The document discusses lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery technology and its suitability for critical applications compared to traditional VRLA battery technology. It notes that Li-ion battery adoption is increasing for UPS systems, with over 150MW of UPS systems now installed with Li-ion batteries. The document highlights advantages of Li-ion batteries such as longer usable life, higher energy density, lighter weight, and lower total cost of ownership. It also outlines various Li-ion battery chemistries and their properties, safety features of Li-ion batteries designed for critical applications, and the maturity and proven track record of Li-ion battery technology.
The document discusses lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery technology and its suitability for critical applications compared to traditional VRLA battery technology. It notes that Li-ion battery adoption is increasing for UPS systems, with over 150MW of UPS systems now installed with Li-ion batteries. The document highlights advantages of Li-ion batteries such as longer usable life, higher energy density, lighter weight, and lower total cost of ownership. It also outlines various Li-ion battery chemistries and their properties, safety features of Li-ion batteries designed for critical applications, and the maturity and proven track record of Li-ion battery technology.
The document discusses lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery technology and its suitability for critical applications compared to traditional VRLA battery technology. It notes that Li-ion battery adoption is increasing for UPS systems, with over 150MW of UPS systems now installed with Li-ion batteries. The document highlights advantages of Li-ion batteries such as longer usable life, higher energy density, lighter weight, and lower total cost of ownership. It also outlines various Li-ion battery chemistries and their properties, safety features of Li-ion batteries designed for critical applications, and the maturity and proven track record of Li-ion battery technology.
The document discusses lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery technology and its suitability for critical applications compared to traditional VRLA battery technology. It notes that Li-ion battery adoption is increasing for UPS systems, with over 150MW of UPS systems now installed with Li-ion batteries. The document highlights advantages of Li-ion batteries such as longer usable life, higher energy density, lighter weight, and lower total cost of ownership. It also outlines various Li-ion battery chemistries and their properties, safety features of Li-ion batteries designed for critical applications, and the maturity and proven track record of Li-ion battery technology.
Critical Application Arunangshu Chattopadhyay Director, Power Products Marketing and Head of Technical Support Vertiv Asia Emerging IT Trends ▪ Devices everywhere. The “connected devices” model is becoming real and expansive.
▪ The Time Factor. More
applications are demanding near real-time response.
▪ Organizations are re-
evaluating how to best deliver needs from “core to the edge”.
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IT Deployments evolve to meet those demands
We are witnessing Deployment Scenario IT Needs
a new IT deployment cycle, Edge 2 Core Capacity + deployment speed from edge to core. we call Near Real-Time Scalability. Economical. The 4th Generation Edge2Core to meet the new Cloud Quicker large-scale demands of a (Public / Private) deployment. Greater efficiency. massively and rapidly connected Distributed IT Enhanced availability society. Client-Server and flexibility.
Provide power Mainframe and cooling.
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LIB Industry Take Up
>1000 LIB Cabinets
installed globally
>150 MW of UPS Installed with LIB
Increasingly adoption vs. standard solution 1,326
238 4 2016 2017 2018 Confidential. Property of Vertiv. 4 LIB & Total Cost of Ownership Advantages of Lithium-ion Batteries improve Total Cost of Ownership
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LIB - Design Life vs Operating Life
110 • Lithium-ion Battery capacity reduces by 105 1.5% ~ 2% every year through its life.
100 % CAPACITY
95 • Lithium-ion Battery was not sensitive to Flooded depth of discharge 90 VRLA Li-ion 85 • Lithium-ion battery has no memory and does 80 not need exercising (deliberate full discharge) to keep it in good shape 75 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 YEARS IN SERVICE • VRLA EOL(end of life) typically at 50% of its initial time while LIB at 80% of initial time
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Li-Ion Technology – Battery Technology Comparison
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Proven Technology Lithium-ion battery is a matured and proven technology widely used in varies industries with decades of histories. Major technology advancement in recent years improves energy density and safety thanks to the booming in E-Vehicle and Energy Storage sectors.
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Won’t these lithium batteries catch fire??? NO! • Consumer electronics batteries have numerous constraints • Maximum run time in the smallest possible space • Minimal space available for battery management circuitry • Minimal space available for cooling
• UPS batteries do not have such constraints
• Chemistries and packaging are designed for safety, not small size • Extensive computer controlled battery management systems • Multi-layered internal safety construction • UL listing covers both cell construction and battery management system
These are not the same batteries found in consumer
electronics! Confidential. Property of Vertiv. Commercial In Confidence Traditional VRLA Battery Standard VRLA Solution: • 5 up to 10 years life • Racks or Battery cabinets • Wide usage • High space utilization • 30-50 blocks per strings • Heavy weight • Low energy density
Current Market Trends
• Shorter autonomy time • Higher Energy Density • Higher Working Temperatures • Smaller footprint and weight Installation in Battery Cabinet Installation in Racks
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LIB vs VRLA Battery Lead Acid Lithium Ion Battery Gas emission during normal charge/discharge Reaction : - Sulfurous acid gas, Hydrogen gas, Oxygen LiMn2O4 + C6 ↔ Li1-xMn2O4 + LixC6 Charge Charging 2PbSO4+2H2O → Pb+PbO2+2SO42- Discharge
+4H+ Charge Li+ electrolyte
Cathode Electrolyte Anode CAN
(Separator) Discharging Li+
Discharge Pb+PbO2+2SO42-+4H+ → 2PbSO4+2H2O Cathode + Anode - Al foil Active Material Active Material Cu foil (LMO base) (Graphite base)
Anode - intercalation graphite
Cathode - Lithiated Manganese Oxide (LMO) Cathode Electrolyte Anode Electrolyte - Lithium hexafluorophosphate, organic carbonates (Separator) No gassing on charge/discharge
• LIB is based on Li-ion transfer from negative to positive electrodes
• No chemical reactions between electrolyte and electrodes during charging/dischargin Confidential. Property of Vertiv. 11 LIB Chemistries and Applications
T Black Columns E C S UPS Applications e L l A l
p h o n e s
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Safety: Pick the Right Chemistry for Application Main Cell Energy Cycle Life Potential Power Temperature Range Start of Price ($/Wh) Li ion Variant Density (100% DOD @ (Voltage) (C=60 min rate) (˚C) Thermal Run estimates (Wh/kg) 23˚C) (5C= 12 min rate Away etc.)
Lithium cells have an order of magnitude better cycle life than VRLA
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Commercial In Confidence LIB Chemistries and Applications The features/advantages previously described are generic since different chemistries exist for lithium batteries, each one showing different behavior. Each form of the lithiated transition metal oxides will have widely varying properties.
Considering UPS usage it is possible to identify three main chemestries currently used by suppliers: • Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4) Best chemistry for short runtimes (5-10 minutes) • Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2 or NMC)
• Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) – Best chemistry for long discharges (>15 minutes)
LiMn2O4 LiNiMnCoO2 or NMC LiFePO4
Energy Density Energy Density Energy Density
Cycles Cost Cycles Cost Cycles Cost
Safety Life Safety Life Safety Life
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Li-Ion Technology – Battery Construction
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Li-Ion Technology – Battery Management System
Unlike VRLA batteries, Li-ion batteries
require a battery management system (BMS) on each cell.
The BMS protects the battery by preventing
it from operating outside its safe operating region.
The circuit on the cell management card has
the capacity to regulate voltage on the each individual cell by charging and discharging as required.
The BMS also has control of isolation
devices for the overall battery system.(Safety Contactor)
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LIB Battery Monitoring System The DC battery blocks are connected in series to create the DC bus required by the UPS systems.
The battery block are housed in a cabinets which have a
battery MANAGEMENT system.
The management system communicates with all the battery
block or modules within the string and acts as an overall supervisor.
The BMS typically consists of:
- An electronic monitoring board (EMB) which communicates via HLI to each blocks or module and acts to isolator the battery string if required - Two redundant auxiliary power supplies which use AC or DC sources. - Fuse for short circuit protection of the battery - Safety Contactor or Circuit breaker for isolation of the battery string controlled by the EMB.
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LIB Safety The risks of lithium batteries are exactly the same as those of a traditional solution, in particular:
No Reactivity to water, LIB is firmly sealed and not exposed in air
To protect electrical equipment, we recommend Gas-fire extinguisher system: - Configuration of fire extinguisher system vary according to local law - Recommend clean agent such as NOVEC1230, HFC23 for environment
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LIB Examples of Battery System Configurations
SAMSUNG VERTIV Single String VISION LG CHEM One String 17 Blocks Single String Two Strings 5 Modules per string 1 x Monitoring 10 Modules 5 Modules per string 1 x Monitoring 1 x Monitoring 2 x Monitoring Confidential. Property of Vertiv. 20 LIB is Application Based - Example Application example Capability to work up to 30°C with a moderate life Customer: Colocation Data Center decay, compact design and no gas emissions were the key points to win the project
Site: Data Center located underground with different protection levels.
Project scope: Protect IT load in the new Data Center
Customer needs: Batteries fit for temperature higher than standard 25°C since they will be placed close to the UPS and not in a separate battery room
Solution: Distributed Li-Ion battery system granting 5 min EOL back-up and working with 4 x Liebert Trinergy Cube 1.6 MW
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Li-Ion Technology – Summarizing Advantages: Considerations : - New technology, Increased adoption - High energy density (less smaller footpint) - Reliance on electronics to manage cells - Long battery life (Save replacement cost) (MTBF) - Limited suppliers, increasing - Wide temperature range (Save cooling - Bespoke solutions (limited configurations) cost) - No standard Li-ion technology in the market (Cobalt, Manganese, Iron, etc…) - High charge rate (fast recharge time) - No standard product ratings (50Ah, 100Ah, - Slow self-discharge (very long shelf life) etc…) - Local service support (MMTR) - ECO-friendly (Green Data Center) - Product availability for replacement into - Higher recharge & discharge cycles future tie with BMS compatibility - Transport (Tight international restriction; - No hydrogen evolution specialized container in certain case)
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VERTIVTM ENABLES THE VITAL APPLICATIONS OF OUR DIGITAL WORLD DATA CENTERS Micro, Edge, Cloud, Enterprise, Prefab, Colo, Hyperscale
COMMUNICATION NETWORKS Small Cell, Macro Sites, Central Office, Data center
COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL Healthcare, Rail, Transportation, Power Generation, Oil and Gas
