Sheraz Ashraf 2007-Civil-61

Irrigation
Irrigation is an artificial application of water for rain deficit area for the crop
production. It is usually used to assist the growing of crops in dry areas and during periods of
inadequate rainfall.

History
Archaeological investigation has identified evidence of irrigation in Mesopotamia,
Egypt and Iran as far back as the 6th millennium BCE, where barley was grown in areas where
the natural rainfall was insufficient to support such a crop.
Sophisticated irrigation and storage systems were developed by the Indus Valley
Civilization in Pakistan and North India, including the reservoirs at Girnar in 3000 BCE and an
early canal irrigation system from circa 2600 BCE. Large scale agriculture was practiced and an
extensive network of canals was used for the purpose of irrigation.
There is evidence of the ancient Egyptian pharaoh Amenemhet III in the twelfth
dynasty (about 1800 BCE) using the natural lake of the Faiyum Oasis as a reservoir to store
surpluses of water for use during the dry seasons, as the lake swelled annually as caused by the
annual flooding of the Nile.
Types of irrigation
Various types of irrigation techniques differ in how the water obtained from the
source is distributed within the field. In general, the goal is to supply the entire field uniformly
with water, so that each plant has the amount of water it needs, neither too much nor too little.

Surface irrigation
In surface irrigation systems water moves over and
across the land by simple gravity flow in order to wet it and to infiltrate
into the soil. Surface irrigation can be subdivided into furrow,
borderstrip or basin irrigation. It is often called flood irrigation when the
irrigation results in flooding or near flooding of the cultivated land.
Historically, this has been the most common method of irrigating
agricultural land.

Localized irrigation
Localized irrigation is a system where water is
distributed under low pressure through a piped network, in a pre-
determined pattern, and applied as a small discharge to each plant or
adjacent to it. Drip irrigation, spray or micro-sprinkler irrigation and
bubbler irrigation belong to this category of irrigation methods.

Drip Irrigation
Drip irrigation, also known as trickle irrigation, functions
as its name suggests. Water is delivered at or near the root zone of plants,
drop by drop. This method can be the most water-efficient method of
irrigation, if managed properly, since evaporation and runoff are
minimized. In modern agriculture, drip irrigation is often combined with
plastic mulch, further reducing evaporation, and is also the means of
delivery of fertilizer. The process is known as fustigation.

M.Tajammal Khan 2006-Civil-108

 Irrigation Engineering

Sprinkler irrigation
In sprinkler or overhead irrigation, water is piped to
one or more central locations within the field and distributed by
overhead high-pressure sprinklers or guns. A system utilizing
sprinklers, sprays, or guns mounted overhead on permanently
installed risers is often referred to as a solid-set irrigation system.
Higher pressure sprinklers that rotate are called rotors and are
driven by a ball drive, gear drive, or impact mechanism. Rotors can be designed to rotate in a full
or partial circle.

Center pivot irrigation

Center pivot irrigation is a form of sprinkler irrigation
consisting of several segments of pipe (usually galvanized steel or
aluminum) joined together and supported by trusses, mounted on
wheeled towers with sprinklers positioned along its length. The system
moves in a circular pattern and is fed with water from the pivot point
at the center of the arc. These systems are common in parts of the
United States where terrain is flat. Newer irrigations have drops as shown in the image that
follows.

Sub-irrigation
Sub-irrigation also sometimes called seepage irrigation has been used for many
years in field crops in areas with high water tables. It is a method of artificially raising the water
table to allow the soil to be moistened from below the plants' root zone. Often those systems are
located on permanent grasslands in lowlands or river valleys and combined with drainage
infrastructure. A system of pumping stations, canals, weirs and gates allows it to increase or
decrease the water level in a network of ditches and thereby control the water table.
Manual irrigation using buckets or watering cans
These systems have low requirements for infrastructure and technical equipment
but need high labor inputs. Irrigation using watering cans is to be found for example in peri-urban
agriculture around large cities in some African countries.
Automatic, non-electric irrigation using buckets and ropes
Besides the common manual watering by bucket, an automated, natural version of
this also exist. Using plain polyester ropes combined with a prepared ground mixture can be used
to water plants from a vessel filled with water.
Irrigation using stones to catch water from humid air
In countries where at night, humid air sweeps the countryside, stones are used to
catch water from the humid air by condensation. This is for example practiced in the vineyards at
Lanzarote.
Dry terraces for irrigation and water distribution
In subtropical countries as Mali and Senegal, a special type of terracing (without
flood irrigation or intent to flatten farming ground) is used. Here, a 'stairs' is made through the use
of ground level differences which helps to decrease water evaporation and also distributes the
water to all patches (sort of irrigation).
 Irrigation Engineering

Problems in irrigation
 Competition for surface water rights.
 Depletion of underground aquifers.
 Ground subsidence (e.g. New Orleans, Louisiana)
 Under-irrigation or irrigation giving only just enough water for the plant (eg in drip line
irrigation) gives poor soil salinity control which leads to increased soil salinity with
consequent build up of toxic salts on soil surface in areas with high evaporation. This
requires either leaching to remove these salts and a method of drainage to carry the salts
away. When using drip lines, the leaching is best done regularly at certain intervals (with
only a slight excess of water), so that the salt is flushed back under the plant's roots. [22][23]
 Over-irrigation because of poor distribution uniformity or management wastes water,
chemicals, and may lead to water pollution.
 Deep drainage (from over-irrigation) may result in rising water tables which in some
instances will lead to problems of irrigation salinity.
 Irrigation with saline or high-sodium water may damage soil structure.
 Irrigation Engineering

Indus Basin Irrigation System

Development of Indus Basin – Historic Perspective
The Indus River which irrigates the Indus Basin has seven major tributaries, five
on the east and two on the west in addition to numerous small rivers which also join the main
Indus on the west. The integrated water resources management is not a new concept as far as
Indus Basin is concerned. The upper Punjab was the first to conceive and practice it. The triple
canal project was designed to integrate the three eastern rivers by constructing control works and
link canals in 1905-7 and operating the link canals as an integrated system. It was a marvel of
innovative engineering which heralded a new era of efficient and equitable use of water resources
and made Punjab the granary of the sub continent. However the partition of the sub continent in
August 1947 cut across this irrigation network whereby control structures on eastern canals fell
within the territory of India and canals remained within Pakistan. Soon after the partition, India
conveyed its intention of diverting the waters of eastern rivers. This would have meant
strangulating the agro-based economy of a newly created Pakistan whose 75% of GDP was solely
dependent on agriculture as other sectors of the economy were non-existent.
 Irrigation Engineering

Indus Basin Waters Treaty of 1960

With stoppage of water from the three eastern rivers by India, Pakistan’s 3 million
hectare of fertile land of West Punjab, the food basket of Pakistan would have gone barren. This
created a serious water dispute between India and Pakistan. However, over a period of 8 years of
exhaustive negotiations under the auspices of the World Bank from 1952 to 1960 the famous
Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan was signed in September 1960. The World Bank
was also a signatory to this transboundary water allocation. Under the Treaty, India was given
exclusive rights to the uses of water of three (3) eastern rivers with limited uses of waters of
western rivers and Pakistan got exclusive rights on the waters of three (3) western rivers. Pakistan
was given a grace period of 10 years to complete its Indus Basin Replacement Works. This Treaty
though extensively lauded internationally as an example of resolving transboundary water issues
between two sovereign states, created some serious hydrological shocks and challenges for
Pakistan. The first challenge as stated earlier arose because the lines of partition of the Indo-Pak
subcontinent separated the irrigated heart land of Punjab from the life-giving waters of the three
eastern rivers.

The second challenge was that there was a serious mismatch between the location
of Pakistan’s water (in the western rivers) and the major irrigated areas in the east.

Indus Basin Replacement Works

To overcome major water challenges, Pakistan had to undertake major
engineering works within a fixed time period of 10 years. The initial works included construction
of mega rock and earth fill dam on one of the western rivers i.e. Jhelum River at Mangla,
construction of inter-river link canals to transfer the waters of western rivers to eastern rivers
with a number of Headworks and Barrages and later the world largest volume rock and earth fill
dam i.e. Tarbela Dam was also built on River Indus, the largest river of the Indus Basin Rivers
System. With additional storage water available at Tarbela, additional canals and control
structures were constructed in all the four Provinces of Pakistan. With the construction of
Tarbela, Mangla and Chashma Multi-purposes storage dams, storing close to 20 billion cubic
meters of water and water distribution network consisting of 19 barrages, 60,000 km of main
canals and 1.60 million km of secondary and distributary canals, the Indus Irrigation System
became the largest contiguous irrigation system in the world.

To further resolve internal contentious issues of water rights and water

distribution within the country, Inter-Provincial Water Apportionment Accord was signed in
1991 among all the four Provinces which determined the 10-daily historic shares of each of 43
canal commands. To ensure equitable distribution of waters among the Provinces, Indus River
System Authority known as IRSA was created under the Act of Parliament to act as a watchdog in
ensuring accord implementation.

With transboundary water sharing Treaty of 1960 and Inter-Provincial Water

Apportionment Accord of 1991 and 10-daily historic water share of each canal command and
rotational water sharing within each canal command area, Pakistan has now well-developed
water distribution system with proper check and balance mechanism in place.
 Irrigation Engineering

Irrigation and Canal System:

The Indus River forms the axis of Pakistan, and its tributaries drain whole of the
country, except sparsely populated province of Balochistan. The Indus River and its tributaries
provide the largest irrigation system in the world. This is the largest network of canal system in
the world, serving 34.5 million acres of contiguous cultivated land and a novel underground
water system (karez) in Balochistan. The break up is given below.

Irrigation Network
Indus 2896 km
Jehlum 825 km
Main Rivers Chenab 1242 km
Ravi 901 km
Sutlej 1551 km
Inter-river Link Canals 12
Major Dams (Tarbela, Mangla, Warsak) 3
Barrages 19
Independent Canals 43
Length of Main Canals 58,500 Km
Tubewells 680,477 (P)
Sr. # River Heads/Barrages Dams Canals
 Irrigation Engineering

Pakpattan Canal
Sulemanki Fordwah Canal
Sutlej Eastern Sadiqia Canal
1
Qaim Canal
Islam Mailsi Canal
Bahawal Canal
Panjnad Canal
Punjnad
Abbassia Canal
Lower Bari Doab Canal
Ravi Balloki
2 Balloki-Sulemanki Link Lower
Depalpur Canal
Sidhnai Sidhnai Mailsi Link Canal
Sidhnai Canal
Marala RaviLink
U.C.C.(Upper chenab canal)
Marala BRBD(Bambawala-Ravi-Bedian-
Dipalpur Canal)
CBDC(Central bari doab canal)
UDC(Upper Depalpur Canal)
LCC(Lower chenab canal) Upper
Gogera Lower Gogera
3 Chenab Khanki Burala
Main LCC Jhang Branch.
Rakh Branch.
Qadirabad Qadirabad .Baloki Link
Rangpur Canal
Trimmu
Havali Canal
Trimmu Sidhni Link
Panjnad Barrage
Mangla Upper Jehlum Canal up stream
Khanki Headworks
4 Jehlum
Rasul Rasul Qadirabad Link Canal
Lower Jehlum Canal
5 Indus Jinnah Thal canal
Chashma Chashma Jhelum link
Chashma reservoir bank canal
Kachhi Canal
Taunsa D.G. Khan Canal
Muzaffargarah Canal
Taunsa Panjnad Link Canal
Pat feeder
Guddu Desert Feeder
Begari Sindh Feeder
Ghotki canal
Nara Canal
Mirwah Canal
Rohri Canal
Sukkur Abul Wah
& right side canals are
Dadu Canal
Rice Canal
Khirthar Canal
Kotri Kotri Baghar feeder
 Irrigation Engineering

(Ghulam Phuleli
Muhammad Barrage) Pinjari
Akram Wah
Terbela Right Bank canal
Left Bank Canal
Warsak Right Bank Canal
Left Bank Canal.
Kalabagh dam
(proposed)
Thal reservoir
Sehwan reservoir
(proposed)

Schematic Diagram of Indus Basin Irrigation System

 Irrigation Engineering

Structures Over Rivers

River Indus

Tarbela 4th Extension Project

 Location Tarbela Dam
 Existing Installed Capacity 3470 MW
 Tunnel-4 (Already constructed)
 Purpose Irrigation
 Type Concrete/Steel Lined
 Diameter 45 ft to 36 ft
 Length 2997 ft
 Dam (Already constructed)
 Height 485 ft (147.82 m)
 Length 9000 ft (27434 m)
 Spillway (Already constructed)
 installed Capacity 960 MW
 Tentative Project Cost (Million US$) 500

Ghazi Gariala (Proposed Active Barrage)

The barrage across the Indus River, located near Ghazi, downstream from Tarbela,
consists of several major components: gated head regulator, skimming platform, undersluices,
open flume standard bays, dividing island, right and left guide banks, fuse plug embankment,
separation dyke, cunette, road bridge over the barrage, control building, workshops, offices, and
M&E installations. A taking over certificate (TOC) for works essential for impounding was issued
on 16 June 2003, and the TOC for works not essential for impounding was issued in November
2003 (effective from 22 August 2003). Impounding of the barrage pond commenced in February
2003, and the maximum level was reached on 20 May 2003.

The power channel is 52 km long and lined with reinforced concrete. The
capacity is 1,600 cubic meters per second. Seventy-nine structures of different categories are on
the channel, including bridges, superpassages, culverts, inlets, and escapes.

Location and river 6-miles D/S of Terbella Dam near Ghazi / Khalu
Village, on River Indus.
Design discharge (cusecs) 35,000 to 60,000 No. Of under sluices -
Water way Including water Sluices (ft) - Crest level -
Number of bays - No-of off-taking canals

Kalabagh Barrage (Jinnah Barrage)

 Irrigation Engineering

The Kalabagh dam was a mega water reservoir that the Government of Pakistan
was planning to develop across the Indus River, one of the world's largest rivers. The proposed
site for the dam was situated at Kalabagh in Mianwali District of the north-west Punjab province,
bordering the Province. The proposal is halted due to political reasons. However there is a barrage
at the same location which is also known as Jinnah barrage. Details of which are mentioned here.

 Thal Canal
The amount of water that it carries is 2.534 MAF. It is divided into 2 different
divisions.
 Thal canal main line lower
It is a main canal located in bhakkar. And length in miles is 100.50.Its
authorized head discharge is 4100 .Its authorized tail discharge is 228 .Its Gross command
area is 3534. Its Culturable command area is 2966.
 Thal canal main line upper
It is a main canal located in kalabagh. It is categorized in the zone of
sarghodha. It is a perennial canal. And length in miles is 31.532.Its authorized head
discharge is 9000. Its authorized tail discharge is 9000.00. Its Gross command area is
2460861. Its Culturable command area is 2115931.
Chashma Barrage
Chashma Barrage is located on the Indus River near the village Chashma in
Mianwali district. The project was built between 1967 and 1971. It is one of the many major
engineering works that form a part of Indus basin treaty of 1960 between India and Pakistan.

According to the project reports, 34 villages were displaced with the population of
22,400 people during the mid 60’s. The installed capacity of power station is 184MW. Chashma
Barrage is the 3rd largest water reservoir of Pakistan.

Location and river Indus Number of bays 52

Year of Completion 25th March, 1971 No. Of under sluices 11
Maximum Intensity of Discharge 300Cs. Per ft. Crest level -
Length between abutments 3556 ft. No-of off-taking canals 2

 Chashma Jhelum link

 Chashma reservoir bank canal

Taunsa Barrage
This barrage is situated on Indus River near Taunsa at a distance of 180 miles from
the Jinnah barrage. The project was designed to ensure irrigation of the cultivated lands in the
area of the Muzaffargarh and Dera Ghazi Khan canals, and through the Taunsa-Panjnad Link
Canal that supplements the water supply to Panjnad headworks canals.
Location and river Indus Number of bays 53
Year of Completion 1959 No. Of under sluices 12
Design discharge (cusecs) 7,50,000 Crest level 6
Width b/w abutments (ft) 4346 No-of off-taking canals 4
The canals which originate from this barrage and their details is given here under;

 Kachhi Canal
 Irrigation Engineering

 D.G. Khan Canal

It is a main canal located in D.G Khan. It is categorized in the zone of D.G
Khan. It is a nonperennial canal.
Zone (Bund) D G Khan Gross Command Area 947874
Head discharge (cusecs) 8900 Culturable Command Area 901981
Tail discharge (cusecs) 5514 Length in miles 69.046

 Muzaffargarah Canal
It is a main canal located in D.G Khan. It is categorized in the zone of D.G
Khan. It is a nonperennial canal.
Zone Muzaffargarh Gross Command Area 906490
Head discharge (cusecs) 8901 Culturable Command Area 838380
Tail discharge (cusecs) 2776 Length in miles 74.14

 Taunsa Panjnad Link Canal

It is a main canal located in D.G Khan. It is categorized in the zone of D.G
Khan. It is a nonperennial canal.
Zone (Lashari) D G Khan Gross Command Area 2150000
Head discharge (cusecs) 12000 Culturable Command Area 2000000
Tail discharge (cusecs) - Length in miles 38.20

Guddu Barrage
It has been constructed on Indus River at Guddu, 90 miles upstream from Sukkur
and ten miles from Kashmor. The canals that branch out from here irrigate about 31 lakh acres of
land in Sukkur, Jacobabad and Shikarpur areas. It is located near Sukkur in Pakistan. The
maximum flood level height of this barrage is 26ft (8meters). Guddu Barrage supplies water for
irrigation to 2.9million acres of agricultural lands in the Districts of Jacobabad, Larkana and
Sukkur of Sindh and the Nasirabad District of Balouchistan.

Location and river Indus Number of bays 64

Year of Completion 1962 No. Of under sluices -
Design discharge (cusecs) 12,00,000 Crest level 236 S.P.D
Water way Including water Sluices (ft) 3900 No-of off-taking canals 4

 Pat feeder
 Desert Feeder
 Begari Sindh Feeder
 Ghotki canal

Sukkur Barrage
The Sukkur barrage is a barrage across the Indus river near the city of Sukkur,
Pakistan. The barrage enables water to flow through what was originally a 6166 mile long
 Irrigation Engineering

network of canals, feeding the largest irrigation system in the world, with more than 5 million
acres (20,000 km²) of irrigated land.

Location and river (Sukkur) Indus Number of bays 54

Year of Completion 1932 No. Of under sluices 12
Design discharge (cusecs) 15,00,000 Crest level 177.00 S.P.D
Width b/w abutments (ft) 4725 No-of off-taking canals 7

Left Side Canals

 Nara Canal
 Mirwah Canal
 Rohri Canal
 Abul Wah
Right Side Canals are
 Dadu Canal
 Rice Canal
 Khirthar Canal

Kotri Barrage (Ghulam Muhammad Barrage)

The Ghulām Muḥammad (Kotri) Barrage (1955), 4.5 miles (7 km) above Kotri,
controls the Indus floods, generates hydroelectricity, and irrigates about 2.8 million acres (1.1
million hectares) in the region. Wheat, cotton, and rice are cultivated.

Location and river Indus Number of bays 44

Year of Completion March, 1955 No. Of under sluices -
Design discharge (cusecs) 8,75,000 Crest level 48 S.P.D.
Width b/w abutments (ft) 2984 No-of off-taking canals 5

 Kotri Baghar feeder

 Phuleli
 Pinjari
 Akram Wah
 S.M.B.L (Sidhnai Mailsi Bahawal Link) Canal
Zone (Baghdad) Bahawalpur Head discharge (cusecs) 5338
Gross Command Area 1229174 Tail discharge (cusecs) 5123
Culturable Command Area 1048805 Length in miles 30.40

River Jehlum
Mangla Dam
 Dam Type: Earth fill
 Height: 380 ft. (above riverbed
 Irrigation Engineering

 Length: 10,300 feet

 Lake Area: 97.7 sq. miles
 Catchment Area: 12,870 Sq miles
 Gross Storage Capacity: 5.88 MAF
 Live Storage Capacity: 5.34 MAF
 Main Spillway Capacity: 1.01 million cusecs
 Year of Completion: 1967
1,000 MW from 10 units of
 Hydropower Generation: 100 MW each

 No. of people to be displaced by

raising of dam: 40,000

 Upper Jehlum Canal up stream Khanki Headworks

Rasul Barrage
This barrage is located on the River Jehlum at Rasul ( Mandi Bahauddin). This
barrage has flood capacity of 24070m 3/sec. Water is diverted from this point to the 538-cumec
Rasul-Qadirabad Link (RQ-Link) Canal for ultimate transfer to the Sulemanki Barrage on the
Sutlej River.

Location and river Jehlum Number of bays 42

Year of Completion 1967 No. Of under sluices 6
Design discharge (cusecs) 8,50,000 Crest level 703 S.P.D.
Width b/w abutments (ft) 3209 No-of off-taking canals 2

 Rasul Qadirabad Link Canal

It is a main canal located in Rasul Division. It is categorized
in the zone of Sargodha. It is a perennial canal. Its reduced distance is 145256.00. And
length in miles is 29.051.Its authorized head discharge is 19000.00.Its authorized tail
discharge is 19000.00.

 Lower Jehlum Canal

It is a main canal located in Rasul Division. It is categorized in the
zone of Sargodha. It is a perennial canal. Its reduced distance is 196830.00. And length in
miles is 39.366.Its authorized head discharge is 5500.00.Its authorized tail discharge is
3705.00.Its Gross command area is 1728349.00.Its Culturable command area is
1485776.00.

River Chenab
Maralla Barrage
The Marala headwork is situated at the Chenab River near the city of Sialkot,
Punjab, Pakistan. Two major water channels originate at the Marala headworks, the Marala-Ravi
 Irrigation Engineering

Link Canal and the Upper Chenab Canal. Proposals are under consideration to build Mangla
Marala Link Canal to overcome any shortage of water in future.

Location and river Chenab Number of bays 66

Year of Completion 1968 No. Of under sluices 13
Design discharge (cusecs) 1,100,000 Crest level 800 S.P.D
Width b/w abutments (ft) 4472.33 No-of off-taking canals 2
 Marala Ravi Link
Zone Lahore Gross Command Area 165598
Head discharge (cusecs) 22000 Culturable Command Area 154987
Tail discharge (cusecs) 20000 Length in miles 63.463

 U.C.C.(Upper chenab canal)

Zone Lahore Gross Command Area 19600
Head discharge (cusecs) 16850 Culturable Command Area 12449
Tail discharge (cusecs) 11373 Length in miles 26.659

 BRBD(Bambawala-Ravi-Bedian-Dipalpur Canal)
Zone Lahore Gross Command Area -
Head discharge (cusecs) 7260 Culturable Command Area -
Tail discharge (cusecs) 2380 Length in miles 107.40

o CBDC(Central bari doab canal)

o UDC(Upper Depalpur Canal)

Zone (Khudian) Lahore Gross Command Area 367499

Head discharge (cusecs) 2380 Culturable Command Area 336782
Tail discharge (cusecs) 317 Length in miles 41.673

Khanki Head Works

Head Khanki or the Khanki Headwork is the oldest head work of Pakistan. It is
present at river Chenab in Gujrat District. It is used to control water flow and flood flow in river
Chenab. Another use is to provide water to tributaries Such as Lower Chenab.

Location and river Chenab Number of bays 6

Year of Completion 1891 No. Of under sluices 48
Design discharge (cusecs) 800,000 Crest level 726.5 -727.0 S.P.D
Width b/w abutments (ft) 3928.75 No-of off-taking canals 1

 Canal Lower Chenab

Canal Lower Chenab originates from Head Khanki. It provides water
to three million acres (12,000 km²) of agricultural lands by one main distributry Lower
Chenab and 59 minor distrtributeries. Its bridge is in shambles now a day and is posing
serious threat to adjoining population of 100,000. In last 118 years there were 11 occasions
when water was 730 foot higher in it than sea level at times of high floods. There were 16
occasions in last century when flood flow was 400,000 and 600,000 m³/s in it.
 Irrigation Engineering

Zone Faisalabad Gross Command Area 3700000

Head discharge (cusecs) 8143 Culturable Command Area 3400000
Tail discharge (cusecs) - Length in miles 40.058

 Upper Gogera Lower (Gogera Burala)

Zone (Bhagat) Faisalabad Gross Command Area 15445
Head discharge (cusecs) 2250 Culturable Command Area 12737
Tail discharge (cusecs) 515 Length in miles 77.513

 Main LCC Jhang Branch (Rakh Branch)

Qadirabad Barrage
Location and river Chenab Number of bays 50
Year of Completion 8.5.1967 No. Of under sluices 5
Design discharge (cusecs) 900,000 Crest level 684.50 S.P.D
Width b/w abutments (ft) 3373 No-of off-taking canals 1

 Qadirabad Baloki Link Canal

Zone (Hafizabad) Gross Command Area -
Head discharge (cusecs) 25000 Culturable Command Area -
Tail discharge (cusecs) 20900 Length in miles 79.483

Trimmu Barrage
Trimmu Barrage, constructed in 1939 some 90 km from Mari Shah Sakhira town, at
the confluence with the Chenab, has maximum discharge capacity of 645,000 ft³/s (18,000 m³/s).
Location and river Chenab Number of bays 37
Year of Completion 1939 No. Of under sluices 14
Design discharge (cusecs) 6,45,000 Crest level 477.50 S.P.D
Width b/w abutments (ft) 3025 No-of off-taking canals 3
 Rangpur Canal
 Havali Canal
 Trimmu Sidhni Link
Zone (Sidhnai) Multan Gross Command Area -
Head discharge (cusecs) 12500 Culturable Command Area -
Tail discharge (cusecs) 10000 Length in miles 43.60

Punjnad Barrage
Head Panjnad (Panjnad Barrage) is a river head in Punjab, Pakistan. Panjnad River
is formed by successive confluence of the five rivers of Punjab, namely Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi,
Beas and Sutlej. Jhelum and Ravi join Chenab, Beas joins Sutlej, and then Sutlej and Chenab join
to form Panjnad near Uch Sharif. The combined stream runs southwest for approximately 45
miles and joins Indus River at Mithankot. The Indus continues into the Arabian Sea. A dam on
 Irrigation Engineering

Panjnad has been erected; it provides irrigation channels for Punjab and Sind provinces south of
the Sutlej and east of the Indus rivers.

Location and river Chenab Number of bays 47

Year of Completion 1932 No. Of under sluices -
Design discharge (cusecs) 7,00,000 Crest level 325.00 S.P.D
Width b/w abutments (ft) 3400 No-of off-taking canals 2

 Abbasia Canal
Zone Bahawalpur Gross Command Area 117663
Head discharge (cusecs) 1394 Culturable Command Area 111333
Tail discharge (cusecs) 587 Length in miles 44.915

 Panjnad Canal
Zone Bahawalpur Gross Command Area 1293941
Head discharge (cusecs) 10484 Culturable Command Area 1186537
Tail discharge (cusecs) 4274 Length in miles 57.267

River Ravi
Balloki Barrage

Location and river Ravi Number of bays 35

Year of Completion 15.5.1965 No. Of under sluices -
Design discharge (cusecs) 2,25,000 Crest level 624.50 S.P.D
Width b/w abutments (ft) 1646.5 No-of off-taking canals 2

 Lower Bari Doab Canal

Zone Multan Gross Command Area 2130937
Head discharge (cusecs) 9292 Culturable Command Area 1845974
Tail discharge (cusecs) 1000 Length in miles 132.14

 Balloki-Sulemanki Link Lower (Depalpur Canal)

Sidhnai Barrage
Location and river Sutluj Number of bays 15
Year of Completion 28-02-1965 No. Of under sluices 4
Design discharge (cusecs) 1,50,000 Crest level 454.00 S.P.D
Width b/w abutments (ft) 712 No-of off-taking canals 2

 Sidhnai Mailsi Link Canal

Zone Multan Gross Command Area 4071
 Irrigation Engineering

Head discharge (cusecs) 630 Culturable Command Area 3724

Tail discharge (cusecs) 630 Length in miles 4.132

 Sidhnai Canal

River Sutluj

Sulemanki Barrage

Location and river Sutluj Number of bays 24

Year of Completion 1926 No. Of under sluices 16
Design discharge (cusecs) 3,25,000 Crest level 560.00 S.P.D
Width b/w abutments (ft) 2223 No-of off-taking canals 3

 Pakpattan Canal
Zone Multan Gross Command Area 1046326
Head discharge (cusecs) 5508 Culturable Command Area 961158
Tail discharge (cusecs) 24 Length in miles 113.47

 Fordwah Canal
Zone Multan Gross Command Area 465024
Head discharge (cusecs) 3447 Culturable Command Area 430112
Tail discharge (cusecs) 2993 Length in miles 8.97

 Eastern Sadiqia Canal

Zone Multan Gross Command Area 616035
Head discharge (cusecs) 6820 Culturable Command Area 547472
Tail discharge (cusecs) 5106 Length in miles 49

Islam Barrage
Islam Barrage, located about six miles north-west of Hasilpur town, was
constructed across River Sutlej during 1922-1927 as a component of Sutlej Valley Project for
feeding Bahawal Canal (5,400 cusecs) and Qaim Canal (558 cusecs) on the left bank and Mailsi
Canal (4,883 cusecs) on the right bank.

It was designed for a maximum discharge of 300,000 cusecs. After the

implementation of Indus Water Treaty, the head regulator of Mailsi Canal at Islam Barrage was
abandoned and the canal started receiving supplies from the new Sidhnai-Mailsi Link Canal
constructed in 1965. Similarly the capacity of Bahawal Canal was reduced to 1,000 cusecs by
shifting lower areas of the canal on to the new Mailsi-Bahawal link.
 Irrigation Engineering

Location and river Sutluj Number of bays 29

Year of Completion 1927 No. Of under sluices 4
Design discharge (cusecs) 3,00,000 Crest level 435.50-441.00 S.P.D
Width b/w abutments (ft) 1621 No-of off-taking canals 3

 Qasim Canal
Zone Multan Gross Command Area 55804
Head discharge (cusecs) 483.00 Culturable Command Area 52797
Tail discharge (cusecs) 61 Length in miles 7.43

 Mailsi Canal

 Bahawal Canal
Zone Multan Gross Command Area 57469
Head discharge (cusecs) 500 Culturable Command Area 52023
Tail discharge (cusecs) 386 Length in miles 2.40

Mailsi Syphon
It is located near Mailsi, from Mailsi to Khair Pur Tamaywali. Mailsi Sidhnai Link
Canal (as it is named) passes under river Satluj here. Cananl originate at Sidhnai headworks on
River Ravi near Abdul Hakeem and irrigate / distribute water to parts of District Vehari, Lodhran
and Bahawal Pur. 

Location and river Sutluj Number of bays 24

Year of Completion 10-12-1964 No. Of under sluices -
Design discharge (cusecs) 4,29,000 Crest level 415.50 S.P.D
Width b/w abutments (ft) 1601 No-of off-taking canals -

Summary:
The natural geo-agricultural pattern has made in such a way that the Chenab
meets the Jhelum near Trimmu, the Ravi meets the Jhelum downwards, and the Sutlej meets the
Jhelum at Pujnand, and still down, the combination of these rivers meets the Indus at Mithankot.
Then the Indus flows down into Sindh. There are three barrages in Sindh while all other
waterworks are upcountry.
Another fact is that in Punjab all rivers and waterworks are interconnected by
channels and links as under:
1. C-J link (Chashma-Jhelum link) connects the Indus at Chashma with the Jhelum above
Trimmu.
 Irrigation Engineering

2. U-J-C link (upper Jhelum Chenab Link) connects the Jhelum from Mangla to the Chenab above
Khanki headworks.
3. R-Q link (Rasul-Qadirabad link) connects the Jhelum at Rasul with the Chenab at the
Qadirabad barrage.
4. M-R link (Marala-Ravi link) connects the Chenab at Marala with the Ravi at Shahdara).
5. Q-B link (Qadirabad-Balloki link) connects the Chenab at Qadirabad with the Ravi at Balloki.
6. T-S link (Trimmu-Sidnai link) connects the Jhelum at Trimmu with the Ravi at Sidnai.
7. S-M link (Sidnai-Malsi link) connects the Ravi at Sidnai with Malsi that passes through the
Sutlej.
8. The BRBD link is about a 100-mile-long channel from a branch of Marala across the Ravi
towards the Sutlej.
9. B-S I & II (Balloki-Sulemanki) are two links which connect the Ravi at Balloki with the Sutlej
at Sulemanki.

Refrences

http://www.wapda.gov.pk/htmls/

http://irrigation.punjab.gov.pk/

http://www.wikipedia.org/

http://www.google.com.pk/

http://www.authorstream.com/

http://www.answers.com/