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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MICROWAVE PLANNING TOOL WITH

STUDYING THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS ASPECTS

Article  in  Journal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector · October 2016

DOI: 10.21608/auej.2016.19341

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 Journal of Al Azhar University Engineering Sector

Vol. 11, No. 41, October, 2016, 1341-1355

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MICROWAVE PLANNING

TOOL WITH STUDYING THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS ASPECTS

Mohamed Maher Hanafi, Mohamed Hamza EL-Saba, and Hussein A.Elsayed

Electronics and Communication Eng. Dept, Ain Shams University

ABSTRACT
Microwave Line-of-sight radio is one of most important and common transmission methods
in telecommunications networks. As the microwave radio signals are propagated through the
lower atmosphere, they are sensitive to terrain, atmospheric, and climatic conditions. The
planning and design of a reliable microwave links is very difficult and require a lot of
complex computations. Therefore, not only software implementation is required, but studding
the effect of all the different design aspects is very crucial for the telecommunication systems.
The software then estimates the path profile, link budget, fade margin, and all other
parameters at any place.
This paper presents the microwave software planning tool design and implementation with
study of all of the design parameters. This software is an engineering tool to aid in the design
and planning of the microwave transmission links considering the geography, distance,
antenna height, transmit power, frequency, temperature, atmospheric effect, pressure, losses,
and other factors which affects on the microwave line-of-sight radio link

I. INTRODUCTION
Microwave radio transmission is the transmission of information by electromagnetic waves with very
small wavelengths. A microwave link is a communications system that uses a beam of microwave radio
to transmit information between two locations, which ranges from just a few meters to several
kilometers. There are some programs that can configure network, estimate path profile to find antenna
height in each station, calculate link budget, receiver level, and link availability for microwave sites.
This study is an attempt to design and implement microwave transmission planning tool to enable
telecommunication engineers to design the microwave transmission sites based on geography, distance,
antenna height, transmit power, frequency, temperature, water vapor, pressure, losses, and other factors
to create the best microwave line-of-sight radio link. The tool also connects to online maps servers to
draw the path profile and import it into the tool when user creates a new link. It uses the terrain curve
and mathematical equations to simulate very accurate radio transmission link between any two sites.
In the implemented microwave planning tool, users can add extra obstacles manually depending on the
site survey, then the “path profile chart” page will display if there is a clear line-of-sight or not. The
implemented tool doesn’t required setup so it allows users to easily and quickly design the microwave
transmission networks.
This software is designed to support equipment manufacturers, telecommunications, coordination,
and engineering service providers worldwide. It has been taken into account that this software may be
used by civil engineers and in site acquisition departments in the mobile service providers. Therefore,
the technical idioms in the input parameters and the output results are reduced.

2. MICROWAVE PROPAGATION AND FREE SPACE PROPAGATION

The microwave beam is an electromagnetic wave that propagates in free space as well as material
substances. The electromagnetic wave consists of two fields: electric field and magnetic field. In free
space they are in phase and mutually perpendicular. If the microwave signal traveled in a vacuum, the
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MICROWAVE PLANNING TOOL WITH STUDYING THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS ASPECTS

characteristics of the microwave systems are determined by the mechanisms affecting the propagation
of radio waves. These characteristics depend on the frequencies used for transmission, the atmospheric
effects, and the earth terrain. The received signal can therefore be the resultant of any number of the
following ways as shown in Fig. 1:
a) Direct waves (free-space).
b) Reflected waves (reflected from the ground).
c) Sky waves (reflected from ionized layers above the earth and is known as the ionosphere).
d) Surface waves (caused by diffraction around the earth).

Fig. 1. Transmission paths between the transmitter and receiver.

Microwave radio transmission requires a line-of-sight path between transmitting and receiving
antennas. Free space path loss is the loss in signal strength of an electromagnetic wave that would result
from a line-of-sight path through free space, it occurs when both transmitting and receiving antennas
are located away from the influence of the Earth’s surface or other reflecting and absorbing objects.
These conditions provide a highly predictable and stable power loss and are considered ideal
conditions. Free space loss is expressed as the ratio of the power into an isotropic transmitting antenna
to the power output from an isotropic receiving antenna. The Free space loss is given by equation (1).

(1)
where λ is free space wavelength, d is the distance between two endpoints is measured in km, and the
frequency f in GHz. For simplicity, the path loss equation can be expressed as in equation (2).
FSL(dB) = 20 log10 (d) + 20 log10 (f) + 92.45 (2)
3. PATH PROFILE AND FRESNEL ZONE
The radio path profile is a plot of the earth's elevations against the distance between the two endpoints
that represent the microwave path. For long distance, map work analysis is essential because physically
checking for the Line-of-sight is impossible. The preferred method of doing so is to produce a path
profile which is a cross-section of the Earth’s surface between the two end points. Digital map is
required and the contour line elevations recorded from a straight line are drawn between the two points
on the map. The Earth’s bulge and the curvature of the radio beam need to be taken into account.
Critical obstruction points identified on the path profile should always be physically inspected for
additional obstructions such as trees or buildings. The Earth bulge is determined as in equation (3).
b = d1.d2 / 12.75 k (3)
where b is in meters, d1, d2 are the distances from each end site to a certain point in kilometers, and k is
the effective Earth radius factor.The microwave beam between two endpoints is not a straight line but a
wave front has a cross-sectional width of which the direct ray is the axis. There are a series of
concentric ellipsoidal regions; the measure of beam width on one of them is the first Fresnel zone,
which is an ellipsoid containing most of the signal power that reaches the receiving antenna as shown in
Figure 2. The clearance required along the path in order not to interfere this wave front along the path.
This clearance is a function of the distance between the two end points and the frequency of operation
For a fixed path, the first Fresnel zone becomes narrower with increasing frequency and larger
antennas. Path profiles show the clearance of a microwave beam and its Fresnel zones above the ground
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MICROWAVE PLANNING TOOL WITH STUDYING THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS ASPECTS

with the effective Earth radius factor as the parameter. The required clearance creates a cigar shape
between the endpoints and it described by 0.6 of the first Fresnel zone.

Figure 2 Fresnel Zone

The general equation for calculating the Fresnel zone radius at any point P in between the endpoints of
the link is shown in equation (4):

(4)
Where F is the radius of the Fresnel Zone in meter, d1 is the distance to P from one end in Km, d2 is the
distance from P to the other end in Km, f is the operation frequency in GHz and d is the total distance
between two endpoints.

4. MULTIPATH FADING
Multipath fading is the drop in the received signal due to phase cancellation between the direct path
signal and one or more signals traveling over different paths. The multipath cancellation is caused by
reflection or refraction of the microwave beam. The reflection occurs when a portion of the wave front
is reflected by the surface of the earth and arrives out of phase with the direct signal. The outages due to
multipath fading function of parameters such as frequency, hop length, terrain type and roughness,
climatic conditions, path clearance and geoclimatic factor determined from the hop terrain and climatic
zone.
Each country has unique parameters; some of these parameters can be obtained by following the
various versions of ITU 530. In fact, multipath fading causes a fast and deep signal attenuation that can
cause an outage if the fade margin is exceeded. So, when designing a radio link, it is important to know
the probability of this event occurring relative to the depth of fading. The formulas and methods
presented by ITU are an attempt to define prediction models that allow you to accurately predict the
outage time for any given hop. The probability distribution curve follows a Rayleigh distribution [2] for
deep fades; the Rayleigh fading is given as:

(5)
That mean the probability of a fade exceeding a set fade margin M is proportional to a set multipath
fading occurrence factor Po. Because the fading is caused by multipath, one tries to predict the
probability of multiple paths existing. The equation for calculating the geoclimatic factor K [4] is as
follows:

(6)
where Co is the terrain altitude coefficient [4] and takes the values

the coefficient CLat of latitude ξ [4] is given by:

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MICROWAVE PLANNING TOOL WITH STUDYING THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS ASPECTS

and the longitude coefficient CLon, [4] by:

The equation for calculating the path inclination [5] is as follows:

(7)
Where hr and he are the heights of the transmitting and receiving antennas above sea level and d is the
distance between two endpoints in kilometers. The average worst month fade probability [2], Pw can
thus be expressed as:

(8)
Where K is the geoclimatic factor, d is the path length in kilometers, f is the frequency in gigahertz, ϵp
is the path inclination in milliard (max value 24), and A is the fade margin in decibels.
5. ATMOSPHERIC ABSORPTION AND RAIN EFFECT
Due to gases (especially oxygen) and water vapor along the microwave propagation path, a loss in
microwave energy occurs. This loss is known as atmospheric attenuation. Most of this lost energy is
normally absorbed by gases and water vapor and transformed into heat. The total atmospheric
attenuation is the sum of the atmospheric absorption due to oxygen and the atmospheric absorption due
to water vapor [2] and is expressed as follows:

(9)
The atmospheric absorption due to oxygen is given by the Van Vleck equation [6] as follows:

(10)
where: γo is the atmospheric absorption due to Oxygen dB/km, P is the atmospheric pressure in
millibars, T is the atmospheric temperature in Kelvin, λ is the wavelength, V 1 and V2 constants where
V1= 0.018 cm-1, V2= 0.05 cm-2. The atmospheric absorption due to water vapor from Van Vleck
equation [6] is given by:

(11)
where γw is the water vapor density in m , Note that the atmospheric temperature for altitude less than
-3

12 km is: T=188-6.5 h, where h is the altitude in km. Assuming that air pressure at sea level is 1015
millibars, then the air pressure in millibars at any altitude for up to 12 km [6] is given by :

(12)
To calculate the total Atmospheric absorption along the microwave propagation path [4] the equation
will be as follows:
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MICROWAVE PLANNING TOOL WITH STUDYING THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS ASPECTS

*d (13)
Where d is the distance between two endpoints.
The rain causes a degradation in the receive signal, this degradation is directly proportional to the
frequency of the signal. Each particular raindrop contributes to the attenuation of the signal. The actual
amount of fading is dependent on the frequency of the signal and the size of the raindrop. The two main
causes of rain fading are scattering and absorption. Suitable statistical models are needed to relate the
number of raindrops in a rain cell and their size distribution to the rain intensity. These models have
been designed on the basis of a large amount of experimental data, coming from different regions in the
world. Rain does not occur all times of year and its rate does not remain same all the time when it
occurs. An important input to any rain attenuation model is the expected rain activity in the region
where the radio hop will operate, as derived from long-term statistics. The rain rate exceeded for 0.01%
of the time (in order to achieve 99.999% availability, for a given path length) is the significant
parameter, useful to characterize the rainfall activity in a given region. The ITU-R recommendations
can be used. In the last release of Rec. P-837 [13] a new approach is reported to estimate the rain rate
exceeded for any percentage of time, in any part of the world. This is based on data files (available from
the ITU website). These recommendations designed based on world maps with rain regions, Figure 3,
each region was labeled with a letter, and each letter is associated with the corresponding rain rate in
mm/h as shown in Table 1.

Figure 3 Example for maps with rain regions [13]

Table 1 The rain rate for every rain region according to the ITU-R recommendations.[13]

The specific rain attenuation is the parameter that gives the attenuation that the microwave link facing
in each kilometer. The specific rain attenuation γR (dB/km) can be expressed as a function of the rain
rate R (in mm/h) [7] by the following exponential formula:

γ R=
α
kR (14)
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MICROWAVE PLANNING TOOL WITH STUDYING THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS ASPECTS

where the parameters k and α are functions of the signal wavelength and polarization. ITU-R Rec. P-
838 [14] gives a table with the k and α value, for Vertical and Horizontal polarizations, in the frequency
range 1 to 400 GHz Table 1.
Table 2 the ITU-R Rec. P-838 standards for the k and α value, for Vertical and Horizontal polarizations,
in the frequency range 1 to 40 GHz [14].

The specific rain attenuation is not sufficient for computing the attenuation of the whole path,
because there is a considerable temporal and spatial variation of the rain rate across the link. So, just
multiplying the specific attenuation by the actual link path cannot properly give whole path attenuation.
Instead, two new parameters are needed: rain cell length do which mean the length over which the rain
is considered as uniform, and effective path length deff, which mean the average length of the
intersection between cell and link. So , to calculate the effective path length [7], the equation will be as
following:

(15)
Where d is the actual length of the terrestrial microwave link, and:

So, an estimate of the path attenuation (required fade margin due to rain) exceeded for 0.01% of the
time [8] is given by:

(16)
Note that the rain unavailability is predicted as the probability that rain attenuation exceeds the Fade
Margin that computed as a result of Link Budget calculation.
6. LINK BUDGET AND FADE MARGIN
A link budget is accounting of all of the gains and losses from the transmitter, through the medium and
to the receiver in the microwave radio transmission system which includes the transmitter antenna gain,
the receiver antenna gain, the free-space path loss, and any additional losses caused by equipments,
waveguides, cables, connectors, etc. Link Budget [2] which is called also Received Signal Level (RSL)
equation will be as following:
PRX = PTX + GTX - LTX - FSL + GRX - LRX (17)
where PRX is the received signal power (dBm) ,PTX is the transmitter output power (dBm), GTX is the
transmitter antenna gain (dBi), LTX is the transmitter losses (dB),FSL is the free space loss (dB),GRX is
the receiver antenna gain (dBi),LRX is the receiver losses (dB).
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MICROWAVE PLANNING TOOL WITH STUDYING THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS ASPECTS

The Fade Margin is the difference between the received signal level and the receiver threshold
level. It is calculated to use it as a safety margin against fading that may occurs. In other words, it
defined as the amount by which a received signal level may be reduced without causing system
performance to fall below a specified threshold value.
7. FLOWCHART AND BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE IMPLEMENTED MICROWAVE PLANNING TOOL
Figure 4 and Error! Reference source not found. show the steps that the software follows to design a
new line-of-sight radio link. It shows the scenario that the tool flows to collect data from the user, then
processing it according to integrated equations, draw path profile, and then provide the user with the
results.

At start up, the tool has to check the internet connectivity to get the geographical information from
Google API according to the values that have stored from the last use. Next step the tool requires some
needed information that set by the user such as: coordinates, Frequency, Antennas diameter,
Polarization, Radio type and Tx power. Then, the tool has to check the internet connectivity again. If it
is connected, it requests the geographical information from Google API and it draws the Map and the
elevation path profile according to the new coordinates that set by the user. After that, the tool requests
information such as: the elevation of earth above sea level at sites A and B, K-Factor, antenna height at
sites A & B, and if there are any extra obstacles along the path. According to that information and if
there is internet connectivity, the tool draws the path profile chart. The tool asks for d1 to calculate the
first Fresnel zone. Then the tool asks for the some extra information such as: climate factor, terrain
factor, terrain type, geographical region, latitude range, rain region, feeder losses, temperature, water
vapor, and pressure. According to all above information, the tool calculates and displays the results.
The results is: free space loss, flat fade margin, multipath fading losses, link availability, percentage of
link down, atmospheric absorption, required fade margin against rain, specific attenuation due to rain
and unavailability percentage due to rain.

The block diagram of the implemented microwave planning tool shows the relations between the
equations and input and output parameters. It shows how the tool been built and describe how it relate
all parameters together as shown in Figure 5.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MICROWAVE PLANNING TOOL WITH STUDYING THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS ASPECTS

Figure 4 Flowchart of the implemented tool

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MICROWAVE PLANNING TOOL WITH STUDYING THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS ASPECTS

Figure 5 Block diagram of the implemented microwave planning tool.

 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MICROWAVE PLANNING TOOL WITH STUDYING THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS ASPECTS

8. SIMULATION RESULTS FOR THE IMPLEMENTED MICROWAVE PLANNING TOOL

The implemented microwave planning tool is software developed to automatically design microwave
point-to-point links. This software has nine parts: Coordinates and radio configuration, Map, Path
profile, Obstructions, Path profile chart, Free space loss, Multipath, Atmospheric effect and Results.
The following subsections explain those parts.
1) Coordinates and radio configuration:
In this part, the user has to add the coordinates and the radio configuration parameters as follows:
Area has been chosen: Sinai
Coordinates -can be obtained using GPS- :
Site A:
 Latitude: 27° 48' 42.2640'' N
 Longitude: 33° 34' 16.7520'' E
Site B:
 Latitude: 27° 42' 52.9920'' N
 Longitude: 33° 30' 2.9880'' E
The operation Frequency selected: 7.617 GHz
The radio equipment selected: SIEMENS SRAL XD
Antenna A diameter: 1.2 m
Antenna B diameter: 1.2 m
Polarization: Vertical
Tx Power: 29 dBm
As such, the software will automatically convert the coordinates to the decimal form; it will
calculate the distance between site A and B by using Haversine Formula. it will calculate the Azimuth
from site A to B, and From B to A as shown in Fig. .
.

Fig. 6. Coordinates and radio configuration.

2) Map:
In this part, the software finds the location of the two sites A & B and draw the direct path between
them. It also draws the path profile (the elevation profile) for the direct path between site A & B as
shown in Fig. .

Fig. 7. Map.
3) Path profile:
In this part, the user defines the elevation of the earth above sea level at site A&B, selects the
curvature of the earth (the effective Earth radius factor), and defines the antennas height for site A & B
as shown in Figure . In the introduced case study, the elevation is taken as
 At site A: 5.5 m
 At site B: 17.0 m
and the antennas height as
 At site A: 30 m
 At site B: 35 m
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MICROWAVE PLANNING TOOL WITH STUDYING THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS ASPECTS

Figure 8 Path profile.

4) Obstructions
If there are any extra obstructions, the user has to add the height of each one in this part, and its
name and the distance from site A for each one and the tool will calculate the highest one as in Fig. .

Fig. 9 Obstructions.
5) Path Profile Chart
In this part, the software draws sites A & B, the beam with the freznel Zone, the terrain of the earth
and the elevation of the obstacles. Based on the provide information, the tool shows if the line-of-sight
path is clear or not Figure .
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MICROWAVE PLANNING TOOL WITH STUDYING THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS ASPECTS

Figure 10 Path profile chart.

6) Free Space Loss
Here, the tool calculates the free space loss and the received signal level from (2). The user can put
the distance to calculate the Fresnel Zone radius at it and the tool calculates it automatically from (4) as
shown in Fig. .

Fig. 11 Free space loss.

7) Multipath
In this part, the user chooses the Climate factor (average, dry, humid), the terrain factor (average,
mountains, smooth), the natural of the terrain (Hills, Plains, mountains), the region (Europe and Africa,
North and South America, Others), and the Latitude Range. If there is XPIC in the design, the user has
to enter Cross polarization discrimination XPD, and Processing gain enhancement XPIF. Then, the
software automatically calculates the Geoclimatic Factor (K) from (6) as shown in Fig. .

Fig. 12. Multipath.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MICROWAVE PLANNING TOOL WITH STUDYING THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS ASPECTS

8) Atmospheric effect
In this part, the user chooses the rain region according to the ITU standards and enters the feeder
losses, temperature , water vapor , and pressure as shown in Fig. .

Fig. 13 .Atmospheric effect.

9) Results
Finally the results part displays all the results of this link design as illustrated in Fig. :

Fig. 14. Results

After defining all of the required design parameters, the implemented tool presents the results of the
microwave radio link designed as following:
 Free space loss: it is calculated using (2). In the investigated case study, the result of
the free space loss is: 132.24343961552367 dBm
 Flat fade margin: it is calculated according to the received signal level and the
receiver threshold level for the radio equipment selected as the fade margin is equal to the
difference between the received signal level and the receiver threshold level. In the investigated
case study, the result of the flat fade margin is: 51.405 dBm
 Multipath fading loss: it is calculated using (5), (6), (7), (8) and according to the
standards of ITU and the data entered in part 7 in the software. In the investigated case study,
the result of multipath fading loss is: 52.935910558%
 Link availability: it equals 1 - Pw where:

In the investigated case study, the result of the link availability is: 99.999999557%
 Link down: it is the annual outage and it is calculated as follows
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MICROWAVE PLANNING TOOL WITH STUDYING THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS ASPECTS

[365*24*60 (1- link availability)]/60 Hours/year

In the investigated case study, the result of the annual outage is: 0.00004 Hours/year
 Atmospheric absorption: it is calculated using (9), (10), (11), (12), (13) and the data
entered in part 8 in the software. In the investigated case study, the result of the Atmospheric
absorption is: 0.1515221919 dB
 Required fade margin against rain: it is calculated using (14), (15), (16) and the
standards of ITU. In the investigated case study, the result of the required fade margin against
rain is: 0.8129 dBm
 Specific attenuation due to rain: is calculated using (14). In the investigated case
study, the result of the specific attenuation due to rain is:0.0925 dBm/km
 Unavailability due to rain: it is calculated as following:
11.628 {-0.546 + [0.29812 + 0.172 log (0.12 FM due to rain /FFM)]1/2}
In the investigated case study, the result of the unavailability due to rain is:0.000000803%
9. PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS
This research evaluated the effect of the different parameters to show which parameters affect which
outcome. So, those parameters are changed such as: obstructions effect, multipath fading, atmospheric
effect and rain effect. Some of these parameters provide additional fade margins that improve the
performance of the link, and some of them reflect directly in the results of the design such as: link
availability, outage time and received signal level.
For example without including the atmospheric effect; the results are as following: link availability is
99.999999573, outage time is 0.00004 Hours/year, and received signal level is -30.4434
In another case with ignoring the climate factor (average, dry, humid) and the terrain factor (average,
mountains, smooth); the results are as following: link availability is 100.000000000%, outage time is
0.00000 Hours/year, and received signal level is -30.595
Finally, with respect to atmospheric effect, climate factor and terrain factor; the results are as following:
link availability is 99.999999557%, outage time is 0.00004 Hours/year, and received signal level is -
30.595. Table 3 shows the change in the results in these three cases:
Table 3 Case study changes

Case details Link availability Outage Received

time signal level
Without respect to 99.999999573% 0.00004 -30.4434
atmospheric effect
Without respect to climate 100.000000000% 0 -30.595
and terrain factors
With respect to 99.999999557% 0.00004 -30.595
atmospheric effect,
climate and terrain factors
It is clear that there are variations in the results depending on the included and ignored parameters. So,
take more parameters into consideration leads to more accurate design as shown in considered case
study, which is lead to more reliable and stable microwave link. Depending on the required accuracy
and complexity of the design, some parameters can be ignored.

10. CONCLUSION
The final product of this work is characterized as software that can design a new microwave radio links.
The program can calculate the path length of the link between two endpoints, free space loss, flat fade
margin, multipath fading loss, link availability, atmospheric absorption, and unavailability due to rain.
This software is developed to help telecommunications engineers to design and simulate a new
microwave line-of-sight radio links over varieties of terrain and paths such as hills, mountains, and
urban areas; and under varieties atmospheric conditions without going into detailed mathematical
equations. The effected of the different system paramours is studied related to the required accuracy of
the design.
 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MICROWAVE PLANNING TOOL WITH STUDYING THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS ASPECTS

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