U1 - Summary Outlines Passage 5: by DR - Lientran - 0983641169 - Hpu &ishare English Center

U1_SUMMARY OUTLINES
Passage 5
The passage indicates major achievements, background and notable characters of Pearl S
Buck, one of the most renown American writer.
=> a household name => won a range of prestigious awards for a variety of genres from …
to…
=> spend most of her life in China => culture mix;
=> known for her multi-faceted characters: a homemaker, a world known author, and a an
altruist
Passage 6
The passage discusses the revolutionary cycle of the Sun.
- At present it appears as a yellow star
- Stars age and change especially in color and temperature => e.g. faint blood-red
dwarfs or searing ghosts
- Old => red as its hydrogen core being used up
-
Passage 7
The passage discusses the origin of the suburb/history of suburbanization
- areas bordering the cities have grown during periods of industrialization =>
proliferation of apartments and row houses along with factories
- the cities incorporated their neighboring areas to cope with such development and most
notably are the city of Philadelphia, Chicago and New York.
=> give rise to urban crowding and social stress conditions
=> suburbanization comes along (as a result of urban crowding; the advent of an
urban middle class and the invention of the electric streetcar)
=> diverting compact industrial city into a dispersed metropolis
Passage 8
The passage explains how archaeology is a source of history

- archaeologist studies and tries to reconstitute the process that has created the human
world
- archaeological data are all changes in the material world resulting from human action
or more succinctly the fossilized results of human behavior: Eg. words/sounds or even
the movement of troops constituted archeological record.
- Not enough archaeological record (organic materials had decayed or the record had
been reduced to mere scraps of stone, bone, glass, metal, and earthenware.
- Luckily modern archaeology, by applying appropriate techniques and comparative
methods, is able to solve the problem.
Passage 9
The passage discusses plate tectonic theory which describes motions of lithosphere
- Lithosphere, comprising many plates of various size and shape, are moving in
relationship to one other
- Two types of boundary: a mid - ocean ridge and a subduction zone created when new
lithosphere is formed as a result of equal amount of lithospheric material being used
up elsewhere.
1 By Dr.LienTran_0983641169 | HPU &iShare English Center

- Prior to the theory of plate tectonics, the concept of sea-floor spreading was put forth,
referring to the creation and destruction of the ocean floor instead of specifying
lithospheric plates.
- Evidence supporting this theory could be traced back to the reversals of the Earth’s
magnetic field with magnetic stripes left on the oceanic crust.
Passage 10
The given passage discusses the popularity of jazz during its early years / the early years of
Jazz
- Originated in New Orleans,
- jazz began to proliferate in southern Chicago with outstanding artists like Daniel
Armstrong and Joseph King Oliver.
- New York had also become a hub of jazz with the formation of Big Band era and
notably Duke Ellington band coming from Washington => well-known and made jazz
as popular as classical music
- Summaries – Tuấn Minh

- Passage 6:
- The extract describes the relationship between the Sun’s color and its
radiated heat. As of now, the Sun is perceived through human’s naked eye as
yellow, but this feature will possibly exist for only a minor portion of the Sun’s entire
lifetime. In their natural progression, stars will exhibit various hues and degrees of
luminosity in accordance with their emitted heat, and for our Sun, of which current
temperature is recorded at 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit, the majority of its light waves
are of lengths that register as yellow on the color spectrum. If its massive speed of
hydrogen consumption continues, the Sun will discharge less heat and turn a redder
color in the future.
- Passage 7:
- The extract explains the history of suburbanization. The 1830s and 1840s saw
the advent of suburbs as citizens migrated from cities to seek employment. In order
to stop the development of new houses and apartments around factories and
enhance their tax revenues, those cities assimilated their industrial neighbors the
way major cities in the USA did to achieve their status. Against the backdrop of
aggravated urban crowding and social issues due to intensifying commercial
activities, electric traction lines began operations in 1888, which enhanced
transportation in urban areas. This, along with the rise of the urban middle class with
a craving for owner occupancy was the driving force behind the first phase of mass-
scale suburbanization.
- Passage 8:
- The extract highlights archaeology as a valuable subject of human activities,
comparable to other branches of history. An archaeologist researches and utilizes
archaeological data, which are preserved remnants of human presence, to
hypothesize on the society and lifestyle of our ancestors, accounting for their age
and external influences. The compilation of these data, or the archaeological record,
represents a history mostly analogous to one constructed from written documents,
albeit more incomplete and incongruent. Despite the transient nature of most
products of human activities, modern archaeology retains its documentative ability
via apposite methodologies and serendipity.

- Passage 9:
- The extract delineates the differences between two types of plate boundaries
– mid-ocean ridges and subduction zones – and evidence to the theory of sea-floor
spreading. When tectonic plates advance in different directions, the gaps between
plates where new lithospheric material is introduced from the inner mantle are called
mid-ocean ridges; meanwhile, subduction zones are locations where a tectonic plate
descends under another and is assimilated into the mantle to compensate for the
expended lithospheric material. Both types of plate boundary bear relations with
other natural phenomena, but differ in their recorded geological activity. This notion
of sea-floor spreading was suggested prior to the theory of plate tectonics, but was
only corroborated after the revelation that inversions of the Earth’s magnetic field
were preserved as the ascending magma hardened, enabling researchers to
examine the degree of the sea-floor spreading.
- Passage 10:
- The extract presents the accomplishments of several notable figures in the
early days of jazz. Chicago’s South Side, the primary jazz hotspot, yielded the likes
of Daniel Lotus "Satchmo" Armstrong and his discoverer, Joseph King Oliver, both of
whom composed the first remarkable musical products. Meanwhile, the work of their
New York counterparts was also impressive, particularly that of Fletcher Henderson,
regarded as the front runner of the wildly popular Big Band Era. Another prominent
ensemble was the Duke Eilington band, whose excellence in multiple aspects of
musical production garnered him universal renown and elevated the prestige of jazz
to that of classical music in the public consciousness.
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U1_SUMMARY OUTLINES

The passage explains how archaeology is a source of history

1 By Dr.LienTran_0983641169 | HPU &iShare English Center

- Summaries – Tuấn Minh

2 By Dr.LienTran_0983641169 | HPU &iShare English Center

3 By Dr.LienTran_0983641169 | HPU &iShare English Center

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