura.
The fifth inscription178 found at Mahakuta in Badami taluk is dated 934

A.D. It does not name the king or the dynasty. But it is assigned to Govinda IV
and is placed under Rashtrakuta dynasty179. It registers a grant of two villages
named Nandikesvara and Nellige (Neluvigi) by mahasamanta Bappuarasa. As
88
the inscription is found on a stone pillar in the sabha-mantapa of the
Mahakutesvara temple, it is belived that the grant was made for Makutesvara.
The sixth inscription180 found at Aihole in Hungund taluk belonging to the
reign of King Khottigadeva is dated 971 A.D. The inscription is engraved on a

pillar like gosasa stone set in front of the Huccimalli temple II. It states that a
person named Shanta-gavunda built a degula and made a gift of gosahasra.
Without any doubt the inscription refers to the Huccimalli II temple which is in
the complex of Huccimalli temples at Aihole.
1 ft 1
The seventh inscription found at Badami in Badami taluk does not name
the king, but on palaeographical grounds has been assigned to c. 10th century
A.D. This inscription engraved on a pillar in the mantapa of the Bhutanatha

temple states that a certain Kariya Sodiyamma made some gift for god
Bhutesvara. This is the same temple which is already mentioned in the third
inscription dated c. 9th century A.D.
The earliest inscription found at Bhairanamatti in Bagalkot taluk

belonging to reign of King Taila II is dated 990-91 A.D. This inscription was
carved on a stone during the reign of King Somesvara II (1068-76 A.D.) that was
referred from some antique record. The inscription from lines 1 - 50, states that
mahasamanta Nagatiyarasa of the Sinda family of Bagadage, a feudatory of Taila
II, granted land for the services of god Sindesvara and entrusted it to Paratraya-
Simharasi.
The second inscription183 found at Tumbige in Muddebihal taluk belonging
to the reign of King Irivabedanga Satyasraya is dated 1004 A.D. It registers land
grants for god Brahmesvara and for the maintenance of a matha attached to this
89
temple located in Agrahara Tumbige, by the king’s subordinate setti-Brahmayya.
A land grant was also given by Aychakabbe, daughter of a certain Gennayya of
Kalkere, for the matha.
The third inscription184 found at Rugi in Indi taluk belonging to the reign
of King Ayyanadeva, younger brother of Vikramaditya V is dated 1015 A.D.
This is the only inscription that can be assigned to the short reign (about two
months) of this king. It states that mahasamanta Devanarasa donated a piece of
land, an oil-mill and three shops for the services of god Nagaresvara. The priest
is named Chandrashekarachaiya.
About ten inscriptions issued during the reign of King Jagadekamalla I

.L tli
(Jayasimha II) (from 4 to 13 ), refer to Saiva temples. They are as follows:
The fourth inscription185 found at Rugi in Indi taluk is dated 1019 A.D. It
states that at the request of mahasamanta Dasarasa, Ballavarasa made a land

grant for god Nagaresvara of Aneya Ruvige and entrusted it to Balachandra-
pandita for worship and offerings, as also for the maintenance of the ascetics of
the place. It mentions another land grant by mahasamanta Dhanasangrahayyarasa
of the Silahara family to the same god.
The fifth inscription186 found at Heggur in Bilgi Petha taluk is dated 1024
A.D. It registers a land grant given by mahasamanta Aytavarmarasa of

Ranamurkha family for the services of god Re[bba]lesvara and for the
maintenance of a school attached to this temple at Pergguru (Hegguru).
Vadighantadevadatta-pandita was entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining
and administering this grant.
The sixth inscription187 found at Devur in Sindgi taluk is dated 1029 A.D.
It states that Suggaladevi, queen of King Jagadekamalladeva, donated a piece of
90
land, two oil mills for conducting services for god Marasinghesvara of Devapura
(Devur) and as well as for maintenance of ascetics and students attached to this
temple and headed by Brahmarasi-pandita of the Pasupata sect.
The seventh inscription188 found at Bavur in Muddebihal taluk is dated

1032 A.D. This damaged inscription registers a land grant made to the matha of
Mulasthana temple at Kantipattana by mahasamanta Mailarasa. While defining
the boundaries of this grant, a reference is made to Kallesvara temple of
Madalakeri.
The eighth inscription189 found at Bidarkundi in Muddebihal taluk is dated
1032 A.D. It registers a land grant and an oil-mill made conjointly by the
mahasamanta Nagavarmarasa, Vavanayya-nayaka, the urodeya of Bidi[kku]nde,
[Kajvaraja and Rechimayya (social identity unknown), to a Siva temple and a
matha established by Isramayya, son of Devapayya.
The ninth inscription190 found at Tammadhaddi in Muddebihal taluk is
dated 1033 A.D. It registers a land grant by Balikabe-gavwwc//, the wife of

herggade and pasayita (a fief holder) Durgimaya, for the services of god
Ballesvara of Tambedhali (Tammadhaddi). It also refers to another land grant
made to god of Mulasthana at Tambedhali.
Hie tenth inscription191 found at Badami in Badami taluk is dated 1033
A.D. It records that Pergade Kanchiya Chavayya consecrated god Mallikaijuna at

Agastya Pushpagiri, south of Bhutesvara temple at Badami. On the strength of
the date specified in the record it is assigned to the reign of King Jayasimha II192.
The eleventh inscription193 found at Bhairanmatti in Bagalakot taluk is
dated 1033 A.D. It registers a land grant to a deity of Puradakeri and to god
Sindesvara by mahasamanta Nagatiyarasa, the feudatory Sinda chief of
91
Bagadage, which was entrusted to the acharya of the Sindesvara temple, Tejorasi-
pandita.
The twelfth inscription194 found at Bijapur in Bijapur taluk is dated 1040

A.D. It registers a grant of land, house-site, a flower garden and an oil-mill for
god Mulasthana Mahadeva at Benakanakavittage by Gavunda Pergade Melayya,
in the presence of manneya Nayimarasa and mahasamanta Mukarasa. This grant
is stated to have been made after receiving it from manneya Nayimarasa and
mahasamanta Mukarasa.
The thirteenth inscription195 found at Kannolli in Sindagi taluk is dated
1041 A.D. It states that mahasamanta Go[pa]larasa offered a land grant for the
services of god Bhogesvara of Kannavalli (Kannolli) and entrusted it to
Vamasakti-pandita. An incidental reference is made to another Saiva temple
located in this village (.... me[sva]radakeri).
About four inscriptions issued during the reign of King

Trailokyamalladeva Somesvara I (from 14th to 17th), refer to Saiva temples. They
are as follows:
The fourteenth inscription196 found at Almel in Sindgi taluk is dated 1044
A.D. It registers a land grant to the temple of god Uttaresvara which was
entrusted to Brahmarasi. The patron’s name is partly effaced {mahasamanta
Nayi....) but it is opined to be mahasamanta Nayiga of the Silaharas of
Elamela197.
The fifteenth inscription198 found at Rugi in Indi taluk is dated 1045 A.D.
It registers a gift of oil to god (probably Nagaresvara of Aneya Ruvige) by the
telligara-ayvattokkalu (guild of 50 families of oil men).
92
The sixteenth inscription199 found at Bagevadi in Bagevadi taluk is dated
1049 A.D. It registers a gift of land in the village Honnavadi by the king’s senior
queen Mailaladevi, in the presence of Billavarasa and others, for the renovation
and worship of god Somesvara, which was entrusted to Yogacharya Jnanarasi
Vyakhyanadeva of the Pasupata sect on the occasion of laksha-homa. Another
grant of land was made by Ketayya and Revanayya (social identity unknown)
and entrusted to Chandayya-bhattopadhyaya. A third grant was made by
Kalidasayya, son of Bachimayya-se/r/ to this god. The last part of the inscription
mentions that the sthanapati of this temple was a gorava.
The seventeenth inscription200 found at Shirur in Bagalkot taluk is dated

1049 A.D. It states that Prabhu Marasinghadeva granted a piece of land and a
sum of money for the services of gods in the Siddhesvara, Hatakesvara and
Bhairava temples and for the satra in the Siddhesvara temple. Tejorasi of Singha-
parshe (Simha-parishe) received this gift. The record makes incidental references
to the temples of Mallikarjuna and Uttaresvara and to the matha belonging to the
Uttaresvara temple. The last part of the inscription mentions that the sthanapati
was a gorava, probably belonging to the Siddhesvara temple.
*
An inscription found at Basarkod in Muddebihal taluk, on

paleographical has been assigned to c. 8th century A.D. It seems to refer to the
construction of a Saiva temple, but its details are lost.
Another damaged inscription202 found at Nagarahal in Badami taluk on

paleographical grounds has been assigned to c. 9th century A.D. The inscription
does not tell any thing in particular, but it is engraved on the south wall of the
Naganatha temple at Naganathanakolla. It is opined that this temple was built
during the reign of Chalukyas of Badami King Vijayaditya203.
93
The third inscription204 found at Badami in Badami taluk has been assigned
to c. 10th century A.D. on paleographical grounds. It records a praise of god
Somesvara by Madideva, a devotee. This damaged record also mentions
Agastya-Pushpagiri.
The fourth inscription205 found at Mathkal (Devanahalli) in Muddebihal
taluk is dated 1022 A.D. It registers a land grant and house-site to god Kalideva
of Savalige by tantrapala (army chief) Vennamayya nayaka.
The fifth inscription found at Bijapur in Bijapur taluk is dated 1041 A.D.
It registers a land grant by Bollabbe, the daughter of Gommarasa, to a temple
constructed by her. The name of the temple is not found, but as the gift was
entrusted to Chandrasekara-bhattara, it can be inferred that the temple belonged
to Saivism.
Table showing Saiva Temples and Images in Bijapur District

No. KingI Images
Date
1. Chalukyas of Makutesvara at King IA XIX, pp.
Badami Mahakuta 7ff.
Mangalesa
602 A.D.
2. -do- Huccimalli temple I -do- Ibid., VIII,
Vijayaditya of Aihole pp. 284ff.
709 A.D.
3. -do- Vijayesvara -do- Ibid, X,
Undated (Sangamesvara) at pp. 168ff.
(696-733 A.D.). Pattadkal
4. -do- -do- Perggade 57/XV, 453.
Poleayachhi
5. -do- -do- Vidyasiva IA X, p. 169.
6. -do- -do- Chalabbe (a Ibid., p.

courtesan) 170.
94
7. -do- -do- Matibodamma Ibid
administrator (?)
8. -do- Makutesvara at Vinapoti (King’s Ibid., pp.
Mahakuta pranavallabhe) 102ff.
9. -do- Lokapalesvara King and prince Ibid, pp.
temple Vikramaditya II 165ff.
10. -do- Lokesvara at Queen Ibid, pp.

Vikramaditya II Pattadakal Lokamahadevi 164ff.
Undated
(733-745 A.D.).
11. -do- -do- King and the Ibid, p.
samaya 167.
12. -do- 1. Vijayesvara 1. King £7111. pp.
Kirtivarma II 2. Lokesvara Vijayaditya Iff.
754 A.D. 3. Trailokyesvara at 2. Queen Lokama
Pattadakal hadevi
3. Queen
Trailokya-
Mahadevi
4. acarya
Jnanasiva
13. Rashtrakutas Lokesvara temple of Badi-poddi (a IA XI, pp.
Dharavarsha Lokamahadevi at courtesan) 124ff.
(Dhruva) Pattadakal
Undated
(780-793 A.D.).
14. -do- Siva temple at Balakartara- Annigeri,
Amogavarsha Aihole bhatara A.M.,
Undated ASK, 17, p.
(844-894 A.D.). 153.
15. -do- Bhutesvara temple Shridhara of Ibid, X,
King (?) at Badami Painga lineage pp. 61ff.
Undated
(c. 9th century
A.D.).
16. -do- Hara Lokate Annigeri,
Krishna II (Chellaketana A.M.,
Undated family feudatory DLSC,
(878-914 A.D.). chief) 1940-40 to
1942-43,2,
p. 27.
95
17. -do- Makutesvara temple mahasamanta IA X, pp.
Govinda IV at Mahakuta Bappuarasa 104ff.
934 A.D.
18. -do- Huccimalli temple Santa-gavunda SII, pt-i, 44.
Khottigadeva II at Aihole
971 A.D.
19. -do- Bhutesvara at Kariya Ibid., XV,
King (?) Badami Sodiyamma (?) 520.
c. 10th century
A.D.
20. Chalukyas of Sindesvara at mahasamanta £7III,pp.
Kalyana Bagalkot Nagatiyarasa 230ff.
Tailall
990-991 A.D.
21. -do- Brahmesvara at 1. Setti- Ibid., XVII,
Irivabedanga Tumbige Brahmmayya pp. 7ff.
Satyasraya (King’s subordi
1004 A.D. nate)
2. Aychakebbe (?)
22. -do- Nagaresvara at Rugi mahasamanta SI XX, 19.
Ayyanadeva Devanarasa
1015 A.D.
23. -do- Nagaresvara at 1.Ballavarasa (?) Ibid, 21.
Jayasimha II Aneya-Ruvige 2. mahasamanta
1019 A.D. Dhanasangraha-
yyarasa
24. -do- Re[bba]lesvara at mahasamanta Ibid., XI,
1024 A.D. Heggur Aytavarmarasa pt-i, 62.
25. -do- Marasingesvara at Queen Ibid., XX,
1029 A.D. Devapura Suggaladevi 23.
26. -do- 1. Mulasthana mahasamanta- Ibid, XI,

1032 A.D. temple at Mailarasa pt-i. 67.
Kanthipattana
2. Kallesvara
temple at
Madalakeri
27. -do- Sivalaya at 1. mahasamanta- Ibid, 66.
Bidarakundi Nagavarmarasa
2. Vavanayya-
Nayaka
(urodeya)
96
3.[Ka]varaja (?)
4.Rechimayya (?)
28. -do- 1. Ballesvara of Balikebe-gavundi Ibid., 68.
1033 A.D. Tambedhadi
2. Mulasthana of
Tambedhadi
29. -do- Mallikaijuna at Pergade Kanchiya Ibid., XV,
Badami Chavayya 529.
30. -do- 1. Puradakerideva mahasamanta El III,
2. Sindesvara Nagatiyarasa pp. 230ff.
(feudatory chief)
31. -do- Mulasthana Gavunda Pergade SIIXX, 26.
1040 A.D. Mahadeva at -Melayya
Benakana Vittage
32. -do- l.Bhogesvaraat mahasamanta- Ibid., 27.
1041 A.D. Khannavalli Go[pa]larasa
2..... me[sva]rada
keri
33. -do- Uttaresvara temple mahasamanta- Ibid., 30.
Somesvara I at Elemela Nayi........ (name
1044 A.D. effaced)
34. -do- Nagaresvara at telligara-ayvatto- Ibid., 45.
1045 A.D. Aneya Ruvige kkalu
35. -do- Somesvara at 1.Queen Ibid., XI,
1049 A.D. Bagevadi Mailadevi pt-i. 83.
2. Ketayya
3. Revanayya (?)
4. Kalidasayya
(son of
Bachimayya-setf/)
36. -do- 1. Siddesvara Prabhu Ibid., 85.
2. Hatakesvara Marasingadeva
3. Bhairava (an administrator)
4. Mallikarjuna
5. Uttaresvara
37. Unidentified Sivalaya Ibid., XV,
Dynasty 490.
Anonymous
c. 8th century
A.D.
38. -do- Naganatha temple at — Ibid., 510.
c. 9th century Nagarahal
97
A.D.
39. -do- Somesvara at Madideva (?) Ibid., 519.
c. 10th century Badami
A.D.
40. -do- Kalideva of tantrapala Ibid., 527.
1022 A.D. Savalige Vennamayya-
nayaka
41. -do- degula Bollabbe Ibid.,
1041 A.D. (daughter of XVIII, 331.
Gommarasa)
MYSORE DISTRICT
Thirty-six inscriptions referring to Saiva temples are found in this district.

Of them, ten belong to the Gangas of Talakad, two belong to the Rashtrakutas,
three belong to the Chalukyas of Varuna, thirteen belong to the Cholas and one
belongs to the Hoysalas. The dynastic affiliation of seven records cannot be
ascertained.
The earliest inscription207 found at Homma refers to the rule of King

Konguni Muttarasa Sripurusha and is undated. But the King’s reign was from
725 to 788 A.D.208 It registers gifts of land to god Vinitesvara of Polma jointly by
Devendra-tammadi, a Saiva priest and Muddegana (social identity unknown).
The second inscription209 found at Heggotara in Chamarajanagara taluk,

mentions the King to be Nitimarga-Permanadi, but Nitimarga I or II is not clear.
Also the date mentioned is not proper, but on palaeographical grounds the
inscription has been assigned to c. 9th century A.D. and to Nitimarga I210. It states
that Chavundabbe, wife of Permanadi-gavunda, and daughter of Jogabbe, the

illegitimate wife of Nitimarga-Permanadi, got a degula erected and granted
98
Teragala as property of the temple. This degula might be the same as the present
Ramesvara temple211.
'ji'y
The third inscription found at Toremavu in Nanjangud taluk, on

palaeographical grounds has been assigned to c. 9th century A.D. It is a damaged
record and mentions the king as Satyavakya. Rachamalla I and II both had the
secondary name of Satyavakya213. It records the name of Kaliyanna (social
identity unknown), as a devotee of god Amalesvara.
The fourth inscription214 is found at Basavanahalli in T.Narasipur taluk,

and on palaeographical grounds it has been assigned to c. 10th century A.D. It can
belong to the reign of King Marasimha II whose 6th regnal year (vibha) fell in
968-69215. It registers a gift of land by Ereyamma (social identity unknown) to
the temple of Ereyangesvara. The gift was entrusted to the sthanika Srikantha-
pandita-bhatara and the record was written by his disciple Lakulisvara-bhatara,
perhaps of the Lakulisa sect.
The fifth inscription216 found at Dodda Homma in Nanjangud taluk, dated

977 A.D., mentions the king to be Satyavakya Kongunivarma Permanadi, who is
Rachmalla IV217. It states that Ayyapa-gavunda and the 12 natives of Piriya
Homma made a gift of land, free of taxes for the services of god Mahadeva. The
gift was entrusted to Kuchi-bhatara, a disciple of Balasakti-bhatara of Sakti-
parishe. This temple was the sthana of Sakti-parishe. A reference to Chikkesvara
temple is recorded while mentioning the boundaries of the gift land.
The sixth inscription218 found at Madduru in Yalandur taluk, dated 982

A.D., does not name the king, and has been assigned to Rachamalla IV. It
registers a gift of land by the 1000 brahmanas of Maldur, for the temple
constructed by Pollayya (social identity unknown). It can be said that this temple
99
belonged to Saivism as this inscription is found on the northern wall of the
Desesvara temple at Madduru.
The seventh inscription219 found at Beluru in Mandya taluk, dated 997
A.D., mentions the king as Ganga-Permanadi, who is Rachamalla IV. This

damaged record registers a land grant to god Mahadeva by Nalayya (social
identity unknown).
The eighth inscription220 found at Kunturu in Kollegala taluk has been

assigned to c. 10th century A.D., and to King Kongunivarma Nitimarga
Peramanadi, who is Rachamalla IV. It registers a gift of land by the 12 natives

(parmirbaru) of the place to god Mahadeva and to Parama[satti]bhatara of the
temple. Another land grant was given by the King to the same god mentioned as
[Vi]nga Mahesvara.
The ninth inscription221 found at Nagarle in Nanjangud taluk is undated,

but on palaeographical grounds, it has been assigned to c. 10th century A.D. and
the king mentioned is Satyavakya Kongunivarma Permanadi, who is Rachamalla

IV. It states that Vidyadharayya (social identity unknown), obtaining land from
the king, granted it to the Nannayya temple, for feeding students and ascetics.
The thirteenth line of the inscription states that gmwe-Bijayita planted bilva (the
Bel) trees, which helps to infer that the Nannayya’s temple belonged to Saivism.
The tenth inscription222 found at Ganiganuru in Yalandur taluk is undated,

but on palaeographical grounds, it has been assigned to c. 10th century A.D. The
name of the ruling king is mentioned as Satyavakya-Permanadi. It is difficult to
identify the exact name of the king as four or five Gangas of Talakad kings had
the alternating title of Satyavakya in c. 10th century A.D.223 it registers grants of
land to god Arakuttisvara by Arakutti (Ghanarudra) of the Bali family. The grant
100
was entrusted to Sivasakti-bhattaraka who caused the temple to be made.
Polalabbe (social identity unknown) also granted lands for the same temple.
The Rashtrakutas
The earliest inscription224, a set of copper plates, found at Kadaba in Gubbi

taluk of Tumkur district belonging to King Prabhutavarsha (Govinda III) is dated
812 A.D. The inscription is noticed here because it is stated to refer Kannesvara
temple built by Krishna II, identified by some with the temple of that name in
Kannambadi225, though there is also a suggestion that it may be none other than
the Kailasanatha temple Ellora226. Though this inscription is found in Tumukur
district, it is placed in Mysore district as Kannambadi is located in

Krishnarajapete taluk (Chamarajanagara taluk).
The second inscription227 found at Atakur in Mandya taluk belonging to
the reign of King Kannaradeva (Krishna III) is dated 949-50 A.D. It refers to a
memorial stone set up in front of the Challesvara temple at Atakur for the hound
of a warrior named Manalera, a subordinate of Ganga Butuga II (a feudatory of
Krishna II) and to the deification of this heroic hound. The gorava of the
Challesvara temple was assigned with the responsibility of conducting worship of
this memorial. The hound is stated to have succumbed fighting against a wild
boar.
The Chalukyas of Varuna
The earliest inscription228 found at Kukkarahalli in Mysore taluk is

undated, but on palaeographical grounds, it has been ascribed to c. 10th century
A.D. It states that mahasamanta Narasingayya, the illustrious Chalukya chief,

erected the Narasingesvara temple and granted the village Manalevadi to it. The
second inscription229 found at Varuna in Mysore taluk is undated, but has been
101
assigned to c. 10th century A.D. It states that mahasamanta Durga made a land
grant for god Bhutesvara as deva-bhoga and entrusted it to Nannikartara-bhatara.

The third inscription230 found at the same place mentioned above, is undated, but
on palaeographical grounds, it has been assigned to c. 10th century A.D. It states
that mahasamanta Goggi granted a village named Aradagodupalli, as deva-bhoga
for god Bhutesavara and entrusted it to Nannikartara-balara.
The Cholas
The earliest inscription231 found at Kempanapura in T.Narasipur taluk
belonging to the reign of King Chola-Narayana (Rajaraja I) is dated 991 A.D. It

registers a land grant for the food of the ascetics and for repairs (of the temple)
by Poleyya of Kelluru (social identity unknown), in the presence of god to
Somarasi-bhattaraka of Isvara lineage. The name of the god and temple is not
mentioned, but by the name of the donee, it can be infered that it was a Saiva
temple.
The second inscription found at Bannur in T. Narasipur taluk belonging

to the reign of King Rajaraja I is undated, but it has been assigned to 1000 AD. It
registers grant of lands by a merchant named Madanmangalam from Tattana(u)r
and probably by the mahajanas, to the subsidiary shrines (tirumurram) of the
temple (Sri Koyil). The names of the deities and the temple are not clear as the
inscription is badly damaged. The inscription is on the basement cornice of the
sukhanasi of the Hanumantesvara temple.
The third inscription233 found at the same place mentioned above is also
undated, but on palaeographical grounds, it has been assigned to c. 10th century
A.D. and to the reign of King Rajaraja I. It is a fragmentary record found on the
temple basement mentioned above. It registers a grant of oil, rice, ghee and gold
made over to the temple treasury (devara bhandara). Other details are lost.
102
The fourth inscription234 found at Balamuri in Srirangapatna taluk
belonging to the reign of King Rajaraja I is dated 1012-13 A.D. It states that
maha-dandanayaka Panchavan-marayan made a gift of rice for the services of
god Maha.... (effaced) of Balamuri (Balambu-tirtha) of Ballegula. The name
‘Maha....’ could refer to Siva. Maha-dandanayaka Panchavan-marayan is the
name given to King Rajendra-Chola Deva I, when he was yet a prince235.
About five inscriptions issued during the reign of King Rajendra Chola
Deva I (from 5th to 9th), refer to Saiva temples. They are as follows:
The fifth inscription236 found at Belatur in Heggadedevanakote taluk, is

dated 1020 A.D. It records the renovation of the broken temple of Beiaturu and
the consecreation of linga by Basava-setti, chief of Nugu-Nadu. He performed
rudra-homa, offered bali and gave a feast to thousand people. He, along with
Jayangonda-Chola-Permmadi-gavM«da of Beiaturu, donated land and flower
garden for the services of the god.
The sixth inscription237 found at Nandigunda in Nanjangud Taluk is dated

1021 A.D. It records that Malla-gavunda, along with his father-in-law Erema and
his son-in-law Kumbayya, constructed the Mallesvara temple at Nandigunda. A
land grant was given by Md\\a-gavunda for the services of god Mallesvara.
The seventh inscription23* found at Nagarle in Nanjangud taluk is dated
1027-28 A.D. It registers a gift of paddy annually to the bhalara who performs
the worship (of god). The last portion of the inscription refers to the matha of
Singha-parishe. The name of the god and the temple is not found in the
inscription, but referring to bhalara and Singha-parishe, it can be inferred that the
gift was given to a Saiva temple. Singha-parishe (Simha-parishe) is one of the
sub-sects of Kalamukha sect.
103
The eighth inscription239 found at Sutturu in Nanjangud taluk is dated 1032
A.D. It registers several land grants for the temples of Isana-Isvara-mudaiyar and
Mulasthana-mudaiyar of Srotiyur, by the mahajanas, the samaya and sabha, and
also by Puvina-setti and Chavundayya (social identity unknown). The temple of
Mulasthanadeva was constructed by Gundabbe, wife of Marayya-seft/, who also
gave land grant to it. Her son Doreyya-setti made a similar gift to the same gods.
The sabha, the samaya including the nanadesi made grants of money, land, and
oil mill etc., for burning a perpetual lamp in the temple of Isana-Isvara-mudaiyar
and for the maintenance of the tank. The gifts were entrusted to Brahamalinga-
bhalara. A reference to the temple of Mahadeva is recorded while mentioning the
boundaries of the flower garden.
The ninth inscription240 found at Tadimalingi in T.Narasipur taluk is dated

1043-44 A.D. It registers land grants by the nagarattar (leading men of the city)
at Jananadapuram in Idi-nad, of Gangai-konda-sola-valanad, in Mudigonda-sola-
mandalam, to god Suddamellisvaram-Udaiya Mahadeva.
About four inscriptions issued during the reign of King Rajadhiraja I (from
10th to 13th), refer to Saiva temples. They are as follows:
The tenth inscription241 found at Sagyam in Kollegal taluk is dated 1045-
46 A.D. It records a land grant by Karaikkandaiyan (social identity unknown) to

god Madeva at the instance of Rajendrasola-gamunda.
The eleventh inscription242 found at Madhavamanti in T.Narasipur taluk is

dated 1048 A.D. It is a fragmentary record registering a provision made for food
offerings to god Rajarajavitankadeva by Pergade Rajarajan. Vi-tanka is a Sanskrit
word meaning, a naturally formed lingam, as unchiselled243. It also means
svambhu and not man-made.
104
The twelfth inscription244 found at Chikkakati in Gundlupete taluk is dated
1049 A.D. It records the erection of a temple by Kesavabhatta in memory of his
ancestors and the land grant given for the services of god Madeva. It also states
that Makayya (social identity unknown) made a land grant for the services of god
Chandrasekharadeva.
The thirteenth inscription245 found at Kempanapura in Chamarajanagar

taluk is undated. It registers an oil grant for the lamp of the god Kavarai-Isvaram-
Udaiyar, by the mercantile organisation, probably the tisai-ayirattainnurvar of
Ayyapolil (Ayyavole). It is interesting to note that this inscription records the
conversion of a village named Velur alias Rajadhiia}a-Chaturppedimangalam in
Padi-nad into an eri-Virapattanam (a mercantile town) by the mercantile
organisation.
The Hoysalas
A solitary inscription found at Tonachi in Krishnarajapete taluk, refers

to the reign of Tribhuvanamalla [Pojysaladeva (Vinayaditya), who is also
identified as the mahamancktlesvara and is dated 1048-49 A.D. It registers a gift
of income from the sale of produce and some taxes for the services of god
Nagarisvara of Tolanchi by the King and by the desis of Talekadu-pattana,
Edadore-1000, Kirunagara and Kalbappu-1000.
An inscription247 found at Hallada Madahalli in Gundlupete taluk has been

assigned to c. 10th century A.D. This damaged epigraph refers to the Sivasthana
of Bendavadi for which a land grant was added by one Keta-gavunda.
$
410
The second inscription found at Bagali in Chamarajanagara taluk has

been assigned to c. 10th century A.D. It registers a land grant by mahasamanta
105
Kachchaga Nirgundadeva, Perggade Jogapayya, a senobhova (name not clear)
and 300 (?) others to Kuchi-bhattaraka, the preceptor (vodeya) of the
Bhujangesvara temple of Balguliyur (Bagali) for his own maintenance. It also
states that the donors gave Kuchi-bhattaraka the name of Nirgunda gorava.
The third inscription249 found at Aladur in Chamarajanagara taluk,

assigned to c. 10th century A.D., registers release of some tax dues for the
services of god [Hamjmesvaradeva.
The fourth inscription250 found at Kannambadi in Krishnarajapete (present

Pandavapura) taluk has been assigned to c. 10-11th century A.D. It registers a
land grant given for the services of god Saviyabbesvara by Bijjaya, who bore
such titles as abhimana-ganga, panatora-bhima and Annigere-raya,
The fifth, a damaged inscription251 found at Hadinadu in Nanjangud taluk

has been assigned to c. 10-11th century A.D. It registers a grant for the services of
god, by a Prabhu (a local chief) and some gavundas. The sthanapati Amritarasi-
pandita, a Kalamukha priest, associated with the temple of this village, is referred
in the record. The details help to infer that the temple was a Siva temple of the
Kalamukha sect.
The sixth inscription252 found at Kalkunda in Nanjangud taluk has been

assigned to c. 10-11th century A.D. It states that Nagamayya (social identity
unknown) established a degula at Mundageri and to this his two sons

Bidivarayya and Muddeyya made a land grant. Somarasi, son of Brahamarasi,
was incharge of this establishment. This helps to infer that the degula belonged to
Saivism.
106
The seventh inscription253 found at Kalkunda in Nanjangud taluk is dated
1017 A.D. It records that the mahajanas of Kalkunda made some cash grant for
burning a perpetual lamp for god Mahadeva.
Table showing Saiva Temples and Images in Mysore District

No. King/ Images
Date
1. Gangas of Vinitesvara at 1.Devendra- EC IV
Talakad Polma (Pomma) tamma-di (Rev.), Ch.
Sripursha (Saiva priest) 147; Ibid.,
Undated 2. Muddeegana (?) Ill, Ch. 63.
(725-768 A.D.).
2. -do- degula (probably Chavundabbe (wife ASMAR
Nitimarga Ramesvara temple) ofPermanadi- 1930, pp.
Permanadi I gavunda) 144-145;
882 A.D. EC IV
(Rev.), Ch.
385
3. -do- Amalesvara Kaliyanna (?) ASMAR

Raehamalla I or 1946, pp.
II 42-43; EC
c. 9th century III (Rev.),
A.D. Nj. 180.
4. -do- Ereyangesvara Ereyamma (?) ASMAR

Marasimha II temple 1938, pp.
c. 10th century 188-190; EC
A.D. V (Rev.),
Tn. 320.
5. -do- 1.Mahadeva Ayyappa-gavunda EC III
Rachamalla IV 2.Chikkesvara and the 12 natives (Rev.), Nj.
977 A.D. temple ofPriyahomma 294; Ibid.,
Nj. 183.
107
6. -do- degula (probably l.Pollayya (?) Ibid., IV
982 A.D. Desesvara) 2.1000 brahmanas (Rev.), Yl.
of Maldur 40; Ibid.,
IV, Y1.41.
7. -do- Mahadeva Nalayya (?) Ibid, VII

997 A.D. (Rev.), Md.
67; Ibid.,
Ill, Md. 78.
8. -do- 1. Mahadeva King with Ibid, IV

c. 10th century ([ViJnga pannirabaru 12 (Rev.), Ko.
A.D. Maheshvara) members of 10.
Kundatturu
9. -do- Nannayya (a Saiva Vidhyadharayya Ibid., Ill
temple) at Nagarale (?) (Rev.), Nj.
239. Ibid,
III, Nj. 155.
10. -do- Arakuttisvara 1 .Sivasakti- Ibid, IV
King (?) bhattaraka (Rev.), Yl.
c. 10th century (Saiva priest) 114; Ibid,
A.D. 2.Polalabbe (?) IV,Yl. 25.
3. Arakutti from
Bali family
11. Rashtrakutas Kannesvara temple Akalavarsha Ibid, XII,
Govinda III (Krishna I) Gb. 61
812 A.D.
12. -do- Challesvara temple El II, pp.
Krishna III at Atakur 167ff; EC
949-950 A.D. VII (Rev.),
Md. 42;
Ibid., Ill,
Md. 41.
13. Chalukays of Naraisingesvara mahasamanta Ibid, V

Varuna temple Narasingayya (Rev.), My
mahasamanta 223;Ibid,
Narasingayya XIV, My.
Undated 127.
(c. 10th century
A.D.).
14. -do- Bhutesvara mahasamanta- Ibid, V
108
mahasamanta Durga (Rev.),
Durga My 168;
Undated Ibid.,
(c. 10th century Ill, My. 36.
A.D.).
15, -do- -do- mahasamanta- Ibid, V

mahasamanta Goggi (Rev.),
Goggi My 169;
Undated Ibid, III,
(c. 10th century My. 37.
A.D.).
16. Cholas ........ deva (not Poleyya (?) Ibid., IV
Rajaraja I clear) (Rev.), Ch.
991 A.D. 145; Ibid,
III, TN.
135.
17. -do- Triumurram of Sri Madanamangalam Ibid, V
1000 A.D. Koyil ofTattana(u)r (Rev.),
(Hanumantesvara at TN 57;
Bannuru) Ibid, XIV,
TN. 122.
18. -do- -do- Ibid, V
c. 10th century (Rev.), TN
A.D. 59; Ibid,
XIV, TN.
123a.
19. -do- Maha...........(name maha- Ibid, VI
1012-13 A.D. lost) of Balamburi dandanayaka (Rev.), Sr
Panchavan- IS; Ibid,
marayan III, Sr.
140.
20. -do- linga and degula at 1 .Basava-setti, Ibid, III

Rajendra Chola Belatur chief of Nugu- (Rev.),
Deval Nadu Hg. 58;
1020 A.D. 2. Jayamgonda Ibid, IV,
Chola Permmadi Hg. 16.
gavunda
21. -do- Mallesvara of 1. WiaMa-gavunda, Ibid, III
1021 A.D. Nandigunda 2. Eremma (Rev.),
3. Kumbayya Nj. 201;
Ibid,
109
III, Nj 134.
22. -do- Saiva temple Ibid, III
1027-28 A.D. (Rev.),
Nj. 241;
Ibid.,
IV, Nj. 157.
23. -do- 1. Isana-Isvara- 1. mahajanas Ibid, III
1032 A.D. mudaiyar 2. sabha, (Rev.),
2. Mulasthana- 3. samaya Nj. 215;
mudaiyar (guild), Ibid.,
3. Mahadeva, all at
4. Chavundayya Ill, Nj. 164.
Srotriyur 5. Gundabbe
(wife of
Marayya-sett!)
24. -do- Suddamallisvaram- nagarattar Ibid., V
1043-44 A.D. Udaiya Mahadeva (leading men of (Rev.),
at Jananadapuram the city) of TN. 239;
Jananadapuram Ibid.,
XIV, TN.
38.
25. -do- Madeva Karaikkandaiyan Ibid., IV

Rajadhiraja (?) (Rev.),
1045-46 A.D. Ko. 65.
26. -do- Rajaraja- Pergade Rajarajan Ibid., V
1048 A.D. Vitankadeva (Rev.),
TN. 247;
Ibid., Ill,
TN. 48.
27. -do- 1. Madeva Kesavabhatta and Ibid, III
1049 A.D. 2. Chandrasekhar- Makayya (?) (Rev.),
deva Gu. 56;
Ibid.,
IV, Gu. 93.
28. -do- Kavarai-Isvaram- tisai- Ibid, IV
Undated Udaiyar ayirattainnurruvar (Rev.),
(1018-1054 (a merchant-guild) Ch. 146;
A.D.) of Ayyaapoli Ibid.,
(Ayyavole) Ill, TN.
138.
29. Hoysala Nagarisvara of King and the desis Ibid, VI

Vinayaditya Tolanchi of 18 vishayas (Rev.),
110
1048-49 A.D. Kr. 50.
30. Unidentified Sivasthana of Ketappa -gavunda Ibid, III

Dynasty Bendavadi (Rev.),
Anonymous Gu. 82;
c. 10th century Ibid.,
A.D. IV, Gu. 83.
31. -do- Bhujangesvara at 1. mahasamanta Ibid, IV

Balguliyur (Bagali) Kachchaga (Rev.),
Nirgundeva Ch. 114,
2. Perggade Ibid,,
Jogappayya IV, Ch. 18.
3. senobava and
300 (?) others
32. -do- [Hamm]esvara Ibid., IV
(Rev.),
Ch. 109.
33. -do- Saviyabbesvara Bijjayya (lord of Ibid., VI

Atmigere) (Rev.),
pp. 43,
Ibid.,
XIV, Kr.
33.
34. -do- Name not clear Prabhu (local ASMAR

c. 10-11th chief) some 1944, pp.
century A.D. gavundas 158-159.
35. -do- degula Nagamayya, and £CIII
his sons Bidivayya (Rev.),
and Muddayya Nj. 253;
Ibid, 148.
36. -do- Mahadeva temple mahajanas of Ibid., VI

1017 A.D. Kalkunda (Rev.),
Nj. 254,
Ibid.,
Ill, Nj. 149.
Ill
SHIMOGA DISTRICT
Thirty-three inscriptions referring to Saiva temples have been found in this

district. Of them, one belongs to the Chutus, three to the Kadambas of Banavasi,
four to the Rashtrakutas, one to the Gangas of Talakad and twenty-one to the
Chalukyas of Kalyana. The dynastic affiliation of three records cannot be
ascertained.
The Chutus
The inscription254 found at Malavalli in Shikaripur taluk belonging to the

reign of King Vinhukada Chutukulananda Satakami I, does not clearly mention
the date. It is said to be dated in the second year of the rule of the king, which
fallas in 3rd century A.D.255 It refers to a command issued by the king to one of
his land revenue officers (mahavalabham-rajjukam), relating to the village

Sahalatavi granted free of all taxes to a brahmana named Kondamana for the
enjoyment of god Malapali (god Siva).
The Kadambas of Banavasi
The earliest inscription also found at Malavalli in Shikaripur taluk,

referring to the rule of King Siva [skandajvarma is undated and assigned to c. 3rd
- 4th century A.D. It refers to the renewal of the grant specificed in the Chutu
record, to Nagadatta, a brahamana of Kaundinya-gotra, belonging to Kondamana
family, for the worship of Malapalideva. Sivaskandavarma referred to in this
record is suggested to be a minor chieftain of the Kadambas .
The second inscription found at Talagunda in Shikaripur taluk belonging

to the reign of King Kakusthavarma and his son Santivarma is undated. This
indicates that Kakusthavarma’s son Santivarma had assumed office as an heir
apparent when his father was alive . So the date of the inscription can be
112
assigned to 450 A.D. It refers to a tank got excavated by King Kakusthavarma to
serve the needs of the Mahadeva (Bhava) temple at Talagunda. It is interesting to
note that this eternal Sthanu (Sivalinga) had earlier attracted the devotion of
Satakami, probably of the Satavahana dynasty. It is opined that the Satakami
could probably be King Gautamiputra Satakami260.
The third inscription found at Sivalli in Shikaripur taluk belonging to the

reign of King Krishnavarma II is dated 523 A.D. It registers a grant of six
nivarttanas of land called Niduvol measured by the Karpatesvara measuring rod
to the brahmana Ravisvamin. The name of the land measure was a standardized
measure obviously used in the name of a deity called Karpatesvara.
The Rashtrakutas
The earliest inscription262, a copper-plate (find spot unknown), belonging
to the reign of King Prabhuvatavarsha Govinda-bhatara (Govinda III) is dated

804 A.D. It records renewal of a land grant made by the king to a gorava named
Sivadhari, which had been previously given to the tirtha (sacred place) called
Ramesvara by the King Kirtivarma (II ?) of the Chalukyas of Badami. This tirtha
located on the opposite side of the bank of the river Tungabhadra may have had a
temple of god Siva.
The second inscription263 found at Salur in Shikaripur taluk belonging to

the reign of King Amogavarsha I is dated 870 A.D. It registers a land-grant given
to the 1000 mahajanas of Salur who were worshippers of god Panchikesvara, by
urodeya Madaya and his descendants. They are also said to have collected one
padi (a measurement = one and half of seer) and to have been worshipping the
gold after taKing it in procession out of their house, Panchikesvara, and reciting
certain sacred texts (mantras). Panchikesvara is referred in the Hoysala
inscriptions264 also.
113
The third inscription265 found at Gauja-agrahara in Shikaripur taluk,
issued during the reign of King Kannaradeva (Krishna II), is undated, but it has
been assigned to 890 A.D.266 It seems to register some donations given for god
Gautemesvara of this agrahara. The temple appears to date from about the
Rashtrakuta period267.
The fourth inscription268 found at Hechche in Sorab taluk belonging to the
reign of King Kannaradeva (Krishna III) is dated 939 A.D. It states that
mahasamanta-Machideva along with Chatteya of Banavasi (social identity
unknown), gave a piece of land for the services of god Srikanthesvara at the
village Kuluga in Edenad-70. It was recived by Rudrasakti-pandita-deva.
Mahasamanta-Machideva is also stated to have made another land-grant to the
Atmana-degula by washing the feet of Brahmabhojenga-paramasvami.
A solitary inscription269 found at Alahalli in Shimoga taluk belonging to
the reign of King Butuga II is undated, but on palaeographical grounds, it has

been assigned to the first half of c. 10th century A.D.270 It states that, with the
consent of King Butuga, his queen Chikkabbe granted a tank for the services of
god (name unknown) in the hands of Isanasiva, a Saiva priest. The rest of the
details of this temple are not available.
The earliest inscription271 found at Sasaravalli in Shikaripur taluk

belonging to the reign of King Satyasraya (Irivabedanga) is dated 1002 AX). It
states that Achayya-gavunda, his wife Arasabbe and his son together constructed
a degula (name unknown), and donated gosasa and entrusted it to Amritarasi.
114
Since it was received by a Saiva priest, it can be inferred that the degula
belonged to Saivism.
The second inscription272 found at Nelluru in Sorab taluk belonging to the

reign of King Vikramaditya V is dated 1012 A.D. It states that Ammana-gavunda
and his wife Pittabe-gavundi established a temple and got a linga conseereated in
it. Ammana-gavunda’s brother-in-law Muddayya excavated a well and donated it
to the temple.
About thirteen inscriptions issued during the reign of King Jagadekamalla

Jayasimha II (from 3rd to 15th), refer to Saiva temples. They are as follows:
The third inscription273 found at Bannuru in Shikaripur taluk is dated 1019
A.D. It registers a land grant given for the services of god Mahadeva of
Banniyuru by a certain Biyala (soical identity unknown), son of Halliyanma and
Jakkabbe.
The fourth inscription274 found at Belagami (Balligave) in Shikaripur taluk
is dated 1019 A.D. It states that mahamandalesvara Kundavarmarasa repaired

the Nandikesvara temple of Mulasthana, and donated a piece of land for its
maintenance in the hands of wM/igo-Sivasaktideva. It also records a land grant,
probably by Kundavarmarasa, to the temple of Chatrumukha that was located to
the east of Mulasthana Nandikesvara.
The fifth, a badly damaged inscription found at Kalluru in Sorab taluk is

dated 1023 A.D. It reveals the installation of a linga. The other details are lost.
The sixth inscription276 found at Belagami (Balligave) in Shikaripur taluk

is dated 1025 A.D. It states that the King at the request of Kundaraja, the
governor of Vanavasadesa (Vanavasadhipati), made a grant comprising a piece of
land, two shops and a flower-garden for the services and up-keep of
115
Kalidevesvara Svayambhdeva temple. The gift was entrusted to Sivasakti-
pandita, a high priest of the Kalamukha sect. A reference to the temple of
Bidiresvara is found while mentioning the boundaries of the land grant made to
the Kalidevesvara Svayambhudeva temple.
The seventh inscription277 found at Talagunda in Shikaripur taluk is dated

1029 A.D. It registers a land grant, (measured by the rod called Sri-Pranavesvara
devara gadimbada gale) made by the 32,000 inhabitants of Agrahara
Sthanakundura (Talagunda), perhaps to the temple of Pranavesvara. Pranavesvara
is earlier mentioned in the records of the Kadambas of Banavasi as Mahadeva278.
The eighth inscription279 found at Kudagere in Shikaripur taluk is dated
1031 A.D. It states that mahasamanta Satyasrayadeva took a holy bath in the
Kudala-tirth on the occasion of Uttarayana Sankranti, and made a land grant for
the services of gods Pingalesvara and Svayambhudeva of Mulasthana and
entrusted it to Santasiva-bhalara, disciple of Balachandra-jiya.
The ninth inscription280 found at Begur in Shikaripur taluk is dated 1032
A.D. It states that Marasinga-gavunda alias Jagadekamalla-gorvwnc/a of Behur

(Begur) repaired the Sivalaya built by his brother Deka-gavunda and granted a
piece of land and six oil-mills for the services of the god in the Sivalaya at Behur.
The tenth inscription281 found at Kuppagadde in Sorab taluk is dated 1033
A.D. It records that maha-samantadhipati Alayya fought a battle against the

mandalika Kundama of Kuppagadde and died. To commemorate his death, his
son mahasamanta Jayasingadeva constructed a temple named Alesvara in the
Agrahara Kuppagadde, and granted a piece of land for the services of the god and
entrusted it to a gorava.
116
The eleventh inscription282 found at Belagami (Balligave) in Shikaripur
taluk is dated 1036 A.D. It registers a land grant by the king for the services and
up-keep of a Saiva temple. This temple built for Panchalinga is stated to have
been originally consecreated by the Pandavas. The temple had become a
Kalamukhi brahmacharisthana and the grant was received by Lakulisvara-
pandita alias Vadirudraguna. This example shows the narrowing gap between the
Lakulisas and Kalamukhas in the early 11th century A.D. in Karnataka.
•JOT
The twelfth inscription found at the same place mentioned above is

dated 1039 A.D. It states that the king established the temple of Siddhesvara at
Benakanahola, and made a land grant for the worship of this god as well as for
the maintenence of ascetics and students. It was entrusted to Kriyasakti-
panditadeva of Kalamukha sect.
The thirteenth inscription284 found at Achapura in Sagar taluk is dated
1042 A.D. It states that mahasamanta Gonarasa converted the village Andhasura
into an agrahara and gave it to Kumarasvamibhatta-Somayaji. He constructed
the Gonesvara temple and entrusted the matha attached to it to Kriyasakti-
pandita, disciple of Vadirudra-pandita of Parvatavali of Kalamukha sect. He also
made the village Manbala in Andhasura-12 a gorava-vada (a settlement of Saiva
mendicants) and also settled the ascetics in it
The fourteenth inscription285 found at the same place mentioned above is
dated 1042 A.D. It records the construction of the tank by mahamandalesvara

Gonarasa, and a land grant to Agrahara Andhasura which was entrusted to
Kumarabhatta-Somayaji.
The fifteenth, a badly damaged inscription286 found at Hireuda in

Channagiri taluk is undated. It refers to a Sivalaya but no other details are found.
117
About six inscriptions, issued during the reign of King Trailokayamalla
Somesvara I (from 16th to 21st), refer to Saiva temples. They are as follows:
The sixteenth inscription287 found at Balligave in Shikaripur taluk is dated

1046 A.D. A reference to Ramesvara temple is found while mentioning the
boundaries of a gift land donated by mahamandalesvara Singanna-devarasa to
the temple of goddess Bhagavati-Balliyabbe at Balligave.
The seventeenth inscription found at same place mentioned above is

dated 1047 A.D. It states that mahamandalesvara Chamundarayarasa erected the
pillar of gandabherunda in front of the Jagadekamallesvara temple and made a
land grant for the maintenance of the temple of god Bherundesvara and entrusted
it to Anantasivacarya.
The eighteenth inscription289 found at Hirekogaluru in Channagiri taluk is

dated 1047 A.D. It states that Subhatunga, the nalgavunda, installed god
Subhatungesvara and entrusted the land to Chandrabharana-pandita for the
ascetics of the matha.
The nineteenth inscription290 found at Balligave in Shikaripur taluk is dated

1048 A.D. It mentions the construction of Isvara-nilaya by Nagavarma-Vibhu (a
local chief) at the instance of Raya, probably Chamundaraya, the
mahamandalesvara of Banavasi-12000.
The twentieth inscription291 found at Arakere in Honnali taluk is dated
1048 A.D. It states that Kesimayya, the urodeya of Arakere, donated some land
to the Nagesvara temple and to die matha attached to it. The grant was entrusted
to a pandita (name damaged).
The twenty-first inscription292 found at Begur in Shikaripur taluk is dated

1049 A.D. This inscription is found on the same stone tablet dated 1032 A.D.,
118
belonging to the King Jayasimha II. It registers a land grant by Jogayya, the
manniya (manneya) for the services of god Mallikarjuna of Behur (Begur). It was
entrusted to a disciple (name damaged) of Kashmira-panditadeva, a supporter of
the Sakti-parishe branch of the Kalamukha sect. The temple of Mallikaijuna may
have been the one called Sivalaya in the record dated 1032 A.D.
A fragmentary inscription293 found at Humcha in Nagar taluk is dated 800
A.D. It praises the degula of Masara-Jakkayya, located north of Mannekheta.

Masara-Jakkayya is stated to be a dedicated devotee of Siva. Mannekheta of this
record is the same one which was better known as Pombuchcha (present
aa i
Humcha), the capital-city of die Santaras .
The second inscription295 found at Mangalur in Sorab taluk issued under
Chattigadeva is dated 968 A.D. It is not possible to assign this record to any
dynasty. It states the establishment of a temple (name damaged) by a pergade
and a land grant given by Chattayyadeva to the god, after washing the feet of the
mahajcmas. A reference to a gorava is recorded in the last part of the inscription.
The third inscription found at Koggattur in Channagiri taluk is dated

1050 A.D. It appears to refer to the construction of Trikuta temple, named Sri
Virasomanatha, by some settis and to a land-grant given by a group of sahanis
(generals), manneya Singa Chattarasa of the 1000-nad the nal-prabhu Biragauda
and other gaudas of Biliche-70. Being a trikuta temple, it served as an abode of
gods Virasomanatha, Prasannasomanatha and Sambhudeva.
119
Table showing Saiva Temples and Images in Shimoga District

No. King/ Images
Date
1. Chutus God of Malapali at King EC VII, Sk.
Vinhukada Malavalli 263.
Chutukulananda
Satakami I
3rd century A.D.
2. Kadambas of -do- King Ibid, 264.
Banavasi
Sivajskanda]-
varma
c. 3rd-4th
century A.D.
3. -do- Mahadeva (bhava) King Ibid, 176.
Kakusthavarma temple at Talagunda
Undated
(450 A.D.)
4. -do- Karpatesvara King Gopal, B. R.,
Rrishnavarma II CKI, Vol. I,
523 A.D. 39.
5. Rashtrakutas Ramesvara tirtha King IA XI, pp.
Govinda III 125ff.
804 A.D.
6. -do- Panchikesvara urodeya Madaya ASMAR 1927,
Amogavarsha I pp. 133-134.
870 A.D.
7. -do- Gautamesvara of EC VII, Sk.
Krishna II Gauja 45(b)
890 A.D.
8. -do- Srikantesvara at 1. mahasamantha Ibid, VIII,
Krishna III Kuluga Machideva Sb. 476.
933 A.D. 2. Chatteya (?)
9. Gangas of God (name not 1. King Ibid, VII, Sh.
Talakad found) 2. Queen 96.
Butuga II Chikkabbe
Undated
(early half of
the 10th century
120
A.D.)
10. Chalukyas of degula (name Achayya-govwrafa, ASMAR
Kalyana effaced) his wife and son. 1942, p. 190.
Satyasraya
1002 A.D.
11. -do- linga at Nelluru 1. Ammana- EC Will, Sb.
Vikradamaditya gavunda, his 471.
V wife
1012 A.D. Pittabbe-
gavundi
2. Muddyya (?)
12. -do- Mahadeva of Biyala (?) ASMAR
Jayasimha II Banniyur 1929, p. 234.
1019 A.D.
13. -do- 1. Mulasthana mahamandalesvar ECWII, Sk.
Nandikesvara a Kundavarmarasa 125.
temple
2.Chaturmukhadeva
temple
14. -do- linga — Ibid., VIII,
1023 A.D. Sb. 283.
15. -do- 1. Kalidevesvara King ASMAR
1025 A.D. Svayambhudeva 1929, pp.
2. Bidiresvara 238-240.
16. -do- Pranavesvaradeva 32,000 residents ECWII, Sk.
1029 A.D. of Sthanakundura 177.
17. -do- 1. Pingalesvara mahasamanta Ibid., Sk. 30.
1031 A.D. 2. Svayambhudeva Satyarayadeva
at Mulasthana
18. -do- Sivalaya at Begur Marasinga- Ibid, Sk. 20a.
1032 A.D. gavunda
19. -do- Alesvara at mahasamanta Ibid., VIII,
1033 A.D. Kuppagadde Jayasinghadeva Sb. 184.
20. -do- Panchalinga temple King Ibid., VII, Sk.
1036 A.D. 126.
21. -do- Siddhesvara of King Ibid., 153.
1039 A.D. Benakanakola
22. -do- Gonesvara at mahasamanta Ibid., VIII, Sa
1042 A.D. Andhasura Gonarasa 108 (bis).
23. -do- -do- -do- Ibid, 109
(bis).
24. -do- Sivalaya at __ ASMAR
121
Undated Hirevuda 1935, pp.
(1018-1044 111-112.
A.D.)
25. -do- Ramesvara temple £CVII, Sk.
Somesvara I at Balligave 323.
1046 A.D.
26. -do- 1. Jagadekamalle- mahamandalesvar Ibid., 151.
1047 A.D. svara temple a
2. Bherundesvara Chamundarayaras
a
27. -do- Subhatungesvara nalgavunda ID., Vol.17,
Subhatunga pp. 50ff.
28. -do- Isvara-nilaya Nagavarma-Vibhu £CVII, Sk.
1048 A.D. (an administrator) 120.
29. -do- Nagesvara at urodeya Ibid., HI. 107.
Arakere Kesimayya
30. -do- Mallikaijima at manneya Jogayya Ibid., Sk.
1049 A.D. Behur (Begur) 20b.
31. Unidentified degula at Masara-Jakkayya Ibid., VIII,
Dynasty Manyakheta (?) Ng. 62.
Anonymous (Humcha)
800 A.D.
32. -do- Temple (name 1. pergade Ibid., Sb.
Chattigadeva unknown) 2. 465.
968 A.D. Chattayyadeva(?)
33. -do- Vira-Somanatha at 1. manneya Singa Ibid., VII,
1050 A.D. Huligere, a trikuta Chattarasa Ch. 32.
temple 2. sahanis
3. nalprabhu-
Biragauda
4. other gaudas of
Bilichi-70
122
RAICHUR DISTRICT
Twenty-five inscriptions belonging to Saiva temples are found in this

district. Of them, three belong to the Rashtrakutas and twenty to the Chalukyas of
Kalyana. The dynastic affiliation of two records cannot be ascertained.
The Rashtrakutas
The earliest inscription found at Banniganuru in Sindhanuru taluk

belonging to the reign of King Kannaradeva (Krishna II) is dated 911 A.D. It
registers a land grant given by the king for ‘...mivamesvara’ of Ballanamaganuru.
From the suffix lesvara\ it can be assumed that the temple belonged to god Siva.
Another inscription298 of the same king mentioned above, found at Diddigi

in Sindhanuru taluk is dated 911 A.D. It registers the grant of the Agrahara
Dhelduge (Diddigi) to a certain Kalabhatta on the occasion of Kannesankranti, in
front of Kamakoti Bhalari of Kanchi. If the latter were a reference made to
Kamakoti deity of Kanchi, we may have to presume that a shrine or a temple of
this deity existed at Diddigi. It also registers some land grants given to god
Subrahmanya, god Ramesvara, god Somesvara and god Chikka Bikesvara.
The third inscription299 found at Kalmala in Raichur taluk belonging to the
reign of King Kannaradeva (Krishna III) is dated 941 A.D. It registers a land
grant by the King Kannardeva along with mahasamanta Buttarasa and his wife
Pittabbe, to the services of god Mallikaijauna. The grant was entrusted to a Saiva
priest named Devarasi.
The earliest inscription300 found at Madinuru in Koppal taluk belonging to

the reign of King Ahvamalladeva (Taiia II) is dated 973 A.D. It registers grants
123
given for the services of Mulasthanadeva out of the grants given to god
Somesvara, by [Dhama]nayaka Kesavadeva.
The second inscription301 of the same king mentioned above, found at

Talakal in Yalburga taluk is dated 991 A.D. It registers land grant to Nagalesvara
temple at Talakallu by mahasamanta Sobhanarasa. It was entrusted to
Amritarasi-bhalara, a disciple of Sankarasi-bhatara.
The third inscription302 of the same king mentioned above, found at
Belgurki in Sindhanur taluk is dated 992 A.D. It is damaged and only refers to
god Mahadeva in the Agrahara Bilgurki.
About five inscriptions issued during the reign of King Satyasraya

Irivabedanga (from 4th to 8th), refer to Saiva temples. They are as follows:
The fourth, a damaged inscription found at Belagere in Yalburga taluk is

dated 1002 A.D. It registers a land grant by mahasamanta Sobhanarasa to god
Sobhanesvara of Belagere (Balangere).
The fifth inscription304 found at the same place mentioned above, is
undated. It refers to Balangere as a brahmapuri having mahajanas and to the

temples of Svayambhudeva and Sobhanesvara. A reference to Jagavinda-
panditadeva’s disciple who was a priest (name effaced) of the Sobhanesvara
temple is recordrd.
The sixth inscription305 found at Kalluru in Yalaburga taluk is dated 1002

A.D. It registers the grant of the village Kolivada by mahasamanta Sobhanarasa,
a staunch devotee of mahesvara dharma, for the services of god Sobhanesvara.
The seventh inscription306 found at Kukkunur in Yalaburga taluk is dated

1005 A.D. It states that Isvara-setf/' installed two pinnacles to a temple, built a
mukhamantapa (mukhasale) and endowed a cash grant of 100 gadyanas, for the
124
maintenance of the hall enclosure and entrusted it to Agasti-jiya, a disciple of
Chola-pandita of Hosamatha. It also registers some grants given by the residents
of Kukkanuru for god Gavaresvara on the occasion of installation. This temple
probably was a dvikuta built by Isvara-setti.
The eighth inscription307 found at the same place mentioned above, is dated
1005 A.D. It registers a cash grant (gadyana), given for god (probably
Gavaresvara), which was entrusted to a disciple of Chola Somesvara-pandita of
the Hosamatha. As the inscription is damaged the name of the god, temple and
the donee (Saiva priest) are lost.
The ninth inscription308 found at Navile in Lingsugur taluk belonging to
the reign of King Vikramaditya V is dated 1014 A.D. It refers to the purchase of
land by Joga-Sivacharya from the three sthanapatis of Jadeya-Sankara temple for
the purpose of donating it to the same temple to commemorate the death of his
teacher Rajaguru-bhattaraka, who had embedded himself with Siva at the
tirthsthana at Navile. Obviously, Rajaguru-bhattaraka had died here and this
grant was made in his honour by his disciple. The record explicitly refers to the
paduka (carved foot-prints) of Rajaguru, to which worship was offered by his
disciple.
About ten inscriptions issued during the reign of King Jagadekamalla

Jayasimha II (from 10th to 19th), refer to Saiva temples. They are as follows:
The tenth inscription309 found at Maski in Lingsugur taluk is dated 1018

A.D. It registers a land-grant by Poti-seta' (after purchasing the land) to the
ascetics and brahamans of a chatra (feeding house) attached to the temple of
Mulasthana.
125
The eleventh inscription310 found at Devasuguru in Raichur taluk is dated
1022 A.D. It registers a land grant by mahasamanta and mahamandalesvara
Chikkeyarasa for the services of god Sankesvara.
The twelfth inscription311 found at Ganajali in Devadurga taluk is dated

1023 A.D. It registers a land grant by a certain Dasarasa for the services of god
Nagesvara of Galagi (Ganajali).
The thirteenth inscription312 found at Gotagi in Kushtagi taluk is dated

1024 A.D. It registers a land-grant by Padmaladevi, wife of King
Jagadekamalladeva, for the services of god Svayambhu Kalideva of Govantge.
The fourteenth inscription313 found at Maski in Lingsugur taluk is dated
1032 A.D. It registers a land-grant by the king for the service of the god in
Ekajede temple at Piriya Mosangi.
The fifteenth inscription314 found at Sivapura in Koppala taluk is dated

1033 A.D. It states that the king’s son Trailokyamalla (Somesvara I) was ruling
from Ka[tta]ra-nelevidu, and one of his mahasamantas, named Pamparsa, offered
a piece of land for the services of god Somesvara of the hill (Bettada Somesvara).
The sixteenth inscription found at Nugadoni in Manvi taluk is dated

1034 A.D. It registers a land-grant by dandanayaka Chakimayya for the services
of god Mahadeva of Bimalakurike.
The seventeenth inscription found at Ballatgi in Manvi taluk is dated

1036 A.D. It registers a land-grant by the king for the service of god Chandesvara
of Ballanittige (Ballatgi). A Saiva priest named Vadi [Gajjakaesari Sadyojata-
pandita, seems to be the sthanadhipati of this temple.
The eighteenth inscription317 found at Nugadoni in Manvi taluk is also

dated 1036 A.D. It registers grants of the village Ballanittige, a house-site, an oil-
126
mill and a garden for the services of god [Ban] kesvara by king Jagadekamalla’s
wife Somaladevi, at the request of a certain Chandarati Marabbe and was
entrusted to Gokamarasi-jiya.
The nineteenth inscription318 found at Maski in Lingsugur taluk is a badly

damaged and undated record. It registers a land-grant given probably for the
services of god Mahesvaradeva, but it is not clear who made the grant.
Pottalakere, mentioned here, was ruled by Jayasimha II to which references are
found in some earlier inscriptions319.
The twentieth inscription found at Kilarati in Lingsugur taluk belonging

to the reign of King Trailokyamalladeva (Somesvara I) is dated 1046 A.D. It
states that the prince Kumara Jayasingadeva offered a piece of land for the
services of god Bhogesvara in the Agrahara Bannigola and entrusted the
responsibility of maintaining this endowment to Devasingha-bhalara.
An inscription321 found at Malligimaduvu in Manvi taluk has been

assigned to c. 10th century A.D. It records the gift of a house-site by Pulliyamma
(social identity unknown) and some others, for the services of Mulasthanadeva.
The ascetic Pattamanisiva gorava was probably the priest.
The second inscription322 found at Arakeri in Yalaburga taluk is dated
1033 A.D. It registers a grant by Peggade Chavundamayya for the services of god
Siddhesvara.
127
Table showing Saiva Temples and Images in Raichur District

No. King/ Images
Date
1. Rashtrakutas ...mivamesvara King KUES: VII,
Krishna II 43, pp.
911 A.D. 415ff.
2. -do- 1. Subrahmanya- Ibid., 42, pp.
918 A.D. deva 414ff.
2. Somesvaradeva
3. Ramesvaradeva
4. Chikka-
Bikesvaradeva
3. -do- Mallikaijunadeva 1 .Kannaradeva(King) Ibid., 49, pp.
Krishna III 2 .mahasamanta 33-34.
941 A.D. Buttarasa and his
wife Pittabbe
4. Chalukyas of 1. Mulasthanadeva 1. [Dhama]nayaka Ibid., II, 26,
Kalyana 2. Somesvara 2. Kesavadeva pp. 3Iff.
Tailall
973 A.D.
5. -do- Nagalesvara at mahasamanta Desai, P.B.,
991 A.D. Talakallu Sobhanarasa Studies in
Epigraphy,
23, pp. 26ff.
6. -do- Mahadeva at KUES: VII,
992 A.D. Agrahara Belgurki 49, pp.
419ff
7. -do- Sobhanesvara at mahasamanta Ibid., 10,
Irivabedanga Belagere Sobhanarasa pp. 196ff
1002 A.D.
8. -do- 1. Sobhanesvara at Ibid., II, 36,
Undated Belagere pp. 194-
(973-1008 2. Svayambhudeva 196.
A.D.)
9. -do- Sobhanesvara at mahasamanta Ibid., 10,
1002 A.D. Belagere Sobhanarasa pp. 164ff
10. -do- Gavaresvara at Isvara-setti (a HAS XVIII,
1005 A.D. Kukkanur merchant) and the 1.
residents of
128
Kukkanur
11. -do- Deva (probably Isvara-setf/ KUES: II,
Gavaresvara 51, pp.
at Kukkanur) 224ff.
12. -do- Jadeya-Sankara Jogasivacharya of Ibid, VII,
Vikramaditya temple at Navile Karadikal 11, pp.
V1014A.D. 143ff.
13. -do- Mulasthana temple Poti-setti ARIE 1953-
Jayasimha II at Maski 54, ‘B’,
1018 A.D. 245, p. 42.
14. -do- Sankesvara mahasamanta- KUES: VII,
1022 A.D. mahamandalesvara 58, pp. 40ff.
Chikkeyarasa
15. -do- Nagesvara of Dasarasa (sub Ibid, 33,
1023 A.D. Galagi (Ganajali) ordinate) pp. lOlff.
16. -do- Svayambhu Padmaladevi (King’s Ibid, 3, pp.
1024 A.D. Kalideva of wife) 279ff.
Govantge (Gotagi)
17. -do- Ekajedeya degula King Ibid, VII,
1032 A.D. at Piriya Mosangi 31, pp.
(Maski) 163ff.
18. -do- Bettada Somesvara mahasamanta Ibid, II,
1033 A.D. Pamparasa 159, pp.
152ff.
19. -do- Mahadeva of dandanqyaka Ibid, VII,
1034 A.D. Bimalakurike Chakimayya 99, pp.
315ff.
20. -do- Chandesvara at King ARIE, 1961-
1036 A.D. Ballanittigi 62, ‘B’,
(Ballatgi) 536, p. 102.
21. -do- [Banjkesvara of Somaladevi (King’s KUES: VII,
1036 A.D. Ballanittige wife) 100, pp.
(Ballatgi) 316ff.
22. -do- Mahesvaradeva at Ibid, 41,
Undated Maski pp. 175ff.
(1015-1044
A.D.)
23. -do- Bhogesvara in Jayasingadeva El XXXV,
Somesvara I Agrahara (King’s son) pp. 37ff.
1046 A.D. Bannigola
24. Unidentified Mulasthanadeva 1. Puliyamma of KUES: VII,
Dynasty Malligemadu (?) 26, p. 248.
129
Anonymous 2. some others
c. 10th (32 members)
century A.D.
25. -do- Siddhesvara Perggade Desai,P.B.,
1033 A.D. Chavundamayya Studies in
Epigraphy,
41, pp. 45-
46.
CHITRADURGA DISTRICT
Nineteen inscriptions belonging to Saiva temples are found in this district.

Of them, ten belong to the Rashtrakutas, two to the Nolamba-Pallavas and four to
the Chalukyas of Kalyana. The dynastic affiliation of three records cannot be
ascertained.
The Rashtrakutas
The earliest inscription323 found at Chikka-Madhure in Challakere taluk
belonging to the reign of King Prabhutavarsha Pratapavaloka Sri Vallabha

(Govinda III) is undated, but it has been assigned to 815 A.D.324 It states that
Gavaganabbe (devotee of Vishnu), wife of Nolamba chief Paramesvara-Pallavadi
(Charuponnera) gave a piece of land to the Sivalaya erected by Nagamarabe
(social identity unknown). The second inscription also found at the same place
mentioned above and belonging to the same King is dated 815 A.D.326 It registers
a land grant by Gavaganabbe, wife of Pallavadhiraja (Charuponnera) to
Gavaganesvara temple at Madarikal established by her. The grant was entrusted
to the priest Paramesvara, whose details are damaged in the inscription.
The third inscription327 found at Isamudra in Chitradurga taluk belonging
to the reign of King Amoghavarsha III is dated 937 A.D. It registers a grant of
four villages to Goggi’s temple by mahasamanta Kannayya. It was entrusted to
130
Dharmarasi-bhatara. The fourth inscription328 also found at the same place
mentioned above and belonging to the same king is dated 940 A.D, It registers
grants of land and a garden for the services of god Bhogesvara and for the
students of the matha attached to it by mahasamanta Kannarasa. The grant was
entrusted to Balachandra-panditadeva.
About five inscriptions issued during the reign of King Akalavarsha

Prithvivallabha Krishna HI (from 5* to 9th), refer to Saiva temples. They are as
follows:
The fifth inscription329 found at Lakshmisagara in Chitradurga taluk is
dated 941 A.D. It registers a grant of villages to Somayya (social identity

damaged) by mahasamanta Kannayya, who donated the same to the temple of
Somanata at Kallapunuse. The grant was received by a bhalara (name effaced).
The sixth inscription330 found at Ramasagara in Molakalmuru taluk does
not mention the name of the king and is dated 962 A.D. It states that a Saiva
priest named Lingasiva-jiya collected money by begging alms from the public to
erect a stone temple in the place of brick temple. It also states that the earlier
brick-structure had been put up by Lord Rama himself, in memory of Jatayu
which had succumbed while putting up a brave fight against Ravana on the
Jatinga Ramesvara hill. Further it reveals that a land grant was given by a certain
Malerasiga to the stone temple.
The seventh inscription331 found at Adanur in Holalkere taluk does not

mention the name of the king and is dated 964 A.D. It states that mahasamanta
Kannayya’s mother constructed the temple of Kantesvara and installed god Uma-
Mahesvara their in. Some gavundas of Kiriyakere also gave a piece of land for
the temple.
131
The eighth inscription332 found at Adanur in Holalkere taluk is dated 965
A.D. It states that mahasamanta Goggiyamma donated some land at the village
Guniyanuru for the Kannesvara temple constructed by his brother-in-law
Gannayya (Kannayya). Poleyabbe, mother of Kannayya and a person named
Sudrakayya (social identity unknown) also donated some land separately to the
Kannesvara temple. The grant was^entrusted to Shanti-bhatara and others.
The ninth inscription333 found at Kallakambhada-halu in Holalkere taluk is
dated 968 A.D. It states that mahasamanta Sudrakayya donated lands, gardens
and house-sites to the Sidilesvara temple constructed by Sidilankarama (social
identity unknown). The grant was confined to Divyalinga-bhalara. Another grant
of land was given to the same priest by Kerasinga Nanniya-Sinda (a chief of
Sindha’s of Sindavadi).
The tenth inscription334 found at Kyasapura in Chitradurga taluk belonging
to the reign of King Nityavarshadeva Prithvivallabha (Khottiga) is dated 968

A.D. It records the construction of the Kalesvara temple at Kereyur by Annayya
(social identity unknown) to which lands were given by mahasamanta Pandayya.
A reference to another Saiva temple is found in this inscription. One of the
witnesses to the land grant given to the Kalesvara temple at Kereyur was a priest
named Khehara-satti (sakti). He belonged to the matha of the temple at the
village Paratra.
The earliest inscription335 found at Mushtur in Jagalur taluk belonging to
the reign of King Ayyappa-deva is dated 920 A.D. It refers to the construction of
a temple and consecration of a Sivalinga placed on panivattalu, by
Nathavarmma, a devotee (social identity unknown).
132
The second inscription336 found at Vaddanahalli in Davangere taluk
belonging to the reign of King Trailokyamalla-Nanni-Nolamba-Permmanadi-
Deva is dated 1045 A.D. It states that Nagayya-nayaka, an in charge of the land
tax department at Belvanuru, urodeya Maramayya and 120 mahajanas
collectively gave a land grant to god Kalideva at Belvanur, which is a
Mulasthana.
The earliest inscription337 found at Sandekola in Chitradurga taluk
belonging to the reign of King Taila II is dated 971 A.D. It registers a land grant
given by mahasamanta Pandarasa to a temple at Pittagere. The name of the
temple is effaced, but from the imprecatory verses it can be inferred that this
temple belonged to Saivism.
The second inscription338 found at Kolahalu in Chitradura taluk belonging
to the reign of King Jagadekamalla (Jayasimha II) is dated 1028 A.D. It states
that Beneka-veggade and Muddagauda donated some land to god Yadesvara of
Kollahala (Kolahalu) for various purposes. The grant was committed to
Benakarasi-pandita. The above mentioned patrons also donated a piece of land to
god Kalideva of Mulasthana.
The third inscription339 found at Mudihadadi in Davanagere taluk

belonging to the same king is dated 1037 A.D. It states that Brahmadhiraja, the
chief minister and also the mannevergade (superintendent of the royal palace) 34°,
constructed a temple for Brahmesvara and donated some land, which was
entrusted to Brahmavedi-jiya.
The fourth inscription341 found at Hadadi (Mudihadadi) in Davanagere

taluk belonging to the reign of King Trailokyamalla (Somesvara I) is dated 1044
133
A.D. It registers the construction of a temple and a land grant given to it. As the
inscription is damaged, it is difficult to find information regarding the donor or
the name of the temple. Still to prove that it was a Saiva temple two evidences
can be found. One is, of a witness to the land grant, who was also a member of
the Panchamatha-sthana. The other evidence is that this inscription is engraved
on a pillar in the enclosure of the Isvara temple at Hadadi.
An inscription342 found at Ganjigatti in Chitradurga taluk is undated, but
has been assigned to c. 500 A.D. It registers a land grant by Chandiyammarasa

for the services of god in Sulgalnad. The grant was entrusted to Vovakavaliga-
bhatara.
The second inscription343 found at Molakalumuru in Molakalumuru taluk
belonging to the reign of King Ajavarma is dated 987 A.D. It states that the king
and his wife Maliyabbarasi, donated some land for the services of god
Lunkesvara, installed by the queen. The grant was entrusted to the care of Jiya-
Kappad.
The third inscription344 found at Ramasagara in Molakalumuru taluk is

dated 1041 A.D. It refers to a grant made for the services of god Ramesvara by
Kanaka-Mallarasa, an administrator.
Table showing Saiva Temples and Images in Chitradurga District

No. King/ Images
Date
1. Rashtrakutas Gavaganesvara 1. Nagamarabe (?) 2. EC XI, Cl.
Govinda III Gavaganabbe 33.
Undated (wife of Nolamba
(815 A.D.) chief
134
Charuponnera)
2. -do- -do- Gavaganabbe Ibid., 34.
815 A.D.
3. -do- Goggi’s temple mahasamanta Ibid., Cd. 76.
Amogavarsha Kannayya
III
937 A.D.
4. -do- Bhogesvara templemahasamanta Ibid, 77.
940 A.D. Kannarasa
5. -do- Somanatha temple mahasamanta Ibid, 49.
Krishna III at Kallapunuse Kannayya
947 A.D.
6. -do- degula 1. Lingasiva-jiya Ibid, Mk.
962 A.D. (Saiva priest) 27.
2. Malerasiga (?)
7. -do- Kantesvara (goc 1. mahasamanta Ibid, Hk.
964 A.D. Uma-Mahesvara) Kannayya’s 30.
mother (name
effaced)
2. some gavundas
8. -do- Kannesvara mahasamanta Ibid, 33.
965 A.D. Goggiyamma, his
brother-in-law
Gannayya
(Kannaya) and his
mother Poleyabbe
and Sudrakayya(?)
9. -do- Sidilesvara 1 .Sidilankarama(?) Ibid., 23.
968 A.D. 2. mahasamanta
Shudrakayya
3. Kerasiga-
Nanniya Sinda
(a chief of Sindas
of Sindavadi)
10. -do- 1.Kallesvara 1. mahasamantha Ibid, Cd.
Khottiga 2. Saiva temple Pandayya 50.
968 A.D. 2. Annayya (?)
11. Nolamba- linga installed in a Nathavarma (?) Ibid, Jl. 29.
Pallavas temple
Ayyappa-deva
920 A.D.
12. -do- Kalideva at 1. Nagayya-Nayaka Ibid, Dg.
135
Trailokyamalla- Mulasthana (an incharge of 20.
Nanni- Belvanur land tax)
Nolamba- 2. urodeya
Pallava- Maramayya
Permandideva 3. 120 mahajanas
1045 A.D.
13. Chalukyas of Temple at Pittagere mahasamanta Ibid, Cd.
Kalyana Pandarasa 25.
Tailall
971 A.D.
14. -do- 1. Yadesvaraat 1. Benaka-veggecfe Ibid, 64.
Jayasimha II Kollahala 2. Muddagauda
1028 A.D. 2. Kalideva of
Mulasthana
15. -do- Bramhesvara at Brahamadhiraja Ibid., Dg.
1037 A.D. Mudihadadi (manevergede, 126.
mahamatya)
16. -do- degula Ibid., 124.
Somesvara I
1044 A.D.
17. Unidentified God at Sulgalnad Chandiyammarasa Ibid, Ct.
Dynasty (name unknown) (?) 24.
Anonymous
c. 500 A.D.
18. -do- Lunkesvara King and his wife Ibid., Mk.
Ajavarma (?) Maliyabbarasi 40.
987 A.D.
19. -do- Ramesvara Kanaka-Mallarasa Ibid., 33.
Anonymous (an administrator)
1041 A.D.
BANGALORE DISTRICT
Nineteen inscriptions belonging to Saiva temples are found in this district.

Of them, three belong to the Gangas of Talakad, one to the Banas, two to the
Rashtrakutas, one to the Nolamba-Pallavas and twelve to the Cholas.
136
An inscription345, found at Vartur in Hoskote taluk does not record the

name of the king but is dated 855 A.D. It belongs to Nitimarga Ereganga I346. It
registers a land grant by Lakha-setf/, son of Rama-rett/, for the services of god
Gangadhara.
The second inscription347 found at Nagondahalli in Bangalore taluk
belonging to the reign of King Rachamalla Permanadi (I or II) is undated, but on

paleographical grounds, it has been assigned to c. 9th century A.D. It states that a
group of 90 members donated some land on the installation of god Shiva-Bhima.
The third inscription348 found at Mogenahalli in Channapatna taluk
belonging to the reign of King Nitimarga II, is undated but it has been assigned to
907 A.D.349 It states that a Saiva priest Chillukadeva, the third (muvadi), was in
charge of Shivamareshvara, Nagaresvara and Nitimargesvara temples.
The Banas
Of A
A solitary inscription found at Dodda Beguru in Bangalore taluk

belonging to a feudatory (Samanta) King Nanni Perbana-Nagattara is dated 890
A.D. It states that the king in order to commemorate the victory over Biravarma
and Ballavarasa, constructed a temple for god Somanatha in Bempur, made some
land grants for it and placed them in the hands of Divyasakti-bhatara.
The Rashtrakutas
The earliest inscription351 found at Aradesahalli in Devanahalli taluk

belonging to the reign of King Akalavarsha (Krishna II) is dated 900 A.D.352 It
merely refers to a Nandi-sthana. There are no details of any patron or of any
grant given. Nandi is the recumbent bull placed in front of the chief shrine in a
Siva temple.
137
The second inscription353 found at Mudupalya in Magadi taluk belonging
to the reign of King Kannaradeva (Krishna III) is dated 966 A.D. It refers to the
construction of the Dadigesvara temple at Manne, commemorating the death of
Dadiga, the eldest son of Ganga-gachchi (a nal-gavunda) by Ganga-Bhima
(social identity unknown), the son of Ma....da named Durvinita.
The solitary inscription354 found at Bidaluru in Nelamangala taluk is dated
949 A.D. It does not mention the name of the king, but it has been assigned to
King Iriva-Nolamba-Dileepa. It refers to a land grant given by Eramma-gavunda
for the services of god Puresvara of Pura Ponnembele (an agrahara). It was
entrusted to a gorava of the Devi temple at Begupura.
The Cholas
The earliest inscription355 found at Malur in Channapatna taluk belonging

to the reign of King Rajaraja I is dated 1000 A.D. The inscription is effaced, but
the existing details mention that Sivanana-gandaraditta, the commander of the
king, granted some land for the worship of a god installed in the temple of god
Rajendrasimha-Isvaram-Udaiya at Periya Malavur.
About eleven inscriptions issued during the reign of King Rajendra-Chola-

Deva I (from 2nd to 12*), refer to some Saiva temples. They are as follows:
The second inscription356 found at Malurpatna in Channapatna taluk is
dated 1013 A.D. It states that Kottayan alias Idava-gamundan and other
inhabitants of Manalur gave a land grant to conduct the festival of the god
Arumolidevesvaram-Udaiya-Mahadevar ofNigarili-Solapuram.
The third inscription357 found at Dodda Malur in Channapatna taluk is

dated 1014 A.D. A number of fragments copied at the Aprameya temple at
138
Dodda Malur records various grants, one of them on a stone built into the wall
near the garbhagriha refers to a grant made to a Siva temple (by whom is not
mentioned) called Rajendrasimhesvara.
The fourth inscription358 found at Malur in Channapatna taluk having the
same date mentioned above, states that ....Iwaykki-Tonaiya-kkiramavitten

(social identity unknown) after purchasing a certain land from the members of
the assembly (mahajanas), granted it for the services of god Sri-Kaiyilasam-
Udaiya-Paramasvamigal at Dodda Malur. The members of this village assembly
protected the charity given to the god and called themselves Mahesvaras.
Mahesvaras are the devotees of Pasupatha faith in Saivism359.
The fifth inscription360 found at the same place mentioned above is dated
1015 A.D. It states that Echchalayan’s son Marayan of the Barattuvaja-gotra and
other six members of the assembly of an agrahara named Sri-Ra...Madevi-
Chcharuppedi-mangalam having received full payment in the form of gold (given
by whom is not mentioned), gave certain lands as a tax-free devadana to god
Arumolesvaram-Udaiyar of Nigarili-Solapuram.
The sixth inscription found at Dodda Malur in Channapatna taluk is

dated 1029 A.D. It is engraved on the south base of the Kailasesvara temple at
Dodda Malur and records a land grant by Devanangaiehchani, wife of the
Brahman Aiyan Nakkaparan of Vallapakkam, of the Haritagotra, for the services
of god Kailasesvara.
The seventh inscription362 found at Malurpatna in Channapatna taluk, has

the same date mentioned above. It is only a few fragments of stones that record
gifts of twilight lamps given to the temple of Kailasam-Udaiya-Mahadevar at
Kudalur alias Rajaraja-Chchaturppedimangalam. The name of the patron is not
mentioned.
139
The eighth inscription363 found at Soladevanahalli in Nelamangala taluk,
has the same date mentioned above. It states that Vamanayya, a minister and
dandanayaka erected Siddhesvara-bhavana in the memory of his guru Mauni-
bhatara, who had attained siddhi and had departed. He also made a land grant for
the services of god Siddhesvara. It also records that Rupasiva-pandita was the
achari and the odeya (the head priest) of Siddhesvara-bhavana.
The ninth inscription364 found at Ayigandapura in Nelamangala taluk is

dated 1033 A.D. It states that the king at the request of certain gavundas and
Mmikka-chetti, gave a land-grant for the Siddhesvara temple constructed by
dandanayaka Vamanayya at Kolisambuchchai in Kukkanur-nad.
The tenth inscription found at Malur in Channapatna taluk is dated 1034

A.D. It states that the members of the great assembly of Rajendrasimha-
Chchaturppedimangalam in Kilalai-nadu, having received gold from Vingala-
kuttan (a servant of the King), purchased certain lands and gifted them for god
Adavala-Rajendra-Sola-Singar and his consort set up in the temple of
Rajendrasimha-Isvaram Udaiyar of Malur.
The eleventh inscription366 found at Alur in Nelamangala taluk is dated

1038 A.D. It refers to the Siddhesvara temple constructed by dandanayaka-
Vamanayya in 1033 A.D., while mentioning the boundaries of the land grant
given for goddess Chamundesvari.
The twelfth inscription367 found at Kodagodi in Hoskote taluk is dated

1043 A.D. It states that Fermadi-gamunda’s son Rajaraja-velan, the gamunda of
Sannai-nadu constructed a tank at Pattandur with three sluices and set up the
image of god Kettirapalar (Ksetrapala) along with two other gods.
140
Table showing Saiva Temples and Images in Bangalore District

No. King/ Images
Date
1. Gangas of Gangadhara at Lakha-setti ASMAR
Talakad Vartur 1927, p.
Nitimarga 34.
EregangaI
855 A.D.
2. -do- God Shiva-Bhima Group of 90 EC IX, Bn.
Rachamalla members (?) 42.
Permanadi (I or
II)
Undated
(c. 9th century
A.D.)
3. -do- 1. Shivamaresvara Ibid., Cp. 48.
Nitimarga II temple
Undated 2. Nagaresvara
(907 A.D.) temple
3. Nitimargesvara
temple
4. Banas Somanatha temple King ID 3(1), pp.

Nanni Perbana- at Bempur 158-159.
Nagattara
890 A.D.
5. Rashtrakutas Nandi-sthana EC IX, Dv.
Krishna II 42.
900 A.D.
6. -do- Dadigesvara temple Gangabhima (?) Ibid, Mg.
Krishna III atManne 75.
966 A.D.
7. Nolamba- Puresvara of Pura Emmma-gavmda ID 14, p.
Pallavas Ponnembele 28ff.
Iriva-Nolamba
Dileepa
949 A.D.
8. Cholas Rajendra Simha- Sivanana-gandara- EC IX, Cp.
Rajaraja I Isvaram-Udaiyar at ditta (commander of 92.
141
1000 A.D. Periya Malavur king)
9. -do- Arumolidevesva- 1. Kottayan (alias Ibid., Cp.
Rajendra Chola ram-Udaiyar- Idava gamundan) 135.
Deval Mahadeva at 2. other residents
1013 A.D. Nigarali-Solapuram
10. -do- Rajendrasimesvara ASMARS:
1014 A.D. temple at Dodda Vol.II, S.
Malur Settar,
(Ed.), p.
130.
11. -do- Srikaiyilasam - .... iwykki- EC IX, Cp.
Udaiya-Parama- Tonaiya-kkirama- 88c.
svamigal at Dodda vitten (?)
Malur
12. -do- Arumolidevesvar 1. Echchalayan’s Ibid, 139.
1015 A.D. am-Udaiya at son Marayan
Nigarali-Solapuram 2. six members of
the agrahara
13. -do- Kailasesvara Devanangai- Settar S.,
1029 A.D. chchani, wife of a op. cit., p.
brahmana 129.
14. -do- Kailasam-Udaiya Ibid, pp.
Mahadevar at 129-130.
Kudalur
15. -do- Siddhesvara - dandanayaka EC IX, Nl.
bhavana at Vamanayya (a 1.
Soladevanahalli minister)
16. -do- -do- 1. King Ibid, 37.
1033 A.D. 2. Manikka-chetti
17. -do- Adavala-Rajendra- Members of the Ibid, Cp.
1034 A.D. Sola-Singar in the agrahara in Kilalai- 82.
temple of nadu
Rajendrasimha-
Isvaram-Udaiyar at
Malur
18. -do- Siddhesvara - -- Ibid, Nl.
1038 A.D. bhavana 7a.
19. -do- Kettirapalar Rajaraja-velan Ibid, Ht.
1043 A.D. (Kshetrapala) (gamunda of 142.
Sannainadu)
142
GULBARGA DISTRICT
Of the seven inscriptions referring to Saiva temples in this district, three

belong to the Rashtrakutas and four to the Chalukyas of Kalyana.
The Rashtrakutas
All the three inscriptions belong to the reign of King Krishna III.
The earliest inscription368 found at Sirivala in Shahapur taluk is dated 939
A.D. The record is found at the front of the agra-mandapa in Isvara temple. It
states that many dignitaries named Chamundarayya, Ponnayya, Ponneyya,
Ajjayya etc, of the village, probably Sirivala, made certain cash grants to the
temple referred.
The second inscription found at Andola in Jevargi taluk is dated 958

A.D. It states that Kesimayya, the son of Pergade Gundugayya along with three
other persons (named Jayabayya, Kiriya-Santa and Valajalbayya), installed the
linga in the Gundagesvara temple, probably naming the temple after
Kesimayya’s father, Gundugayya.
The third inscription370 found at Mudhol (Muduvalal) in Shahapur taluk is

undated. It states that Guli-gamunda, along with another person (name lost),
constructed a temple for god Mahadeva and donated a piece of land and an oil-
mill for its services.
About four inscriptions issued during the reign of King Jagadekamalla

Jayasimha II (from 1st to 4th), refer to Saiva temples. They are as follows:
The earliest inscription371 found at Hunasigi in Shorapur (Shahapur) taluk

is dated 1033 A.D. It states that Joganabbarasi, wife of Chanda, a subordinate to
143
the king, installed Sahasralingadeva at Aladakere and gave land-grants for the
worship and maintenance of this temple as well as a vidya-satra (educational
centre and feeding house).
The second inscription372 found at Anabi in Shahapur taluk is dated 1034

A.D. It registers a land grant for the services of god Kudala Mallikarjuna at
Alambe agrahara by Kesiyasinga, a subordinate of the King, along with Havadi
(social identity unknown) and Madhusudanayya-nayaka.
The third inscription373 found at Kalagi in Chitapur taluk is dated 1043
A.D. It registers a land grant for the services of god Somesvara. The details of the
donor are lost.
The fourth inscription374 found at Kulageri in Jevargi taluk is undated. It
states that Sarvesvara temple was constructed and a piece of land was granted to
it probably by a lady, a servant of a certain person named Singa. As there is a
reference here to Santimayya, the telliga (an oil presser), who donated an oil-mill
for the services of god Barbbesvara, it may be presumed that there was another
Siva temple at this place.
Table showing Saiva Temples and Images in Gulbarga District

No. King/ Images
Date
1. Rashtrakutas Isvara temple at Village dignitaries Nagaraj Rao,
Krishna III Sirivala named M.S., “A New
939 A.D. Chamundarayya, Group of
Ponnayya, Rashtrakuta
Ponneyya, Ajjayya Temples at
etc. Sirivala
(Gulburga
District)”, The
Rashtrakutas
144
ofMaMed, B.
R. Gopal
(Ed.), pp. 291-
293.
2. -do- Gundagesvara linga 1. Kesimayya Shivanand, V.
958 A.D. 2. Jayabbaya (Ed.),
3. Kiriyasanta Kannada
4.Valajalbbayya (?) Inscriptions
from
Hydrabad-
Kamataka
area of Nizam
Dominion, 1.
3. -do- Mahadeva 1. Guli-gavunda Thapar, B.K.
Undated 2. another person (Ed.), Indian
(939-967 A.D.) (name lost) Archaeology
1976-77 A
Review, 18, p.
59.
4. Chalukyas of Sahasralingadeva at Joganabbarasi ARIE 1959-
Kalyana Aladakere (wife of Chanda, 60, ‘B’-481, p.
Jayasimha II King’s 96.
1033 A.D. subordinate)
5. -do- Kudala Mallikar- 1. Kesiyasinga Gogi,
1034 A.D. juna at Alambe (king’s Hanumakshi
agrahara subordinate) (Ed.), KJS, 1,
2. Havadi (?) p. 391.
3. Madhusudhana-
yyanayaka
(an administrator)
6. -do- Somesvara ARIE 1960-
1043 A.D. 61,‘B’-495, p.
99.
7. -do- 1. Sarvesvaradeva 1. A dasi of Singa Gogi,
Undated 2. Barbbesvara (name effaced) Hanumakshi
(1015-1044 2. Santimayya, a (Ed.), op. cit.,
A.D.) telliga (an oil- 17, p. 293.
merchant)
145
TUMKUR DISTRICT
Six inscriptions belonging to Saiva temples are found in this district. Of

them, one belongs to the Gangas of Talakad, three to the Nolamba-Pallavas, one
to the Chalukyas of Kalyana and one to the Cholas.
A copper plate375 found at Keregodi-Rangapura in Tiptur taluk belonging
to the reign of King Rajamalla II is dated 900 A.D. It refers to the donation of the
village Kedasur in Nirgunda-Vishaya for the renovation of the Isvara-alaya at
Alur in Magare-Vishaya. Whether the donor was the King Rajamalla II or his
brother Butuga, is not made clear. The grant was entrusted to Netrasivacharya,
who belonged to the Sudha-Saiva order.
The earliest inscription376 found at Baragur in Sira taluk belonging to the

reign of King Mahendradhiraja I is dated 878 A.D. It states that the king offered
his own palace to construct a temple for Mahadeva and set up Mahendresvara.
The motivation to construct this temple was to show his supremacy over his
Kingdom. He donated the village Nanduru in Sire-nad for its services and up
keep. The grant was entrusted to Dinakarasoma-bhatara, belonging to gauha
gotra, who was an expert in mahavrata (a religious vow).
The second inscription found at the same place mentioned above

belonging to the reign of King Ayyappa-Deva is dated 920 A.D. It registers a
land grant by the king for the up-keep of two temples constructed by his queens
Nagiyabbe and Heleyabe at Baragur, a Mulasthana. The land grants were
entrusted to Vimalamati-bhatara, a Saiva priest.
146
The third inscription378 found at Kamagondanahalli in Sira taluk belonging
to the reign of King Dileeparasa is dated 943 A.D. It registers a grant of village
Piriya-Banagere by the king for the services of god Naninnesvara. The grant was
entrusted to Chilluka-bhatara, who belonged to the Lakulisa sect of Saivism.
An inscription379 found at Kvarya in Sira taluk belonging to the reign of

King Jagadekamalla (Jayasimha II) is dated 1040 A.D. It conveys that the
ashesha kottali (members of the mint) offered a cash grant for the services of god
Kammtesvara.
The Cholas
The inscription380 found at Kottagere in Kunigal taluk belonging to the

reign of King Rajadhiraja I is dated 1048 A.D. It refers to the donation of lands
by the citizens of Kunigal (Kunungil alias Rajendra-Sola-puram of Kunungil-
nadu in Vikkirama-Sola-mandalam) for the expenses of the festivals and
processions of god Rajendra-Sola-Isvara-Udaiya-Rajadhiraja-Vidangar. It also
states that 1500 citizens of Kunungil from four directions donated a perpetual
lamp and oil for this god.
Table showing Saiva Temples and Images in Tumkur District

No. King/ Images
Date
1. Gangas of Isvara-alaya at Alur King or his brother EC XVI. Tp.
Talakad Butuga I 140.
Rajamalla II
900 A.D.
2. Nolamba- Mahadeva King Ibid, XII, Si.
Paliavas (Mahendresvara) at 38.
Mahendradhi- Baraguru
147
raja I
878 A.D.
3. -do- Two temples at King, his queens Ibid., 39.
Ayyapa-deva Baraguru Nagiyabbe and
920 A.D. Heleyabe
4. -do- Naninnesvara King Ibid., 28.
Dileeparasa
943 A.D.
5. Chalukyas of Kammatesvara ashesha-kottali Ibid, 37.
Kalyana (members of the
Jayasimha II mint)
1040 A.D.
6. Cholas Rajendra- Sola- Citizens of Ibid, Kg. 2.
Rajadhiraja I Isvara- Udaiya - Kunungil
1048 A.D. Rajadhiraja-
Vidangar
KADUR DISTRICT
Of the six inscriptions referring to Saiva temples in this district, two

belong to the Alupas, one to the Gangas of Talakad and one to the Senavaras.
The dynastic affiliation of two records cannot be ascertained.
The Alupas
The earliest inscription381 found at Kigga in Koppa taluk belonging to the

reign of King Aluvarasa I alias Gunasagara is undated. He is stated to have ruled
between 650 and 675 A.D.382 It states that during the declining years of
Kundavarmarasa, King Aluvarasa, his queen Mahadevi and their son
Chitravahana granted a piece of land, freed from all imposts, for the services of
god Kilgana.
The second inscription383 found at the same place mentioned above

belonging to the reign of King Chitravahana I, son of Aluvarsa I is undated. He is
stated to have ruled between 675 and 710 A.D.384 It records an ordinance that
148
only the temple attendants of god Kilganesvara had the right of enjoying the
grant, probably given by him some time during his rule. Kilgana and
Kilganesvara are one and the same, and this name appears to have been derived
from the place Kigga where the temple is situated or vice versa.
An inscription385 found at Gangigere in Chickamagalur taluk belonging to
the reign of King Nitimarga Kongunivarma II is dated 893 A.D. It states that
Amritarasi, a Saiva priest performed a vow, collected some funds and got a
Nandi image installed in a temple erected by him at Kolur-nad. Nandi is a vahana
of Lord Siva (a white bull) who is regarded as theriomorphic form of Siva, and
he can therefore receive adoration like an independent idol386.
The Senavaras
A solitary inscription found at Chittavalli in Chickmagalur taluk

belonging to the reign of king Jimutavahana is dated 1025 A.D. It states that the
King constructed a temple for Jivitesvara and endowed villages Nerile, Kiriya
Oralgodu and Urppavalli and some taxes for the services.
Unidentified Dynasty
A slightly damaged inscription388 found at Vastare in Chikamagalur taluk

is assigned to 7-8* century A.D. but it does not name the king. It states that with
the approval of Andakutpayya, Sundari, a donatrix (social identity unknown)

gave the Sundari-charetti temple to Maravarmmasvami of the Bharadvaja-Vanga-
gotra, with the temple endowment, free of all impost. A reference to lingas is
found in the imprecatory verses.
The second inscription389 found at Bukkambudhi in Tarikere taluk is dated

888 A.D. It states that a certain Chagi donated some land and taxes for the
149
services of god Ramesvara of Kannavangala, on the occasion of construction of
an araghatta. Araghatta means a well with a water-wheel390.
Table showing Saiva Temples and Images in Kadur District

No. King/ Images
Date
1. Alupas Kilgana King, his wife EC XI, (Rev.),
Alu-arasa Mahadevi and his Sg. 56; Ibid.,
(Gunasagara) son Chitravahana VI Kp. 38.
Undated
(650-675 A.D.)
2. -do- Kilganesvara (same probably king Ibid, XI
Chitravahana I as above) (Rev.), Sg. 5;
Undated Ibid., Kp. 37.
(675-710 A.D.)
3. Gangas of Nandi image in a Amritarasi (a Saiva Ibid., XI,
Talakad temple at Kolur-nad priest) (Rev.), Cm.
Nitimarga- 113; Ibid., VI
Kongunivarma Cm, 133.
II
893 A.D.
4. Senavaras Jivitesvara King Ibid, XL
Jimutavahana- (Rev.), Cm.
Senavara 130; Ibid., VI,
1025 A.D. Cm. 95.
5. Unidentified Sundari-charetti Sundari (?) Ibid, XI
Dynasty temple (Rev.), Cm.
Anonymous 127; Ibid, VI,
7-8th century Cm. 92.
A.D.
6. -do- Ramesvara temple at A person named Ibid., VI, Tk.
888 A.D. Kannavangala Chagi (?) 67.
150
BELGAUM DISTRICT
Of the four inscriptions referring to Saiva temples in this district, one

belongs to the Chalukyas of Badami and the other three belong to the Chalukyas
ofKalyana.
An inscription391 found at Yekkeri in Parasagad (Savadatti) taluk has been

assigned to the reign of King Pulakesi I (540-566 A.D.) 392. It seems to register a
certain land in a certain town as the property of god Mahadeva, while Pulakesi I
was ruling.
The Chalukyas ofKalyana
The earliest inscription393 found at Sogal in Parasagad taluk belonging to

the reign of King Taila II is dated 980 A.D. It registers a land grant by a
cowherdess (danagaragotra) named Kanchikabbe washing the feet of
Tribhuvanasingi-pandita. This grant was meant to be utilized for the supply of
food to ascetics in the Sankara Svayambhu Suvamakshideva temple at Sogal.
The second inscription394 found at Konnur in Gokak taluk belonging to the

reign of King Trailokyamalla (Somesvara I) is dated 1032 A.D. It is a badly
damaged record registering a grant of land, a house-site and an oil-mill by
Kaliya-gtfvwwdtf to the temple of god Kaliyamesvara.
The third inscription395 found at Savadatti in Parasagad taluk belonging to
the reign of same King mentioned above is dated 1048 A.D. It states that
mahasamanta Ankarasa (a chief of the Rattas of Saundatti), constructed a temple
for Ankesvara and granted land for its services, which was entrusted to
Somesvara-pandita,
151
Table showing Saiva Temples and Images in Belgaum District

No. King/ Images
Date
1. Chalukyas of Mahadeva £/V,pp. 6-9.
Badami
Pulikeshi I
Undated
(540-566 A.D.)
2. Chalukyas of Sankara- Svayambu Kanchikabbe (wife Ibid., XVI, 1,
Kalyana Survanakshideva of cowherd Kiraya- pp. 1-9.
Tailall temple at Sogala Ketimayya)
980 A.D.
3. -do- Kaliyamesvara Kaliya-gavunda KIV, 6.
Somesvara I temple
1032 A.D.
4. -do- Ankesvara temple at mahasamanta 57/XX, 247.
1048 A.D. Sugandhavarti Ankarasa (Ratta
chief)
SOUTH KANARA DISTRICT
Five inscriptions, all issued during the rule of the Alupas, found in this
district refer to Saiva temples. The Alupas were the most important of the various
ruling families of Tulu-nadu. They controlled its destiny from the middle of the
7th century A.D. to the end of 14th century A.D.
The Alupas
The earliest inscription396 found at Udyavara (Udiyavara) in Udupi taluk

belonging to the reign of King Ranasagara is undated. His reign period is said to
be between c. 710 and 720 A.D.397 But another opinion states that period to be in
the second half of the 8th century398. It records a resolution made by padinen-
pattana (an organization of seventeen towns) towards the nagaras (merchant
152
guilds). The nagaras was requried to provide a share of its income accrued on the
trade of food grains for the service of god Chambukalla-bhattara[ka].
The next inscription399 found at same place mentioned above, belonging to

the reign of King Aluvarasa is undated. The king is said to be Aluvarasa II and
his reign period is assigned to the middle of the 8th century400, whereas another
opinion401 assigns the reign period between 770 and 795 A.D. It states that
several nakharas and other communities led by Kalagakesari Mayichanna of

Kapu, [Ko] marakolla, Elanira Chanda, yeppattohkalu nakharas of Udiyavara,
Kundapola, Am[ba]ru, Magudaru, Sivalliya-sasirbaru and the Bunts of
Chokkapadi, made a grant for god Sambhukalla and placed it in the hands of the
goravas of this temple.
Chambukalla bhattara[ka] referred to in the first inscription is called

Sambhukalla. They may be derived from the Sanskrit word ‘Svayambhu1.
Svayambhu means ‘self existing’ and kalla means stone. Originally the temple
might have been called ‘Svayambhu linga’, but gradually people by corrupting it
might have called it Chambhukalla or Sambhukalla.
The third inscription402 found at Bantra in Puttur taluk belongs to King

Nripamallaraja who is eulogised in the inscription as Raj-Kul-Amara-Aditya and
Satya-Saucha-Vinayachara-Sampanna. Nripamallaraja is one of the feudatories
of Maramma alias Aluvarasa IV and though this inscription is undated it could be
assigned to c. 8 - 9th century A.D.403 It records a political agreement entered into
by four chiefs, namely, Nripamallaraja, a Katambha (Kadamba) ruler (name not

mentioned), Raehamalla-Dugaraja and Narasinga-Dugaraja. These four met in
the presence of a large number of witnesses at the temple of Sadanuru and made
a treaty not to fight among themselves in the future. One of the witnesses was the
153
‘musicians’ of the temple of Sadanuru. It is opined404 that the political agreement
was made by the chiefs before the god of Kukke that is Kukke Subrahmanya.
The fourth inscription405 which is from Kadandale of Karkala taluk, does

not mention the king’s name or the date. But on paleographical grounds, it can be
assigned to 8 - 9 century A.D. It states that Siri Eraboygavarmarasa (probably a
local chief) and Vallakannamma (social identity unknown), donated a piece of
land named Paripali-kshetra for the services of god Kundapula-bhatara.
Kundapula-bhatara is identified with Subrahmanya or Skanda406.
The fifth inscription407 belonging to the reign of King Kundavarmarasa
engraved on the pedestal of the image of Lokesvara in the Manjunatha temple at

Kadri in Mangalore taluk is dated 968 A.D. It states that the King, a great
devotee of Lord Siva, installed the image of Lokesvara in Kadirika-W/zara. This
image in bronze perhaps the earliest bronze in Karnataka - of Lokesvara is stated
to represent Matsyendranatha, a spiritual son of Siva, according to the Natha-
pantha order of Saivas, prevalent at Kadre during the c. 10th century A.D408.
Table showing Saiva Temples and Images in South Kanara District

No. King/ Images
Date
1. Alupas Chambukalla- nagaras of SHVII, 284.
Ranasagra bhattara[ka] at Udiyapura
Undated Udiyavara
(2nd half of 8th
century A.D.)
2. -do- 1. Some persons Ibid., 279.
Aluvarasa II -do- 2. a merchant
Undated (Sambhukalla) organisation
(middle of 8th
154
century A.D.)
3. -do- Temple at El XXXVII,
Aluvarasa IV Sadanuru (Kukke pp. 23-26;
Undated Subrahmanya) ARSIE 1930-
(8-9th century 31, ‘B’-351,
A.D.) p. 31.
4. -do- Kundapula-bhatara 1. Siri- Rajagopal,
Siri Ereboyga- Ereboygavara- T.S., “Two
varmarasa (a marasa (a local Early
local chief) chief) Inscriptions
Undated 2.Vallakannamma from South-
(8-9th century (?) kanara”.
A.D.) Professor
P.B. Desai
Felicitation
Vol. pp. 72-
75.
5. -do- Installation of King S77VII, 191.

Kundavarmarasa Lokesvara image at
968 A.D. Kadarika-v/Vzara
(Kadri)
HASSAN DISTRICT
Of the three inscriptions belonging to Saiva temples found in this district,

one belongs to the Kadambas of Banavasi and one to the Hoysalas. The dynastic
affiliation of one record cannot be ascertained.
A set of three copper plates409 found at Bennur in Belur taluk belonging to

the reign of King Krishnavarma II (516-540 A.D.)410 is undated. It registers a
grant by the king of one-tenth (dasabandha) of the royalty of the village Palmadi,
in the presence of god Mahadeva of Inguna, to a brahmana named Bhavasvami of
155
the Painga family, when the king was setting out on a victorious campaign to
Vaijayanti (Banavasi).
The Hoysalas
An inscription411 found at Kondigrama in Belur taluk belonging to the
reign of King Tribhuvana Poysaladeva (probably Vinayaditya), is dated 1040

A.D. It registers a land grant by a mahasamanta of Ganga family (name effaced)
for the temple of Mulasthana (name effaced).
Unidentified Dynasty
An inscription412 found at Lakkunda in Belur taluk is dated 954 A.D. It

refers to the muliga or senior most of priests413, called Mallideva of the
Kapalesvara temple at Nekunda in Neku-nad. The significance of this record is
the light it throws on the cult of Kapalikas, who are generally assumed to have
not integrated into society, in c. 9th century A.D.
Table showing Saiva Temples and Images in Hassan District

No. King/ Images
Date
1. Kadambas of Mahadeva at Inguna King EC IX (Rev.),
Banavasi Bl. 231;£CV,
Krishnavarma II Bl. 245.
Undated
(516-540 A.D.)
2. Hoysalas Mulasthana temple mahasamanta of ASMAR 1924,
Tribhuvana Ganga family p. 32.
Poysaladeva (name effaced)
1040A.D
3. Unidentified Kapalesvara at EC IX (Rev.),
Dynasty Nekunda Bl. 512.
Anonymous
954 A.D.
156
NORTH KANARA DISTRICT
Two inscriptions referring to Saiva temples found in this district belong to

the Kadambas of Banavasi.
The copper plates414 of King Ravivarma found at Kuntagani in Ankola
taluk has been assigned to 497 A.D. It registers a grant of land named
Karpatesvara in the village of Variyaka by the king. Variyaka may be modem
Bargi, situated 14 miles to the south-west of Kuntagani415. An inscription416 dated
523 A.D. of the Kadambas from Shimoga district helps to understand that
Karpatesvara was probably the name of a deity during their period.
A copper plate417 found at Sirsi in Sirsi taluk is dated the 35th year of the
King Ravivarma’s reign (485-519 A.D.),418 that is 519 A.D. It registers a measure
of land in village Sare by the king to the temple named Mahadeva
(Mahdevayatana), probably established by a senior physician of the king, named
Nilakmtha-desamatya. There is also a refemce to the grants made to two Saiva
acharyas, one of whom was named Pasupata. This reference made to Pasupatas in
the early 6th century A.D is noteworthy.
Table showing Saiva Temples and Images in North Kanara District

SL Dynasty/ Temples and Patrons References
No. King/ Images
Date
1. Kadambas of Karpatesvara King Gopal, B. R.,
Banavasi CKI, Vol. I,
Ravivarma 19.
497 A.D.
2. -do- Mahadeva temple 1. Nilakanta El XVI. pp.
519 A.D. (king’s 264ff.
physician)
2. King
157
COORG DISTRICT
From Coorg district, only one inscription419 refers to a Saiva temple.
The inscription found at Mercara in Coorg taluk is dated 1000 A.D. It does
not mention the name of the king or the dynasty. The date helps to assign it to
one of the last kings of the Gangas of Talakad420. It refers to one Hanchama-setf/,
a son of Biha-gavunda of Ganagur, who made a grant of land for the services of
god Ramesvara, after taKing a holy bath in the river Kaveri.
Table showing a Saiva Temple in Coorg District
SI. Dynasty/ Temple Patron References

No. King/
Date
1. Gangas of Ramesvara Hanchama-sert/ EC I, (Rev.), Cg.
Talakad 2; Ibid, Cg. 5.
Anonymous
1000 A.D.
SUMMARY
1. District-wise availability of Inscriptions and Temples and Images
A study of 351 inscriptions relating to Saiva cult reveals that there were as
many as 428 temples and images in Karnataka during the period. The district-
wise distribution of the epigraphical records shows that, Dharwad district has the
highest number of temples and images (100) recorded in 73 inscriptions,
followed by 73 temples and images in 32 inscriptions of Kolar district, 48
temples and images in 39 inscriptions of Bellary district, 37 temples and images
in 41 inscriptions of Bijapur district, 39 temples and images in 36 inscriptions of
158
Mysore district, 35 temples and images in 33 inscriptions of Shimoga district, 26
temples and images in 25 inscriptions of Raichur district, 20 temples and images
in 19 inscriptions of Chitradurga district, 16 temples and images in 19
inscriptions of Bangalore district, 8 temples and images in 7 inscriptions of
Gulbarga district, 7 temples and images in 6 inscriptions of Tumkur district, 5
temples and images in 6 inscriptions of Kadur district, 4 temples and images in 4
inscriptions of Belgaum district, 4 temples and images in 5 inscriptions of South
Kanara district, 3 temples and images in 3 inscriptions of Hassan district, 2
temples and images in 2 inscriptions of North Kanara district and 1 temple in 1
inscription of Coorg district.
2. Dynastic Contribution
The Satavahanas
A single inscription found from this dynasty refers to the Mahadeva

Chandasiva temple at Vasana which is assigned to c. 245 A.D. Though only one
inscription is found, the structural remains and images of linga found in the areas
ruled by them bear proof to the existence of Saivism. The bold and large
sculptural representations of Siva as a Kalari on a circular plaque, Sivalinga (?),
Nandi with broken snout and another finely modelled burnished black slipped
Nandi without tale as early as 1st or 2nd century A.D. were found at Vadgaon-
Madhavapur in Belgaum district. Structural remains of brick temple and a
Chaturmukha linga were found at Balligave (Shikaripur taluk), and similar
remains and a linga were found at Harishi in Sorab taluk of Shimoga district.
Identical images of Sivalinga belonging to the period between 1st and 3rd century
A. D. have been found at Banavasi, Ankola, Shivapura and Haigunda in North
Kanara district and in Hattiyangadi in South Kanara district.
159
Six inscriptions issued under the Kadambas of Banavasi refer to five

temples and images. Of these, three incritptions are from Shimoga district, two
from North Kanara district and one is from Hassan district. God of Malapali
(Malavalli) from Shimoga district worshipped during the Chutus period (3rd
century A.D.) received patronage in the Kadambas period. Another inscription
from Shimoga district, dated 450 A.D. refer to Mahadeva at Talagunda
(Sthanukundura) and a third record, dated 523 A.D. refers to Karpatesvara. A
record from North Kanara district, dated 497 A.D. also refers to Karpatesvara and
a second record from the same district, dated 519 A.D. refers to Mahadevayatan.
A single, undated record from Hassan district refers to Mahadeva at Inguna.
The Kadambas were Brahmanas by lineage and supporters of Saivism in

particular which is supported by the six incritptions found. Many of their records
have invocatory verses in praise of Mahasena (Karttikeya). An image of
iL
Karttikeya found at Banavasi belonging probably to 4 -5 century A.D. may

have had a temple built during their period. A record engraved on the door-jamb
of the Pranavesvara temple invokes Siva as Pasupati. A very rare type of
Sivalinga found at Chandravalli, assigned to 3rd - 4th century A.D. probably had a
brick temple built by King Mayurasarma, a devotee of Siva. A linga and an

image of Nandi found in Banavasi probably belong to a temple of the early
Kadamba period.
The Chalukyas of Badami claimed to have acquired prosperity and power

by the protection and favour showered upon them by god Skanda-Mahasena.
The temples built and the titles assumed by the early Chalukya rulers reveal their
devotion to Vaishnavism. But the later rulers were the devotees of Siva.
160
Vikramaditya I underwent Siva-mandala diksha under the supervision of guru
Sudarsanacharya at village Marrura (Mahbubnagar district, Andra Pradesha).
Caves and temples dedicated to Saivism bear eloquent testimony to the liberal
attitude and encouragement given by the rulers to religions in the empire. There
are innumerable temples of the period at different centres in Karnataka which
lack epigraphical evidence. The study records only 18 inscriptions referring to
16 temples and images. Of these, 12 inscriptions from Bijapur district refer to 6
temples, 4 inscriptions from Dharwad district refer to 8 temples and one
inscription each from Bellary and Belgaum district refer to one temple each.
Bijapur district having 4 major religious centres at Aihole, Badami, Pattadakal
and Mahakuta was at its zineth during their period. The inscriptions dated
between 602 A.D. and 754 A.D. refer to Makutesvara temple at Mahakuta,
Huccimalli temple at Aihole, Vijayesvara, Lokesvara and Trailokesvara temples
at Pattadakal and Lokapalesvara temple.
The earliest reference from this dynasty is found in an inscription from

Dharwad district, dated 567-568 A.D. which refers to Kalideva of Aminbhavi. A
record of King Pulakesi II (610-733 A.D.) refers to four Saiva temples,
Jyeshtalinga, Ramesvara, Hobesvara and Sindesvara at Puligere. Two records of
King Vijayaditya (696-733 A.D.) refer to Mahadegula at Kurtakoti and
Arjunesvara temple at Bannikoppa respectively. A record of King Pulakesi I
(540-566 A.D.) from Belgaum district refers to god Mahadeva. A single
reference of King Vijayaditya from Bellary district refers to a temple of Siva
(name lost). The last reference from this dynasty is found in the inscription of
King Kirtivarma II, dated 754 A.D. from Bijapur district which refers to the
temples of Vijayesvara, Lokesvara and Trailokesvara temples at Pattadakal.
The Alupas
161
The strong substratum of Saivism in Alupa dynasty is recorded by the
seven inscriptions, of which 5 records from South Kanara district refer to 3
temples and an image. Two records from Kadur district of King Aluvarasa I
(650-675 A.D.) and his son Chitravahana I (675-710 A.D.) refer to the same
deity, Kilganesvara at Kigga.
The earliest reference is recorded in an inscription of King Ranasagara

(710-720 A.D.) from South Kanara district, which refers to god Chambukalla-
bhatara at Udiyavara, and the second record of King Aluvarasa II (770-795 A.D.)
refers to the same god who is called Sambhukalla. A third inscription from this
district of King Aluvarasa IV (8 - 9 century A.D.) refers to a temple of
Sadanuru (Kukke-Subrahamanya). A fourth inscription assigned to 8th - 9th
century A.D. refers to Kundapula-bhatra (Subrahamanya). A fifth inscription,
dated 968 A.D. refers to the installation of the bronze image of Lokesvara in
Kadrika-Vihara by King Kundavarmarasa. Lokesvara represents
Matsyendranatha, who is considered the spiritual son of Siva according to the
Natha-pantha cult, which seems to have rooted at Kadri by 10th century A.D. It is
observed that the Alupas not only worshipped Siva but also his son Subrahmanya
(Karttikeya). They were also responsible for introducing the Natha-pantha cult in
Karnataka.
Twenty inscriptions issued under this dynasty refer to 25 temples and

images, which help to infer that Saivism was popular in their period. Mysore
district records 12 temples and images from 10 inscriptions, followed by 5
temples from 3 inscriptions of Bangalore district, 2 temples and images from 2
inscriptions of Kolar district, 2 temples from 1 inscription of Dharwad district
162
and 1 temple each from 1 inscription each of Kadur, Tumkur, Shimoga and
Coorg districts.
Of the 10 inscriptions from Mysore district, the earliest reference is from a

record of King Sripurusha (725-788 A.D.) which refers to god Vinitesvara of
Polma. The last reference is from an inscription assigned to c. 10th century A.D.
which refers to god Arakuttisvara. Of the 10 inscriptions, five records issued
under King Rachamalla IV, help to understand that Saivism was richly patronised
during 10th century A.D.
From Bangalore district, the earliest inscription, dated 855 A.D. refers to
god Gangadhara at Vartur, the second record assigned to c. 9th century A.D.
refers to the installation of god Shiva-Bhima and the third record assigned to 907
A.D. refers to the temples of Shivamareshvara, Nagaresvara and Nitimargesvara.
Two inscriptions from Kolar district are issued under King Sripurusha. One
record dated 753 A.D. refers to god Kantesvara and the other record assigned to
770 A.D. refers to ...ttondisvara. A single record, dated 968-969 A.D., issued
under Marasimha II from Dharwad district, refers to the temples of Balabbesvara
and Karmatesvara. An inscription dated 893 A.D., issued under King Nitimarga
II from Kadur district, refers to the installation of Nandi at a temple in Kolur-nad.
An inscription dated 900 A.D. belonging to King Rajamalla II from Tumkur
district refers to Isvara-alaya at Alur. An inscription, dated 1000 A.D. from
Coorg district, refers to god Ramesvara and an inscription of King Butuga II,
assigned to the first half of 10th century A.D., refers to god Siva (name
unknown).
The Rashtrakutas
Sixty inscriptions issued under this dynasty refer to 65 temples and

images. Dharwad district records 28 temples and images from 23 inscriptions,
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followed by 10 temples and images from 10 inscriptions of Chitradurga district, 6
temples and images from 3 inscriptions of Raichur district, 5 temples and images
from 5 inscriptions of Bellary district, 4 temples and images from 7 inscriptions
of Bijapur district, 4 temples and images from 4 inscriptions of Shimoga district,
3 temples and images from 3 inscriptions of Gulbarga district, 2 temples and
images each from 2 inscriptions each of Mysore and Bangalore districts and 1
temple from 1 inscription of Kolar district.
The earliest reference to a Saiva temple is recorded in an inscription issued

under King Dhruva (780-793 A.D.) which refers to Lokesvara temple at
Pattadakal. The last reference is found in a record issued under King Krishna IV,
dated 975 A.D., from Dharwad district which refers to Bhujjesvara temple at
Hebbal. Among the Rashtrakuta Kings, the highest number of inscriptions was
issued under the reign of Krishna III. The sixteen inscriptions of his reign refer
to 16 temples and images found in the districts of Chitradurga, Gulbarga,
Dharwad, Bellary, Shimoga, Raichur, Mysore and Bangalore.
The records of this dynasty show that the temple centres patronised by the
Chalukyas of Badami (Aihole, Badami, Pattadakal and Mahakuta) were also
patronised by the Rashtrakutas. From Gulbarga district, only three inscriptions
are found and none of them refers to Malkhed, despite its being their capital in
Karnataka. Sirivala in Shahapur taluk was a Saiva centre, having more than 25
Saiva temples during the Rashtrakuta period. Only one inscription dated 939
A.D., which refers to Isvara temple, is recorded from Sirivala.
The inscriptions found at Sandur, Kolagallu and Kudatini of Bellary

district reveal that they were the centres of Karttikeya worship during the
Rashtrakuta period. Four inscriptions dated from 939 A.D. to 971 A.D. issued
under Kings Krishna III and Khottiga refer to the worship of Karttikeya. The
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earliest reference to Karttikeya worship is recorded in an inscription from
Kumarswami hill at Sandur. Inscriptions from Kolagallu and Kudatini refer to a
learned and virtuous ascetic Gadadhara from Gauda country in charge of
Samyuktasvami Karttikeya tapovana. He was a staunch worshipper of Karttikeya
and was mainly responsible for spreading Karttikeya worship in Bellary district.
The Banas
A single inscription of this dynasty dated 890 A.D. from Bangalore district
issued under Nanni Perbana-Nagattara refers to Somanatha temple at Bempur. It
appears that the Banas were the feudatories in the 9th century under the over
lordship of the Gangas of Talakad.
The Nolamba Pallavas
Twenty-seven records issued under this dynasty refer to 71 temples and

images. Of these, Kolar district records 59 temples and images from 15
inscriptions, followed by 5 temples and images from 5 inscriptions of Bellary
district, 4 temples and images from 4 inscriptions of Tumkur district, 2 temples
and images from 2 inscriptions of Chitradurga district and 1 temple from 1
inscription of Bangalore district. The earliest inscription, dated 878 A.D. issued
under King Mahendradhiraja I is from Tumkur district and it refers to Mahadeva
temple. The last reference is recorded in an inscription dated 1045 A.D. issued
under King Trailokyamalla-Nanni-Nolamba-Pallava-Permanadideva from
Chitradurga district which refers to Kalideva temple at Belavanur.
Under the Nolamba Pallavas, Avani emerged as a famous religious

establishment for Saivism to flourish. Of the 15 inscriptions from Kolar district,
a single inscription found at Avani in Mulbagal taluk, dated 961 A.D. issued
under King Dileepa, states that Tribhuvana Kartara-deva, the Kaliyuga-Rudra, in
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charge of the sthana at Avani for forty years, was responsible for constructing 50
temples.
The Nolamba kings were worshippers of Siva. For instance, King

Mahendradhiraja I offered his own palace to construct a temple for Mahadeva
and endowed it richly. Kings Dileepa and Udayaditya have contributed
maximum for the spread of Saivism.
The Cholas
Thirty-seven records of the Cholas refer to 32 temples and images, of

which Mysore district records 15 temples and images from 13 inscriptions,
followed by 9 temples and images from 11 inscriptions of Kolar district, 7
temples and images from 12 inscriptions of Bangalore district and 1 temple from
1 inscription of Tumkur district.
The earliest reference to a Saiva temple is recorded in the inscriptions

dated 991 A.D. of King Rajaraja I. One record from Kolar district refers to the
temple of god Somesvara-Udaiya-Mahadevar. The other record from Mysore
district does not mention the god’s name. The last reference is recorded in an
inscription from Kolar district, dated 1050 A.D., of King Rajadhiraja I, which
refers to god Isanisvaram-Udaiya-Mahadeva of Iratiyar. Of the 37 inscriptions
found, the highest number of inscriptions (21) was issued under the reign of King
Rajendra Chola-Deva I, followed by 9 inscriptions issued under King Rajadhiraja
I and 7 inscriptions issued under King Rajaraja I.
It is observed that T. Narasipur and Nanjangud taluks in Mysore district,

Kolar taluk in Kolar district and Channapatna and Nelamangala taluks in
Bangalore district had more Saiva temples that were patronised by the Cholas.
166
This dynasty records the highest number of inscriptions in the study. One
hundered and thirty-four of their records refer to 167 temples and images, of
which, Dharwad district records 57 temples and images from 40 inscriptions,
followed by 34 temples and images from 24 inscriptions of Bellary district, 22
temples and images from 17 inscriptions of Bijapur district, 22 temples and
images from 21 inscriptions of Shimoga district, 18 temples and images from 20
inscriptions of Raichur district, 5 temples and images each from 4 inscriptions
each of Chitradurga and Gulbarga districts, 3 temples and images from 3
inscriptions of Belgaum district and 1 temple from 1 inscription of Tumkur
district.
The earliest reference to a Saiva temple occurs in an inscription dated 970

A.D. from Dharwad district when King Taila II was a vassal. It refers to the
Kayigesvara (Magundi) and Kappesvara temples. The last reference to a Saiva
temple from this dynasty is recorded in an inscription dated 1050 A.D. from
Dharwad district issued under King Somesvara I, which refers to a temple of Siva
(name damaged). In Dharwad district maximum number of Saiva temples
appears to have been patronised in Gadag, Hangal and Haveri taluks. Dharwad
district seems to have been a centre for temple building, especially Saiva temples
during their period.
It is observed that Kings Jayasimha II and Somesvara I seem to have

patronised maximum number of temples which can be supported by the 72 and
34 inscriptions issued by them, respectively. A noteworthy fact to record is that
their Saiva establishments were spread in the districts of North Karnataka.
167
The Chalukyas of Varuna
The Chalukyas of Vanina were feudatory chieftains in and around Varuna

in Mysore district during 10th century A.D. They are described as belonging to
the Chalukya-vamsa, bearing the crest of Adivaraha. Of the three inscriptions

issued under their period, one refers to Narasingesvara and other two records
refer to Bhutesvara temple. The Narasingesvara temple was named after the
illustrious Chalukya chief mahasamanta Narasingayya, who had erected it.
The Hoysalas
From the Hoysala dynasty only two inscriptions are recorded. Both were
issued during the period of King Vinayaditya (Tribhuvanamalla Poysaladeva).
The earliest reference from Hassan district, dated 1040 A.D. refers to the temple
of Mulasthana at Kondigrama in Belur taluk. And the other inscription, from
Mysore district, dated 1048-49 A.D., refers to god Nagarisvara of Tolanchi in
Krishnarajapete taluk.
Senavaras
The Senavara feudatories were a Jaina family who ruled in the western part
of Kadur district. A solitary record dated 1025 A.D. found at Chittavalli in
Chikmagalur taluk, issued under King Jimutavahana refers to the temple of
Jivitesvara.
The dynastic affiliation of 33 inscriptions cannot be ascertained, but they

refer to 34 temples and images, of which, Mysore district records 7 temples and
images from 7 inscriptions, followed by 5 temples and images from 5 inscriptions
of Bijapur district, 5 images in 3 temples from 3 inscriptions of Shimoga district,
4 temples and images from 4 inscriptions of Dharwad district, 3 temples and
168
images from 3 inscriptions of Chitradurga district, 3 temples and images from 4
inscriptions of Bellary district, 2 temples and images each from 2 inscriptions
each of Kadur, Kolar and Raichur districts and 1 temple from 1 inscription of
Hassan district.
The earliest reference to a Saiva temple, from an unidentified dynasty, is

found in an inscription assigned to c. 500 A.D. from Chitradurga district. The
god’s name is unknown. The last reference is found in an inscription dated 1050
A.D. from Bellary district. It refers to god Somesvara.
3. Nomenclature
The study of 351 inscriptions reveals 159 different names under which
Siva was known and worshipped. Of the 428 Saiva temples and images, 104
references do not mention names for Siva and 5 references mention the attendant
deities, Nandi and Peacock. Thirty-two different names of Siva have more than
one reference and 126 names have single reference. The following table reveals
the details.
SI. References
Names
No.
1. Unknown 104
2. Mahadeva 34
3. Mulasthanadeva 17
4. Kalideva 15
5. Somesvara, Bettada-Somesvara, 14
Somesvara-Udaiya- Mahadevar,
Somanatha, Vira-Somanatha, Prasanna-
169
Somanatha
6. Ramesvara 12
7. Svayambhudeva, Svayambhu 11
8. Linga (Chaturmukhadeva, Panchalinga, 10

Sahasaralingadeva, Jyesthalinga)
9. Mallikarjuna 7
10. Siddhesvara 7
11. Siva 7
12. Nakharesvara, Nagaresvara, Nagarisvara 6
13. Bhogesvara 6
14. Karttikeya, Skanda, Shanmukha, 5

Subramanya
15. Isvara 5
16. Brahmesvara 3
17. Kshetrapala 3
18. Srikantesvara, Kantesvara 3
19. Sindesvara 2
20. Karmatesvara, Kammatesvara 2
21. Allesvara 2
170
22. Sobhanesvara 2
23. Jagadekamallesvara 2
24. Gavaresvara 2
25. Kamesvara 2
26. Bhairava 2
27. Panchikesvara 2
28. Kannesvara 2
29. Bhutesvara 2
30. Kallesvara 2
31. Uttaresvara 2
32. Nagesvara 2
33. Karpatesvara 2
34. Hobesvara 1
35. Arjunesvara 1
36. Beldeva 1
37. [Ma]laga(go)raladeva 1
38. Ko[ye]gesvara 1
39. Dindesvara 1
171
40. Kuppesvara 1
41. Ramalinga 1
42. Bikesvara 1
43. Malligesvara 1
44. Bhujjabbesvara 1
45. Balabbesvara 1
46. Kayigesvara 1
47. Kappesvara 1
48. Devesvara 1
49. Bhagiyabbesvara 1
50. Sahadesvara 1
51. Gundabbesvara 1
52. Dharmesvara 1
53. Prabhu Sarvesa 1
54. Lokabbesvara 1
55. Jogesvara 1
56. Gramesvara 1
57. Kattalesvara 1
172
58. Sivesvara 1
59. Banasankaradeva 1
60. Belera Jogesvardeva 1
61. Bolesvara 1
62. Kalesvara 1
63. Indresvara 1
64. Kogalesvara 1
65. Makalesvara 1
66. Kavesvara 1
67. Malesvara 1
68. Bharatesvara 1
69. .. .ttondisvara 1
70. Arunachalesvara 1
71. Nolamba-Narayanesvara 1
72. Kaliyuga-Rudra 1
73. Bhimesvara 1
74. Lakshmanesvara 1
75. Gangesvara 1
173
76. Somesvara-Udaiya-Mahadevar 1
77. Manandi- Isvaram-Udaiyar 1
78. Isanisvarm-Udaiya-Mahadeva 1
79. Kalapriya 1
80. Mahakaladeva 1
81. Mailara 1
82. Logesvara 1
83. Mahesvara 1
84. Nolambesvara 1
85. Virupaksha 1
86. Lenkesvara 1
87. Govindesvara 1
88. Sankaradeva 1
89. Makutesvara 1
90. Vijayesvara 1
91. Lokapalesvara 1
92. Lokesvara 1
93. Trailokyesvara 1
174
94. Hara 1
95. Re[bba]lesvara 1
96. Marasingesvara 1
97. Ballesvara 1
98. Hatakesvara 1
99. Naganatha 1
100. Vinitesvara 1
101. Amalesvara 1
102. Ereyangesvara 1
103. Arakuttisvara 1
104. Chikkesvara 1
105. Challesvara 1
106. Narasingesvara 1
107. Mallesvara 1
108. Isana-Isvaram-Mudaiyar 1
109. Mulasthana-Mudaiyar 1
110. Suddamallisvaram-Udaiya-Mahadeva 1
111. Rajaraja-Vitankadeva 1
175
112. Chandrasekhara 1
113. Kavarai- Isvaram- Udaiyar 1
114. Bhujangesvara 1
115. [Hamm]esvara 1
116. Saviyabbesvara 1
117. Malapalideva 1
118. Gautamesvara 1
119. Mulasthana Nandikesvara 1
120. Bidiresvara 1
121. Pingalesvara 1
122. Nagalesvara 1
123. Gonesvara 1
124. Bherundesvara 1
125. Subhatungesvara 1
126. Chikkabikesvara 1
127. Jedeyasankardeva 1
128. Sankesvara 1
129. Ekajedeya-degula 1
176
130. Chandesvara 1
131. Bankesvara 1
132. Gavanganesvara 1
133. Sidilesvara 1
134. Yadesvara 1
135. Lunkesvara 1
136. Gangadhara 1
137. Shiva-Bhima 1
138. Shivamaresvara 1
139. Nitimargesvara 1
140. Dadigesvara 1
141. Puresvara 1
142. Rajendrasimha- Isvara- Udaiyar 1
143. Arumolidevesvaram-Udaiya-Mahadeva 1
144. Srikailasam-Udaiya-Paramasvamigal 1
145. Kailasam-Udaiya-Mahadevar 1
146. Adavala Rajendra-Sola-Singar 1
147. Gundagesvara 1
177
148. Sarvesvaradeva 1
149. Barabbesvara 1
150. Naninnesvara 1
151. Rajendra-Sola-Isvaram-Udaiya- 1
Rajadhiraja-Vidangar
152. Kilganesvara 1
153. Jivitesvara 1
154. Sankara-Svaymbhu-Suvamakshi 1
155. Kaliyamesvara 1
156. Ankesvara 1
157. Kundapula-bhatara 1
158. Lokesvara 1
159. Kapalesvara 1
428
Total
The above mentioned table discloses that Siva was worshipped by a variety
of names. Siva named after the patrons finds maximum number of references in
the study.
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1. Unknown Names
The study helps to conclude that there are 104 instances of Saiva temples
that do not carry any name. It is not possible to infer the names because some of
the names have been not clear or are effaced. Certain clues like Saiva priests,
patrons or incomplete names of Siva etc, have helped to recognise that the
temples belonged to Saivism.
2. Mahadeva
Siva named as Mahadeva takes the second place in the list. Siva is called
Mahadeva from the Atharvana Veda to the Epics, and even in Pauranic periods.
Mahadeva means Lord of the Gods, as he gained strength from the Gods to
destroy the demons. This name was the most popular among all other names for
God Siva. The name Mahadeva finds 34 instances from 12 districts. The
maximum number of instances is from Bellary district (8) followed by 7
instances in Mysore district, 6 instances in Dharwad, 3 instances in Kolar district,
2 instances each in Shimoga and Raichur districts, 1 instance each in Bijapur,
North Kanara, Hassan, Belgaum, Tumkur and Gulbarga districts. The earliest
reference to Mahadeva is recorded in the inscription belonging to the
Satavahanas dated c. 245 A.D. found at Vasana in Nargund taluk of Dharwad
district.
3. Mulasthanadeva
Siva was worshipped in different places as Mulasthanadeva and 17 such
instances are recorded in the study. Mulasthana means the place where the
principal deity is installed and worshipped. Of the 17 instances, Dharwad district
records 6 instances followed by 4 in Bellary district, 3 in Raichur district, 2 in
Bijapur district and 1 each in Mysore and Hassan districts. The earliest reference
to Siva as Mulasthanadeva is found in the inscription of the Rashtrakutas dated
946 A.D. found at Kurutakunte in Gadag taluk of Dharwad district.
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4. Kalideva
Siva named as Kalideva finds 15 references. Of them, 5 references are
from Dharwad district, followed by 5 in Bellary district, 2 in Chitradurga district
and 1 each in Bijapur, Shimoga and Raichur districts. The earliest reference to
Kalideva is found in the inscritpion of Chalukyas of Badami dated 567-78 A.D.
found at Amminbhavi in Dharwad district.
5. Somesvara
There are 14 instances of Siva being worshipped as Somesvara and
Somanatha. Of them 9 instances of Somesvara are recorded, 3 are found in
Raichur district, 2 are found in Bijapur district and one each in Dharwad, Kolar,
Bellary and Gulbarga districts. Siva is mentioned as Somesvara-Udaiya-
Mahadevar in an inscription from Kolar district and as Bettada-Somesvara in an
inscription from Raichur district. The earliest reference to Somesvara is found in
an inscription of the Rashtrakutas, dated 918 A.D. found at Diddigi in Sindhanur
taluk of Raichur district. Siva is mentioned as Somanatha in 5 instances, 2 from
Shimoga district and leach from Dharwad, Bangalore and Chitradurga districts.
In a record from Shimoga district, Siva was worshipped as Prasanna-Somanatha
and Vira-Somanatha in a trikuta temple. The earliest reference to Somanatha is
found in the inscription of the Banas, dated 890 A.D. found at Dodda Beguru in
Bangalore district.
6. Ramesvara
Siva is referred as Ramesvara in 12 instances of which 5 instances are from
Dharwad district, followed by 2 instances in Shimoga district and 1 instance each
in Mysore, Raichur, Chitradurga, Kadur and Coorg districts. The earliest
reference to Ramesvara is found in the inscription of the Chalukyas of Badami,
assigned to the period 610-642 A.D. from Dharwad district.
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7. Svayambhudeva
Siva named as Svayambhudeva finds 11 instances. Svayambhu means
‘self-existing, one who come into existence on his own’. As Siva is most
worshipped in the linga form, Svayambhudeva refers to linga existing by itself.
Of the 11 instances, 5 are found in Dharwad district, 2 each in Bellary and
Shimoga districts and 1 each in Raichur and South Kanara districts. The earliest
reference to Siva as Svayambhudeva (Chambukalla-bhattaraka) is found in the
inscription of the Alupas assigned to the 2nd half of 8th century A.D. from South
Kanara district.
8. Linga
Linga is the symbol under which Siva is universally worshipped. The idea
lying behind the worship of the phallic emblem is primitive, based on fertility
cult. It is connected with Siva as his chief symbol and made of stone it may be
regarded as a lithomorphic form of Siva. The study reveals 10 instances of linga
installation, of which Shimoga district records 4 instances followed by 1 each in
Dharwad, Bellary, Mysore, Chitradurga and Gulbarga districts. The earliest
reference to linga installation is found in the inscription of the Rashtrakutas dated
916 A.D. from Dharwad district. Of the 4 instances from Shimoga district, 1
instance is named Chaturmukhadeva and another is named Panchalinga. One
instance found in Dharwad district is named Jyesthalinga and another found in
Gulbarga district is named Sahasaralingadeva.
9. Mallikarjuna
Siva named as Mallikarjuna has 7 references. Of them, 2 instances each are
from Dharwad and Bijapur districts, followed by 1 instance each in Kolar,
Raichur and Gulbarga districts. The earliest reference to Mallikarjuna is found in
the inscription of the Rashtrakutas, dated 941 A.D. from Raichur district.
1S1
10. Siddhesvara
Siva named as Siddhesvara finds 7 instances, of which 2 instances are from
Dharwad district, followed by 1 instance each in Bellary, Bijapur, Shimoga,
Raichur and Bangalore districts. The earliest reference to Siddhesvara is found in
the inscription of the Rashtrakutas dated 933 A.D. from Dharwad district.
11. Siva
Seven temples have been named after Siva as Sivagriha, Sivalaya and
Sivasthana. Of the 7 instances, 2 instances each are from Bijapur and Shimoga
districts followed by 1 instance each in Dharwad, Kolar and Mysore districts.
The earliest reference to a Sivalaya is found in an inscription of the Collateral
branch of the Gangas of Talakad dated 810 A.D. and found at Nandi in Chikka-
Ballapur taluk of Kolar district.
12. Nakharesvara, Nagaresvara and Nagarisvara
Siva named after the mercantile class or merchants (Nakharas or Nagaras)
as Nakharesvara, Nagaresvara and Nagarisvara finds 6 instances of which 3
instances are from Dharwad district, followed by 1 instance each in Mysore,
Bijapur and Bangalore districts. The earliest reference is found in the inscription
of the Rashtrakutas dated 815 A.D. from Dharwad district.
13. Bhogesvara
Siva worshipped as Bhogesvara has 6 instances, of which 2 instances are
from Dharwad district, followed by 1 instance each in Bellary, Bijapur, Raichur
and Chitradurga districts. The earliest reference to Bhogesvara appears in the
inscription of the Rashtrakutas dated 916-917 A.D. from Dharwad district.
14. Karttikeya, Skanda, Shanmukha and Subrahmanya
There are 5 references to Karttikeya, the son of Siva having six heads and
also called the God of war. He is known by different names, like Skanda,
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Shanmukha, and Subrahmanya. Of the 5 references, 3 are from Bellary district
and 2 are from South Kanara district.
The fiirst reference to Karttikeya (Subrahmanya) found in the Bantra
inscription of Puttur taluk from South Kanara district is undated (assigned to 8 -
9th century A.D.). It refers to the people of Kukke and the God of Kukke in
political agreement. It belongs to the King Nripamallaraja, one of the feudatories
of Maramma alias Aluvarasa IV of the Alupa dynasty. Kukke in the Tulu
language of the Koragas, means ‘child’ (kanda) and therefore Kukke
Subrahmanya may reasonably convey the sense, Bala-Subrahmanya. Kukke
Subrahmanya (as the place is also known) has been one of the most sacred places
of the Subrahmanya cult in South India. The second reference found in the
inscription from Kadandale of Karkala taluk is undated (c. 9th century A.D.) and
belonging probably to the Alupas, states that a grant of land, Paripali-kshetra
was given to Kundapula-bhatara (Subrahmanya or Skanda) by a chieftain Siri
Ereboygararmarasa and Vallakarmamma (social identity unknown).
The other 3 inscriptions referring to Karttikeya found at various places in
Bellary district belong to the Rashtrakutas. The earliest among them assigned to
the the reign of King Krishna III (939-967 A.D.) refers to Shanmukha on
Kumarsvami hill at Sandur. The second inscription, dated 966 A.D. belonging to
the same king found at Kolagallu refers to Samyuktasvami Karttikeya. The third
reference found in an inscription from Kudatini, belonging to King Khottiga
dated 971 A.D. refers to the installation of an image of Skanda by Gadadhara. An
inscription assigned to an unidentified dynasty, dated 1045 A.D. from Sandur
refers to the installation of Peacock, the vehicle of Karttikeya.
15. Isvara
There are 5 instances of Siva being worshipped as Isvara. Of these, 1
instance each is found in Tumkur, Gulbarga, Kolar, Dharwad and Shimoga
183
districts. The earliest reference to Isvara is recorded in an inscription of the
Gangas of Talakad, dated 900 A.D. found at Keregodi-Rangapura in Tumkur
district.
16. Brahmesvara
Siva named as Brahmesvara finds 3 references, of which, 1 reference each
is from Dharwad, Bijapur and Chitradurga districts. The earliest reference to
Brahmesvara is found in an inscription of the Rashtrakutas, dated 929-930 A.D.
from Dharwad district.
17. Kshetrapala
There are three references to Siva as Kshetrapala. Kshetrapala means
“Lord of the field or region”. It is also understood to be the name of a male deity
of a certain area, found in Saivite temples. Hence it is also the name of an aspect
of Siva, Bhairava. Of the 3 references, 2 references belong to the Cholas, one
reference is from an inscription dated 1005 A.D. from Kolar district and the other
reference is from an inscription dated 1043 A.D. from Bangalore district. In this
record Kshetrapala is mentioned as Kettirapalar. The third reference found in the
inscription of the Chalukyas of Kalyana dated 1033 A.D. is from Dharwad
district.
18. Kantesvara
Siva named as Kantesvara finds 3 instances, 1 instance each from Kolar,
Shimoga and Chitradurga districts. The earliest reference is found in an
inscription of the Gangas of Talakad dated 753 A.D. from Kolar district. The
inscription of the Rashtrakutas from Chitradurga district dated 964 A.D. refers to
the Kantesvara temple and to the installation of Uma-Mahesvara in it.
19. Sindesvara
Siva named Sindesvara finds 2 references, 1 reference is from Dharwad
district and the other is from Bijapur district. The earliest reference to Sindesvara
184
is found in an inscription of the Chalukyas of Badami assigned to 610-640 A.D.
from Dharwad district. The other reference recorded from Bijapur district is
found in the inscriptions of the Chalukyas of Kalyana dated 990-991 A.D. and
1033 A.D. The temple gets the name Sindesvara after the Sindas of Bagadage
(Bagalkot), the feudatories of Chalukyas of Kalyana.
20. Kammatesvara
Siva named as Kammatesvara (Karmatesvara) after the professional group
of Kammatas (people worKing in the mint) finds 2 instances. The earliest
reference appears in the inscription of the Gangas of Talakad dated 968-969 A.D.
from Dharwad district. The second reference appears in the inscription of the
Chalukyas of Kalyana dated 1040 A.D. found in Tumkur district.
21. Allesvara
Siva named as Allesvara (Alesvara) finds 2 instances, 1 instance is from
Dharwad district and the other instance is from Shimoga district. Both instances
are recorded in the inscriptions of the Chalukyas of Kalyana. The earliest
reference is from an inscription dated 1010 A.D. from Dharwad district.
22. Sobhanesvara
Siva named as Sobhanesvara finds 2 references, 1 reference is from
Raichur district and the other is from Dharwad district. Both the references are
recorded in the inscriptions of the Chalukyas of Kalyana. The earliest reference is
found in an inscription dated 1002 A.D. from Raichur district It is probable that
Siva gets the name Sobhanesvara after the patron mahasamanta Sobhanarasa.
23. Jagadekamallesvara
There are 2 instances of Siva being named as Jagadekamallesvara, after
one of the titles of King Jayasimha II. The earliest reference is found in an
inscription dated 1028 A.D. from Mulgund in Gadag taluk of Dharwad district.
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The other reference is recorded in an inscription dated 1047 A.D. found at
Balligave in Shikaripur taluk of Shimoga district.
24. Gavaresvara
Two instances refer to Siva as Gavaresvara, after the merchants or traders
community. Gavares are traders, who wander from place to place selling betel
leaves hoarded on donkeys. Both the instances are recorded in the inscriptions of
the Chalukyas of Kalyana. The earliest reference is in an inscription dated 1005
A.D. found at Kukkunur in Yalaburga taluk of Raichur district and the other
reference is from an inscription dated 1033 A.D. found at Rajur in Ron taluk of
Dharwad district.
25. Kamesvara
Siva named as Kamesvara finds 2 references. One reference is recorded in
an inscription of the Nolamba Pallavas from Kolar district and the other is
recorded in an inscription of the Rashtrakutas from Bellary district. Both the
records are dated 931 A.D.
26. Bhairava
Siva named as Bhairava (a terrific or ugra form) has two references. Both
belong to the period of the Chalukyas of Kalyana. The earliest reference is found
in an inscription dated 976 A.D. found at Kudatini in Bellaiy district and the
other is recorded in an inscription dated 1049 A.D. found at Shirur in Bagalkot
taluk of Bijapur district.
27. Panchikesvara
Siva named as Panchikesvara finds two references. The earliest reference
is found in an inscription of the Rashtrakutas dated 870 A.D. found at Salur in
Shikaripur taluk of Shimoga district. The other instance is found in an inscription
of the Chalukyas of Kalyana dated 981 A.D. found at Kanchugara-Belagallu in
Alur taluk of Bellary district.
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28. Kannesvara
Siva named as Kannesvara finds 2 references. Both the references are
found in the inscriptions of the Rashtrakutas. The earliest one dated 812 A.D. is
from Mysore district and the other dated 965 A.D. is from Chitradurga district.
29. Bhutesvara
Siva named as Bhutesvara finds 2 references. The earliest reference is
recorded in an inscription of the Rashtrakutas assigned to c. 9th century A.D.
from Bijapur district. The other reference is recorded in an inscription of the
Chalukyas of Kalyana assigned to c. 10th century A.D. from Mysore district.
30. Kallesvara
Siva named as Kallesvara finds 2 references. The earliest reference is
recorded in an inscription of the Rashtrakutas dated 968 A.D. from Chitradurga
district. The other reference is from an inscription of the Chalukyas of Kalyana
dated 1032 A.D. from Bijapur district.
31. Uttaresvara
Siva named as Uttaresvara finds 2 references. Both the references are
found in the inscriptions of the Chalukyas of Kalyana from Bijapur district. The
earliest one is dated 1044 A.D. and the other is dated 1049 A.D.
32. Nagesvara
Siva named as Nagesvara finds 2 references. Both the references are found
in the inscriptions of the Chalukyas of Kalyana. The earliest one dated 1023 A.D.
is from Raichur district and the other dated 1048 A.D. is from Shimoga district.
33. Karpatesvara
Siva named as Karpatesvara has 2 references. Both the references are
found in the inscriptions of the Kadambas of Banavasi. The earliest reference is
found in a record dated 497 A.D. from North Kanara district and the other is
found in a record dated 523 A.D. from Shimoga district.
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One hundred and twenty-six names of Siva have single references of which
thirty-four names of Siva have been interpreted and the details are given below,
but it has not been possible to find any interpretation for the remaining ninety-
two names. It is observed that many Saiva temples were named after the patrons.
1. Koygesvara
Siva named as Koygesvara after the Koylalis, the labourers who cut betel-
leaves. The only reference is found in the inscription of the Rashtratkutas dated
887 A.D. from Mevundi in Mundargi taluk of Dharwad district.
2. God Mailara
Siva named as Mailara (terrific form) is recorded in the inscription of the
Chalukyas of Kalyana dated 1017 A.D. and found at Mallayyanagudda in
Siraguppa taluk of Bellary district. This inscription says that the Nolamba-
Pallava chief, Jagadekamalla Nolamba-Pallava Permanadi, worshipped god
Mailara. It can be inferred that this inscription is the earliest record referring to
Mailara worship and the Nolamba-Pallavas were the first in Karnataka to worship
Mailara.
3. Lokesvara
Siva is worshipped as Lokesvara according to the Natha-Pantha faith.
Natha-Pantha faith is said to have originated in Bengal by about 9th or 10th
century A.D. It is believed to be developed itself out of the Vajrayana system of

the Mahayana form of Buddhism, but later underwent transformation. In
Tulunadu, it was predominently Saivite in fundamentals and practice.
Lokesvara represents Matsyendranatha, the spiritual son of Siva according

to Natha-Pantha faith. Matsyendranatha was a renowned spiritual leader and also
one of the influencial pontiffs of the Natha-Pantha, responsible for the spread and
wide popularity of this faith in India. This faith must have spread and well
received in Kadri by the middle of the 10th century A.D. Its influence is noticed
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in the inscription found at Kadri in South Kanara district. The record dated 968
A.D., engraved on the pedestal of a bronze image of Lokesvara, was installed by
the Alupa King Kundavarma, a great Saiva devotee.
4. Kapalesvara
Siva named as Kapalesvara is referred in an inscription dated 954 A.D.
found at Lakkunda in Belur taluk of Hassan district. The dynastic affiliation of
the record cannot be ascertained. The name Kapalesvara helps to infer that the
temple might have been dedicated to Kapalika sect of Saivism. This is the only
and the earliest reference to Siva as Kapalesvara in the study. The Kapalikas,
who worshipped the Kapalin form of Siva, seem to be an obscure sub-sect of the
Pasupata system of the Saivas.
Siva named after the place

There are 4 references of Siva being named after the places or vice versa.
5. Malapalideva
The earliest reference to Malapalideva is from the Chutu inscription, dated
c. 3rd century A.D., found at Malavalli in Shikaripur taluk of Shimoga district
belonging to King Vinhukada Chutukulananda Satakami. Another reference to
Malapalideva is recorded from the same district in the Malavalli inscription of
the Kadambas of Banavasi King Siva[skanda]varma, which is assigned to c. 3rd-
4th century A.D.

6. Makutesvaranatha
Siva worshipped as Makutesvaranatha after the place Makuta (Magada)
appears in the inscription of Chalukyas of Badami King Mangalesa, dated 602
A.D. and found at Mahakuta in Badami taluk of Bijapur district.
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7. Kilganesvara
Siva is named Kilgana or Kilganesvara after the place Kigga. It appears in
the Alupa inscriptions found at Kigga in Koppa taluk of Kadur district dated
between 650 A.D. and 710 A.D.
8. Bharatesvara
Siva is named Bharatesvara after the place Bharatapura, which is presently
known as Baradur. It is found in an inscription dated 1032 A.D. which is
assigned to an unidentified dynasty. It is found at Bharatapura in Mundargi taluk
of Dharwad district.
Siva temples named after the Royal family
Siva temples named after the kings and queens find five instances.
9. Vijayesvara
Siva temple constructed by King Vijayaditya of the Chalukyas of Badami
dynasty was named Vijayesvara (Bijesvara) after him. It is presently known as
Sangamesvara temple. It is recorded in the inscription (696-733 A.D.) found at
Pattadakal in Badami taluk of Bijapur district.
10. Lokesvara
Siva temple named Lokesvara was constructed by Lokamahadevi, the
senior queen of King Vikramaditya II, to commemorate her husband’s three
victories against the Pallavas at Kanchi. It is recorded in the inscription of the
Chalukyas of Badami (733-745 A.D.) found at Pattadakal in Badami taluk of
Bijapur district.
11. Trailokyesvara
Siva temple named Trailokyesvara was built by Trailokyamahadevi,
another queen of King Vikramaditya II, to commemorate her husband’s three
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victories against the Pallavas. The reference to this temple is found in the
inscription of King Kiritivarma II dated 754 A.D. and found at Pattadakal.
12. Shivamaresvara and Nttimargesvara
Siva temples were named Shivamaresvara and Nitimargesvara after the
Kings of the Gangas of Talakad dynasty. It is recorded in the inscription,
assigned to 907 A.D. and found at Mogenahalli in Channapatna taluk of
Bangalore district.
Siva temples named after the feudatories

Siva named after the feudatories finds four references.
13. Gavaganesvara
Gavaganesvara was the name given to Siva temple at Madarikal
constructed by Gavaganabbe, wife of Nolamba-Pallava chief Charuponnera. It is
recorded in the inscription of the Rashtrakutas dated 815 A.D. and found at
Chikka-Madhure in Challakere taluk of Chitradurga district.
14. Nolamba-Narayanesvara
Siva temple was named Nolamba-Narayanesvara, after one of the titles of
the Nolamba-Pallava King Polalchora II, which was constructed by his wife
Divabbarasi. It is recorded in the inscription dated 890 A.D. found at Avani in
Mulbagal taluk of Kolar district.
15. Bhujjabbesvara
Siva temple was named Bhujjabbesvara after the patron Bhujjabbarasi who
was the grand mother of Marasingadeva II, the Ganga feudatory ruling under the
Rashtrakutas. It is recorded in the inscription of the Rashtrakutas dated 975 A.D.
found at Hebbal in Shirahatti taluk of Dharwad district.
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16. Nolambesvara
Another temple of the Nolamba Pallavas was named Nolambesvara. It was
built by the Lenka-1000 led by their chief dandanayaka Tikkanna to
commemorate the death of Nolamba-Pallava chief Udayaditya. It is recorded in
the inscription of the Chalukyas of Kalyana dated 1045 A.D. and found at
Morigere in Hagaribommanahalli taluk of Bellary district.
Siva temple named after a community of warriors
17. Lenkesvara
Siva was named Lenkesvara after Lenka-1000, a community of warriors.

An inscription from Bellary district belonging to the Chalukyas of Kalyana of
King Jayasimha II dated 1045 A.D. states that dandanayaka Tikkanna built
Lenkesvara temple at Agrahara Moringere.
Chola temples in Karnataka
The great Chola King, Rajaraja I (985-1013 A.D.) conquered parts of the
southern territory of Karnataka and annexed them to his empire. So Chola
temples are found in the districts of Kolar, Mysore, Bangalore and Tumkur. The
highest number of these temples is found in Mysore district (14), followed by 9
temples in Kolar, 7 temples in Bangalore and 1 temple in Tumkur districts. The
earliest reference is found in the inscriptions dated 991 A.D. from Kolar and
Mysore districts. Siva is named Somesvara-Udaiya-Mahadevar in the record
from Kolar district and the name of Siva is effaced in the record from Mysore
district. Some Chola names for Siva are distinct as they have the word Udaiyar,
meaning Lord or the chief deity of a temple. The inscriptions from Mysore, Kolar
and Bangalore districts reveal these instances.
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Mysore District
18. Isana- Isvara- Mudaiyar (Udaiyar)
19. Mulastana- Mudaiyar (Udaiyar)
20. Suddhamailisvaram-Udaiya Mahadeva
21. Kavarai-Isvaram- Udaiyar
22. Tiruviramisvara-Udaiyar
Kolar District
23. Somesvara-Udaiya Mahadevar
24. Ma-Nandi-Isvaram-Udaiyar
25. Isanaisvaram-Udaiya Mahadeva
Bangalore District
26. Rajendra Simha-Isvaram-Udaiyar
27. Srikayilasam-Udaiya-Paramasvamigal
28. Kayilasam-Udaiya-Mahadevar
Chola temples named after the title of a King and Kings’ names
29. Arumolidevesvaram-Udaiyar-Mahadeva
Siva was named Arumolidevesvaram-Udaiyar-Mahadeva after one of the
titles of King Rajaraja I. It is recorded in the inscriptions dated 1013 A.D. and
1015 A.D. from Bangalore district.
30. Adavala-Rajendra-Sola-Singar
Siva was named Adavala-Rajendra-Sola-Singar after King Rajendra-
Choladeva I. It is recorded in the inscription dated 1034 A.D. found at Malur in
Bangalore district.
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31. Rajaraja Vitankadeva
Siva was named Rajaraja Vitankadeva, probably after King Rajaraja I. It
is recorded in the inscription issued under King Rajadhiraja I dated 1048 A.D.
from Mysore district.
32. Rajendra-Sola-Isvara-Udaiya-Rajadhiraja-Vidangar
Siva was named Rajendra-Sola-Isvara-Udaiya-Rajadhiraja-Vidangar which
is recorded in an inscription issued under King Rajadhiraja I dated 1048 A.D.
from Tumkur district.
Chola temple named after a Saiva guru

33. Isana-Isvara-Mudaiyar
Siva temple named Isana-Isvara-Mudaiyar at Sutturu was dedicated in
honour of a Kalamukha guru, Isanasiva-Pandita. It is recorded in the inscription
dated 1032 A.D. belonging to King Rajendra I, found at Sutturu in Nanjangud
taluk of Mysore district.
34. Kaliyuga-Rudra
Siva temple was named Kaliyuga-Rudra after one of the titles of the
famous Saiva priest Tribhuvanakartara-bhatara during the period of the Nolamba-
Pallavas. It is recorded in an inscription found at Avani in Mulbagal taluk of
Kolar district which is assigned to 920 A.D.
4. Earliest and Last Reference to Saiva Temples
Studies so far reveal that in the beginning of the 1st century A.D., structural
remains of a brick temple and a Siva linga were found near Ankola in North
Kanara District. There is no epigraphical evidence for this, but on stylistic
grounds it is opined that it could be the earliest Saiva temple in Karnataka421.
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The earliest Saiva temple is the Mahadeva Chandasiva temple at Vasana
recorded in the inscription of the Satavahanas found in Nargunda taluk of
Dharwad district. This record assigned to c. 245 A.D. is the earliest Satavahana
record in Karnataka to mention a Saiva temple.
Till the finding of the Vasana inscription of the Satavahanas, the
Talagunda inscription of the Kadambas of Banavasi was said to be the earliest
epigraphieal evidence mentioning a Saiva temple. It states that a Satakami
worshipped god Mahadeva at Talagunda. Studies reveal that this Satakami could
heve been Gautamiputra Satakami of Satavahana dynasty. But still it appears to
be an unresolved fact as to state exactly whether he was Gautamiputra Satakami
or some other Satakami, as even the Chutus carried the titles of their overlords. It
appears that the Mahadeva temple at Talagunda must have existed during the
Satavahana period.
Last reference to Saiva temples is recorded in four inscriptions which
mention temples that existed in 1050 A.D. They are as follows:
1. An inscription of the Chalukyas of Kalyana issued under King Somesvara I
found at Korlahalli in Mundargi taluk of Dharwad district mentions a temple
dedicated to Siva.
2. An inscription of the Chola issued under King Rajadhiraja I and found at
Yeldur in Mulbagal taluk of Kolar district refers to the temple of god
Isanisvaram-Udaiya Mahadeva of Iratiyur.
3. An inscription assigned to an unidentified dynasty found at Kudatini in
Bellary taluk of Bellary district refers to the temple of god Somesvara.
4. Another inscription assigned to an unidentified dynasty and found at
Kaggattur in Channagiri taluk of Shimoga district mentions the construction
of a trikuta temple named Sri Vira-Somanatha at Huligere. This is the earliest
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inscriptional evidence to a trikuta temple dedicated to Vira-Somanatha,
Prasanna-Somanatha and Sambhudeva.
5. Antiquity of Temples
Two references occur in the epigraphical records which trace the antiquity
of temples constructed in the Hindu epics era.
An inscription of the Rashtrakutas, dated 815 A.D., issued under King
Prabhutavarsha Pratapavaloka Sri Vallabha (Govinda-III), found at Chikka-
Madhure in Chitradurga district records the first reference to a brick temple,
which was earlier constueted by Lord Rama in the memory of a fight between
Jatayu and Ravana on Jatinga Ramesvara hill.
An inscription of the Chalukyas of Kalyana, dated 1036 A.D., issued under
King Jayasimha II, found at Belagami (Balligave) in Shimoga district, refers to a
Panchalinga temple which was said to be set up by the Pandavas.
6. Century-wise Distribution of the Inscriptions and Temples and Images
The study of 351 inscriptions reveals 428 Saiva temples and images dating
from the middle of 3rd century A.D. to 1050 A.D.
Century Total inscriptions No of Temples and

Images
3rd century A.D. 2 2
3rd - 4th century A.D. 1 Nil
4th century A.D. Nil Nil
5th century A.D. 3 3
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7-8th century A.D. 11 7
century A.D. 3 3
9-10th century A.D. 5 6
to 1050 A.D. 177 207
Total 351 428
The chart shows that references to Saiva temples occur from 3 century
A.D. onwards and two references are recorded. One reference is found in the
inscription of the Satavahanas and the other is found in the inscription of the
Chutus. In 3rd-4th century A.D. a single inscription of the Kadambas of Banavasi
refers to the temple which existed in the 3rd century A.D. In the 4th century A.D.
not a single reference is recorded. It can be noticed that from 5th century A.D
onwards there is an increase in the epigraphical evidence and also in the number
of temples and images. In the 5th century A.D. three inscriptions refer to three
temples and images, follwed by four inscriptions referring to five temples and
images in 6th century A.D. and four inscriptions referring to six temples and
images in 7th century A.D. In the 7-8th century A.D., eleven incriptions refer to
seven temples and images, and in the 8th century A.D. twelve inscriptions refer to
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eight temples and images. In the 8-9* century A.D., three inscriptions mention
three temples and images. From the 9th century A.D. onwards there is a gradual
increase in the number of inscriptions and temples. Thirty-one inscriptions
belonging to the 9th century A.D., refer to twenty-eight temples and images. In
the 9-10th century A.D. five inscriptions reveal six temples and images. In the
10th century A.D. ninety-eight inscriptions refer to one hundred and fifty-three
temples and images which reveal that temple building activity had increased
exuberantly. A maximum number of inscriptions are recorded from the period
between 1001 A.D. and 1050 A.D. One hundred and seventy-seven inscriptions
issued during this period reveal the existence of two hundred and seven temples
and images, which proves the popularity of Saivism and also an increasing trend
in temple construction and patronage.
7. Patrons
Saivism emerged as the most popular religious force which is evident from
the study of 351 inscriptions. The 428 references to temples and images help to
infer that people of all sections of the society in the past extended their patronage
richly.
On the availability of 351 inscriptions, the patrons of Saiva temples and
images have been classified into eight classes. They are as follows:
SI. Total
Classes of Patrons
No. references
1. Unknown patrons 130
2. High Nobility including ministers, 95
mahamandalesvaras, mahasamanthas, samantas,
dandanayakas, sahanis etc.
198
3. Middle level bureaucracy including gavundas, 84
pergades, urodeyas, manneyas, surtkavergades,
senabovas, maneverggades etc.
4. Royal family 51
5. Merchants and Guilds 30
6. Individuals 26
7. Religious men including priests, mahajanas, 22
brahmanas etc.
Total 438
1. Unknown patrons
The study reveals that the social status of 130 patrons remains unknown.
They include 79 patrons whose names were available but whose social indentity
was not mentioned, 11 patrons whose name and identity is damaged or effaced
and 40 patrons who have no details at all.
2. High Nobility
The class of high nobility reveals 95 patrons. Among them the Sendraka,
Sinda, Chellaketana, Rattas of Saundatti, Nolamba Pallavas and Bali family, were
the feudatory rulers who had contributed considerably to the growth of Saivism.
Even the wives of these chiefs were active participants in their patronage. As
many as 26 feudatory chiefs’ patronage is recorded. Among them, 11 instances do
not mention their family names and 1 is the wife of a subordinate; and 7
references are from the Nolamba Pallavas and 1 is a queen; 1 instance is from the
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Sendrakas, followed by 1 instance from Sindas, 2 instances from Chellaketanas, 1
instance from Ratta family and 1 instance from the Bali family.
There are 42 instances of patronage rendered by mahasamantas, of which
34 instances refer to mahasamantas and 2 refer to the mother of mahasamantas
while 3 refer to the wives of mahasamantas. There are also 3 references to
mahasamantas belonging to the Chalukyas of Varuna, who were the members of
the Chalukya family, ruling from Varuna in Mysore district. As many as 15
instances of patronage by administrators is recorded and 1 patron among them
named Basava-seta' was the chief of Nugu-nadu. This is a unique reference to be
found in a Chola inscription from Mysore district dated 1020 A.D. It records that
a setti was an administrator. As many as 10 references mention the patronage
extended by dandanayakas, and 1 of them is referred as a sahani. And lastly,
there are single references, one to a minister and another to a physician of a king.
3. Middle level bureaucracy

Patrons coming from this class find 84 references, of which 44 instances
refer to gavundas (ur-gavundas and nal-gavundas), 16 to pergades {heggades and
veggades), 10 to urodeyas, 7 to manneyas, 3 to sunkavergades, 2 to senabovas
and 2 to maneveggades. The earliest reference to a gavunda is observed in the
record of the Rashtrakutas found in Dharwad district dated 859 A.D. The earliest
reference to a pergade, observed in the record of the Chalukyas of Badami found
in Bijapur district is assigned to the period 696-733 A.D. The earliest reference to
an urodeya is observed in the record of the Rashtrakutas found in Shimoga district
dated 870 A.D. The earliest reference to a manneya is observed in the record of
the Chalukyas of Kalyana found in Dharwad district dated 995 A.D. The earliest
reference to a sunkavergade is observed in the record of the Rashtrakutas found in
Dharwad district dated 918 A.D. The earliest reference to a senabova, observed in
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the record assigned to an unidentified dynasty and found in Mysore district is
dated 10th century A.D. The earliest reference to a manevergade, observed in the
record of the Chalukyas of Kalyana found in Bellary district is dated 1034-35
A.D.
From the study of the contributions made by the middle level bureaucrats,
it is evident that the class of gavundas had an upper hand in their patronage
compared to that of officials.
4. Royal family
The patrons from royal family include kings, queens, queen mother and
princes. Of the 51 references recorded, 35 are kings. Of them, 10 kings are from
the Chalukyas of Kalyana dynasty, 8 are from the Rashtrakuta dynasty, 5 are from
the Chalukyas of Badami dynasty, 3 are from the Kadambas of Banavasi, 3 are
from the Gangas of Talakad, 2 are from the Alupas, 2 are from the Cholas, 1 is
from the Hoysala dynasty and 1 is from an unidentified dynasty. Among the 11
references to queens, 5 belong to the Chalukyas of Kalyana, 2 belong to the
Chalukyas of Badami, 2 belong to the Gangas of Talakad, 1 belongs to the Alupas
and 1 belongs to an unidentified dynasty. Of the 4 references to princes, 1 belongs
to the Alupas, 1 belongs to the Chalukyas of Badami, 1 belongs to the Gangas of
Talakad and 1 belongs to the Chalukyas of Kalyana. A single reference to a
queen-mother belonging to the Gangas of Talakadis recorded. The study reveals
that the highest royal patronage came from the Chalukyas of Kalyana followed by
Chalukyas of Badami, Rashtrakutas, Gangas of Talakad, Alupas, Kadambas of
Banavasi, Cholas and Hoysalas.
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5. Merchants and Guilds
The merchant nobility records 30 instances of patrons, of which 12
instances refer to settis (including a wife of a setti and a chetti), 6 instances refer
to telligas and 1 instance refers to desi. The earliest reference to a setti (who was a
bangle-merchant) is found in the inscription of the Rashtrakutas from Bellary
district belonging to King Goyindara Ballaha (Govinda IV) which is dated 931
A.D. The highest references (3) to settis occur from the inscriptions of Kolar
district. A special feature worth recording is that a setti was named Nolamba-setf/
in the Nolamba Pallava inscription dated 969 A.D. and found in Kolar district.
Eight instances of the patronage extended by the guilds are also recorded.
Of those eight instances, a single instance refers to telligara-aiyvattokkalu. It is
recorded in an inscription of the Chalukyas of Kalyana dated 1045 A.D. found in
Bijapur district. Two references to samaya are recorded, 1 instance is found in the
inscription of the Chalukyas of Badami (733-45 A.D.) from Bijapur district and
the other instance is found in the inscription of the Cholas dated 1032 A.D. from
iL
Mysore district. Two inscriptions of the Alupas belonging to 8 century A.D. and
found in South Kanara, district refers to nagaras and nakharas. A reference to
gavare-gandas and mummuri-dandas occurs in an inscription of the Chalukyas of
Kalyana dated 1033 A.D. and found in Dharwad district. A reference to koylalis
occurs in an inscription of the Chalukyas of Kalyana dated 1048 A.D. and found
in Bellary district. A reference to tisai-ayirattainurvar of Ayyavole occurs in an
inscription of the Cholas belonging to King Rajadhiraja I (1018-54 A.D.) from
Mysore district. A reference to aashesha-kottali occurs in an inscription of the
Cholas dated 1048 A.D. from Tumkur district.
A community group named aravattokkalu (sixty tenents of agriculturist
family) finds three references. All the references are from the inscriptions of the
Chalukyas of Kalyana. The earliest reference is recorded in an inscription dated
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1033 A.D. issued under King Jayasimha II from Dharwad district. The second
reference is from an inscription issued under the same king who is dated 1034-
3 5A.D. and found in Bellary district and the third reference is found in an
inscription dated 1048 A.D. issued under King Somesvara I also from Bellary
district.
6. Individuals
There are 26 instances of Individual patronage. It includes devotees like
praje, sabha, nagarttar, residents, citizens etc, and women like courtesans, dasi, a
cowherdess etc. The inscriptions found in Bijapur district refer to three
courtesans; two of them belong to the period of theChalukyas of Badami and one
belongs to the Rashtrakuta period. These courtesans appear to have been rich
donors to Saiva temples.
7. Religious men
The class of religious men records 22 instances, of which 8 instances refer
to Saiva priests who were called rasi, jiya, tammadi, bhatara, acari, bhatta etc.,
and 7 instances refer to members of agraharas and the remaining 7 instances refer
to mahajanas and brahmanas. The only and the earliest reference to tammadi
(Telugu for Saiva priest) is recorded in an inscription of the Gangas of Talakad
belonging to King Sripurush (725-788 A.D.) from Mysore district.
A special fact to notice is that a single inscription from Avani in Mulbagal
taluk of Kolar district dated 961 A.D. records the construction of 50 temples
(Saiva) by Tribhuvanakartara-deva, the Kaliyuga-Rudra, who ruled the sthana at
Avani.
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Chola Patrons
A distinct feature of the Chola patrons is that they had two names. Such
instances are found in the inscriptions from Kolar and Bangalore districts. From
Kolar, in an inscription dated 991 A.D. the patron is named Rajendra-Sola-
Pallavaradittan alias Mukkarasar, in the inscription dated 1048 A.D., the patron is
dandanayaka Appimayya alias Rajendra-Chola-Brahma-Maraya, in the
inscription dated 1049 A.D. the patron is Vira Vichchadira-Muvendra-Velar alias
Mathur Udaiyar Satti, in the inscription dated 1050 A.D. the patron is
Virarakshasa-Brahma-Maryan alias Samundan Irugaiyan of Iratiyur. Another
such instance is found in the inscription from Bangalore district dated 1013 A.D.
in which the patron is named Kottayan alias Idava-gamundan.
8. Staunch Devotees and Eclectism

From the study of epigraphical records, it is found that kings and even
common folk have been staunch devotees of a particular religion or faith besides
being ecletic in their patronage. The majority of the inscriptions under study do
not speak about the patrons being staunch towards Saivism, despite constructing
Saiva temples and giving grants for their maintenance. Only a few inscriptions
state clearly about devotees being staunch Saiva followers. For instance,
Lokamahadevi, senior queen of King Vikramaditya II, is euologized as
Umabhagavati in the inscription of the Chalukyas of Badami dated 754 A.D. and
found at Pattadakal in Bijapur district. A fragmentary inscription, assigned to an
unidentified dynasty, praises the patron Masara-Jakkayya as a staunch worshipper
of Siva. It is recorded in an inscription dated 800 A.D. and found at Humcha in
Shimoga district. Mahasamanta Machideva is described as a staunch Saiva
devotee in an inscription of the Rashtrakutas dated 939 A.D. and found at
Hechche in Shimoga district. Alupa King Kundavarmarasa is euologized as
»
204
.. .parama bhakta of Balachandra Shikhamani (a great devotee of Lord Siva) in
an inscription dated 968 A.D., found at Kadri in South Kanara district.
Kanchikabbe, a cowherdess calls herself.. .parama mahesvari (a staunch devotee
of Siva) which is recorded in the inscription of the Chalukyas of Kalyana, dated
980 A.D. and found at Sogal in Belgaum district. An inscription of the Chalukyas
of Kalyana, found at Morigeri in Bellaiy district, dated 1046 A.D. describes
dandanayaka Somimayya as Sivapadashekara.
Eclectism
Patrons, who were eclectic in their patronage, are found in five inscriptions.
The inscription of the Chalukyas of Badami, and found at Badami in Bijapur
district dated 602 A.D. states that King Mangalesa (described as Parama-
bhagavata in a record dated 578 A.D.) donated some wealth and ten villages to
god Makutesvaranatha. The inscription of the Rashtrakutas found at Chikka-
Madhure in Chitradurga district, assigned to 815 A.D., states that Gavanagabee (a
devotee of Vishnu), wife of Nolamba chief Paramesvara-Pallavadi Charuponera,
donated some land to the Sivalaya (probably Gavaganesvara temple). Another
inscription of the Rashtrakutas found at Kolagallu in Bellary district and dated
967 A.D., records that a learned and virtuous asectic named Gadadhara installed
the images of Karttikeya and Mahesvara along with the images of other Hindu
gods, like Surya, Brahma, Vishnu, Vinayaka and Parvati in a temple of Kolagallu.
An inscription of the Chalukyas of Kalyana found at Balligave in Shimoga district
dated 1048 A.D. states that Nagavarma-Vibhu (a local chief) had constructed
Saiva, Vaishnava and Jaina temples.
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9. Motivation
People of the past constructed temples for various reasons. Many of the
temples were constructed to display their devotion as well as to express their
religious affiliation. A common belief among them was that if a person constructs
a temple or performs Isvara prathiste (installation of linga), he would become
Isvara. Of the 428 inscriptions studied, many mention the construction of
temples, but only a few reveal the motivating factor for temple construction. The
following instances refer to different motivations.
i. Temple constructed to celebrate victory

a) Lokamahadevi and Trailokyamahadevi, queens of King Vikramaditya II of
the Chalukyas of Badami, constructed a couple of temples for god Siva
and named them Lokesvara and Trailokesvara respectively. They
constructed the temples to celebrate their husband’s three victories against
the Pallavas of Kanchi. The reference to Lokesvara temple is recorded in
the inscription of King Vikramaditya II (733-745 A.D.), and the reference
to Trailokyesvara temple is recorded in the inscription dated 754 A.D.,
which belongs to King Kirtivarma II and is from Bijapur district.
b) Mahendra I, the Nolamba Pallava king, made an offering of his palace to
construct a temple for god Mahadeva and named the temple as
Mahendresvara in order to celebrate his supremacy over the kingdom. It is
recorded in an inscription, which is dated 878 A.D. and found at Baragur
in Tumkur district.
c) The feudatory King Nanni Perbana Nagattara constructed a temple for god
Somanatha in Bempur in order to celebrate his victory over Biravarma and
Ballavarasa. It is mentioned in the Bana inscription dated 890 A.D. and
found at Dodda Begur in Bangalore district.
206
ii. Temples constructed to attain an abode in heaven
a) Divabbarasi, the wife of King Nolamba-Narayana (Polachora II),
constructed Nolamba-Narayanesvara temple at Poraramangala
(Horamangala) to commemorate the death of her elder son Viramahendra-
Nolambadhiraja. It is recorded in the inscription of the Nolamba Pallavas
dated 890 A.D., and found at Avani in Mulbagal taluk of Kolar district.
b) Gadadhara, an ascetic, installed images of Mahesvara and Karttikeya with
other Hindu gods at Kolgallu so that his deceased elders would attain an
eternal abode in heaven. It is recorded in the inscription of the
Rashtrakutas, issued under King Khottigadeva, dated 967 A.D. and found
at Kolgallu in Bellary district.
c) A warrior community named Lenka-1000, along with Tikanna, the chief
and dandanayaka, erected the Nolambesvara temple in order to
commemorate the death of his over lord Nolamba-Pallava chief
Udayaditya. It is recorded in the inscription of the Chalukyas of Kalyana
belonging to King Trailokyamalla Ahavamalldeva, dated 1045 A.D., and
found at Morigeri in Bellary district.
d) Kesava-bhatta erected a temple to accrue merit for his parents and
deceased forefathers. It is recorded in an inscription of the Cholas issued
under King Rajadhiraja I dated 1049 A.D. and found at Chikkakati in
Mysore district.
iii. Construction of temple for honour and good fortune

A Saiva priest named Amritarasi performed a vow and caused the image of
Nandi to be installed out of the money he collected from the dues given. He got
the image installed in the temple constructed by him at Kolumad in order to
maintain his honour and to get good fortune as well. It is recorded in the
207
inscription of the Gangas of Talakad dated 893 A. D. and found at Gangigere in
Kadur district.
iv. Construction of temple in the name of a guru

Mahendra-bhatta constructed a temple for his guru Tribhuvanakartara-
bhatara, and named it after the guru’s title Kaliyuga-Rudra. It is recorded in the
inscription of the Nolamba-Pallavas, dated 920 A.D, and found at Avani in Kolar
district.
v. Self-motivation for erecting a temple by a poor priest

A poor priest named Lingasiva-jiya was motivated to reconstruct a stone
temple in place of an unfinished brick temple. He collected money by begging
alms from the public for this cause. It is recorded in the inscription of the
Rashtrakutas dated 962 A.D., and found at Ramasagara in Chitradurga district.
10. Grants
The study of 351 inscriptions reveals that a large number of grants were
given to Saiva temples as gifts and endowments. A variety of grants were given
by different classes of the society. Some of them were land grants, including
village grants, agraharas, arable land, wet land, flower gardens, tank-grants, well-
grants, oil and oil-mills, houses and house-sites, shop-grants, tax exemptions,
grants of gold and jewellary, cash grants, cow grants (gosasa darn), food grains,
agricultural produce, arecanut trees and provisions for food to the ascetics,
a) Land grant
From the study of the inscriptions it is observed that maximum number of

grants given to temples were in the form of land. Inscriptions record that grants
208
were received by Saiva priests. Sometimes the inscriptions do not record the
recipient of the grant but only that the grant was given to temples and gods. Land
gift was considered a great gift and other than land grants, village grants were
enormous given. Some of these instances are given below:
An inscription of the Chalukyas of Badami from Bijapur district dated 602
A.D. states that King Mangalesa conquered the Kalachuri King Budhavarasa, and
taking possesion of his wealth, donated it along with 10 villages around Mahakuta
to god Makutesvaranatha.
An inscription of the Rashtrakutas from Kolar district dated 806 A.D.
states that King Prabhutavarsha (Govinda III) confided a village named
Kondamangala to a Sivalaya at Nandi constructed by Manikabbe at the request of
her husband Vijayaditya I (a Bana chief).
An inscription of the Nolamba Pallavas from Kolar district dated 890 A.D.
states that Divabbarasi, wife of King Nolamba-Narayana (Polalchora II)
constructed Nolamba-Narayanesvara temple at Poraramangala and donated a
village named Yelanagara to commemorate her son’s death.
Another inscription of the Rashtrakutas, from Bellary district, states that the
King Krishnaraja (939-967 A.D.) granted with great devotion and love the village
Kereyapalli to god Shanmukha on Kumarasvami hill.
An inscription of the Cholas from Kolar district dated 991 A.D. states that
Mukkarasar, the chief of Kaduvetti built a temple on the hill Virasritirumalai at
Surur and donated Purakuttai village to god Somesvara-Udaiya-Mahadevar.
An inscription of the Chalukyas of Kalyana from Bellary district dated
1017 A.D. states that the Nolamba-Pallava chief, Jagadekamalla Nolamba-
Pallava-Pemmanadi donated the village Siriyanur to god Mailaradeva.
209
A solitary inscription of the Senavaras from Kadur district dated 1025 A.D.
states that King Jimutavahana constructed a temple and donated the villages
Nerile, Kiriya Oralgodu and Urppavalli to it
b) Tank grants
Water being an important source of life was needed for the temple rituals
and for the people’s use. Other than land and village grants, tank grants were
given profusely. Some of the instances are as follows:
An inscription of the Kadambas of Banavasi assigned to 450 A.D. from

Shimoga district issued under King Kakusthavarma states that the king got a tank
excavated for the use of the temple of Mahadeva (Bhava) at Talagunda.
An inscription of the Rashtrakutas from Dharwad district dated 975 A.D.

states that the Ganga feudatory Marasinghandeva’s grand mother Bhujjabbarasi
constructed a large outlet of the tank and the temple of god Bhujjabbesvara.
An inscription of the Chalukyas of Kalyana from Dharwad district dated

1019 A.D. states that a certain Lenka warrior named Munja donated a tank to the
temple of god Sahadevesvara. Another inscription of the Chalukyas of Kalyana
from Bellary district dated 1036 A.D. states that a water tank situated infront of
the temple of god Mahadeva was donated to the god by some gavundas and a
manneya. A third inscription of the Chalukyas of Kalyana from Dharwad district
dated 1044-45 A.D. states that Kala-gavunda constructed the temple of god
Kalesvara and gifted a tank to it.
c) Gold and Jewellary Grants

Rich patrons were generous to gift cash, gold and jewellary grants to gods.
Some of the instances are recorded below:
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An inscription of the Chalukyas of Badami issued under the reign of King
Vijayaditya (699-733 A.D.) from Bijapur district records that Vinapoti, one of his
courtesans (pranavallabe) bestowed the entire gift of a Hiranyagarbha, a
mahadana besides donating a pedestel of rubies and a silver umbrella to god
Makutesvara.
An inscription of the Cholas from Kolar district dated 1049 A.D. states that
an officer named Viraviehchadira-Muvendra-Velar gave a plate of gold, weighing
by the standard of the city, 2/a kalanju and one manjadi, as an ornament for the
god Ma-Nandisvaram-Udaiya-Mahadevar of Nandi hill.
An inscription of the Chalukyas of Kalyana from Bellary district dated
1035 A.D. states that a dancer (patra) of Kalideva’s temple named Siriyawe
gifted her house to the god with the stipulation that those who lived in her house
should pay two gold coins (panas) per year for upkeeping of the perpetual lamp
before god Kalideva.
d) Gosasa Dana
Donating cows and other animals to temples and gods was considered very
pious. Some of the instances are recorded here below:
An inscription of the Rashtrakutas from Bijapur district issued under the
reign of King Dhruva (780-793 A.D.) states that Badi-poddi, a courtesan of the
Lokamahadevi temple (Lokesvara), gave a grant of gosasa besides donating a
horse chariot, an elephant chariot and a Ubhayamukhi to the god. Another
inscription of the Rashtrakutas from Bijapur district dated 971 A.D. issued under
the reign of King Khottigadeva states that Smta-gavunda built a degula and
gifted thousand cows (gosahasra) probably to Huccimalli II temple at Aihole.
An inscription of the Chalukyas of Kalyana from Shimoga district dated
1002 A.D. issued under the reign of King Irivabedanga Satyasraya states that
211
Achayya-gavunda, his wife Arasabbe and his son together constructed a degula
and donated gosasa to it.
An inscription of the Cholas from Mysore district dated 1049 A.D. issued
under the reign of King Rajadhiraja I states that persons named Kesava-bhatta
and Makayya donated cows and land to provide for the perpetual lamp to god
Madeva and god Chandrasekharadeva respectively.
e) Grants given by Religious Men

Among patrons, the religious men did not lag behind in given grants to
temples. Two instances are given below:
An inscription of the Gangas of Talakad from Mysore district issued under
the reign of King Konguni Muttarasa Sripursa (725-788 A.D.) records that a land
gift was given by Devendra Tammadi, a Saiva priest, to god Vinitesvara of Polma
(Homma).
Another instance is recorded in an inscription of the Chalukyas of Badami
from Bijapur district dated 754 A.D. issued under the reign of King Kirtivarma II.
It records that an acharya named Jnanasiva, who had come from
Mrigathanikahara vishaya (on the north bank of the Ganges) residing in the
Vijayesvara temple, donated some land for the worship of the god and other
religious activities.
11. Special Rituals
Rituals like homas were performed on the renovation of temples or

installation of deities. Here are two instances recorded where land grants were
given to Siva temples on the occasion of rudra-homa and laksha-homa.
212
An inscription of the Cholas from Mysore district dated 1020 A.D. issued
under King Rajendra Chola-Deva I records that Basava-setti, chief of Nugu-nadu,
renovated the broken temple of Belaturu and consecrated the linga by performing
rudra-homa.
Another instance is recorded in an inscription of the Chalukyas of Kalyana
from Bijapur district dated 1049 A.D. It states that Mailaladevi, senior queen of
King Somesvara, on the occasion of laksha-homa, entrusted a grant to
Yogacharya Jnanarasi Vyakhyanadeva of Pasupata sect, for the worship and
renovation of the temple of Somesvara.
12. Agrahara converted into a Mercantile Town
An interesting fact to record is the conversion of an agrahara into a

mercantile town by a merchant guild. An inscription of the Cholas from Mysore
district issued under King Rajadhiraja I (1018-1054 A.D.) records that an
agrahara named Rajadhiraja-Chaturppedimangalam in Padi-nada was converted
into a eri-Virapattanam (mercantile town) by the tisai-ayirattainnurvar of
Ayyapolil (Ayyavole). Instances of such conversions occur in the Chola records
from Tamil country, but the above reference is one such record found in
Karnataka. Though the agrahara gets converted into a mercantile town, the
temple of god Kavarai-Isvaram-Udaiya had received patronage from the merchant
guild.
13. Variety of Temples

From the study of inscriptions it is found that the majority of the temples
mentioned are ekakuta temples. Single references to a dvikuta and trikuta temples
are recorded.
213
An inscription of the Chalukyas of Kalyana from Raichur district dated
1005 A.D. belonging to the reign of King Irivabedanga Satyasraya refers to the
installation of two pinnacles to a temple by Isvara-setti. This temple probably
might have been a dvikuta temple.
An inscription of an unidentified dynasty from Shimoga district dated 1050

A.D. records the construction of a trikuta temple named Sri-Virasomanatha. In
the temple three lingas were installed and named as Virasomanatha, Prasanna
Somanatha and Sambhudeva.
14. Linga on a Boundary Stone
A rare fact to record is finding the image of a linga carved on a stone

marking the boundary of a gift land given to the temple of god Svayambhu at
Mulgund. The inscription of the Chalukyas of Kalyana of King Jayasimha II
dated 1019 A.D. and found at Mulgund in Dharwad district refers to it as
lingadakal.
15. Temple as a Royal Memorial
A worth mentioning fact is of the memorial shrines erected for kings in

grave-yards. Temples were constructed and linga was installed in or near grave
yards. Of the cluster of eleven shrines found in the valley near Bhadra Nayakana
Jalihal, Pattadakal in Bijapur district, the main shrine has an inscription written in
the characters of c. 8th century A.D. which reads that the temple built is a
memorial representation of the King Vikramaditya II of the Chalukyas of
Badami422.
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16. Mathas and Satras attached to Saiva temples
As Saivism became predominant, the movement evolved a new institution
known as matha. Initially a matha was an abode of the ascetics and was usually
attached to a temple. A matha was a place equal to the Buddhist and Jaina
monasteries wherein students were lodged and boarded and given free education.
It can be said that the mathas were started as a reaction to the Buddhist and Jaina
monasteries. Mathas later became centres of learning and local welfare
institutions, meant to safeguard the interest of the people. The main purpose of the
matha was to encourage learning and other cultural aspects of life. It was
considered as Vidyadana satra and it also lent patronage to scholars engaged in
the pursuit of spiritual knowledge. The students in the mathas were classified as
mathada vidyarthigalu, mathada tapodhanaru and vidyarthi tapodhanaru. In
olden days, imparting education was considered to be a religious act that earned
merit. So, people liberally patronized mathas. Among acts of merit, dana was
considered sacred, and vidyadana was the most sacred. This led to an increase in
the establishment of mathas where education was both religious and secular.
Apart from mathas, satras were also maintained where free lodging and boarding
facilities were provided for the people. Some temples had only the satras attached
to them and some times temples had both the satras and mathas attached to them.
From the study of Saiva inscriptions it is known that grants were given to
mathas for their maintenance and imparting education, grants were given only for
imparting education (vidyadana) and maintaining satras. Of the 351 inscriptions
studied, only 41 inscriptions refer to mathas and satras. Of them, 25 inscriptions
reveal references to mathas and 6 inscriptions reveal references to satras.
Inscriptions also reveal that grants were given for the maintenance of ascetics and
students.
215
The earliest reference to learning is recorded in an inscription of the
Chalukyas of Badami dated 567-568 A.D. and found at Ammiyanabhavi in
Dharwad district. The earliest reference to a grant given for imparting education is
evident from an inscription dated 754 A.D. and found on a pillar at Pattadakal in
Bijpaur district, belonging to King Kirtivarma II of the Chalukyas of Badami. It
registers that Jnanasivacharya granted some land as a provision for the discourses
of the acharya as also for the studies of those who attend the rites of the god.
The earliest reference to a matha is recorded in an inscription of the
Collateral branch of the Gangas of Talakad dated 810 A.D. from Kolar district. It
refers to a matha attached to the Sivalaya at Nandi. The last reference to a matha
is recorded in an inscription of the Chalukyas of Kalyana from Bijapur district
dated 1049 A.D. It refers to the matha of Uttaresvara temple.
The earliest reference to a satra is recorded in an inscription of the
Rashtrakutas from Dharwad district dated 929-930 A.D. It refers to a satra in
Agrahara Ereyana-Kadiyuru probably belonging to Kalidevasvami’s Sivanilaya.
The last reference to a satra is recorded in an inscription of the Chalukyas of
Kalyana from Bijapur district dated 1049 A.D. It refers to a satra belonging to the
Siddhesvara temple.
This study reveals references to mathas and satras in Dharwad, Bijapur,
Shimoga, Bellary, Mysore, Chitradurga, Belgaum, Kolar and Gulbarga districts.
The highest number of references to mathas, that is, 5 each is recorded from
Dharwad, Shimoga and Bellary districts, followed by 4 from Bijapur district, 2
each from Mysore and Chitradurga districts, and 1 each from Belgaum and Kolar
districts. Of the six references to satras, Dharwad district records 3 references,
followed by 1 reference each in Bijapur, Bellary and Gulbarga districts.
Of the 25 references to mathas, 16 references are found in the inscriptions
of the Chalukyas of Kalyana, 6 are found in the inscriptions of the Rashtrakutas, 2
216
in the inscriptions of the Cholas and 1 in the inscription of the Gangas of Talakad.
And of the 6 references to the satras, 4 are found in the inscriptions of the
Chalukyas of Kalyana and 2 in the inscriptions of the Rashtrakutas. The following
tables clearly reveal district-wise references to mathas and satras.
Mathas and Satras in Dharwad District
SI. Dynasty Date Temple Matha and Remarks

No. Satra
1. Chalukyas of 567-568 Kalideva of The
Badami A.D. Ammiyanabh inscription
avi records that
learning took
place in the
temple.
2. Rashtrakutas 929-930 Kalideva- satra The
A.D. svami’s inscription
Sivanilaya in refers to a
Agrahara satra and a
Ereyana- bhatta-vritti.
Kadiyuru
3. -do- 951 A.D. matha The name of
the temple is
not found in
the
inscription.
4. -do- 969 A.D. God satra Reference to
Ramesvara at matha is not
Nagavi mentioned
but grant for
imparting
education and
maintaining a
satra was
given.
5. -do- 975 A.D. Temple of matha of the
God temple
Bhujjabbesv- (centre of
ara. Naishthika-
217
sthana)
6. Chalukyas of 995 A.D. Temple of Land grant
Kalyana Mulasthana at was given for
Eleya-Posur. imparting
education in
the temple.
7. -do- 1002 God -do-
A.D. Svayambhu
at Agrahara
Kardugi
8. -do- 1010 Guheya- Probably die
A.D. matha in matha was an
Sirivur independent
one or
attached to a
temple whose
name is not
found in the
inscription.
9. -do- 1012 God satra Land grant
A.D. Bhagiyabbes- given to the
vara at satra of the
Agrahara elkoti-
Ummachige tapodhanas
(Kalamukha
ascetics).
Probably the
satra was
attached to
the
Bhagiyabbes
vara temple.
10. -do- 1019 Gunadabbes- Imparting
A.D. vara at education
Mulgund (vidyadana)
at the temple
218
11. -do- 1028 Probably matha
A.D. Svayambhu- attached to
deva at the temple
Uphunasi
12. -do- 1015- Svayambhu matha

1044 Reference to
A.D. f matha and
vidyadana is
recorded but
it is not clear
if the matha
was attached
to the temple
13. Unidentified i? Temple of the A portion of
Dynasty century priest the gift land
A.D. Isanarasi- was to be
bhatara utilized for
imparting
education.
Mathas and Satras in Bijapur District

No. Satra
1. Chalukyas of 754 A.D. Vijayesvara Jnanasivachar
Badami temple ya residing in
(Sangames- the temple
vara) at gave land
Pattadakal grant as a
provision for
the discourses
of the
acharya and
for the
studies of
those who
attend to the
219
rites of god.
2. Chalukyas of 1004 Brahmesvara matha of the Land grant
Kalyana A.D. temple at temple for the matha.
Agrahara
Tumbige
3. -do- 1024 God Some part of
A.D. Re[bba]les- the land grant
vara at was given for
Perggur meeting the
(Heggur). expenses of
education.
4. -do- 1029 God Land grant
A.D. Marasinghes- for
vara of maintaining
Devapur ascetics and
(Devur) students.
5. -do- 1032 Mulasthana matha of the Land grant
A.D. temple of temple for the matha.
[pandideva]-
bhattaraka at
Kantipattana
6. -do- -do- Temple of -do- Land grant
Siva and oil-mill
to the temple
and matha.
7. -do- 1049 1. Siddhes- 1. satra of Land grant
A.D. vara Siddhes- for the
temple vara students and
2. Uttares- temple. satra.
vara 2. matha of
temple Uttares-
vara
temple.
Mathas and Satras in Shimoga District

No. Satra
1. Chalukyas of 1036 Panchalinga Panchalinga Land grant
220
Kalyana A.D. temple matha for the
maintenance
of the
ascetics and
students in
the matha.
This matha
housed
Kalamukha
celibates.
2. -do- 1039 Siddhesvara Land grant
A.D. temple for
maintenance
of ascetics
and students.
3. -do- 1042 Gonesvara matha of the
A.D. temple at temple.
Agrahara
Andhasura
4. -do- 1047 Jagadekamall Jagadekamall On the basis
A.D. -esvara -esvara- of 1077 A.D.
temple Hiriyamatha. inscription, it
can be
inferred that
Jagadekamm
alle-svara
temple had a
matha.
5. -do- -do- Subhatunges- matha of the Land grant
vara temple temple for the ascetic
of the matha.
6. -do- 1048 Nagesvara -do- Land grant
A.D. temple for the temple
and the
matha.
221
Mathas and Satras in Bellary District

No. Satra
1. Rashtrakutas 966 A.D. Samyukata- matha Grant was
svami given to the
Karttikeya matha for the
tapovana at purpose of
Kolagallu. keeping the
vidyadana-
satra. It is not
clear whether
the matha
was attached
to the
tapovana.
2. Chalukyas of 981 A.D. Probably the The land
Kalyana matha was grant given to
attached to bhatta
> one of the (teacher) and
four temples chatta
including (student)
Panchikes- helps to infer
vara temple that education
was imparted,
probably in
the matha.
3. -do- 1038 damaged matha Grant for
A.D. vidyadana.
4. -do- 1044 Mahadeva matha of the Grant given

A.D. Temple at temple. to the matha.
Kappekal
5. Chalukyas of 1045 Lenkesvara satra and To
Kalyana A.D. temple matha commemorat
e the death of
Nolamba-
Pallava chief
Udayaditya,
24 people
222
were fed.
Grant was
also given for
imparting
education at
the matha.
Mathas and Satras in Mysore District

No. Satra
1. Gangas of c. 10th Nannayya’s Grant given
Talakad century temple for imparting
A.D. * education to
be enjoyed by
the ascetics
administering
the temple.
2. Cholas 991 A.D. Name Grant was
damaged given for
imparting
education.
3. -do- 1027- Name lost matha of
1028 Singha-
A.D. parishe
(Simha-
parishe)
4. -do- 1032 Isana-Isvara- matha The matha
A.D. Mudaiyar was located
to the east of
the Isana-
Isvara-
Mudaiyar
temple. |
223
Mathas and Satras in Chitradurga District

No. Satra
1. Rashtrakutas 940 A.D. Bhogesvara matha of the Land grant
temple for the
(centre of students of
Naishthika- the matha.
sthana)
2. -do- 968 A.D. Temple at the matha Saiva priest
village Khehara-satf/
Paratra (Sakti)
belonged to
the matha of
the temple.
Mathas and Satras in Belgaum District
*
No. Satra
1. Chalukyas of 980 A.D. Sankara- Land grant
Kalyana svayambhu- for feeding
Suvamakshi- the ascetics
deva temple observing
austerities
in the
temple.
2. -do- 1048 Ankesvara Puliyarasa’s The
A.D. temple matha inscription
records that
Somesvara-
pandita
belonged to
Puliyaras’
matha.
224
Mathas and Satras in Kolar and Gulbarga Districts

No. Satra
1. Collateral 810 A.D. Sivalaya at matha The temple
branch of the Nandi (Nandi attached to was the
Gangas of hill) the temple. sthana of the
Talakad Kalamukhas
headed by
Isvaradasa.
2. Chalukyas of 1033 Installation of vidya-satra Land grant
Kalyana A.D. Sahasra- for the
lingadeva at worship of
Aladakere the god and
for the
maintenance
of vidya-
satra.
17. Saiva Sects and Preceptors

Saivism, a popular religion that claimed a large number of adherents
among the people, is divided into different sects and sub-sects. All these sects,
though centrered around Lord Siva, differed from each other in ritualistic rites,
doctrines and mode of worship. But the followers of Saiva sects were responsible
for the development of Saivisim. The study reveals Saiva sects such as Pasupata,
Lakulisa, Mahesvaras, Goravas, Mailara, Suddhasaiva, Kashmir Saiva, Kapalika,
Natha-Pantha and Kalamukha.
Of the 351 inscriptions, 133 inscriptions reveal temples and grants being
entrusted to preceptors of different Saiva sects. These preceptors wielded
considerable power and influence in the society. They were not only in charge of
the temples but also had the responsibility of protecting and maintaining the
225
grants. These preceptors were either sthanapatis or priests with suffixes such as
acharya, pandita, jiya, rasi, bhattaraka, deva, bhatta, gorava/goravi, tammadi
etc. Some inscriptions do not mention the sect or sub-sect of a preceptor. Either
the inscription is damaged or it cannot be read clearly.
Brahmanas
In the early period grants were entrusted to brahmanas. Two inscriptions,
one belonging to the Chutus and the other belonging to the Kadambas of
Banavasi refer to the grants entrusted to brahmanas. The inscription of the Chutus
belonging to King Vinhukada Chutukulananda Satakami assigned to the 3rd
century A.D. from Shimoga district records a village grant made to a brahmana
named Kondamana for the enjoyment of god Malapalideva (Siva). The
inscription of the Kadambas of Banavasi from Shimoga district belonging to
King Siva[skanda]varma, dated c. 3rd - 4th century A.D. records the reneweal of a
grant to god Malapalideva which was entrusted to Nagadatta, a brahmana of
Kaundinya-gotra belonging to Kondamana family. Though grants were entrusted
to brahmanas it is not possible to trace their particular sect. But here they can be
claimed to be Saiva brahmanas as they received grants for Siva.
Preceptors of Pasupata Sect

The Pasupata sect is one of the earliest Saiva sects that were prevalent in
India. It appears to be almost certain that an early wave of Pasupata Saivism
spread to the South in the 2nd century B.C. after a spell of Ashoka’s
Buddhisim423. In South India Pasupata sect of Saivism was prevalent in the
Satavahana period and is even mentioned in Hala’s Gathasaptasati, but not a
single inscription of the Satavahanas in Karnataka mentions about it.
226
The study reveals three references to Pasupata sect, one belongs to the
Kadambas of Banavasi and the other two belong to the Chalukyas of Kalyana.
The inscription of the Kadambas from North Kanara district dated 519 A.D.
mentions a grant made to Mahadevayatana and entrusted to Pasupata of
Bharadvaja-gotra. The name ‘Pasupata’ of the preceptor helps to infer that he
belonged to the Pasupata sect.
The other two references occur in the inscriptions of the Chalukyas of
Kalyana from Bijapur district dated 1029 A.D. and 1049 A.D. The first record
clearly mentions a grant to god Marasinghesvara of Devapura which was
entrusted to Brahmarasi [pa]ndita of the Pasupata sect. And the second record
mentions a land grant given for the renovation and worship of god Somesvara
which was entrusted to Yogacharya Jnanarasi Vyakhyanadeva of the Pasupata
sect.
Preceptors of Pasupata Sect
SI. District Dynasty Date Temple Preceptor Reference Remarks
No.
1. North Kadambas 519 Mahadeva Pasupata of El XVI, Probably
Kanara of A.D. yatana Bharadvaja- pp. 264ff. village
Banavasi gotra Sare was a
centre of
Pasupata
sect.
2. Bijapur Chalukyas 1029 Marasing- Brahmarasi [pa] SII XX,
of A.D. svara temple ndita 23.
Kalyana at Devapura
3. -do- -do- 1049 Somesvara Yogacharya Ibid., XI,
A.D. temple at Jnanarasi pt. 1,83.
Bagewadi Vyakhyanadeva
Preceptor of Suddha Saiva Sect

Suddha Saivism, one of the Saiva sects, is said to be evolved without the
evil acts of other sects of Saivism, such as Kapalikas, Kalamukhas and
Vamacharas424. The study records a single inscription referring to a preceptor of
227
Suddha Saiva faith. An inscription of the Gangas of Talakad dated 900 A.D. from
Tumkur district states that a preceptor named Netrasivacharya of the Suddha
Saiva order was entrusted with the grant for the renovation of Isvara-alaya at
Alur village.
Preceptor of Suddha Saiva Sect
No.
1. Tumkur Gangas of 900 Isvara-alaya Netrasiva EC XVI, —
Talakad A.D. at Alur charya Tp. 140.
Preceptors of Lakulisa Sect

Four inscriptions refer to the grants entrusted to preceptors of Lakulisa sect
and a fifth inscription records that the patron followed the Lagudiga (Lakulisa)
dharma. The inscription of Nolamba-Pallavas from Tumkur district dated 943
A.D. refers to Chilluka-bhatara of Lakulisa sect of the temple of god
Naninnesvara. The inscription of the Rashtrakutas from Dharwad district dated
969 A.D. records a land grant made to god Ramesvara at Nagavi which was
entrusted to the preceptor named Lakulideva. Two inscriptions of the Chalukyas
of Kalyana refer to preceptors of Lakulisa sect; one dated 1024 A.D. from
Dharwad district, records land grant made to god Prabhu Sarvesa which was
entrusted to Mallikaijuna-pandita, who was an expert in Lakula-sastra. And the
other inscription from Bellary district dated 1045 A.D. records a land grant made
to the temples of Nolambesvara and Lentkesvara at Moringere which was
entrusted to Somesvara-pandita, A third inscription of the Chalukyas of Kalyana
dated 1048 A.D. from Bellary district records that Bhayipayya (patron) followed
the Lagudiga dharma and donated taxes to god Sankaradeva of Mulasthana at
Siravede.
228
Preceptors of Lakulisa Sect
No.
1. Tumkur Nolamba 943 Naninnesvara Chilluka- EC XII, Si. —
Pallavas A.D. bhatara 28.
2. Dharwad Rashtra- 969 Ramesvara Lakuli- sn XI, pt.
kutas A.D. temple at deva i, 41.
Nagavi
3. -do- Chalukyas 1024 Prabhu Mallikar- KIIV, 22.
of A.D. Sarvesa juna-
Kalayana pandita
4. Bellary -do- 1045 Nolambes- Somesvara- SIIIX, pt. Somes-
A.D. vara and pandita i, 101. vara-
Lenkesvara pandita’s
temples at guru’s
Moringere genealogy
helps to
infer the
sect and
sub-sect
(Male-
yala-
pandita).
5. -do- -do- 1048 Sankaradeva Ibid., 107.
A.D. of Mulasthana
at Siravede
Bhatta
Only one inscription in the study throws light on the suffix bhatta. An
undated inscription assigned to the Nolamba Pallava dynasty found on the
basement of Isvara temple at Gattukamadenahalli in Bowringpet taluk of Kolar
district states that the priest of the temple named Tiruperi-bhatta was entrusted
with land grants. Probably he was a learned brahmana.
Tammadi
A Saiva preceptor is referred to as tammadi. An undated inscription of the
Gangas of Talakad from Mysore district belonging to the reign of King Konguni
229
Muttarasa Sripurusha (725-788 A.D.) records that one of the donors was named
Devendra-tammadi. Tammadi is the Telugu equivalent of a Saiva priest425.
Goravas
Goravas were a sect of Saivite ascetics. The word gorava seems to be
derived from the Sanskrit word guru and is also used as gurava. Goravas were
respected by the society for their religious attainments, proficiency in all the
branches of Sanskrit learning and ethical standards of a high order. Some
goravas were in charge of the worship and maintenance of Saiva temples. Some
scholars opine that goravas belong to the Kalamukha order of Saivism.
The study reveals 14 references to goravas, of these, five references are
from Dharwad district followed by two each from Mysore, Bijapur and Shimoga
districts and one each from Raichur, Bangalore and South Kanara districts. The
earliest reference to a gorava is recorded in an undated inscription of the Alupas
belonging to the reign of the King Aluvarasa II (770-795 A.D.) from South
Kanara district. The last reference to a gorava is recorded in an inscription of the
Chalukyas of Kalyana from Bijapur district dated 1049 A.D. issued under King
Somesvara I. Among the 14 inscriptions referring to goravas, 5 each belong to
the Chalukyas of Kalyana and Rashtrakutas, 2 are assigned to unidentified
dynasties and one each belongs to the Alupas and the Nolamba Pallavas. The
following table gives details of the goravas in Saiva temples.
Goravas in Saiva Temples
SI. District Dynasty Date Temple Preceptor Reference
No.
1. Dharwad Rashtrakutas Undated Beldeva Bellavasada- Progress
(793-815 gurava Reports of
A.D.). the KR1,
1953-57,
6, pp. 69-
70.
2. -do- -do- 859 A.D. [Ma]laga Kankaia- Ibid., 9,
230
[gojraladeva at gorava p. 72.
Kiruguppudur
3. -do- -do- 865 A.D. Mahadeva of Moni-gorava KIl, 13.
Mulasthana
4. -do- Chalukyas of 1005 A.D. Mulasthana- Revabbe- SII XI,
Kalyana deva goravi pt.i, 50.
5. -do- -do- 1044 A.D. Probably gorava (not SII mXX,
Balachandr- clear) 29.
esvara temple
6. Mysore Rashtrakuta 949-950 Probably gorava El II, pp.
A.D. Challesvara 167ff; EC
temple at VII
Atakur (Rev.),
Mu. 42;
EC III,
Md. 41.
7. -do- Unidentified c.I0m Bhujanges-vara gorava- Ibid., IV,
Dynasty century temple at Kuchi-bhatara (Rev.),
A.D. Balguli (Nirgunda- Ch. 114;
gorava) Ibid., IV,
Ch. 18.
8. Shimoga Rashtrakuta 804A.D. Ramesvara- Sivadhari- IA XI, pp.
tirtha gorava 125 IF.
9. -do- Chalukyas of 1033 A.D. Alesvara temple gorava EC VIII,
Kalyana at Agrahara Sb. 184.
Kuppagadde
10. Bijapur -do- 1049 A.D. Somesvara gorava SII XI, pt.
temple (Sthana-pathi) i, 83. ..0
11. -do- -do- -do- 1 .Siddhesvara -do- Ibid., 85.
2.Hatakes-vara
3.Bhairava at
Sripura
12. South Alupa Undated Sambhukalla gorava SII VII,
Kanara (middle of (Chambukalla- 279.
8th century bhattaraka)
A.D.).
13. Bangalore Nolamba- 949 A.D. Puresvara at gorava of the Itihasa
Pallava Agrahara Pura Devi temple Darshana,
Ponnembele at Begupura Vol. 14,
pp. 28ff.
C.10th
14. Raichur Unidentified Mulasthana- Pattamani- KUES.VII
Dynasty century deva siva-gorava , 26,
A.D. ____
Inscriptions reveal that grants were entrusted to goravas. The above table
reveals that Moni-gorava of Mulasthana Mahadeva temple referred in the
inscritption of the Rashtrakutas from Dharwad district dated 865 A.D. is said to
231
have given a grant along with other things to the temple of Aditya-bhattara (Sun
god). Here a gorava giving a grant to a non-saivite temple is a rare fact. Another
rare fact is of a woman being a goravi. The Chalukyas of Kalyana inscription
from Dharwad district dated 1005 A.D. records that Revabbe-gorav/ of
Mulasthana temple was the donee of a grant. Two inscriptions of the Chalukyas
of Kalyana from Bijapur district both dated 1049 A.D. record that the
sthanapathis of the Somesvara temple and probably even Siddesvara temple were
goravas.
Mailara Sect
Another sect of Saivism, worships Siva in the form of Mailara. A solitary
inscription of the Chalukyas of Kalyana dated 1017 A.D. from Mallayyanagudda
in Siruguppa taluk of Bellary district records the worship of Mailara. This record
is the earliest reference to Mailara worship in Karnataka. It records that
Nolamba-Pallava chief Jagadekamalla Pallava-Permanadi donated the village
Siriyanuru to Mailaradeva.
Natha-Pantha Sect
The cult of Nathism is known to have developed itself into the Vajrayana
system of the Mahayana form of Buddhism, and thus it was in its origin a form of
Tantrie Buddhism, before it transformed itself into Tantric Saivism426. An
inscription of the Alupas dated 968 A.D. states that King Kundavarma, a great
devotee of Lord Siva installed the image of Lokesvara (bronze) in Kadarika
vihara at Kadri. This image of Lokesvara is identified with Siva or
Matsyendranatha himself, in accordance with the philosophy of Nathism427. This
inscription is the earliest evidence to record Natha Pantha influence at Kadri in
South Kanara district as early as the later part of 10th century A.D.
232
Kapalika sect
All Sanskrit sources claim that the Kapalikas worship the Hindu deity
Bhairava-Siva and his consort428. Their theories and practices were most
revolting in character and showed the influence of tantrika practices on
Saivism429. This study reveals a single reference to a preceptor and three
references to the worship of god Bhairava.
A solitary inscription from an unidentified dynasty dated 834 A.D. from
Hassan district records a preceptor by name mw%a-Mallideva of the Kapalesvara
temple at Nekunda in Nekunad.
The term muliga in the inscription for the preceptor Mallideva helps to
infer that probably he belonged to Brahmanic section of the Kapalikas. This
understanding is based on the fact that the Kapalikas were divided into two
distinct groups - Brahmanic and non-Brahmanic. The Brahmanic section
recognised the vedic texts as well as the caste system, while the non-Brahmanic
section was more left handed in practices and ignored the texts as well as the
caste system430.
Other than the above mentioned record, three inscriptions of the Chalukyas
of Kalyana reveal the worship of Bhairava. Two inscriptions, from Bellary
district both dated 976 A. D. and one inscription from Bijapur district dated 1049
A.D. record grants given to god Bhairava. These inscriptions do not mention any
thing about the Kapalika sect, but the worship of Bhairava helps to infer that
Kapalika sect was in vogue.
Mahesvaras
This study records references to Mahesvaras who were the devotees of
Pasupata faith in Saivism. Two inscriptions of the Cholas mention about
Mahesvaras. An inscription from Bangalore district dated 1014 A.D. states that
233
the members of the village assembly, who protected the charity given to god Sri
Kayilasama-Udaiya-Paramasvamigal of Malur, called themselves Mahesvaras.
Another inscription dated 1033 A.D. from Kolar district reveals that the land
grant made for the services of god Ma-Nandi-Isvaram-Udaiyar was placed under
the protection of the Mahesvaras.
Preceptor of Kashmir Saivism

A single reference to Kashmir Saivism is recorded. An inscription of the
Chalukyas of Kalyana from Shimoga district dated 1049 A.D. states that the
donee at Mallikarjuana temple in Behur was the disciple of Kashmira
panditadeva, a supporter of Sakti-parishe branch of the Kalamukha sect. A worth
noticing fact is that a Saiva pandita from Kashmir was in Karnataka by 1049
A.D., and also had a disciple.
Preceptors of Kalamukha Sect

Kalamukha sect formed one of the major sects of Saivism. Preceptors of
this sect were most active and highly influential saivites. They seem to have been
widely popular enjoying the liberal support of rulers, feudatories and the people
of all classes. This sect set up a tradition of famous teachers and built
monumental monasteries and temples. The Sakti-parishe and Simha-parishe are
the two well-known divisions of the Kalamukha order. A sect named Pravatavali
belonged to the Sakti-parishe.
The study records 97 inscriptions referring to the preceptors of Kalamukha
order. Of them, only 9 inscriptions reveal clear references to Kalamukha
preceptors and sect. On the basis of the suffixes attached to the preceptors’
names, like jiya, sakti, pandita, rasi, bhattara and bhalara, they have been
234
identified as belonging to the Kalamukha sect. Such references are found in 88
inscriptions.
Clear References to Preceptors of Kalamukha Sect
SL District Dynasty Date Temple Precept-or Sub Reference

No. sect
1. Kolar Rashtrakutas 806 Sivalaya Isvara-dasa, EC XVII,
A.D. of disciple of CB. 106.
Manika- Kala-sakti
bbe at
Nandi
2. Dharwad -do- Un Ayapa- Shasti- K7VI, 3.
dated gamunda- parise
(878- ’s temple (Sakti-
914 at Andi parishe)
A.D.)
3. -do- Chalukyas of 1019 Palesvara Pavitra- Hajawagol,
Kalyana A.D. Svayam- rasi- Dhanavant.
bhudeva bhattraka Mulugunda
at Mulu- nadu: Ondu
gund Adhyayana,
pp.357-361.
4. Mysore Gangas of 977 Maha- Kuchi- Shakti- EC III,
Talakad A.D. deva bhatra, parishe (Rev.), Nj.
temple disciple of 294, Ibid.,
Balasakti- Nj. 183.
bhatara
5. -do- Cholas 1027- Name not Bhalara Singha- Ibid., Ill,
28 found parise (Rev.), Nj.
A.D. (Simha- 241: Ibid.,
parishe) IV Nj. 157
6. Shimoga Chalukyas of 1025 Kalidev- Sivasakti- ASMAR
Kalyana A.D. esvara pandita 1929, pp.
Svayam- 238-240.
bhudeva
7. -do- -do- 1036A Pancha- Vadi-rudra- EC VII, Sk.
.D. linga guna alias 126.
temple Lakulis-
vara-pandita
8. -do- -do- 1039A Siddhes- Kriya sakti- Parvata- Ibid., 153.
.D. vara pandita- vali
temple at deva
Bena-
kanakola
235
9. -do- -do- 1042A Gones- 1. Kriya -do- Ibid., VIII,
.D. vara at sakti- Sa. 108
Agra-hara pandita- (bis).
Andha deva,
sura disciple of
Vadirudra-
pandita
2.Kumar
svami-
bhatta-
Somaya-
ji
The above table reveals 9 clear references to the preceptors of Kalamukha

sect. Of them, 4 references are from Shimoga district, followed by 2 references
each from Dharwad and Mysore districts, and 1 reference from Kolar district. Of
the 9 references, 5 references are recorded in the inscriptions of the Chalukyas of
Kalyana, 2 references are recorded in the inscriptions of the Rashtrakutas and 1
reference each is recorded in the inscriptions of the Gangas of Talakad and
Cholas. The earliest reference to Kalamukha sect occurs in an inscription of the
Rashtrakutas from Kolar district dated 806 A.D. The last reference is recorded in
an inscription of the Chalukyas of Kalyana from Shimoga district dated 1042
A.D. References to Kalamukha sub-sects are recorded in 5 inscriptions. An
undated (878-914 A.D.) inscription of the Rashtrakutas from Dharwad district
records the earliest reference to Sakti-parishe. An inscription of the Cholas dated
1027-28 A.D. from Mysore district refers to a Bhalara of Simha-parishe (Singha-
parishe). Two references to the Parvatavali sect of the Sakti-parishe are recorded
in the inscriptions of the Chalukyas of Kalyana from Shimoga district dated 1039
A.D. and 1049 A.D.
236
Kalamukha Preceptors on the basis of Suffixes
The study reveals 88 records of preceptors identified on the basis of
suffixes. Such 23 references are found in the inscriptions from Dharwad district,
followed by 11 references each in the inscriptions from Bellary and Bijapur
districts, 10 references in the inscriptions from Chitradurga district, 8 references
each in the inscriptions from Raichur and Mysore districts, 7 references in the
inscriptions from Shimoga district, 3 references in the inscriptions from
Bangalore district, 2 references each in the inscriptions from Kolar, Tumkur and
Belgaum districts and 1 reference in the inscriptions from Kadur district.
Kalamukha Preceptors with Suffixes from Dharwad District

SI. Dynasty Date Temples Preceptors Reference
No.
1. Rashtrakutas 815 Nakharesvara Vinitatmacharya EC XI, Cl.
A.D. at Kolur 34.
2. -do- 887 Ko[ye]ges- Vedava[ha]na - SII XI, pt.i,
A.D. vara at bhattaraka 22.
Meluvidu
3. -do- 895 Dindesvara Omkarasiva-bhatara El XVI, pp.
A.D. temple 277ff.
4. -do- 946 Mulasthan- Bhujanga-bhatara SII XI, pt.i,
A.D. deva of 37.
Kuritakunte
5. -do- 951 Not found Bhimarasi-bhatara IA XII, pp.
A.D. 256ff.
6. -do- 975 Bhujjabbes- Gokamarasi-bhatara El IV, pp.
A.D. varaat 350ff.
Hebbal
7. Chalukyas of 970 Kayigesvara Sakalarasi-pandita, The
Kalyana A.D. and disciple of TDLSCI
Kappesvara Brahmatma-bhatara Examined
temples by KRI
1940-41 to
1942-43, 4,
p. 27.
8. -do- 991 Siddhesvara Sankarasi-bhalara Desai, P. B.,
237
A.D. at Maladalur Studies in
Epigraphy,
23, pp.26ff.
9. -do- 995 Mulasthan- Vidyabharana- SII XI, pt.i,
A.D. deva of pandita 47.
Eleya-Posur
10. -do- 1002 Svayambhu- Kalajnani-vakkani- Ibid, 48.
A.D. deva temple jiya
at Kardugi
11. -do- 1026 1. Bhoges- 1. Devasingi- Ibid, 63.
A.D. vara temple pandita 2.
2. Nakares- Maleyala-pandita
vara temple
at Annigeri
12. -do- 1028 1. Sobhanes- Bhavashivadeva Ibid, 64.
A.D. varaat
Mulugund,
2. Gundabbe-
svara
3. Lokabbe-
svara at
Magundi
4. Jagedeka-
mallesvara at
Muchchundi
13. -do- -do- Name not Devarasi-jiya ARIE 1949-
found (,Sthanadipati of 50, ‘B’-128,
Svaymbhudeva p. 29.
temple)
14. -do- -do- -do- Sankarasi-jiya El XV, pp.
33 Iff.
15. -do- 1033 Kalideva Chandrabhushana- SII XI, pt.i,
A.D. temple devachariya 69.
16. -do- 1034 Sahadeves- Srikantha-bhataraka Ibid.,
A.D. vara temple XVIII, 50.
at Ajjadi
17. -do- -do- Mallikarjuna Uttamasingi-jiya ARIE 1960-
temple at 61, ‘B’-415,
Alur p. 91.
18. -do- 1043 Banasankar- Probably Vamadeva 57/ XX, 24.
A.D. deva temple
19. -do- 1045 Kalideves- Mallikarjuna- El XIX, pp.
238
A.D. vara temple bhatara, disciple of 180ff.
at Kolur Vamarasideva
20. -do- 1047 Makalesvara Agni-bhattaraka KIVl, 11.
A.D. temple at
Mejavur
21. -do- 1048 Ravesvara Tribhuvanasingha- SII XVIII,
A.D. temple jiya 60.
22. -do- -do- Ramatirtha Dhajvalagoniyadev Ibid., 61.
temple at a], disciple of
Kudala- Aneyadeva
sangama
23. Unidentified Name not Isanarasi-bhatara Ibid., XV,
Dynasty century found 492.
A.D.
Kalamukha Preceptors with Suffixes from Bellary District
Si. Dynasty Date Temples Preceptor Reference

No.
1. Chalukyas of Undated Name not Dharmma-bhatara SII IX, pt.i,
Badami (696-733 found 48.
A.D.)
2. Chalukyas of 1018 Kalideva- Somasinga- Ibid., 80.
Kalyana A.D. svami bhalara
temple at
Bagali
3. -do- 1021-22 Svayambhu Brahmarasi-jiya Ibid., 82.
A.D. -deva
temple at
Meganegere
4. -do- 1022 Mahadeva Balachandra-j iya KUES: I, 11,
A.D. temple pp. 98-99.
5. -do- 1034-35 Kalideva of Duggaraja-pandita SII IX, pt.i,
A.D. Nelkudre 88.
6. -do- 1044 dehara Trailokyamalla- KUES: I, 18,
A.D. (name not jiya pp. 103-104.
239
found)
7. -do- -do- Mahadeva Jyeshtarasi- SII IX, pt.i,
temple bhalara 98.
8. -do- -do- Mahadeva Dharmasiva Ibid., 99.
temple at
Sattiyuru
9. -do- 1046 Nolambes- Somesvara- Ibid., 104.
A.D. vara temple pandita
10. -do- -do- l.Svayambh Chillukacharya Ibid., 102.
u-deva
temple
2.Mulasth-
ana temple
11. Nolamba- 1033 Mahadeva Uttamarasi- KUES: I, 58,
Pallavas A.D. temple pandita pp. 74-75.
Kalamukha Preceptors with Suffixes from Bijapur District
SI. Dynasty Date Temple Preceptor Reference

No.
1. Chalukyas of 754 A.D. VijayesvaraJnanasivacharya £7111, pp.
Badami temple at (came from Iff.
Pattadakal Mrigathanikara-
vishaya)
2. Rashtrakutas Undated Name not Balakartara-bhatara, Annigeri,
(844-894 found disciple of A. M.,
A.D.) Aryakartara-bhatara Pattada
kalla
gudigalu,
13, pp. 83-
84.
3. Chalukyas of 990-91 Sindesvara Paratrayasimharasi- El III, pp.
Kalyana A.D. temple bhattara 23 Off.
4. -do- 1015 Nagaresvara Chandrasekhar- SII XX, 19.
A.D. temple at acharya
Aneya
Ruvige
5. -do- 1019 -do- Balachandra - Ibid., 21.
A.D. pandita
6. -do- 1024 Re(bba)les- Vadighantade[va]- Ibid., XI,
A.D. vara at datta-pandita pt.i, 62.
240
Perggur
7. -do- 1032 Mulasthana [Pandideva]- Ibid., 67.
A.D. temple at bhattaraka
Kantipatt-
ana (Bavur)
8. -do- 1033 Sindesvara Tejorasi-pandita El III, pp.
A.D. temple 230ff.
9. -do- 1041 Bhogesvara [Va]masakti-pandita 577 XX, 27.
A.D. temple at
Kannavalli
10. -do- 1044 Uttaresvara Brahmarasi Ibid, 30.
A.D. temple
11. Unidentified 1041 degula Chandrasekhara- Ibid.,
Dynasty A.D. (name not bhatara XVIII, 331.
found)
Kalamukha Preceptors with Suffixes from Chitradurga District

No.
1. Rashtrakutas 815 A.D. Gavaganes- Paramesvara, disciple ECXI, Cl.
vara temple of Vinitatmacharya of 34.
at the Nakharesvara
Madarikal temple at Kolur
2. -do- 937A.D. Goggi’s Dharmarasi-bhatara Ibid, Cd.
temple 76.
3. -do- 940 A.D. Bhogesvara Balachandrapandita- Ibid, 77.
temple deva
4. -do- 947 A.D. Somanatha ...,-bhalara Ibid, 49.
temple at
Kallapunuse
5. -do- 965 A.D. Kannesvara Shanti-bhatara Ibid, Hk.
temple 33.
6. -do- 968 A.D. Sidilesvara Divyalinga-bhalara Ibid, 23.
temple
7. -do- -do- Kalesvara Khehara-satti (sakti) Ibid, Cd.
temple 50.
8. Chalukyas of 1028 Yadesvara Benakarasi-pandita Ibid, 64.
Kalyana A.D. temple at
241
Kollahala
9. -do- 1037 Brahmes- Brahmavedi-jiya Ibid., Dg.
A.D. vara temple 126.
10. Unidentified 987 A.D. Lunkesvara Jiya-Kappada Ibid., Mk.
dynasty temple 40.
Kalamukha Preceptors with Suffixes from Raichur District
SI. Dynasty Date Temple Preceptors Reference

No.
1. Rashtrakutas 941 A.D. Mallikaijuna Devarasi-bha....KUES: VII,
temple 49, pp. 33-
34.
2. Chalukyas of 991 A.D. Nagalesvara Amritarasi-bhalara Desai, P. B.,
Kalyana temple at Studies in
Talakallu Epigraphy,
23, pp. 26ff.
3. -do- Undated Sobhanesvara (Name damaged) KUES: II,
(973- temple at Disciple of 36, pp.
1008 Balageri Jagavinda- 194ff.
A.D.) panditadeva
4. -do- 1005 Gavaresvara Agastya-jiya HAS XVIII,
A.D. temple at 1.
Kukkanur
5. -do- 1014 Jedeya- 1. Manika- KUES: VII,
A.D. san[ka]radeva bhalara 11, pp.
temple at 2. ...bhalara 143ff.
Navile 3. Tribhuvana-
bhalara
6. -do- 1036 Chandesvara Vadi[galjakesari ARIE 1961-
A.D. temple at sadyojata-pandita 62, ‘B’-536,
Ballanittige p. 102.
7. -do- -do- [Ban]kesvara Gokamarasi-jiya KUES: VII,
temple at 100, pp.
Ballanittige 316ff.
8. -do- 1046 Bhogesvara Devasinga-bhalara El XXXV,
A.D. at Agrahara pp. 37ff.
Bannigola
242
Kalamukha Preceptors with Suffixes from Mysore District
SI. Dynasty Date Temples Preceptor References

No.
1. Gangas of Undated Ereyanges- Srikantha-pandita- ASMAR
Talakad (c. 10th vara temple bhatara (Sthanika) 1938,
century pp.188-
A.D.) 190;£C V
(Rev.), TN.
320.
2. -do- c. 10“* Mahadeva Parama[satti]- Ibid., IV
century [Vi]ngamahe bhattara (Rev.), Ko.
A.D. svara temple 10.
3. -do- -do- Arakuttisvara Sivasakti- Ibid, IV,
temple bhattaraka (Rev.), Yl.
114; Ibid,
IV Yl. 25.
4. Chalukyas of -do- Butesvara Nannikartara- Ibid, V,
Varuna temple bhatara (Rev.), My.
168; Ibid,
III, My 36.
5. Cholas 991 A.D. Name not Somarasi- Ibid, IV,
found bhataraka of (Rev.), Ch.
Isvara lineage 145; Ibid,
III TN. 135.
6. -do- 1032 1 .Isana- Brahmalinga- Ibid, III
A.D. Isvara- bhalara (Rev.), Nj.
Mudaiyar 215; Ibid,
2.Mulasthana III Nj. 164.
Mudaiyar of
Srotiyur
7. Unidentified c. 10- Name not Amritarasi-pandita ASMAR
dynasty 11th found (.Sthanapati) 1944, pp.
century 158-159.
A.D.
8. -do- -do- degula (name Somarasi, son of EC III,
not found) Brahmarasi (Rev.), Nj.
253; Ibid.,
Nj. 148.
243
Kalamukha Preceptors with Suffixes from Shimoga District
SI. Dynasty Date Temples Preceptors Reference

No.
1. Rashtrakutas 933 A.D. 1 .Srikantes- 1. Rudrasaktipandita EC VIII,
varaat - deva Sb. 476.
Kuluga 2. Brahmabhujanga-
2.Atamana paramasvami
degula
2. Gangas of c. 10“ Name not Isanasiva Ibid., VII.
Talakad century found Sh. 96.
A.D.
3. Chalukyas of 1002 -do- Amritarasi ASMAR
Kalyana A.D. 1942,
p. 190.
4. -do- 1031 l.Pingales- Santasiva-bhalara EC VII,
A.D. vara Sk. 30.
2.Svyambh
u-deva of
Mulasthana
5. -do- 1047 1. Jagadeka- Anantasivacharya Ibid., 151.
A.D. mallesvara
2.Bherunde
s-vara
6. -do- -do- Subhatunge Chandrabharana- ID, Vol.
s-vara pandita 17, pp.
temple 50-58.
7. -do- 1048 Nagesvara ....pandita EC VII,
A.D. temple HI. 107.
Kalamukha Preceptors with Suffixes from Bangalore District
SI. Dynasty Date Temples Preceptor Reference

No.
1. Bana 890 A.D. Somanatha Divyasakti- ID, Vol. 3
temple at bhattara OX PP-
Bempur 158-159.
2. Gangas of 907 A.D. l.Shivamar- Chillukadeva, the EC IX, Cp.
244
%
Talakad esvara third (muvadi) 48.
2.Naghare-
svara
3.Nitimarge
-svara
3. Chola 1029 Siddhesvara Rupasiva-pandita Ibid., Nl. 1.
A.D. -bhavana
Kalamukha Preceptors with Suffixes from Kolar District

No.
1. Gangas of 770 A.D. ...ttondisvara Bhatara ECX, Sp 57.
Talakad
2. Nolamba- 961 A.D. Fifty Saiva Tribhuvana- Ibid., Mb. 65.
Pallava temples at Kartara-deva, the
Avani Kaliyug Rudra
Kalamukha Preceptors with Suffixes from Tumkur District

No.
1. Nolamba- 878 A.D. Mahadeva Dinakarasoma- EC XII, Si.
Pallavas temple bhatara 38.
2. -do- 920 A.D. Two temples Vimalamati- Ibid., 39.
(name not bhatara
found)
Kalamukha Preceptors with Suffixes from Belgaum District

No.
1. Chalukyas of 980 A.D. Sankara Tribhuvanasingi- EI XVI,
Kalyana Svayambhu pandita pp. 1-9.
Suvamakshideva
245
at Sogala
2. -do- 1048 Ankesvara at Somesvara- SII XX,
A.D. Sugandavarti pandita 247.
(Savadattti)
Kalamukha Preceptor with Suffixe from Kadur District
SI. Dynasty Date Temple Preceptor References

No.
1. Gangas of 893 A.D. Name not found Amritarasi EC XI
Talakad (Rev.), Cm.
113; Ibid.,
VI Cm. 133.
The study of 88 inscriptions reveals various suffixes attached to the names of

the preceptors. The suffix bhattaraka, bhatara and bhalara, all meaning the same,
have 32 references. The earliest reference to this suffix occurs in an undated (696-
733 A.D.) inscription of the Chalukyas of Badami from Bellary district. The name
of the preceptor is mentioned as Dharmma-bhatara. Of the two inscriptions of the
Rashtrakutas, one from Dharwad district dated 887 A.D. is the earliest record to
refer to bhattaraka. The preceptor is named Vedava[ha]na-bhattaraka. Another
inscription from Chitradurga district dated 947 A.D. is the earliest record to refer to
bhalara.
The suffix pandita has 21 references. The earliest reference occurs in an
inscription of the Rashtrakutas from Shimoga district dated 939 A.D. The name of
the preceptor is Rudrasakti-pandita.
The suffix rasi has 21 references. It is found with such names as rasi-bhatara
or bhalara and has 8 references, rasi-pandita has 5 references and rasi-jiya has 3
references. Only 5 references clearly refer to the suffix rasi. The earliest reference
246
to rasi occurs in an inscription of the Gangas of Talakad from Kolar district dated
893 A.D. The name of the preceptor is Amritarasi. An inscription of an unidentified
dynasty assigned to c. 9th century A.D. from Dharwad district is the earliest to refer
to rasi-bhatara. The name of the preceptor is Isanarasi-bhatara. An inscription of

the Chalukyas of Kalyana from Dharwad district dated 970 A.D. is the earliest to
refer to rasi-pandita. The name of the preceptor is Sakalarasi-pandita. An
inscription of the Chalukyas of Kalyana dated 1021-22 A.D. from Bellary district is
the earliest to refer to rasi-jiya. The name of the preceptor is Brahmarasi-jiya.
The suffix jiya has 8 references. The earliest reference occurs in an
inscription of an unidentified dynasty from Chitradurga district dated 987 A.D. The
name of the preceptor is Jiya-Kappada.
The suffix acharaya or achari has 6 references. The earliest reference occurs
in an inscription of the Rashtrakutas from Dharwad district dated 815 A.D. The
name of the preceptor is Vinitatmacharya. An inscription of the Chalukyas of
Kalyana from Dharwad district dated 1033 A.D. is the earliest to refer to achari.
The preceptor is named Chandrabhushanadeva-achari.
The study of Kalamukha preceptors helps to infer that from 8th century
onwards the Kalamukha sect began to be noticed in Karnataka. Of the 88

inscriptions, 49 inscriptions of the Chalukyas of Kalyana, from Dharwad (16),
Bellary (9), Bijapur (8), Raichur (7), Shimoga (5), Chitradurga (2) and Belgaum (2)
districts reveal that the Kalamukha sect had flourished and was popular in their
period.
The earliest reference to a Kalamukha preceptor occurs in an undated (696-
733 A.D.) inscription of the Chalukyas of Badami from Bellary district. It refers to
Dharmma-bhatara. The last reference occurs in four inscriptions of the Chalukyas
of Kalyana, all dated 1048 A.D., two inscriptions from Dharwad district and one
inscription reference each from Shimoga and Belgaum districts. This helps to
247
conclude that the Kalamukha sect was prevalent during the 7th century A.D. and
was popular in the 10-11th century A.D. in Karnataka.

It is observed that Kalamukha preceptors were also sthanapathis. An
inscription of the Chalukyas of Kalyana from Raichur district dated 1014 A.D.
states that the temple of Jedeyasan[ka]radeva had three sthanapathis named Manik-
bhalara,... bhalaraand Tribhuvana-bhalara.
The fact that a Kalamukha guru was the spiritual head of four temples is a
worth noticing fact. An inscription of the Chalukyas of Kalyana from Dharwad
district dated 1028 A.D states that Dharamadhikari Nagasvami’s guru
Bhavashivadeva was the spiritual head of the temples of Sobhanesvara at
Mulgunda, Gundabbesvara and Lokabbesvara at Magundi and Jagadekamallesvara
at Muchehundi.
Another worth noticing fact is that a guru and his disciple have different
suffixes. An inscription of Chalukyas of Kalyana from Shimoga district dated 1031
A.D. states that the donee of the grant was named Santasiva-bhalara and his guru
was named Balachandra-jiya.
It is observed that different sects and sub-sects of Saivism have contributed
j
immensely for the growth of Saivism from 3 century A.D. to 1050 A.D. in
Karnataka. It is notieied, that from the Saiva brahmanas to the Kalamukha
preceptors, Saivism was an upheld faith, widely practised and patronized among
the different classes of the society.
Names of Preceptors
By studying the inscriptions and noting the names of the Saiva preceptors,
it is observed that the names stand out distinct, unique and out of the common.
For instance, Omkarasiva-bhatara, Kalajnani-vakkani-jiya, Vidyabharana-
pandita, Chandra-bhushanadeva, Tribhuvana Karttara-bhatara, Vidyanidhi-
pandita, etc.,
248
The following is a graphic representation of the total number of Inscriptions and Temples and Images of Saivism
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37
GANAPATI TEMPLES AND IMAGES
Ganapati, the god with elephant head is the lord of ganas, god of wisdom,
remover of obstacles and bestower of success. He is considered to have been
bom solely to Siva, solely to Parvati and to both Siva and Parvati. Various
accounts of the origin of Ganapati are found in the Puranas, but the earliest
reference to Ganapati is found in the Rigveda. The pratamavandya, the first
prayer is in praise of Ganapati, it is recited at the beginning of all new ventures.
Only eight inscriptions are found which refer to Ganapati temples and
images; these records were issued between the 8th and the middle of the 11th
centuries A.D. A study of these inscriptions throws light on carving of images,

construction of temples and grants made for the worship. The district-wise
distribution of inscriptions and temples and images is shown in the following
table.
District-wise distribution of Temples and Images of Ganapati
SI. No. Districts Inscriptions Temples and

Images
1 Bijapur 3 2
2 Bellary 2 2
3 Bangalore 2 2
4 Dharwad 1 1
8 7
249
BIJAPUR DISTRICT
Of the three inscriptions found in Bijapur District, the dynastic affiliation

of two records is not specified, but as this area was ruled by the Chalukyas of
Badami, they could be assigned to this dynasty; the other one is clearly stated to
have been issued under the Chalukyas of Kalyana.
The earliest inscription431 found at Sibara in Badami taluk can be ascribed

to the 8th century A.D. It records the installation of rock-cut figures of Vinayaka
and Phanindra (snake god), on a hill resplendent with lofty peaks, by Kushala-
Dharmana, whose social identity is not mentioned in the inscription. Another
inscription432 found on a rock having a fountain at Sibara in Badami taluk is also
ascribed on the same grounds to the same century. Although it is partly damaged,
the inscription refers to gods Ganapati and Nagakumara and the patron is named
Dammana. Though these two inscriptions are engraved at different places, they
are identical in content, and both refer to the worship of Ganesa and the snake
god. The person responsible for the installation of these two images is one and
the same, i.e. Kushala-Dharmana, though his name is spelt in two different ways.
The only inscription found at Shirur in Bagalkot taluk belonging to the

reign of the King Trailokyamalla (Somesvara I) of the Chalukyas of Kalyana is
dated 1049 A.D. It records that Prabhu Marasingha, an administrator, gave an
endowment to god Vinayaka along with other Hindu gods housed in a Saiva
temple complex either in cells or niches.
250
Table showing Temples and Images of Ganapati in Bijapur District

No. King/ Images
Date
Image of Kushala-Dharmana KII, 6.
1. Chalukyas of Vinayaka (social identity
Badami unknown).
King (?)
c. 8“ century
A.D.
2. -do- Image of Dammana (same as Ibid., 9.
Ganapati (same above)
god as above)
Image of Prabhu Marasingha SIIXI, pt-i,

3. Chalukyas of Vinayaka (an administrator) 85
Kalyana
Somesvara I
1049 A.D.
BELLARY DISTRICT
Of the two inscriptions found in Bellaiy district, one belongs to the

Rashtrakutas and the other to the Nolamba-Pallavas.
The Rashtrakutas
The solitary Rashtrakuta inscription434 found at Kolagallu in Bellary taluk
belonging to King Khottiga is dated 967 A.D. It states that a Brahmana named
Gadadhara (originally from Varendri of East Bengal, now Bangladesh), chief of
Karttikeya Tapovana of Kolagallu in Bellary District, installed god Vinayaka
along with other Hindu gods. He was obviously a migrant from Bengal.
251
The only Nolamba-Pallava inscription435 found at Chirastahalli in

Harapanahalli taluk belonging to King Immadi-Nolamba is undated, but by
referring to the genealogical chart436 its date can be assigned to 1037 A.D. It
informs that Mallikayya (a disciple of Duggatipandita) got the image of Vinayaka
carved along with the images of other Hindu gods and got them installed.
Perhaps all these deities were housed in the same temple. Though the patron
Mallikayya’s identity is not revealed, he could be identified as a lay man who
was a disciple of Duggati-pandita, a Saiva teacher.
Table showing Temples and Images of Ganapati in Bellary District

No. King/ Images
Date
Vinayaka Gadadhara (a El XXI, pp.
1. Rashtrakutas Brahmana chief of 260 ff.
Khottiga Karttikeya Tapovana
967 A.D. of Kolagallu)
2. Nolamba- -do- Mallikayya (disciple KUES: I, 54,

Pallavas of Duggati-pandita) pp. 511-512.
Immadi-
Nolamba
1037 A.D.
BANGALORE DISTRICT
The Cholas
Two inscriptions of the Cholas written in Tamil have been found in

Bangalore district. The earliest inscription437 found at Malurpatna in Channapatna
252
taluk belonging to King Rajendra Chola Deva I is dated 1013 A.D. It states that
Idava-gamunda along with other inhabitants of the village of Manalur decided
that the festival of god Arumolidevisvaram-Udaiya Mahadevar of Nigarili
Solapuram (which was a part of Manalur) should commence from the day the
festival of Ganapatiyar (Tamil version for god Ganapati) concluded. It is not
clear if there was an image of Ganapati installed in the temple. The second
inscription438 found at Kadagodi in Hoskote taluk belonging to the above
mentioned king is dated 1043 A.D. It records that Gamunda Rajaraja Velan
caused a tank to be built with three sluices, got the images of goddess Durga,
Kshetrapala and Ganapatiyar carved and made land grants for their up-keep and
worship. The worship of Ganapati in association with Durga and Kshetrapala and
all these three deities attached to the sluices are noteworthy here.
Table showing Temples and Images of Ganapati in Bangalore District

No. King/ Images
Date
1. Cholas Ganaptiyar Idava-gamunda EC IX, Cp.

Rajendra Chola and other inhabitants of 135.
Deva I Manalur village.
1013 A.D.
2. -do- -do- Gamunda Rajaraja Ibid, Ht.142.

1043 A.D. Velan
DHARWAD DISTRICT
The Rashtrakutas
Only one Rashtrakuta inscription439 found in Dharwad district belonging
to the reign of Govinda IV dated 933 A.D. refers to the construction of Vinakana
253
degula at Kavajgeri in Ron taluk by Ballajja-gavunda of Kavujagere with great
devotion. He also made a land grant to the temple.
Table showing a Temple of Ganapati in Dharwad District
SI. Dynasty/ Temple Patron Reference

No. King/
Date
1. Rashtrakutas Vinakana degula Ballajja- SIIXI, pt-i, 35.

Govinda IV (Vinayaka gavunda
933 A.D. temple)
SUMMARY
On the basis of the above analysis the following inferences are made.
1. District-wise availability of Inscriptions and Temples and Images
The above study reveals as many as eight inscriptions referring to seven

temples and images of Ganapati. Bijapur district records 3 images in 2 records
followed by 2 temples and images in 2 records of Bellary district, 2 temples and
images in 2 records of Bangalore district and 1 temple and image in 1 record of
Dharwad district.
2. Dynastic Contribution
Among the 8 inscriptions of Ganapati, 2 inscriptions belong to the

Chalukyas of Badami, 2 to the Rashtrakutas, 2 to the Cholas, 1 each to the
Nolamba Pallavas and Chalukyas of Kalyana.
254
Two records of the Chalukyas of Badami referring to Ganapati (Vinayaka)
are found at Sibara in Badami taluk of Bijapur district. They record the
installation of a rock-cut figure of Vinayaka on a hill.
Two records of the Rashtrakutas are found in Dharwad and Bellary

districts. The record of 933 A.D., found at Kavajgeri in Ron taluk, refers to the
construction of a Vinakana degula. The other record of 967 A.D. refers to the
installation of the image of Vinayaka along with other Hindu gods at Kolagallu.
Two inscriptions of Cholas issued under the King Rajendra Chola Deva I
are found in Bangalore district. The record of 1013 A.D. found at Malurpatna in
Channapatna taluk, refers to the festival of Ganapatiyar and the other record of
1043 A.D. found at Kadagodi in Hoskote taluk, and refers to the image of
Ganapatiyar carved on one of the three sluices of a tank.
The inscription of the Nolamba-Pallavas of 1037 A.D., found at

Chirastahalli in Harapanahalli taluk, refers to the installation of the image of
Vinayaka.
A record of the Chalukyas of Kalyana dated 1049 A.D. found at Shirur in

Bagalkot taluk, records an endowment to god Vinayaka.
3. Nomenclature
Ganapati is known by various names, but the study reveals that he was
more popular by the name Vinayaka (4) than by the name Ganapati (3).
4. Earliest and Last Reference to a Temple and an Image of Ganapati
The study records earliest evidence to Ganapati worship in the inscriptions

of the Chalukyas of Badami assigned to c. 8th century A.D. The last reference in
the study is revealed in an inscription of the Chalukyas of Kalyana dated 1049
255
A.D. Many sculptures of Ganapati are found in the caves and temples at Badami,
Mahakuta, Aihole and Pattadakal during the period of the Chalukyas of Badami.
A noteworthy fact is that, the Lower Sivalaya at Badami was supposed to be
dedicated to Ganapati440. But the Ganapati images found at Gokama and Idagunji
in North Kanara district, assigned to the early Kadamba period441, suggest the
antiquity of Ganapati worship to a period earlier than the 8th century A.D. An
indistinct bas-relief of two handed Ganesa on the exterior of a terracotta vase

meant for religious purpose found at Vadgaon-Madhavapur (Belgaum district)
assigned to 1st - 2nd century A.D., indicates that the idea of Ganapati was in vogue
as early as the Satavahana period442.
5. Century-wise Distribution of the Inscriptions and Temples and Images
The following chart reveals century-wise break up of the recorded

evidence.
Century Total inscriptions No of Temples and

Images
9th century A.D. Nil Nil
to 1050 A.D. 4 4
Total 8 7
In terms of popularity of the worship of Ganapati, there appears to be not

much change between the 8th and 10th centuries A.D., as only two instances are
encountered in the 8th century A.D. and none in the 9th century A.D. and again
256
only two in the 10th century A.D. Up to the middle of the 11th century A.D., a
marginal improvement is noticed, with four instances.
6. Patrons
The study of eight inscriptions reveals four classes of patrons. They are
as follows:
Sl.No Classes of Patrons References
1. Middle level bureaucracy 3
2. Religious men 2
3. Individuals 2
4. High Nobility 1
Total 8
In terms of patronage, it appears that more number of gavunda families

provided patronage for the maintenance of Ganapati temples. Three of the 8
inscriptions support this inference. Two inscriptions speak of the contributions
made by religious men, 2 by individuals whose social identity is not clear and 1
refers to the contribution made by an administrator.
7. Motivation
Out of the 8 inscriptions studied, 2 inscriptions of the Rashtrakutas

mention the motivation for the installation and construction of temples for
257
Ganapati. The inscription of 933 A.D. of Dharwad district refers to the
construction of Vinakana degula by Ballajja-gavunda with great devotion.
Another inscription of 967 A.D. of Bellary district records that a Brahmana
named Gadadhara installed the image of Vinayaka and other gods with the
intention of seeking heavenly abode for his parents.
8. Grants
It is important to note that only land grants given for the maintenance of
Ganapati temples and images are more in records.
9. Village Named after Vinayaka
A noteworthy information is of a village named Benakanakola, probably

named after Benaka (god Vinayaka) in an inscription443 dated 1039 A.D. found at
Balligave in Shikaripur taluk (Shimoga District) belonging to the reign of King
Jayasimha II of the Chalukyas of Kalyana.
10. Vinayaka on a Boundary Stone
The image of Vinayaka carved on a stone marKing the boundary of a gift

land, is a rare fact to record. The inscription of the Chalukyas of Kalyana of
King Jayasimha II dated 1019 A.D. found at Mulugund in Dharwad district refers
twice to Vinayakanakaf^.
11. Vinayaka in and around Temples
It is inferred that separate or independent temples built for Ganapati are

somewhat rare, as he is more often invocated along with other deities. But some
images of Vinayaka are found in and around temples coming under the period of
study.
258
Foot Notes
1. Krishnan, K. G., (Ed.), Uttankita Sanskrit Vidyaaryana Epigraphs, Vol II,

p. 376.
2. Padigar, Shrinivas, V. “Prachina Itihasa mattu Samskriti” Hachchevu

Kannadada Deepa, pp. 23-27.
3. IA XXX, p. 209.
4. Ibid, VII, pp. 106ff.
5. Ramesh, K. V., Chalukays ofVatapi, p! 93.
6. 5/7X1, pt.i, 2.
7. XVIII, 3.
8. EC XI, Cl. 34.
9. Progress Reports of the KRIfor, 1953-57, 6, pp. 69-70.
10. Ibid, 9, p. 72.
11. £7Vol. I, 13.
12.7?/VII, pp. 208ff.
13. 57/XI, pt. i, 22.
14. £7 XVI, pp. 277ff.
15. 577X1, pt. i, 30.
16. Progress Reports of the KRIfor, 1953-57, 12, p. 74.
17. £7 Vol. VI, 3.
18. ARIE 1933-34 E -90, p. 127.
259
19.S7/XVIII, 20.
20. IA XII, pp. 224ff.
21. ARIE 1949-50 ‘B’- 87, p. 25.
22. El XIII, pp. 326ff.
23. 57/XI, pt. i, 35.
24. Ibid, 37.
26. SII, XI, pt.i, 41.
27. Ibid, 42.
29. Ibid., pp. 270ff.
30. Desai, P. B., A History ofKarnataka, p. 155.
31. £7IV, pp. 350ff.
32. IA VII, pp. lOlff.
33. Annigeri, A.M., and Joshi, B.R., TheDescriptive Lists of Stone and
Copper- plate Inscriptions examined by the KRI, 1940-41 to 1942-43, 4,
(Dharwad 1961), p. 27.
34. SII XI, pt. i, 45.
35. Desai, P.B., Studies in Epigraphy, 23.
36. SII XI, pt.i, 47.
37. Ibid., 48.
260
38. Ibid., 50.
39. KUES: Vol. II, 51. pp. 224ff.
40. El XVI, pp. 27ff.
41. Ibid, XX, pp. 64ff.
42. SIIXX, 20.
43. Ibid., XVIII, 44.
44. Hajawagol, Dhanavant, Mulugundanadu: Ondu Adhyayana, pp. 357-361.
45. SII XI, pt. i, 58.
46. El XIX, pp. 222ff.
47. KIIV, 22.
48. 57/XI, pt. i, 63.
49. Ibid, 65.
50. Ibid., 64.
51. ARIE 1949-50, ‘B’ 128, pc 29.
52. £7XV, pp. 33Iff.
53. SII XVIII, 48.
54. Ibid, pt-i, 69.
55. Hiremath, B. R., Sasanagalalli Karnatakada Vartakaru, p. 59.
56. Ibid., 42.
57. SII XVIII. 50.
261
58. ARIE 1960-61 ‘B\ 415. p. 91.
59. Ibid., 1941-42 ‘E’, 9, p. 255.
60. 577 XX, 24. There is some confusion about the date of this record as
under the translation part it is mentioned 1034-35.
61. Ibid, XVIII, 53.
62. KI IV, 21. If the date is taken to be within 1044, it can be King
Jagadekamalla I (Jayasimha II). But if the date is taken to be after 1044,
the King can be Jagadekamalladeva II or III.
63.SII XX, 29.
64.Ibid, X3, pt-ii, 120.
65.Ibid, XX, 31.
66. El XIX, pp. 180ff.
67.Itihasa Darshana, Vol. V, p. 45.
68.577, IX, pt-i, 101.
69. ARIE 1946-47 ‘B\ 206, p. 35.
70. K7VI, 11.
71 .Ibid., 8.
72.577 XVIII, 60.
13.Ibid., 61.
74.Kalaburgi, M.M., Dharwad Jilleya Sasana Suchi, 46, p.71.
75.577X1, pt-i, 86.
262
76.76/7/., XV, 492.
77.Itihasa Darshana, Vol. XIII, p. 73.
78. Kalaburgi, M.M., op. cit., 166 p. 32.
79.57/ XV, 528.
80. EC X, Kl, 6.
SI.Ibid., Sp. 57.
82.76/7/., p. 279.
83.76/7/., XVII. CB. 106.
84.7bid., 66.
85. Ibid.,
86.76/7/., 26 ; ^5M47? 1932, p. 67.
87.76/7/., X, Mb. 38.
88.76/7/., 50.
89.76/7/., 67.
90. ASMARS: Vol. Ill, S. Setter, (Ed.), p. 146.
91. £CX, p. 113.
92. ASMAR 1924, p. 48.
93. ECX, Mb. 51.
9A.Ibid., p. 88.
95.76/7/., Ct. 49.
263
96.Ibid, Mb. 65.
91.Ibid., Mb. 122.
98.Ibid., XVII, Mb. 294.
99.Ibid., 293.
m.Ibid., X, Mb. 43.
101. Settar, S., op. cit., p. 147.
102. ECVII, Bg. 100.
m.Ibid., 101.
m.Ibid, 102.
105. Settar, S., op. cit, p. 148.
106. £CX,K1. 75.
m.Ibid., XVII, Kl. 44 (R).
108. Liebert, Gosta, Iconographic Dictionary of the Indian Religions:

Hindusim - Buddhism - Jainism, pp. 142-143.
109. £CX,Sp. 17.
U0. Ibid., Kl. 112ff.
Ill .Ibid., Bg. 7.
Ul.Ibid., CB. 23.
m.Ibid., Kl. 149b.
114.Ibid., Ct. 30.
115.Ibid., CB. 21.
264
116. Ibid., Mb. 105c.
Ml. Ibid., 106a.
m.Ibid, Ct. 34.
119.Ibid, Mb. 235.
120. SIIIX, pt-i, 48.
m.Ibid, 60.
\22.ASMAR 1935, pp. 136ff.
123. SII XI, pt-i, 67.
124. £7 XXI, pp. 260ff.
125. SII IX, pt-i 70.
126.57/IX, 72 and 73.
m.Ibid, 74.
m.Ibid., 79.
129. KUES: l, 59, pp. 132-133.
130. SII IX, pt-i, 80.
131 .KUES: II, 18, pp. 296-297.
132. SII IX, pt-i, 82.
133. KUES: 1,11, pp. 98-99.
134. SII IX, pt-i, 87.
\35.Ibid, 88.
265
136. Ibid., 96.
HI. Ibid. M
138.Ibid., 90.
139. Ibid., 92.
HO. Ibid., 93.
Hl.KUES: 1,18,pp. 103-104.
142.57/IX, pt-i, 98.
HZ. Ibid., 99.
HA. Ibid., 101.
HS.Ibid., 104.
146. Ibid., 102.
147. Ibid., 103.
m.Ibid., 107.
H9.KUES: I, 51, p. 66.
150. Ibid., 49, p. 65.
151 .Ibid., 70, pp. 86-87.
152.Ibid., 58, pp. 74-75.
153.5/7IX,pt-i, 94.
\5A.Ibid,, XVII, 51.
155.Ibid., 93.
266
156. AmS: I, 8, p. 199.
157. 5/7XVII, 56.
158.7/4 XIX, pp. 7ff
159. Ibid., VIII, pp. 284ff.
m.Ibid., X, pp. 168-169.
161.57/XV, 453.
162.7/4 X, p. 169-170.
\63.Ibid, p. 170.
\64.Ibid
\65.Ibid, pp. 102-104ff
m.Ibid., pp. 165-166ff
167. Annigere, A. M., Pattadakalla Gudigalu, 16, pp. 84-85.
168.7/4 X,pp. 164-165.
\69.Ibid, p. 167.
170.7:7111. pp. Iff
171. Annigeri, A.M., Pattadakalla Gudigalu,, 13, pp. 83-84.
\12.Ibid, p. 7.
173. Desai, P. B., A History ofKarnataka, p. 154.
174.7/4 XI, pp. 124-125.
175. Ibid., X, pp. 61-62.
267
176. Pattar, Sheelakanth., Badami: Samskrutika Adhayana, p. 158.
177. Annigeri, A. M. and Joshi, B. R., The Descriptive Lists of Stone and
Copper Plate Inscriptions, Examined by the KRI during the years 1940-41
to 1942-43, 2, p. 27.
178.7,4 X, pp. 104-105.
179. Pattar, Sheelakant., op. cit., pp. 158-159.
180.5/7 XI, pt-i, 44.
181. Ibid., XV, 520.
182. El III, pp. 230ff.
183. Ibid., XVII, pp. 7ff.
184.57 XX, 19.
185. Ibid, 21.
186.Ibid, XI,pt-i, 62.
187. Ibid, XX, 23.
188. Ibid., XI, pt-i. 67.
189.Ibid., 66.
190. Ibid, 68.
191. Ibid, XV, 529.
192. Pattar, Sheelakant., op. cit., p. 160.
193. /7III, pp. 230ff; 57/XI, pt-i, 71.
194.57/XX, 26.
268
195.Ibid., 27.
196. Ibid., 30.
197. Gopal, B. R., Minor Dynasties of South India: Karnataka, Vol I, p. 158.
198.57/XX, 45.
199. Ibid., XI, pt-i. 83.
200. Ibid., 85.
201 .Ibid., XV, 490.
202. Ibid., 510.
203. Rajasekhara, S., Early Chalukya Art at Aihole, p. 14.
204.57/XV 519.
205.Ibid., 527.
206. Ibid, XVIII, 331.
207. EC, IV (Rev.), Ch. 147: EC III, Ch. 63.
208. Deasi, P. B., A History ofKarnataka, p. 85.
209. ASMAR 1930, pp. 144-145; EC IV (Rev.), Ch. 385.
210. /^/</. 1943, pp. 114-145
211. EC IV (Rev.), p. 255.
212. ASMAR 1946, pp. 42-43; EC III (Rev.), Nj. 180.
213. Ramesh, K. V., Inscriptions ofthe Western Gangas, Intro., p. lxi.
214. ASMAR 1938, pp. 188-190; EC V (Rev.), Tn. 320.
269
215. EC V (Rev.), Intro., p. lxxxvi.
216.Ibid., Ill (Rev.), Nj. 294; Ibid., Ill, Nj. 183.
217. Ibid., p. 367.
218. Ibid., IV (Rev.), Yl. 40; Ibid., IV, Yl. 41.
219. Ibid, VII (Rev.), Md. 67; Ibid, III, Md. 78.
220. Ibid., IV (Rev.), Ko. 10.
221. Ibid., Ill (Rev.), Ni. 239. Ibid., Ill, Nj. 155.
222. Ibid., IV (Rev.), Yl. 174; Ibid, IV.,Yl. 25.
223. Ramesh, K. V., op. cit., Intro., pp. Ixi-lxii.
224. Ibid., XII, Gb. 61.
225. ASMARS: Vol. IV, S. Settar, (Ed.), p. 11.
226. EC XII, Intro., p. 4.
227. El II, pp. 167ff; EC VII (Rev.), Md. 42; ISC ID, Md. 41.
228. EC V (Rev.), My 223; Ibid, XIV, My. 127.
229. Ibid, 168; Ibid, III, My. 36.
230. Ibid,169; Ibid, 37.
231 .Ibid, IV (Rev.), Ch 145; Ibid, TN. 135.
232. Ibid., V (Rev.), TN 57; Ibid, XIV, TN. 122 (Rev.).
233. Ibid, 59; Ibid, 123a
234. Ibid, VI (Rev.), Sr. 78, Ibid, III, Sr. 140.

235. Ibid., V (Rev.), Intro., p. XC.
236. Ibid, III (Rev.), Hg. 58; Ibid., IV, Hg. 16.
237. Ibid, Nj. 201; Ibid, III, Nj. 134.
238. Ibid, 241; Ibid., 157.
239. Ibid, 215; Ibid., 164.
240. Ibid., V (Rev.), TN. 239; Ibid., XIV, TN. 38.
241. Ibid., IV (Rev.), Ko. 65.
242. Ibid, V (Rev.), TN. 247; Ibid., Ill, TN. 48.
243. Tamil Lexicon, Vol. VI, (Madras, 1982), (Reprint), p. 3654.
244. EC III (Rev.), Gu. 56; EC IV, Gu. 93.
245. Ibid, IV (Rev.), Ch. 146; Ibid., Ill, TN. 138.
246. Ibid, VI (Rev.), Kr. 50.
247. Ibid., Ill (Rev.), Gu. 82; Ibid, IV, Gu. 83.
248. Ibid., IV (Rev.), Ch. 114, Ibid., IV, Ch. 18.
249. Ibid., Ch. 109.
250. Ibid, VI (Rev.), pp. 43, Ibid., XIV, Kr. 33.
251. ASMAR 1944, pp. 158-159.
252. EC III (Rev.), Nj. 253; EC III, Nj. 148.
253. Ibid., 254, Ibid, 149.
254. EC VII, Sk. 263.

255. Desai, P. B., op. cit., p. 56.
256. EC VII, Sk. 264.
257. Gopal, B. R., Corpus of Kadamba Inscriptions, Vol. I, Intro., p.XXXVI.
258. EC VII, Sk. 176.
259. Gopal, B. R., op. cit., Intro., p. 46.
260. Sheik Ali, B. (Ed.), Karnataka Charitre, Vol. I, p. 303.
261. Gopal, B. R., op. cit., No. 39.
262. IA XI, pp. 125-127; El XXXIII, pp. 327-332.
262>. ASMAR 1927, pp. 133-134.
264. EC IX (Rev.), Bl. 290, 292,293.
265. Ibid., VII, Sk. 45 (b).
266. Ibid., Intro, p. 9.
261.ASMAR 1941, p. 76.
268. EC VIII, Sb. 476.
269. Ibid., Sh. 96.
270. Ramesh, K. V., op. cit., 137.
211. ASMAR 1942, 61, p. 190.
272. EC VIII, Sb. 471.
212. ASMAR 1929, p. 234.
274. EC VII, Sk. 125.
^ £ c \Ai, Si<> ^
272
215. Ibid., VIII, Sb. 283.
276. ASMAR 1929, pp. 238-240.
277. EC VII, Sk. 177.
in. Ibid., 176.

219. Ibid., 30.
280. Ibid., 20a
m.Ibid., VIII, Sb. 184.
282. Ibid., VII, Sk. 126.
m.Ibid, 153.
IM.Ibid., VIII, Sa. 108 (bis).
285. Ibid., 109 (bis).
286. ASMAR 1935, pp. 111-112.
287. EC VII, Sk. 323.
288. Ibid., 151.
289. /A Vol. 17, pp. 50-58.
290. EC VII, Sk. 120.
291. Ibid., HI. 107.
292. Ibid., Sk. 20b.
293. Ibid., VIII, Ng. 62.
294. Nagarajaiah, Hampa, Santararu - Ondu Adhyayana, p. 283.
1<U , 6 C VIIf, sb> 4^5

273
295. EC VIII, Sb. 465.
296. Ibid, VII, Ch. 32.
297. KUES: VII, 43, pp. 415ff.
298. Ibid., 42, pp. 414fF.
299. Ibid., 49, pp. 33-34.
300.Ibid., II, 26, pp. 3Iff.
301. Desai, P.B., Studies in Epigraphy, 23, pp. 26ff
302. KUES: VII, 49, pp. 419ff
303. Ibid., II, 37, pp. 196ff
304. Ibid., 36, pp. 194ff
305. Ibid, 10, pp. 164ff
306. HAS XVIII, 1.
307. KUES: II, 51, pp. 224ff
SOB. Ibid, VII, 11, pp. 143ff.
309. ARIE 1953-54, ‘B’, 245, p. 42.
310. KUES: VII, 58, pp. 40ff
311.Ibid., 33, pp. lOlff
312. Ibid., II, 3, pp. 279ff
313. Ibid., VII, 31, pp. 163ff.
SU.Ibid., II, 159,pp. 152ff

315.Ibid., VII, 99, pp. 315ff.
3X6.ARIE 1961-62, ‘B’, 536, p. 102.
317.KUES: VII, 100, pp. 316ff.
318.Ibid, 41, pp. 175ff
319. Ibid., 30, pp. 162f£
320. El XXXV, pp. 37f£
321. KUES: VII, 26, p. 248.
322. Desai, P.B., op. cit., 41, pp. 45-46.
323. £CXI, Cl. 33.
324. Ibid., p. 276.
325. Ibid., Cl. 34.
326. Ibid., p. 277.
321. Ibid., Cd. 76.
328. Ibid., 77.
329. Ibid., 49.
330. Ibid., Mk. 27.
331. Ibid., Hk. 30.
332. Ibid., 33.
333. Ibid., 23.
334. Ibid., Cd. 50.
275
335. Ibid., Jl. 29.
336. Ibid., Dg. 20.
337. Ibid., Cd. 25. In this inscription the King is mentioned Vikramaditya V,
but genealogically it should be Taila EL
338.Ibid., 64.
339. Ibid, Dg. 126.
340. Sircar, D. C., Indian Epigraphical Glossary, 1st Edition, p. 196.
341. £CXI, Dg. 124.
342. Ibid., Ct. 24.
343.Ibid, Mk. 40.
344. Ibid., 33.
345. ASMAR 1927, p. 34.
346. Desai, P.B. (Ed.), History ofKarnataka, p. 85.
347. EC IX, Bn. 42.
348. Ibid., Cp. 48.
349. Ibid, p. 314.
350. Deverakonda Reddy, “Dodda Begurina Nagattarana Sasana”, Itihasa

Darshana Vol. 3 (1), pp. 158-159.
351. isC IX, Dv. 42.
352.Ibid., p. 176.
353. Ibid., Mg. 75.
276
354. Nagaraj, M. G., and Siddhanagouda, H. M., “Bangalore Mattu Kodagu
Jillegala Kelavu Aprakatita Sasanagalu”, Itihasa Darshana, Vol.14, pp.
28ff.
355. EC IX, Cp. 92.
356. Ibid., 135.
357. ASMARS: Vol. II, S. Settar (Ed.), p. 130.
358. EC IX, Cp 88c.
359. Sircar, D. C., op. cit., p. 192.
360. EC IX, Cp. 139.
361. Settar, S., op. cit., p. 129.
362. Ibid., pp. 129-130.
363. EC IX, Nl. 1.
364. Ibid, 37.
365. Ibid, Cp. 82 and 83.
366. Ibid., Nl. 7a
367. Ibid., Ht. 142.
368. Nagaraja Rao, M. S., “A New Group of Rashtrakuta Temples at Sirivala

(Gulburga District)” The Rashtrakutas of Malkhed, B. R.Gopal (Ed.), pp.
291-293.
369. Shivanand, V., (Ed.), Kannada Inscriptions from Hydrabad-Kamataka

area ofNizam Dominion, 1.
370. Thapar, B.K. (Ed.), Indian Archaeology1976-77 A Review, 18, p. 59.
277
3H.ARIE 1959-60, ‘B’-481, p. 96.
372. Gogi, Hanumakshi (Ed.), Kalburgi Jilleya Sasanagalu, 1, p. 391.
313.ARIE 1960-61, ‘B’-495, p. 99.
374. Gogi, Hanumakshi (Ed.), op. cit., 17, p. 293.
375. EC XVI. Tp. 140.
376. Ibid., XII, Si. 38.
377. Ibid., 39.
378. Ibid., 28.
379. Ibid., 37.
380. Ibid., Kg. 2.
381. .EC XI, (Rev.), Sg. 56; EC VI, Kp. 38.
382. Gururaja Bhatt, P., Studies in Tuluva History and Culture p. 22.
383. ECXI (Rev.), Sg. 55; EC VI, Kp. 37.
384. Gururaja Bhatt, P., op. cit.
385. EC XI, (Rev.), Cm. 113; EC VI, Cm. 133.
386. Liebert, Gosta, op. cit., p. 191.
387. EC XI (Rev.), Cm. 130; EC VI, Cm. 95.
388. Ibid., 127; Ibid., 92.
389. Ibid., VI, Tk. 67.
390. Sircar, D. C., op. cit., p. 26.

391. £7 V, pp. 6-9.
392. Ramesh, K. V., Chalukyas of Vatapi, p. 42. On the strength of tangible

internal evidence on the basis of paleography, this inscription is assigned
to the reign of Pulakeshi I (540-566 A.D.).
393. £7XVI, l,pp. 1-9.
394. £7 V, 6.
395.577 XX, 247.
396.577 VII, 284.
397. Gururaja Bhatt, P., op. cit.,p. 22.
398. Ramesh, K. V., A History ofSouth Kanara, p. 77.
399.577 VII, 279.
400. Ramesh, K. V., op. cit., p. 292 ; K. V. Ramesh and M. J. Sharma,

Tulunadina Sasanagalu: Samputa Ondu, p. 15.
401. Gururaja Bhatt, P., op. cit., p. 23.
402. ElXXXVII, pp. 23-26; ARSIE 1930-31, ‘B’ No. 351, p. 31.
403. Ramesh, K. V., Tulunadina Sasanagalu, p. 44.
405. Rajagopal, T. S., “Two Early Inscriptions from South Kanara. Professor
P.B. Desai Felicitation Vol, Studies in Indian History and Culture ” pp.
72-75.
407.577 VII, 191.
279
409. EC IX (Rev.), Bl. 231; EC V Bl. 245.
410. Gopal, B. R., Corpus ofKadamba Inscriptions Vol I, Intro., p. XXX.
411 .ASMAR 1924, p. 32.
412. £CIX (Rev.), Bl. 512 ; ASMAR 1940, pp. 145-146.
413. Settar, S., “Balligave: A Medieval Urban Mosaic of Multi-Religious

Communities”, We Lived Together, S. Settar and P. K. V. Kaimal (Ed.), p.
66.
414. Gopal, B. R., op. cit., 19.
A15.EIXXXII, p. 218.
416. Gopal, B. R., op. cit., 39.
417. £/XVI,pp. 264ff.
418. Gopal, B. R., op. cit., Intro., p. XXX.
419. EC I, (Rev.), Cg. 2; EC I, Cg. 5.
420. Ibid.,I, Intro., p. 10.
421. A. Sundara, “Kristasaka Prarambada Siva devalaya”, Karnataka Bharati,

Vol. 8/3, pp. 95-97.
422. Nagaraja Rao, M. S. and Ramesh, K. V., “A Royal Memorial to

Chalukya Vikramaditya II”, Madhu: Recent Researches in Indian
Archeaology and Art History, M. S. NagarajaRao, (Ed.), pp. 175-177.
423.Sarma, I. K., The Development Early Saiva Art and Architecture with
special reference to Andradesa, p. 63.
280
424. Choubey, M.C., Lakulisa in Indian Art and Culture, p. 28.
425. Sircar, D.C., Indian Epigraphical Glossary p. 339.
427.Ibid., p. 292.
428. Lorenzen, David. N., The Kapalikas and Kalamukhas, The Two Lost
Saivite Sects, p. 4.
429. Jash, Pranabananda, Glimpses of Hindu Cults and Culture (Delhi, 1997),
p. 13.
430. Ibid., p. 17.
431. £71, 6.
432. Ibid., 9.
433. 57/XI, pt-i, 85.
434. El XXI, pp. 260ff.
435. KUES: I, 54, pp. 511-12.
436. Diwakar, R. R., (Ed.) Karnataka Through the Ages, p. 143.
437. isCIX, Cp. 135.
438. Ibid., Ht. 142.
439.5/7 XI, pt-i, 35.
440. Pattar, Sheelakant, Badami: Samskrithika Adhyayana, pp. 174-175.
441. Kulkami, R. H., “Banavasi Kadambara Kalada Shilpa Kale”, Kadamba

Adhyayana, M. L. Shivashankara and C. S. Patil (Ed.), pp. 20-22.
281
442. Sundara, A., “A Two Thousand Year old Town and its Architecture, in
Vadgaon-Madhavapur (Belgaum) in Karnataka”, Madhu: Recent
Researches in Indian Archaeology and Art History, M. S. Nagaraja Rao
(Ed.), p. 90.
443. EC VII, Sk. 153.
444. Hajawagol, Dhanavant, Mulugundanadu: Ondu Adhyayana, p. 360.
282

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CHAPTER II

SAIVA TEMPLES AND IMAGES

Siva is the creator (Srishtikara), preserver (Sthitikarta) as well as destroyer

great God (Mahadeva). He is always referred to as Isa or Mahesvara, the

The following table shows the distribution of inscriptions Saiva temples

SI. No. Districts Inscriptions Temples and

Seventy-three inscriptions reveal 100 Saiva temples and images. Of these

The earliest, as well as the only inscription1 found at Vasana in Nargund

The Chalukyas of Badami

The earliest inscription3 found at Aminbhavi in Dharwad taluk belonging

The second inscription4 found at Puligere (modem Lakshmeshvara) in

The third inscription6 found at Kurtakoti in Gadag taluk belongs to the

The fourth inscription7 found at Bannikoppa in Bankapur taluk belonging

The earliest inscription8 found at Chikka-Madhure in Challakere taluk of

The second inscription9 found at Siragambi (Tirigamme) in Hirekerur taluk

The fourth inscription11 found at Shiggavi (Shiggaon) in Shiggavi taluk

The fifth inscription12 found at Nidagundi in Bankapur taluk belonging to

The sixth inscription13 found at Mevundi in Mundaragi taluk belonging to

The seventh inscription14 found at Kunimellihalli in Bankapur taluk

The eighth inscription15 found at Mevundi in Mundargipetha taluk

The ninth inscription16 found at Galpoji in Byadgi taluk belonging to the

The tenth inscription17 found at Andi (Anaji) in Hirekerur taluk mentions

The eleventh inscription18 found at Honnatti in Ranebennur taluk, does not

The twelfth inscription19 found at Hiremaganur in Ranebennur taluk

The fifteenth inscription22 found at Kalasa in Bankapur taluk belonging to

The sixteenth inscription23 found at Kavajgeri (Kovujugere) in Ron taluk

The seventeenth inscription24 found at Kurtakoti in Gadag taluk belonging

The nineteenth inscription26 found at Nagavi in Gadag taluk belonging to

The twentieth inscription27 found at Savadi in Ron taluk belonging to the

The twenty-second inscription29 found at Gundur in Bankapur taluk

The twenty-third inscription31 found at Hebbal in Shiratti taluk belonging

The Gangas of Talakad

The solitary inscription32 found at Lakshmesvara in Shirahatti taluk

The Chalukyas of Kalyana

The earliest inscription33 found at Magadi in Shirahatti taluk is dated 970

The second inscription34 found at Kurhatti in Navalgund taluk belonging to

The fifth inscription37 found at Kardugi in Gadag taluk belonging to the

The eighth inscription40 found at Alur in Gadag taluk belonging to the

About nineteen inscriptions issued during the reign of Jagadekamalla

The twenty-second inscription54 found at Rajur in Ron taluk is dated 1033

About twelve inscriptions issued during the reign of Ahavamalladeva

The twenty-ninth inscription63 found at Kundgol in Kundgol taluk is

assigned to 1044 A.D. It records construction of a degula (name lost), a land

The earliest inscription76 found at Karmadi in Ron taluk, on paleographical

grounds can be assigned to c. 9 century A.D. It records a land grant to a temple

The second inscription found at Mantage in Hangal taluk, on

The third inscription78 found at Hulagur in Shiggaon taluk is dated 1018

The fourth inscription79 found at Bardur in Mundargi taluk is dated 1032

A.D. It registrers a land grant made for god Bharatesvara at Agrahara

SI. Dynasty/ Temples and Patrons References

42. -do- Dharmmesvara 1. Tribhuvana- 5/7 XI, pt-i,

53. -do- Mallikarjuna at Amgiyabbe and ARIE 1960-

73. -do- Bharatesvara at SIIXV, 528.

Thirty-two inscriptions referring to Saiva temples have been noticed in this

The earliest inscription80 found at Sivarapattana in Kolar taluk belonging

The second inscription81 found at Madivala in Srinivaspur taluk belonging

A copper plate found at Nandi in Chikballapur taluk belonging to the

disciple of Kalasakti of Kalamukha sect who was head of the sthana.

The Collateral branch of the Gangas of Talakad