STS-1 Medical Report
STS-1 Medical Report
STS-1 Medical Report
Medical
Report
SIS-1 nEClCAL nEFOBI (tiASA)
A3 1 csci Jel?
December I981
NASA Techical Memorandum 58240
STSI
Medical
Report
Edited by
3tartr I.. Pool. N.D.
Phillip ('. Johtuon. Jr., Jl.D.
John .1.Muson
L y n d m 13. Joiittson Spac-tp Cmter
Houston. Tc.scrci
Table of Contents
7. Crew Medical Training ..................... .29 18. Cabin Acoustical Noise. .................... .79
James M. Vanderploeg Jerry L. Homick
8. Shuttle Orbital Medical System .............. .31 19. Environmental Effects of Shuttle ............. .81
James M. Vanderploeg Launch and Landing
Andrew E. Potter
9. Validation of Predictive Tests and ............-37
Countermeasures for Space Motion 20. Medical InformationManagement ............ -93
Sickma Edward C. Moseley
Jerry L. Homick
21. Management, Planning, and ................. .99
10. Crew Cardiovascular Profile ..................39 Implementation
Michael W. Bungo Norman Belasca
V
I ,.
e,--
,
Introduction
The Space T r a n s p o r t a t i o n System One 0 V e r i f i c a t i o n o f p r e f l i g h t through
(STS-11, was the f i r s t o f f o u r planned p o s t f l i g h t o f the emergency medical
manned o r b i t a l t e s t f l i g h t s o f t h e Spac? support system.
S h u t t l e vehicle. Since i t was the firs:.
time t h a t h e r i c a n spacecraft had been 0 D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f whether S h u t t l e
p u t i n t o o r b i t without p r i o r unmanned atmospheres c o n t a i n e d t o x i c sub-
f l i g h t o r b i t a l testing, the mission was stances.
conservatively planned i n the i n t e r e s t
of safety. 0 Determination o f cabin acoustical
1
R i s i n g on t h e power o f 6.6 m i l l i o n used i n orienting Colunbia, and t h e
pounds o f t h r u s t Colunbia f i r s t flew opening and c l o s i n g o f t h e cargo
steeper than programmed, w i t h i t s threz ( p a y l o a d ) bay doors. Columbia was
r a i n hydrogen-powered engines and two maintained i n a t a i l - f o r w a r d p o s i t i o n
s o l i d r o c k e t motors p o i n t e d skyward. and upside down r e l a t i v e t o Earth. The
Collmbia made a 100 degree r o l l t o the upside-down p s i t i o n provided a b e t t z r
r i g h t , heading f o r i t s imaginary target. view o f E a r t h and i t s h o r i z o n f o r
Two minutes and 12 seconds l a t e r , the orientation.
sol i d rocket boosters were jettisoned.
They were l a t e r recovered, v i a a The Commander and P i l o t docunented t h e i r
parachute system, 151 miles downranoe i n f l i g h t us!ng a s t i l l camera as well as
the A t l a n t i c Ocean o f f Daytona Beach, TV and motion p i c t u r e cmercls. One view
Florida. As i n post-launch and recov- o f the cargo bay, which was telecast t o
eries, operations were observed by USSR Earth indicated, tndt a l l o r p a r t o f 16
trawl ers. heat shielding t i l e s located i n t w o pods
on the t a i l section, were l o s t probar y
Eight minutes and 34 seconds l a t e r , the due t o stresses o f launch. l h e l o s s was
main engines c u t o f f .
25,670 f e e t per second.
The speed was
The external
not considered s e r i ous .
tank was j e t t i s o n e d and broke up over Young and Crippen wore ordinary cover-
the Indian Ocean. The debris landed, as a l l s while i n o r b i t ; f o r launch and
planned, 21,000 miles downrange from the landing they wore space pressure suits.
Kennedy Space Center. A t 10 minutes, On landing they wore a n t i G-suits which
the t h i r d stage, consisting o f the two were not i n f l a t e d .
engine Orbital Haneuveri ng System (OMS),
took over f i r e d f o r 1 minute and 27 The morning o f Day 3 t h e astronants
seconds, establishing an o r b i t o f 132 by readied f o r the premier t e s t of a winged
57 nautical miles. A second OMS burn E a r t h e n t r y and wheel s-down 1 anding.
achieved a 130 m i l e c i r c u l a r o r b i t . A Previous spacecraft eturned t o Earth
t h i r d a t 6 hours, 20 minutes set the w i t h parachutes and spl sshdown. Earth
o r b i t a t 148 by 131.7 miles and a f o u r t h entry l a s t e d about 31 minutes, w i t h the
added 30 feet-per-second t o s e t t h e s p a c e c r a f t e n t e r i n g t h e atmosphere
c i r c u l a r o r b i t a t 149.3 by 147.6. approximately 400,000 f e e t above Earth.
A t t h i s point, Colunbia was about 4,390
On launch day, A p r i l 12, 1981, the cabin m i l e s from Edwards l a n d i n g s t r i p i n
temperature and pressure was 83°F and Cal if o r n i a. Temperatures ranged from
15.04 p s i a a t l i f t - o f f . The a i r 2,500 t o 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit on
r e v i t a l i z a t i o n system performance was some parts o f the t i l e s . Commander
normal and t h e system operated as Young took manual control o f Columbia a t
expected throughout the f l i g h t w i t h only 15,000 f e e t . A double s o n i c booin
t w o exceptions. The cabin conditions announced the approach o f Col unbi a whi 1e
were warmer than expected a t take-off the vehicle was s t i l l a t an a l t i t u d e o f
( a s noted above) and c o l d e r t h a n 54,000 feet. About 400 f e e t above the
c.xpec+-d d u r i n g t h e o n - o r b i t s l eep desert, the landing gear was lowered.
p e r i 00s. A v a i l ab1 e operational The space s h i p l a r d e d on Edwards
instrunentation data indicate t h a t the A i r f o r c e Base Runway 23 a t 1:21 pm EST
temperature c o n t r o l system operated on A p r i l 14, 1981.
within specified l i m i t s during a l l
f l i g h t phases. After the crew landed they were examined
by the Crew Physicians and debriefed.
A s e r i e s of t e s t s and checkouts were This report w i l l not only discuss the
then begun. Astronauts Young and r e s u l t s o f these medical t e s t s /
Cripper! t r i e d o u t a l l systems and debriefings, b u t w i l l describe a l l
checked the coniputers, the j e t thrusters medically r e l a t e d a c t i v i t i e s , ranging
from p r e f l i g h t through p o s t f l i g h t . This STS-1 mission p u b l i s h e d by NASA
r e p r e s e n t s a d e t a i l e d r e p o r t , as a Headquarters, May 26, 1981 (Postflights
follow-on, supplementing and amplifying Mission Operation Report No.
the general nedical assessment o f the S-989-81-01).
3
The b a s i c philosophy f o r STS-1 was hours. The second countdown went q u i t e
couched i n the premise t h a t the f l i g h t smoothly and the launch was nominal. It
was a vehicle checkout, therefore, t h e should be noted t h a t the crew remained
medical program was d i r e c t e d toward i n good s p i r i t s throughout t h i s unpro-
r o u t i n e crew health maintenance and the rammed delay and remained a t a h i g h
implementation o f a s o p h i s t i c a t e d
Emergency Medical System, r a t h e r than
9 eve1 o f readiness. Conversation w i t h
both crewembers revealed t h a t s i x hews
t h e conduct o f d e t a i 1ed p h y s i o l o g i c i n the launch p o s i t i o n i s a t the l e v e l
evaluations pre and p o s t f l i g h t . The of tolerance from a comfort standpoin:.
STS-1 Medical Program was designed t o This i s i n agreement with a pre-missio;
p r o t e c t and maintain f l i g h t crew health estimate and mission r u l e l i m i t i n g t h e
during a l l phases of the mission. This crew residence time t o s i x hours i n t h e
goal was accomplished by a program which launch position. No significan: medical
encompassed t h e f o l l owing e l ements : problem occurred i n t h e p r e f l i g h t
( 1 1 Health S t a P l i z a t i o n Program, (2)
C r i t i c a l Personal Re1i a b i l i t y Program,
interval .
( 3 ) Pre and P o s t f l i g h t Medical F l i g h t Unlike previous space f l i g h t s , the crew
Crew Eva1uations, ( 4 ) I n f l i g h t medical re-entered i n t h e seated p o s i t i o n ,
consul t a t i o n a v a i l a b i l i t y v i a Mission thereby p u l l i n g re-entry G i n t h e G
Control Center (MCC ) Surgeons, and axis. This fact, coupled with an a c t i d
( 5 ) Implementation o f an Emergency crew r o l e i n t h e O r b i t e r r e - e n t r y
Medical Systen, a t a l l launch and sequence, necessi tated the donning of
recovery s i t e s . anti-G garments p r i o r t o re-entry w i t h
the crew prepared t o i n f l a t e them i f any
Physical examinations were conducted on presyncopal signs occurred.
F-30 (March 2, 19811, F-19 (March 31,
19811, Launch Day ( A p r i l 10, 1981), The re-entry G p r o f i l e was nominal and
Landing Day ( A p r i l 14, 19811, and L+3 a t no time d i d the crew r e p o r t any
( A p r i l 17, 1981). See Table 2-1 f o r adverse e f f e c t s o f G loading. After
d e t a i l s. landing, minor d i f f i c u l t y was experi-
enced i n extracting the crew from the
The Crew Physician (Craig L. Fischer, O r b i t e r due t o t o x i c funes outside t h e
M.D.) and Deputy Crew Physician (Joseph vehicle i n the hatch area. This problem
Degioanni, M . D . ) pcrformed a l l pre and was solved by repositioning the wind
p o s t f l i g h t physical examinations. Each machine. Hatch opening occurred one hour
physician had the okportunity t o examine and twenty minutes a f t e r wheel stop.
both crewnen p r e f l i g h t (F-30 and F-10) During the post landing w a i t f o r Iiatch
and the same crewnan post landing as he opening, the Commander got q u i t e w 2 . q
examined on launch morning. and i n j e c t e d cool water i n t o h i s space
s u i t from the water gun located or: the
Results and Discussion mid deck. The P i l o t , however, was com-
fortable. This may be a r e f l e c t i o n on
The prefl i g h t i n t e r v a l was compl icated the f a c t t h a t the P i l o t was not as
by an on-pad mission abort i n the f i n a l p h y s i c a l l y a c t i v e p o s t f l i 2 h t as t h e
moments of countdown. The creb had been Commander. The P i l o t rema'ned on the
i n the launch p o s i t i o n f o r approximately f l i g h t deck whereas the Commander had
c,ix hours by the time t h i s malfunction r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s which required t h a t he
was encountered and i t was decided t h a t move between the f l i g h t and mid-decks.
the launch had t o be recycled i n 48
5
A f t e r removal from t h e O r b i t e r b o t h Concluding Remarks
crennen walked without d i f f i c u l ty and
experienced no untoward symptomatology. No s i g n i f i c a n t c l i n i c a l problem was
Desuiting occurred i n the crew van on identified postflight. O f interest
the way back t o the f l i g h t l i n e exam medically was the expected hyperreflexia
facility. A1 though the Comnmder was and dependent venous s t a s i s exhibited by
drenched, b o t h crewwen doffed t h e i r both crewen.
s u i t s easily. Neither creman had any-
t h i n g t o eat or drink i n the crew van
and d i d not complain o f t h i r s t .
r r LOCATION
DAYS DAYS DAYS
Table r-1
STS-1 Pre and Postflight Medical Evaluations
L+o I L+3 lL+3
L+7
I
A
LEGEND:
- Audiometry
I
I { D - Dental Examination
APPROXIMATE LM - LaboratorpMicrobiology
DURATION
PX - Physical €..amination
EXAM LM LM LM PX LM ST T-38 ST - (Cardiovascular) Stress Tests,
COMPONENTS PX ST STW D CHECK induding 80% treadmill
0 PX PX v OUT STW - Stand Ted-Weight
W A T
A T - Tonometry
I T
PX V - Visual Examination
6
Inf Iight Observations
Michael A. Berry, M.D.
7
The f i r s t sleep period cmwenced a f t e r a sleep period, the crew was awakened by a
very f u l l 18 hour uork day. Cabin tem- Systems Management (S) alarm, The PLT
perature a t t h i s time was reading 77OF, and CDR were awake f o r approximately 15
and the crew reported being cold. It minutes taking care o f t h e situation.
was b e i i w e d t h a t a temperature trans- There was no other problem during the
ducer was biased high and causing the n i g h t and the crew awoke approximately
problem. P r i o r t o sleep the crew s e t 40 minutes early. Both creuaen reported
the temperature c o n t r o l l e r t o f u l l warn. they had s l e p t very soundly, even w i t h
They also reset the l i m i t f o r pp0 the wake-up, and much b e t t e r than t h e
from 2.8 psi. t o 2.7 p s i . The medica? previous n!ght. They d i d not complain
contingency 1i m i t f o r ppO i s 2.6 p s i
There was concern t h a t si&e the noma1
. of any temperature problems and both
sounded i n excellent s p i r i t s .
decay o f cabin pressure had not caused
any gas f l o w the 2.8 p s i l i m i t might be The p r e - e n t r y a c t i v i t i e s proceeded
reached and cause an alarm during sleep. normally. EGG vas pich-d up on the PLT
f i r s t on a stateside pass two revolu-
The sleep period 'lasted approximately 7 t i o n s before e n t r y and on t h e CDR
hours and 45 minutes. There had been no s h o r t l y thereafter a t Ascension Tracking
alarms during t h i s period. On wake-up Station. Mormal ECGs were received on
the crew reported they had been cold a l l the cremembers.
n i g h t and had awakened several times t o
go below t o the mid-deck t o get extra One a d d i t i o n a l i n f l i g h t problem con-
clothes f o r warmth. Bcth COR and PLT cerned the Waste Control System M S ) .
had slept i n t h e i r usual seats on the This was not reported u n t i l p o s t f l i g h t .
f l i g h t deck. The WCS conmode d i d not work properly
from the beginning, causing urine s p i l l -
The crew a c t i v i t i e s f o r t h e second age and odor problems that increased
f l i g h t day were performed as per the w i t n each use. By e n t r y day i t had
normal crew a c t i v i t y plan. The TV news ceased t o function. The crew f e l t there
conference with the V i -e-President con- was not enough suction i n the system
firmed t h a t they f e l t they were doing but, there was not s u f f i c i e n t t h e t o
very we1 1 . troubt eshoot the problem. Postfl i g h t
evaluation revealed the d i f f i c u l t y was
During t h e second day environmental aue t o a closged f i l t e r which d i d n o t
problems caused by the Pressure Control a l l o w a f u l l vacuun t o be generated.
System-1 (PCS) and the cabin temperature
were resolved by the crew and the K C .
A small leak was detected close t o the Concluding Remarks
PCS-I 0 /M contro??er value apd was
causing %om$ false pressure readings. It The crew performed i n an e x c e l l e n t
was f e l t t h i s s i t u a t i o n put no con- wanner. No medical problems o f any kind
s t r a i n t on the u s a b i l i t y o f the system; were experienced by t h e crew. No
therefore PCS-2 was selected w i t h PCS-1 medicai treatment i n f l i g h t required
as a f u l l y usable back-up. The cabin except f o r the prophylactic use o f an
temperature was warned by manipuiating anti-motion sickness medfcation that had
water l o o p f l o w through t h e heat been p l anned p r e f l i g h t . Several m i nor
exchanger which seemed t o solve t h e system prob!ems occurred a f f e c t i n g crew
problem. comfort b u t had no real mission imprct.
Approximately 3 hours i n t o the second
9
PRECEDIIW; PAGE BLANK NOT FUMED 882-157'14-?3
Crew Medical Debriefing
Joseph Degioanni, M.D. and Craig L. Fischer, M.D.
Young: No
Degioanni : Any problems with motor
coordination?
Young: No
Degioanni: Po'inting t o o b j e c t s , main-
t a i n i ng desi red body o r i en-
t a t i o n with respect t o space- Degioanni: Did your f l i g h t s u i t or
craft? equi p e n t cause i t c h i n g ?
Young: No Young: No
11
Degioanni : Did t h e increase i n height Young: No, b u t we were so busy sleep
during orbital flight wasn't a problem.
interfere with the vision
from the spacesuit? Deyioanni: Speech connunic a t ions?
Young: No Young: No. We could converse with
each other real well.
Degiqann i : O r make the s u i t uncomfor- Degi oanni : Performance?
tab1 e?
Young: Not t h a t I noticed.
Young: wo
Dr. Fischer's postflight debriefing of
Degioanni: During re-entry d i d you feel a s t r o n a u t Robert Crippen t o o k p l a c e
1ightheaded? during the second medical examination
p o s t f l i g h t , L+3, JSC on April 17, 1981.
Young: No The following dialogue was taken from a
tape recordi ng o f the session.
Young: No C r i ppen: NO
C r i ppen: NO
12
Fiscfier: Any d i f f i c u l t y i n p o i n t i n g t o Fischer: Did you have any d l F f i c u l t y
objects o r reaching out and a t a l l with any v e s t i b u l a r
g e t t i n g ahold o f the r i y h t e f t h e r Curing f l i g h t o r
thing? d u r i n g t h e r e - e n t r y and
1andi ng phase?
Crirpen: No, i n f a c t i t was exactly
opposite o f that. I found i t Crippen: No
very easy t o grab hold and
push yourself here and there
f o r maneuvering around t h e Fischer: Any C o r i o l i s when your head
spacecraft spur!?
Crippen: No
Fi::her: And you had no d i f f i c u l t y i n
maintaining the desi red body
o r i e n t a t i o n w i t h respect t o Fischer: O r w i t h t h e head movement
the spacecraft. d i d n ' t bother you a t a l l ?
Fischrr: h - r e t h e r e any p e r c e p t u a l
illusions, you know, Fischer: If you closed your eyes, you
displacement o f visual f i e l d , wouldn't spin out?
fa1 se sensations of turning
o r i l l u s i o n s o f pitched-up o r Crippen: No
pitched down?
13
m o t i o n sickness o r funny with your f l i g h t s u i t o r
f e e l i n g s a f t e r t h e wheels equipment i t c h i n g o r more
stopped. s k i n i r r i t a t i o n on pressure
points?
C r i ppen : No, n o t a t a l l . I guess the
f i r s t time I stood up I f e l t C r ippen: Not a t a l l . The s u i t was
' i k e 1 needed t o bounce about as c o m f o r t a b l e as a
around on my legs a ' t i t t l e pressure s u i t can get.
b i t j u s t t o make them f e e l
good, b u t other than that I F i scher: So it was a pretty
f e l t completely normal. comfortable sui t .
F i sc her : Ok, you had no d i f f i c u l t y i f F i scher: D i d you ever have any
I r e c a l l w i t h locomotion o r sensation during re-entry of
equilibrium. You seem t o be being 1ightheaded?
bouncing arouqd p r e t t y we1 1.
C r i ppen: No, n o t a t a l l .
C r i ppen: There was no problem w i t h
that.
F i scher : When we see those pictures o f
you a l l i n the spacecraft as
F i sc her : Any form o f t h i r s t on the we have observed on a l l other
f i r s t day o f f l i g h t ? f l i g h t s , there i s a d e f i n i t e
change i n f a c i a l conforma-
Crippen: No, on the second day I t h i n k tion. D i d y o u have any
we d i d tend t o get s l i g h t l y sensation along w i t h t h a t ?
dehydrated mainly j u s t due t o
work and not taking enough Crippen: The only t h i n g t h a t I might
t i m e t o d r i n k an adequate have n o t i c e d was s h o r t l y
amount o f f l u i d . But we went a f t e r we were o r b i t i n g before
down and f i x e d a couple o f f started t o g e t o u t of t h e
drinks and t h a t was r a p i d l y seats, t h a t maybe fny head d i d
recovered, b u t I t h i n k both feel a s l i g h t fullness kind
John and 1 f e l t something of sensation, I am n o t even
s i m i l ar t o that. sure o f how t o describe that,
b u t I...
14
moving slow t o make sure t h a t d i f f i c u l ty w i t h sweating a l o t
I was staying head's up t o during e i t h e r the countdown
make sure t h a t there wasn't o r launch phase?
anything there. But i t was
never a n y t h i n g 1 i k e m o t i o n Crippen: I was r e a l l y p l e a s a n t l y
sickness o r anthing l i k e t h a t s u r p r i s e d t h a t John and I
s o r t D f sensation. It was were very conscious o f t r y i n g
j u s t a sensation. My head n o t t o b u i l d the heat l o a d up
f e l t a l i t t l e b i t f u l l and I i n the s u i t and were very
d i d n o t i c e , and I am n o t careful t o keep cooling on
r e a l l y sure t h a t I even paid and n o t t o do anything t o
t h a t much a t t e n t i o n t o i t on overexert ourselves by when
t h e f i r s t day, a t l e a s t on we were strapping i n we l e t
the second day I noticed t h a t t h e Joe S m i t h do most o f t h a t
J o h n ' s f a c e seemed f u l l e r and s u i t was completely dry
than what i t was and I ended when we g o t o u t o f them.
up looking i n a m i r r o r when I There was not any perspir-
was shaving t h a t morning and a t i o n i n them whatsoever.
noticed a s i m i l a r look t o my And I d o n ' t r e c a l l ever
face. working up a sweat i n f l i g h t
a t a l l i n t h e spacecraft
i t s e l f I am n o t sure what
F i scher: Did t h a t change o r d i d you runs maintains t h e r e l a t i v e
have t o re-enter t o g e t i t h u m i d i t y y e t b u t i t was
back t o what y o u would always dry.
consider your normal f a c i a ?
conformati on?
F i sc her: Were you aware o f any, we
C r i ppen: No, b a s i c a l l y t h a t stayed the c a l l i t pal yatations, where
same way t h r o u g h o u t t h e you are aware o f your heart-
flight. But i t s t i l l wasn't beat o r r a p i d heartbeat o r
a l l t h a t dramatic. irregul a r heartbeat.
15
i t a b a l l istocardiogran. Fi scher : Did you see any l i g h t f l a s h e s
during the o r b i t s ?
Cri ppen: B u t you could feel your body
k i n d of moving i n respect t o Crippen: No, d i d n ' t see any.
your heart.
F i scher: Very good. How about the
f i sc her : On a c c o u n t o f y o u r h e a r t noise from the spacecraft?
would p u t kind of acceler-
a t i o n on t h e body w i t h Cri ppen: I thought t h a t the noise from
parking. I t ' s interesting. t h e s p a c e c r a f t was very
reasonab2e. I t was cnm-
Cri ppen : You could feel that. fortable. W e endea up meas-
u r i n g a b o u t 60 d b and u p
Fi scher : Was i t annoying t o you? forward where we s l e p t , about
Coul d you get t o sleep? 65 db back i n the a f t i n the
f l i g h t deck, and 67 db on the
Cri ppen: No. I t didn't. I t is kind mid-deck. B u t , and t h o s e
o f l i k e , you c a n a l s o t h i n g s were r e l a t i v e l y quite
sometimes when you p u t your t o me. The frequency of the
head laying on your arm you noise diis such t h a t t h a t was
can feel your. not annoying, d i d not inter-
fere w i t h t a l k i n g t o one
F i scher: D i d you have any d i f f i c u l t y another o r anythi ng el se.
w i t h sleep a t a l l ?
16
Fischer: Cn occassion were you hungry? Fischer: And anything t h a t comes t o
mind t h a t we d i d n ' t c o v e r
Crippen: I never d i d b r e a k o u t any t h a t would be from a man-
snacks o r anything which I oriented standpoint?
had a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t I might,
w i t h the exception o f some Crippen: No. Expect i t i s l o t s o f
beverages and I had a fun.
reasonable appetite and I was
conscious also from knowing Fischer: Very good.
t h a t I was going t o make sure
t h a t I managed t o eat as much
as I did.
17
PRECEDING PAGE BLANK NOT F6t.MES O!
N82 - 1 5 7 15
Health Stabilization Program
James K. Ferguson, Ph.D.
19
The nunber, type, and l o c a t i o n o f personnel t h a t were given meaical examinations
and were approved as primary contacts f o r the program are as follows:
LOCAT ION
11lner-s 31 4 3 0 38
Coptacts to I l l n e s s 6 2 0 0 8
Upper Enteric 1 0 0 13
Lower Enteric 0 1 0 13
Upper Respiratory 1 4 0 02
Scar1e t Fever 0 1 0 13
21
N82-15716 -3
Emergency Madical Senices System ( E M S )
sarn L. Pool, n.0. 6
hergeftcy medica? support was mobilized (LCC) to coordinate the a c t i v i t e s of t h e
i n support o f the launch and landing emergency medical he1 i c o p t e r s i n t h e
operations of the Space Shuttle, Space event o f a probiem. The h e l i c o p t e r i n
Transportation System (STS) fl i g h t 1. t u r n could c m u n i c a t e w i t h t h e l o c a l
The objective o f the EMSS was t o provide tlospitais as well as the d e f i n i t i v e care
the ill o r i n j u r e d creman w i t h r a p i d facility. I n t h e case o f r e c o v e r y
access t o the appropriate l e v e l o f med- sites, both Dryden R i g h t Research Cen-
i c a l care. I n order t o meet the objec- ter - Primary Landing S i t e and Northrop
tive, the following factors were care- Strio, Secondary Landing S i t e had simi-
f u l l y considered i n developing the EMSS l a r a r r a n g m e n t s f o r communications.
for STS-!: a c c e s s i b i l i t y t o health care The EMSS c o o r d i n a t o r a t Dryden was
centers, personnel , t r a i n i n g , experi - somewhat hampered by t h e need f o r
ence , transport ..tion, response times, special procedures because he had to ask
communications, medical records, and permission t o use some o f t h e cosriluni-
special envi romental hazards. c a t i o n l o o p s i f he needed t o speak
d i r e c t l y w i t h the he: icopters, homver,
P h i s p a r t i c u l a r u e f i c i e n c y has been
Discussion corrected f o r STS-2.
The launch and landing s i t e s were care- Eight major egress modes were i d e n t i f i e d
f u l l y examined t o determine the capabil- f n r launch and l a n d i n g . Modes 1-4
i t y of the 1oca1 health care centers as a p p l i e d t o launches and k d e s 5-7
w e l l as . e c c e s s i b i l i t y t o r e m o t e l y appl i e d t o 1andi ng. M d e 8 appl i e d both
l o c a t e d h e a l t h care f a c i l it i e s t h a t t o launch and landing (See D e f i n i t i o n s ) .
coul d provide def in i ti ve care. Trans-
portation means and routes were care- Kennedy Space Center was i d e n t i f i e d as
f u l l y analyzed and a d c i s i o n was made the 1aunch s i t e and return-to-1 anding
t o use helicopters f o r transportation o f s i t e f o r STS-1. Edwards A i r Force Base
ill or injured cremen. I11 o r i n j u r e d was i d e n t i f i e d as the primary landing
cremen would need t o be s t a b i l i z e d a t s i t e f o r STS-1. Northrup S t r i p , a
the scene p r i o r t o transportation o f any contingency l a n d i y s i t e a t White Sands
distance. I n most cases, a l o c a l hospi- M i s s i l e Range i n New Mexico, was con-
t a l was a v a i l a b l e t o a s s i s t i n t h e s i d e r e d t h e backup l a n d i n g s i t e f o r
s t a b i l i z a t i o n process, as reqilired. The STS-1. Northrup S t r i p woul d a1 so be used
means f o r m o s t o f t h e s t a b i l i z a t i o n t o land the Orbiter i f an underburn
process were included i n the equipnent occurred and an Abort-Once-Around was
f l o w on the helicopters. The physi- required. Other kpartment of Defense
cians who were assigned t o f l y OR the contingency iandi ng s i t e s were i d e n t i -
he1 icopters a1ong with the paramedics f i e d a t HickPam ACE, WMii, Kadena AB,
were given special t r a i n i n g i n emergency Japan, and Rota, 5pdin.
medicine procedures. A1 1 p h y s i c i a n s
were given a d d i t i o n a l i n s t r u c t i o n i n The r e s p o n s i b i l it y f o r p l anning and
care of trauma victims. A comnunication implmentation o f the hergency Medical
system was established a t Keanedy Space S e r v i c e System f o r t h e f i r s t Space
Center (KSC), the launch s i t e , which Shuttle f l i g h t resided with the Space
would permit an Emergency Medical System and L i f e Sciences Directorate, Johnson
coordinqtor i n the Launch Cantrol Center Space Center. Thi s responsib i l it y was
executed by a physician EMSS coordinator Concluding Remarks
operati ng through the Mission Control
Center. It wds h i s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y dur- I n c o n c l u s i o n * t h e Emergency Medical
i n g the Operations t o assure t h a t t h e Services System which was established
f i e l d c e n t e r s woul d be a p p r o p r i a t e l y f o r STS-1 was on station, appropriately
s t a f f e d and ready f o r any emergency equipped, and ready t o deal w i t h any
operations. He could also communicate medical emergency.
w i t h t h e EHSS c o o r d i n a t o r s a t t h e
respective launch and landing s i t e s .
Definitions
The Emergency Medical System as imple- Contingency Landing S i t e (CLS)
mented a t Edwards AFB i n C a l i f o r n i a i s
v e r y s i m i l a r t o systems a t KSC and P r e f l i g h t s e l e c t e d DO0 a f f i l i a t e d
Morthrup S t r i p . The EMSS physician i n a i r f i e l d s that, i n conjunction with the
Hission Control could r e l a y any i n f l i g h t primary and secondary a i r f i e l d s , provide
problems t h a t might a f f e c t the recovery landing opportunities as o f t e n as prac-
operations t o t h e EHSS coordinator a t t i c a l f o r quick response ( l e s s than s i x
Dryden F1 i g h t Research Center. The hours) o r b i t termination and landing.
emergency medical coordinator a t Dryden
could mobilize s p e c i a l l y equipped h e l i -
D e f i n i t i v e Medical Care F a c i l i t y (DMCF)
c o p t e r s (2) f o r s u p p o r t o f S h u t t l e
egress and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o f ill o r
i n j u r e d cremen. Each medical evacua- An i n - p a t i e n t medical c a r e f a c i l i t y
t i o n h e l i c o p t e r was s t a f f e d b y a capable o f comprehensive diagnosis and
treatment o f a creunember’s i n j u r i e s o r
physiciar: and two Department of Defense
i11ness without outside assi stance. 1t
( D O D ) pararesc ue emergency medical s h a l l be an emergency a n d i o r trauma
technicians. treatment f a c i l i t y having a c c r e d i t a t i o n
by t h e j o i n t h o s p i t a l a c c r e d i t a t i o n
Once *.he ill o r i n j u r e d cremnan’s h e a l t h comni ssi on.
~rclrblemshave been aisessed, and i n i t i a l
s t a b i l i z a t i o n given, the h e l i c o p t e r
physician could e l e c t t o transport the Deorbi t Underburn
creunan t o an intermediate care f a c i l i t y
a t Edwards AFB hospital o r t o the Loma Insufficient delta velocity ( 3 v)
Linda Hospital located i n Loma Linda, o b t a i n e d d u r i n g t h e d e o r b i t maneuver
C a l i f o r n i a , which u8s designdted as the which may cause a landing a t a hackup
d e f i n i t i v e care f a c i l i t y . site.
24
Emergency Medical Care although a landing a t KSC o r a contin-
gency s u p p o r t a i r f i e l d i s p o s s i b l e .
The a c t i v e d e l i v e r y of medical treatment This mode allows the O r b i t e r t o remain
and/or heal t h services. i n o r b i t f o r several r e v o l u t i o n s before
deorbi t .
-
Emergency Medical Services (EMS)
ServiLes u t i l i z e d i n responding t o a MODE I. Eoressl'kcaDe. Unaided
cremember's perceived need f o r i n e d i -
a t e medical care i n order t o prevent May be ' n i t i a t e d a f t e r one o r more of
loss of l i f e o r cggravation o f physical the f l i g h t crew i s Sngressed i n t o t h e
or psycho1ogical condition. Orbiter crew module. The f l i g h t crew i s
able t o egress without assistance. The
closeout crew may o r may n o t be on
station.
Emeroency Medical Services System (EMSS)
I n c l u d c a l l e v e n t s and f u n c t i o n s
MODE 1 1 1 , EgressiEscape, Aided
necessary t o = i f e l y land the Orbiter i f
e a r l y f l i g h t t e r m i n a t i o n becomes
necessary during the time from s o l i d Is i n i t i a t e d when the closeout crew i s
not on station. I h e f i r e rescue crew
b o o s t e r i g n i t i o n on t h e launch pad performs the operation. The f l i g h t crew
through the maneuvering i n t o a stable, cannot egress without assistance and t h e
safe o r b i t . Three launch abort modes O r b i t e r zide hatch i s closed.
( o r methods) r e s u l t i n g i n a i r f i e l d
landings e x i s t :
MODE I V , Egress/Escape, Aided
( 1 ) R e t u r n t o Launch S i t e (RTLS) -
Becomes a v a i l abre-ut 1 2 5 seconds
a f t e r l i f t - o f f and extends t o about 290 Is i n i t i a t e d when the closeout crew i s
seconds a f t e r l i f t - o f f . This mode ends on station. The f i r e rescue crew i s
w i t h a landing a t KSC SLI'. directed t o perform aided egress/escape
f o r the f i g h t crew and an incdpacitated
(2) Abort.-Once-Around (A091 - decomes closeout crew. The O r b i t e r side hatch
avajrable about 197 secorxs a f t e r l i f t - may o r may not be closed.
o f f and extends t o safe o r b i t i n s e r t i o n ,
about 614 seconds a f t e r * , i f t - o t ' f . This MODE V. Unaided EaressKscaDe
mode ends w i t h a l a n d i n g a t N S o r
IAFB--depending upon prep1 afined 1 anding I s the condition when the f l i g h t c-ew i s
site selections--approximately 90 i n the O r b i t e r crew compartment and i s
minutes a f t e r l i f t - o f f . able t o egress a f t e r landing without
( 3 ) Abort-to-Orbit ( A T O ) - Brrgifjs 207
a s s i stancc. Ground pararescuemen w i 11
a i d t h e f l i g h t crew a s r e q u i r e d t o
seconds a f t e r 1m-mand extrnds t o escape t o a safe area.
safe o r b i t insertion. This mcde w i l l
end normally w i t h a ianding a t EAFB,
25
MODE V I , Landing Hishap on Runwqy MODE VIII, F l i g h t I'--ew E j e c t i o n
bbh? 6- 1
FLIGHT SURGEON STAFFIN0 AND DEPLOYMENT (JSC)
FUNCTION -NA M € MISSION PHASE
Sum T W n Entry
M.A. Bay Ament
M.W. B u w a1 *it
1.C. Dkttoin W n t . On Orbtt. Enhy
s.1 -1 -1. On Orbit. Enhy
C.L. Flrcwt
J. wornnc
J.P. Bagtan
A.L. FIJI.1
C.L. Filehat
26
Crew Medical Training
James M. Vmderploeg, M.D.
PRECEDING PAGE BLANK NOt FILMED
7
Each astronaut's initial training i n the 'he STS-1 pre-mission medical training
medical discipl ines occurred during the began i n mid-1975. The first training
first year following selection. The accompl ished was the sel f study course
medical curricul un encompassed approxi- entitled MED EQ 2102. This involved
mately 16 hours of instruction d u r i n g each crew member working through the
the year. The principal areas covered "Medical Equipment Workbook". The
are listed i n Table 7-1. For each of topics covered i n this workbook were (1)
these areas the astronauts were taught the S h u t t l e Orbiter Medical System
the basics of anatomy and physiology. (SOMS) : contents, uses, 1ocation and
In addition, they were introduced t o stowage; (2) the Operational Bioinstru-
physical examination techni ques , mentation System (OBS): components,
diagnosis, and treatment of the more donned configuration and on-orbi t
comnon ailments of the d i f f e r e n t organ contingency use; (3) the Anti-gravity
systems. S u i t (AGS 1 : components and pressure
c o n t r o l l e r o p e r a t i c i ; a n d ( 4 ) the
Radiation Equipment: components,
Oiscussion 1 ocati ons and on-orbi t cciti gency use.
Incl uded during the first year of t r a i n - Following completion of MED EQ 2102 the
ing was the initial two-day course i n crewembers were given 9 hours of medi-
a1 titude physiology. This course pro- cal procedures training i n three courses
vided training i n the following areas: entitled MED PROC 2102, 2201, and 2301.
composition of the atmosphere; the Gas The areas of i n s t r e t i o n provided during
Laws; signs, symptoms and treatment of these courses are listed i n Table 7-2.
hypoxia; operation of l i f e s u p p o r t
equipment; effects of increased G I s ; the The f i n a l aspect of the STS-1 crew medi-
L-1 and M-1 anti-G maneuvers; use of the cal t r a i n i n g was conducted on March 23,
anti-G suit; and an altitude chamber 1981. This consisted of a 3 hour brief-
ride w i t h demonstration of hypoxia. f n g d u r i n g which the material of the
T h i s material i s reviewed every three prior t r a i n i n g sessions was reviewed and
years by means of a one-day refresher various mission specific items were d i s -
course. In addition to the above t r a i n - cussed. The details of this briefing
i n g , astronaijts Young and Engle received are outlined i n Table 7-3.
detailcd medical briefings that had been
a p a r t of mission preparation d u r i n g the Table 7-1
Apollo program. These briefings were CURRICULUM OF INITIAL MEDICAL TRAINING
designed ta aquaint the cremembers w i t h Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
pre and p o s t f l i g h t medical procedures;
t o discuss crew preventive medicine mea- Audiiry and Vestibular Systems
sures; to instruct the crew i n the con-
tents and uses of the medical k i t ; t o Visual System
demonstrate the configuration and opera- Dental Health
tion of the biomedical harness; and t o
famil iari ze the crew w i t h toxicolog ical Cardiovascular System
considerations.
Pulmonary System
The overall objective of crew medical Gastrointestinal System
t r a i n i n g for STS-1 was to provide crews
A a r d 9 w i t h the knowledge and s k i l l s Genitourinary System
necess&ry to respond t o i n f l i g h t i l l - Musculoskeletal System
nesses, i n j uri es , and medical errergep-
cies i n a n appropriate a n d timely
manner.
29
A l l members o f crews A and B completed Concluding Remarks
the prescribed medical training. The
only probl eal encountered with the t r a i n- The STS-1 prime and back-up cremembers
i n g was the need f o r extensive review of r e c e i v e d e x t e n s i v e medical t r a i n i n g ;
the medical procedures training. This b o t h eneral t r a i n i q p r i o r t o crew
was due t o the prolonged time period
between courses MED PROC 2102, 2201 and
3
select on and specific t r a i n i n g a f t e r
being selected f o r STS. This t r a i n i n g
2301 (given i n 1979) and the premission adequately met the objective o f pro-
medical b r i e f i n March, 1981. This viding the crewembers with the know-
prolonged time i n t e r v a l should not be ledge and s k i l l s t o respond t o i n f l i g h t
encountered f o r future STS crews illnesses, injuries and medical
emergencies .
T8bb 7-2 Table 7-3
STS-1 CREW MEDICAL TRAINING PREMISSION MEDICAL BRIEFING
VITAL SIGNS: Pulor. BIood R.aws. Trmp.ntun. Respi. SOMS-A: Dir;uEdon of EMK and M J K amteaits. drug
ratow Rate. Pupil Size and Reaction map. use of tho Medical Ch.ddist md
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: recording of prtinnt medml findings.
AND TREATMENT REVIEW: Review of the procedures !imd in Tsbk 2
EYE - Ophthalmoscopy. Lid Eveion. F m i g n A N T I 4 SUIT: R e v h of the Operation and Use of the AGS.
l3ody Reaction and Trsament. Flucrm- R W ~ W of A m & Flight Ruh 13-20
win Staining regarding donning and use of AGS for entry.
EAR - Otoscopy TOXICOLOGY: Discussion of rymptoms and signs of toxic
NOSE - Control of N w Bleeds exposums Use of POS iftoxic fumM
THROAT - Exuninatlon. Oral Airway lnrsrtion noted Rouiew of possible toxic exporum
AUSCULTATION - Heart. Lung. and Bowel Sounds during egms.
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES: Om-man CPR. Heimlirh Mantuver, Cri- PRIVATE MEDICAL Discussion of pwpog of Priuam Modid
mthvrotomy COMMUNICATIONS: CommuniGaionr and tvws of information
HEMORRHAGE CONTROL: Direct Prrrrun. Prouun Points. mquested.
fwmiqmts, Presvre Bandaging AEROMED FLIGHT Review of Ri@t ruler. particularly thosa
BANDAGING: E x m e t i a s . Chest. Abdomen RULES: dealing with EVA p r e h t h i n g . Privm
SPLINTING: Neck. Fingers. Upper and Lower Medial Communications and AGS use on
Extmatmt entry.
30
37
31
Tabte 8-1
WARNING "Cortisporin otic suspension, 10-ml
* Indicates item to be used botde, 1
only after Surgeon wprov- (MBK F1-12)
al or as directed in C/L Cotton Ball, 6
(EMK C1-2)
Ace handage, 3 in. wide, 1 Cricothyrotomy setup, 1
/EMK C1-4)
(MBK €2-5)
"Actified, 30 t-
"Dalmane, 15 mg. 12 caps
(MBK 01-11
Adapzic bandage, 3x3 in., 3 (MBK D1-5)
*hadron. 4 mg/cc. l-cc unit, 3
(MBK EZ3)
"Afrin nasal spray 15-ml bottle, 2 (EMK A23,4,5)
(MBK F1-1.2) +Dernerol, 25 mg/cc, 2-ec unit, 2
Alcohol wipe, 8 (MBK El-7); 5 (EMK A2-14,15)
(EMK Bl-51 Dermicel tape, 1 in. wide, 1 roll
"Aminophylline suppository 500 mg 8 (MBK E141
(MBK D2-9) 'Dexedrine. 5 mg,10 tabs
+Ampicillin. 250 mg, 30 caps (MBK 01-21
(MBK D1-6) *Digoxin, 0.25 mg, 20 tabs
Anusol-HC cream, 28-gm tube. 1 (MBK 02-10)
(MBK F1-6) *Donnatal, 30 tabs
*Armnine 10 mg/cc, 1-cc unit, 2 (MBK 01-31
(EMK A1-2,3! Drape, sterile, 1
Aspirin, 5 grain, 30 tabs (EMK 82-31
(MBK 02-14] *Dulcolax 5 mg, 10 tabs
*Atropine, 0.4 mglcc 2-cc unit, 3 (M6K D2-12)
(EMK A1-7,8,9)
*Epinephrine, 1:1000, l-cc unit, 3
Bandaid 1x3 in., 10 (EMK A14.5.6)
(MBK El-18) *Erythromycin, 250 rng, 30 caps
+Benadryl, 25 mg, 20 caps (MBK D1-7)
(MBK D2-11 Eye Pad. 3
+Benadryl. 50 mg/cc, 1-cc unit, 2 (MBK €2-2)
(EMK Al-1, AZ-6)
Benzoin swab, 5 Finger splint. 1
(MBK €1-91 (MBK El-9)
Betadine (Povidonelodine) ointment Fuorescein strip, 4
1 0 2 . tube, 1 (EMK C2-8)
(MBK El-5) Foley catheter, No. 12 Fr., with
Betadine wipe, 4 (MBK El-7); 4 30.a. balloon, 1
(EMK el-5) (MBK F2-3)
Binocular Loupe
(MBK F2-2) Gauze, 3 in. wida, 1 roll
Blistex lip balm, 2 (MBK €1-5)
(MBK F1-11) rdoves, sterile, 1 pair
Blue filter for penlight, 1 (EMK C2-61
(EMK (22-81
BP cuff and sphygmomanometer, 1 Halotex cream, 30-gm tube, 1
(EMK Cl-11 (MBK F1-71
33
Table 8-1 (Continued)
34
i &le 8-1 {Con$ruedl
Throat lorengrs, Cepacol, 12 Urine T i s t Package, i
(MBK 01-91 (EMK 82-21
Tongue depressor, 5 Chrmtrip-7 (13 strips totel)
iEMK C2-21 Color Chart
Toohache Kit, 1
(MBK E 2 4 *Valium, 5 mg, 20 t a b
Eugenol dental anesthetic drops (M6K D1-13)
Tweeters Valium, 5 mglcc, 2-cc unit. 2
Cotton pellets (EMK A2-12.13)
Cavit tube (temporary dental *Vistaril,50 mg/cc, 2-cc unit, 1
filling)
(EMK A2-17)
Tournitpa:, 1
*Xylocaine, 296 with Epinephrine
(EMK C1-2)
Triangular bandaae, 1 1:lOO.WO. ?aunit, 1
(EMK A2-10)
(NIB# F2-3)
*Xylocaine, 2% without Epmaplirine,
Tubex injector, 1
(EMK 81-21 2 - c ~unit. 1
(EMK A2-11)
Tubing, IV, without drip chamber, 1
(EMK 61-81
*Tylenol No. 3, 20 tabs
(MBK D1-14)
35
PRECEDING PAGE BUNK NOT FILMED N82-15719 38
37
Crew Cardiovascular Profile
Michael W. Bungo, M.D. 10
Section I Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Responses
Tine Orbital F l i g h t Test (OFT) program and landing phases o f the mission.
was designed t o v e r i f y the operation o f
the Space Shuttle systems. Cremembers A f t e r O r b i t e r egress, t h e crew was met
are an i n t e r g a l p a r t o f t h i s system. by a physician who performed a physical
They are responsible f o r niuch o f the examination which i n c l u d e d a "stand"
r e a l - t i m e in f l i g h t procedures, and t e s t as a means o f o r t h o s t a t i c provoca-
during OFT-1 were direct p a r t i c i p a n t s i n tion. The heart r a t e was monitored
t h e landing o f Colrmrbia. The hardware c o n t i n u o u s l y by ECG and t h e b l o o d
oriented t i m e l i n e o f STS-1 l e f t l i t t l e p r e s s u r e o b t a i n e d by t h e s t a n d a r d
opportunity f o r medical research so t h a t cuff/auscul t a t o r y method each minute f o r
cardiovascular data was acquired i n a a t o t a l o f t e n minutes. During t h e
purely operational mode. f i r s t f i v e minutes the creman was a t
supine r e s t and during the l a s t f i v e
minutes he was required t o stand u p r i g h t
Results and Discussion without other wwement. This stand t e s t
protocol was repeated three days a f t e r
The two man crew o f Colunbia consisted the f l i g h t (L+3).
of a p i l o t (PLT) and copnlander (CDR).
Data c o l l e c t i o n was i d e n t i c a l f o r both. G p r o f i l e s (gravitational force) f o r
ascent showed a maximun o f approximately
Twelve days p r i o r t o launch (F-12) a 2.5 g and f o r entry a maximun o f 1.6 g.
graded-treadmil 1 exercise t e s t (GTETT) Although not the dominent feature, t h e G
was performed t o 80% o f a previously forces affected the e n t r y heart r a t e
predicted maximum heart rate. Heart p r o f i l e o f both crewnen.
rate, blood prer sure, and e l ectrocardi o-
gram were recorded. Respiratory par- Maximum heart rates during the ascent
ameters were not recorded due t o equip- phase occurred a t l i f t - o f f w i t h smaller
ment mal f u n c t i o n . A ''stand" t e s t peaks o c c u r r i n g d u r i n g s o l i d r o c k e t
(described below) was also performed a t booster separation, external tank sepa-
t h a t time. r a t i o n , and a t 20 minutes i n t o t h e
time1 i n e (no event c o r r e l a t i o n was
Upon entering the spacecrafc p r i o r t o applicable t o t h i s l a s t p o i n t ) .
1aunch, t h e crewmembers were in s t r u -
mented with a three lead electrocardio- Maximum heart rates occurred w i t k i ? the
graphic I E C G ) cable. One l e a d was f i r s t f i v e minutes a f t e r wheel touch-
placed a t the manubrium, a second lead down.
was placed below the l e f t nipple near
the apex o f the heart, and the t h i r d Results of the "stand" t e s t done a t
lead, f u n c t i o n i n g as a ground, was F-12, L+O, and L+3 showed t h a t both
placed on the r i g h t chest. Electro- crewmen e x h i b i t e d s i m i l a r p a t t e r n s .
cardiographic data was monitored con- Heart r a t e rose as the crewman assuned a
tinuously during the launch phase and standing posture, however the degree o f
through o r b i t a l i n s e r t i o n exceDt f o r r i s e was greatest imnedlately a f t e r the
those times when ground system tracking f l i g h t (L+O). Systolic blood pressure
was not availble, ( l o s s o f signal - would r i s e d u r i n g o r t h o s t a t i c s t r e s s
LOS) . No ECG moni towing was done during when the crew was adapted t o (F-12) o r
readapted t o (L+3) Earth g r a v i t y b u t
the routine, on-orbit, " s h i r t sleeve"
environment o f t h e S h u t t l e m i s s i o n . f e l l i n b o t h crewmen when t h e y had
P r i o r t o re-entry, the crew once again become adapted t o the zero-g environment
donned t h e biomedical harness ( E C G o f space (L+O).
c a b l e ) and t h e e l e c t r o c a r d i o g r a p h f c
signal was monitored through the entry
39
Concluding Remarks expected t o o c c u r w i t h i n t h i s t i m e
frame. By the t h i r d day post-mission,
The 1i m i ted cardiovascular data acquired these changes had resolved.
from the f l i g h t o f STS-1 allows several
statements. F i r:t, there are def inab1e The f l i g h t of STS-1 produced no l a s t i n g
p o i n t s i n t h e n i i s s i o n w h i c h produce a1 t e r a t i o n s o f cardiovascular fur,ction
c a r d i o v a s c u l a r s t r e s s as measured by i n the cremembers. Evidence o f adapta-
h e a r t r a t e response. Secondly, t h e ti on t o wei g h t l essness ( known previously
"stand" t e s t i n both t h e PLT and CDR as deconditioning) was seen b u t d i d not
show evidence f o r a r e l a t i v e hypovolemia a f f e c t mission operations. C1 i n i c a l
and perhaps a r e s e t t i n g o f a r t e r i a l changes were noted i n blood pressure and
regulation. This s i t u a t i o n has become heart r a t e on r e t u r n t o Earth g r a v i t y
known as " d e c o n d i t i o n i n g ' and was and are consistent with readaptation.
40
SIMULATED BLOOD PRESSURE RESPONSE
-
DURING STS 1 REENTRY
110
90
70
130
110
O B V = 0%
-6
90 Y + -
I
-16
70
50
2
I I I
0
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 TD
Figure 101
41
deemed appropriate t o comply with crew Perhaps t h i s discrepancy i s due t o
requests t h a t the a n t i - 6 s u i t be worn differences i n autonmic control mechan-
and i n f l a t e d only upon recognition o f isms (baroreceptors, etc. 1 which r?spond
symptoms r a t h e r than prophylactic miquely. Data supporting the l a t t e r
in f l a t i on. statement are not available. Each crew-
mar;!w l o s t 3 pounds o f body weight
between t h e p r e f l i g h t and p o s t f l i g h t
Results and Discussion physical. I f t h i s were e n t i r e l y dtie t o
a s f n g l e compartment f l u i d loss, i t
I n a c t u a l i t y , the crew o f Sl'S-1 r e o r t e d would represent a 22% loss o f blood
no symptanology r e f e r r a b l e t o t e G
load which was experienced, and the$
R volune, or an 8% loss o f e x t r a c e l l u l a r
fluid. Since b l o o d volume was n o t
wore b u t d i d n o t i n f l a t e t h e i r a n t i 4 measured d i r e c t l y , i t can o n l y b e
suits. assumed t h a t the t r u e value l i e s between
these numbers.
Figure 10-3, bottom graph, again repeats
the STS-1 G p r o f i l e . The top graph i n
the same f i g u r e i s a computer simulatioii
of the heart r a t e response t o t h i s G
p r o f i l e a t OX, 8X, and 16% losses 0 )
b l o o d v o l ume. Superimposed on t h i s
l a t e r graph are t h e actual heart r a t e
responses o f t h e STS-1 crew. The con-
clusion i s t h a t the actual and simulated
I
data f o r an e i g h t percent decrease i n
.
:
0 i
b l o o d volume t r a c k v e r y w e l l u n t i l i
approximately e i g h t m i n u t e s b e f o r e
landing. A t t h i s p o i n t i n time, t h e t;
actual curve more closely approximates a
s i x t e e n p e r c e n t (16%) l o s s i n b l o o d
10 .. A
42
HEART RATE RESPONSE DURING STS - 1 REENTRY
140
...e.
CREWMAN A
920
-
*-a=* CREWMAN 6
SIMULATION
100
80
60
0
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 TD
43
STS - 1 MEASURED VERSUS SIMULATED RESPONSES TO STAND TEST
B.P. SUPINE
140 I
0 B.P. STANDING
0 HEARTRATE
STS
PREFLIGHT POSTFLIGHT
Figure 104
0
PREFLIGHT
SlMU LATION
B.P. SUPINE
i
-15
0 RP. STANDING
0 HEARTRATE
J
B
PRE f L IGHT
J
POST FLIGHT
Figure 105
\
0
\
PREFLIGHT
-5
SIMULATION
- 10
BV 1%)
i
-15
44
Concluding Remarks t h e i r own s p e c i f i c s . As f l i g h t duration
increases, additional e f f e c t s of c a r d i o-
The a n t i 4 s u i t has proved t o be a vascul a r "deconditioning" may contr itrute
r a t h e r simp1e y e t re1a t i v e l y e f f e c t i v e f u r t h e r t o G intolerance. As f l i g h t
device f o r increasing tolerance t o +G, crews become more varied i n respect t o
acceleration. t h e i r backgrounds ( physical condition-
The STS-1 f l i g h t p r o f i l e produced no i n g , sex, age, f l i g h t h i s t o r y ) , a
o p e r a t i o n a l l y s i c j 2 i f i c a n t a1t e r a t i o n s i n greater v a r i e t y o f responses t o s i m i l a r
G tolerance. Future missions which may G loads w i l l be encountered. Overall,
have d i f f e r e n t G p r o f i l e s because o f countermeasures ( a n t i -G sui t or
d i f f e r i n g pay1 oh w e i g h t s o r t r a j e c - otherwise) are l i k e l y t o p l a y a l a r g e r
t o r i e s w i l l need t o be reassessed with r o l e i n f u t u r e space f l i g h t s .
45
PRECEDING PAGE BLANK NOT FILMED
Biochemistry and Endocrinoiogy Results
Carolyn S. Leach, R.D. 11
The biochemi str: and e n d o c r i no1ogy t e n s i n I (ANGIP I), aldosterone (ALDO),
s t u d i e s f o r S T S - 1 were conducted t o c o r t i s o l , thyroxine (T4), t r i i o d o t h y r o
provide data which, when integrated w i t h
i n f o r m a t i o n from o t h e r medical d i s -
(Tj) i n s u l i n , and growth hormone (HGH) .
c i p l i n e s , permit an objective assessment Table 11-1 gives the methods and estab-
o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l crewman's h e a l t h . l i s h e d astronaut noma1 range for each
Additionally, the data c o l lected during parameter studied.
t h e p r e f l i g h t phase o f t h e S h u t t l e
mission provided baseline information B1 ood (plasma o r serum) b i o c h e m i s t r I
f o r the medical team i n detecting and fitrdings show p o s t f l i p h t decreases belGw
identifying postflight physiological p r e f l i g h t r i n d i n q s f o r u r i c acid,
changes which may have resulted from t r i g l y c e r i b s , dnd AST. Postili g h t
exposure t o the space f l i g h t environ- increases above p r e f l i g h t values were
ment. The r e s u l t s o f these tert.5 not observed i n g l ucose, chol esterol , BUN,
only helped i n the c l i n i c a l assessment c a l c i un phosphate, angiotensi n I, a1do-
o f the crerman b u t also provided data sterone, i n s u l i n , T3, T4, HGH, ACTH, and
not previously acquired on men r e t u r n i n g GGTP. The LDH increase was predomin-
from 2 days i n space. a n t l y t h e LO5 band r e s u l t i i i g i n a
p a t t e r n i n which t h e f i r s t t w o bands
were r e l a t i v e l y lower than normal. In
Results and Discussion general, except f o r dramatic c l i n i c a l
conditions, isoenzyne patterns are o f
Analyses were performed on venous blood l i t t l e value i n i d e n t i f y i n g the t i s s u e
three times before the mission; 30, 10, r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e i n c r e a s e d serum
and 2 days before l i f t - o f f (F-30, -10, values. Several parameters f o r t h e 2
-2). P o s t f l i g h t blood was drawn as soon crewmen d i d n o t change c o n s i s t e n t l y .
as possible a f t e r landing ( R t O ) and 3 However, these are a l l i n areas which
days l a t e r (Rt3). A l l blood samples i n d i c a t e s t a t e o f h y d r a t i G n and t h e
were obtained f a s t i n g except the R t O imlnediate p o s t f l i g h t a c t i v i t y p r i o r t o
sampl e. blood sampl es bei ng acquired.
D u r i n g t h e p r e f l i g h t and p o s t f l i g h t The t e s t r e s u l t s o f STS-1 crewnen were
periods, the crew consuned the d i e t o f s i m i l a r t o the findings on recovery o f
t h e i r choosing, b u t followed the pro- previous space f l i g h t crews (30, 31).
v i d e d SI . t t l c d i e t d u r i z g f l i g h t .
F1 u i ds were avail ab1e when desi red. Weight l o s s has been a nearly universai
f i n d i n g a f t e r exposure t o weightless-
Analyses on the blcod (plasma o r serum) ness. The weight loss on t h i s f l i g h t
samples included: glucgse (G1 u), cho- was 3 l b s f o r each crevman. By 3 days
1esterol ( Chol 1 , g l utar! t c cxa?oaceti c p o s t f l i g h t , both crewnevi had begun t o
transaminase ( A L T ) , g l utamic pyruk i c r e t u r n t o p r e f l i g h t weights. The post-
transami nase ( AST 1, blood urea nitrogen f l i g h t plasma r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t body
( BUN 1 , tcric acid , a1 kal ine phosphatase f l uids and e l e c t r o l y t e s were decreased
( A I k Phos), c a l c i urn (Ca) , magnesi um on r e t u r n t o normal g r a v i t y and t h a t a
(Mg), inorganic phosphate (PO ), 5 i l i r - process o f conservation by t h e body had
ubin t o t a l ( B i l i T I , creatinin'b (Creat), been i n i t i a t e d by the time o f the f j r s t
t o t a l creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and p o s t f l i g h t blood sample. This pracess
isoenzymes , t o t a l 1a c t i c dehydrogenase i s shown i n p a r t i c u l a r by the e l e c t r o -
(LDH) and isoentymes, osmol a1 it y l y t e concentrations, angiotensin I and
(Osmol ) , sodi urn ( N a ) , p o t a s s i um ( K ) ,
chloride ( C l ) , triglycerides ( T r i g l y ) ,
a1 dosterone r e s u l t s . The increased BUN
p o s t f l i g h t i s futher evidence o f a body
7-91 utomyl transpeptidase (GGTP), adren- f l u i d d e f i c i t . The u r i c acid and potas-
o c o r t i c o t r o p i c hormone ( ACTP) , angio- sium decreased p o s t f l i g h t have been
47
observed previously. The u r i c a c i d i s t h e c o n d i t i o n imposed by t h e space
believed t o be a t t r i b u t e d t o the f a i l u r e f l i g b t three days a f t e r landing, t h e
i n the renal mechanism responsible f o r l a s t blood sample obtained a f t e r t h e
the r e t u r n o f the metabolite t o the sys- m i ssion.
temic c i r c u l a t i o n . Plasma p o t a s s i urn
decreases r e f l e c t t h e potassium l o s s
from the body during f l i g h t , perheps as Concluding Remarks
a resul t o f a1dosterone increases.
In summary, t h e b i o c h t n i s t r y r e s u l t s
The serun i n d i c a t o r s o f stress appeared r e f l e c t a response t o the s p a c e - f l i g h t
t o c o n s i s t e n t l y indicat; hormonal conditions which have been previously
response t o the mission variables. This observed. This causes one t o suggest
was evidenced b y each p i t u i t a r y and t h a t special a t t e n t i o n should be g i v e 1
adrenal hormone measured. t o the f l u i d and e l e c t r o l y t e i n t a k e i n
t h e a s t r o n ? i t s so t h a t homeostatic
During the p o s t f l i g h t t e s t i n g period, perturbations are not consequential. The
the measurements which could r e l a t e t o detenni nation o f twenty -four h u r u r i n e
d i e t and streqs generally returned t o e l e c t r o l y t e and hormone concentration
p r e f l i g h t vir_]u s . The hormones whic:i would be o f s i g n i f i c a n t volune i n the
respond t o f l u i d and e l e c t r o l y t e imbal- assessment o f the adaptation process.
ance continued t o i n d i c a t e a response t o
Table 1 I - I
ASTPONAU T
PARAMETER ME THODIREFERENCE NORMAL RANG€
~~~ ~ ~ _ _ __ _ _ _ ~ ~~ ~
lUiL 26-85
iUlL *l&
% 1940
s 21-42
% 10-235
% 2-14
% 4-235
lUlL 0 4 7 IM)
8-351F)'
lUlL 7-170
MM IUlL 4-187
MB lUlL 0-9
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone !U/ML '=I R I A double antibody: solid pl-am 0.1-9.7
(TSHI
Adrrocwticonophic Hormone PGIML '=I RIA single atb:ihxlv; charcoal mparotic.1 0.78.1
(ACTH'
49
PECEDiNG PAGE BLANK NOT Film 1R82-15722 q/
Hematological and immunological Analyses
Gerald R. Taylor, Ph.D. 12
Hematological and inmunological analyses Results and Discussioli
were conducted on the primary and backup
cremembers of STS-1 so t h a t body- The analyses conducted on the c e l l u l a r
f u n c t i o n values necessary f o r t h e b l o o d components o f t h e p r i m a r y and
o b j e c t i v e assessment of t h e h e a l t h backup crewembers indicated t h a t f o r
status of the crew before launch azd t h e one-month p e r i o d p r e c e d i n g t h e
i n m e d i a t e l y s f t e r f l i g h t c o u l d be flight, there were no unusual v a r i a t i o n s
evaluated by the medical s t a f f . Blood i n t h e c e l l u l a r blood cmponents o f the
samples were c o l 1ected by venipuncture creunembers. However, there were a1t e r -
from t h e t w o prime and two backup ations i n both o f t h e primary crew-
crewembers 30, 10, and 2 days before members a f t e r the f l i g h t .
fli g h t (F-30, F-10, F-2 respectively).
Addi tionall y , blood sampl es were c o l - The day o f landing, both crewembers
lectea from the t w o prime crewembers exhibited an apparent increase i n t h e
d i r e c t l y after landing and again 3 days erythrocyte count. Thi s was accompanied
l a t e r ( L a , L+3, respectively). Further by a s l i g h t decrease i n the mean corpus-
specifications are given i n " C l i n i c a l c u l a r volune (MCV), an increase i n t h e
L a b o r a t o r y Support P1 an f o r O r b i t a l hematocrit, and an unchanged r e t i c u l o-
F l i g h t Test (OFT) Missions, JSC-14374." cytes production index. Our previous
spaceflight experience m u 1d i n d i c a t e
To obtain useful data, the following t h a t there are a t l e a s t t w o f a c t o r s
constraints were observed. working simul taneously. -The previously
reported f l u i d s h i f t i s r e f l e c t e d i n the
A 14-hour f a s t i n g preceded a l l blood elevated hematocrit which would i n d i c a t e
withdrawals with the exception o f the a loss o f f l u i d from t h e peripheral
immediate p o s t f l i g h t !L+O) which was blood. This, o f course, wuld cancel
collected before ar?y p o s t f l i g h t i n - o u t the apparent increase i n erythro-
take of food o r d r i n k (except water). cytes so t h a t the absolute nunber would
remain the same. Secondly, t h e pre-
Alcoholic beverages were not consuned v i o u s l y r e p o r t e d r e d c e l l mass loss
f o r a minimun o f 14 hours preceding would be r e f l e c t e d i n the decreased MICV,
blood sampl ing . i n d i c a t i n g t h a t ( i n t h i s case a t l e a s t )
the loss i s due t o a decrease i n the
Blood Lampling occurred as the f i r s t s i z e of erythrocytes r a t h e r than a
scheduled a c t i v i t y during the exam- decrease i n the nunber. It i s sugges-
i n a t i o n period and was performed as t i v e t h a t even t h i s volune loss could be
early i n the morning as possible. a t t r i b u t e d t o a f l u i d imbalance as the
The L+O sampl e was not collected upon mean corpuscul a r hemoglobi n remained the
a r i s i n g and therefore i s not s t r i c t l y same.
analogous w i t h the other sampl es.
The above in t e r p r e t a t i c n is 1a r g r l y
Cell u l a r immunoloqy analyses were con- supported by careful analysis o f the
m t e d on blood c o l l e c t e d w i t h sodiun apparent 1eukocytosi s exhibited by both
hepari n whereas ethy: ene d i ami ne t e t r a - the creunembers a f t e r the f l i g h t . The
acetic acid (EDTA) iii: the anti-coagu- d2ta are suggestive t h a t , due t o the
l a n t of choice f o r the c e l l u l a r hma- f l u i d loss, there was a c t u a l l y no change
tology measurements (Figure 12-1). Hum- i n the absolute neutrophil count (which
oral evaluations were conducted on serum was responsible f o r the apparent leuko-
from-standard c l o t tubes. I n a l l cases, c y t o s i s ) , and t h a t there was an absolute
v a c u t a i n e r (TM) tJbes were used f o r decrease i n the nunber o f lymphocytes.
blood c o l l e c t i o n . T h i s phenomenon i s o f importance i n
51
evaluating the c e l l u l a r immunologv data Concluding Remarks
which are discussed l a t e r .
A1 t e r a t i o n s i n t h e p e r i p h e r a l b l o o d
Analyses were a l so conducted on the components were noted t h o t can be v a r i -
humoral blood components o f the primary ously explained. The explanatton m s t
and backup cremembers. As w i t h the consistent with previously reported
c e l l u? a r components, the der4 ved vai ues f i n d i n g s i s t h a t t h e r e was a phase
demonstrate t h a t f o r t h e one-motrth imbalance which resulted i n II r e l a t i v e
period preceding the f l i g h t , there were decrease i n flu i d vol me. Concmi t a n t
no unusual v a r i a t i o n s among any of the with t h i s f l u i d imbalance there i s also
four crewnembers. The major p o s t f l i g h t evidence t o support an absolute decrease
a c t i v i t y o f i n t e r e s t was t h e s l i g h t i n mean erythrocyte volune, a peripher-
increase i n t o t a l serun proteins o f both i a l lymphopenia, and a marked decrease
prime crewnembers. This would not be i n blastogenic response o f lymphocytes
unexpected accompanying a 1oss of f l uid. t o --i n v i t r o mitogenic challenge.
Addi t i o n a l l y , t h e r e were s p o r a t i c
changes i n the p o s t f l i g h t concentration BLOOD DlSfRlBUTlON
of IgA, ceruloplasmin, and complement
f a c t o r 4. The significance o f these CR EWMEMBERS
occasional a1 t e r a t i o n s cannot be
explained a t this tine.
Cell-Imnunological A c t i v i t y : Lynpho-
cytes extracted from crew blood samples COLLECTION
were reacted w i t h the mitogen phyto-
hemegglutinin (PHA) t o assess the compe-
tence o f the i n v i t r o immune response.
A f t e r a sui tab- m a t i o n period, the
b l a s t o g e n i c respocse was measured by
detenrining the incorporation o f radio-
L
active thymidine i n t o newly formed DNA.
These data show that there was a s i g n i f -
i c a n t ( p < 0.01) decrease i n the a b i l i t y
of 1ymphoTytes t o respond t o mitogenic
assault p o s t f l l g h t . Further, these data
show t h a t the deviation i s only min-
imally recovered by 3 days a f t e r land- HUMORAL
ing. I t i s not c l e a r a t t h i s p o i n t HEMATOLOGY
whether t h i s phenomenon was due t o the
r e l a t i v e lymphopenia discussed above or Figure 12-1
a decrease i n the a c t i v i t y potential o f
i ndi vidual c e l l s .
Medical Microbiology of Crewmembers
Duane L. Pierson, Ph.D.
53
ORIGINAL PAGE IS
OF PCC3 QUALITY
800 ~
00,:
600
500
ea
E
y o
0
300
200
100
0
A F4 F-1 L+O
Figure 13-1
800
500
m
E
5400
u.
u
300
200
100
54
crews. All personnel coming i n t o c l o s e Table 13-2 identifies the p o t e n t i a l l y
contact w i t h crewembers were designated p a t h o g e n i c m i c r o o r g a n i sms i s o l a t e d
as primary contacts. The Microbiology inside the spacecraft and indicates the
laboratory determined the immune s t a t u s
of the primary contacts who had no his-
location o f i s o l a t i c n .
aureus was the only medically fmportant
-
StaDhYlOCOCCUS
t o r y o f the following three i n f e c t i o u s b a c t e r i a1 sDeci es i s9l a t e d (F-37
v i r a l diseases: rubella, rubeola, and sampling) from’ the soacecraft during the
munpc. Antibody titers f o r one or more mission. However, many d i f f e r e n t
of these three viruses were determined p o t e n t i a l l y p a t h o g e n i c f u n g i were
on 590 primary contacts. T h i s resulted
i n 1078 i n d i v i d u a l ant5body t i t e r
determinations. +
i s o l a t e d from the Orbiter’s surfaces.
Asper illus was the predominant fungal
genus so eted from the Orbiter, b u t the
gepera , Dreschsl ers , R o d a t o r u l a ,
Tricho oron and Geotrichum were a l s o
Spacecraft M i crobi 01ogy
~ 3 h i T a be l~ 3 - 2 ) . h e quanti-
The microbiology sampl i n g k i t s were t a t i o n o f a1 1 microorganisms i s o l a t e d
u t i l i z e d t o o b t a i n samples from the a r e shown i n Table 13-3. Generally, low
spacecraft. Calcium a l g i n a t e swabs were n u n b e y s of microorganisms were i s o l a t e d
used t o sample twenty p r e d e s i g n a t e d from the Orbiter surfaces. Some b u i l d u p
surface sites located i n the i n t e r i o r o f i n t o t a l microorganisms was observed
the Orbiter a t F-37, F-4, F-1, and L+O during the f l i g h t , p a r t i c u l a r l y a t s i t e
as specified i n the Microbial Contam- 14 (wall near t r a s h container - f l i g h t
i n a t i o n Control Plan. A trained deck) and t o a lesser extent a t sites 7
Rockwell International technician ( w a t e r dispenser) and 1 6 (window 8
conducted the actual sampl i ng procedures gasket).
i n the presence o f a q u a l i t y control
representative and persomel from the The spacecraft environment was further
JSC Microbiology Laboratoy . The des- eval uated by col 1ecti ng and analyzi ng
a i r samples from the mid and f l i g h t
ignated sample area 125 cm ) was sampled
w i t h two moist calcium Glginate swabs. decks. Samples were taken a t F-37, F-4,
One swab was placed i n t r y p t i c a s e soy F-1, and L+O; the q u a n t i t a t i v e results
broth (TSB) f o r recovery o f bacteria; a r e shown i n Figures 13-1 and 13-2. A
the other swab was placed i n y e a s t malt rather s i g n i f i c a n t increase i n the “ltal
broth (YMP) w i t h a n t i b i o t i c f o r f u n g i number o f microorgani sms r e c o v e r e d
i s o l a t ’ w . The spacecraft samples were ( b a c t e r i a and f u n g i occurred between
i n x u l a t e d o n t o the media l i s t e d i n the F-4 and F-1 sampling periods. A
Table 13-1, and the microorganisms were five-fold increase i n t o t a l nunber of
identified a s previously described. airborne microorgani sms occurred d u r i n g
t h i s tive i n t e r v a l . The source o f the
The microbial content of the a i r i n the sharp increase i n airborne contaminants
Orbiter was determined by using a small was unknown. The analyses a t L+O showed
hand-he1 a c e n t r i f ugal ai r sampler. I t an i n c r e a s e i n a i r b o r n e c o n t a m i n a n t s
i s d Sel f-contained i nstrunent requi ring compared t o the values obtained a t F-37
m i n i m u n maintenance. The cabin a i r was ana F-4. However, the values repre-
drawn i n t o the drun by an impleller sented a decrease from the F-1 f i n d i n g s .
blade assembly, and the microorgani sms This indicates t h a t airborne contamin-
present i n the a i r impinged upon the ants decreased du:ing the f l i g h t , b u t
x r f a c e of a flexible agar strip l i r ’ q g the abnormally high Val ues imnediately
t h e inside o f the drun. The a g a r c s t r i p p r i o r t o f l i g h t made c o n t a m i n a t i o n
was incubated for 48 hours a t 25 C f o r
l e v e l s d u e t o crew a c t i v i t y d u r i n g
bacterial quantitation. Incubation was f l i g h t d i f f i c u l t t o discern.
continued and the colonies of fungi were
quantitated a t seven days.
55
Table 13-1 S h u t t l e Food Acceptance
MICROBIOLOGICAL MEDIA
Random samples of a l l f o o d stowed
DILUTION onboard f o r t h e S T S - 1 f l i g h t were
SAMPLE MEDIA PLATES RANGE analyzed by the Microbioloey Laboratory
CREW t o assure t h a t f l i g h t foods were w i t h i n
Nose and Throat e s t a b l i s h e d m i c r o b i a1 1 i m i t s . Non-
Blood agar 2 100 thermostabil ized foods were screened f o r
1 100
s p e c i f i c microorgani sms , and the ther-
MacConkey
mostabilized foods were subjected t o a
Manitol Salts 1 100 s e r i e s o f m i c r o b i a l t e s t procedures.
Chocolate The v a r i o u s t e s t procedures and
Bacitracin 100 requirements f o r b o t h n o n - s t a b i l i z e d
CMMY~ 100 f w d s and thermostabil ized foods have
been established by the NASA. Table
SABb 100 1 3 - 4 summarizes t h e m i c r o b i a l t e s t
czc 100 procedures and the acceptable 1i m i t s f o r
Urine both classes of foods. No food samples
Blood agar 2 100 s u b m i t t e d t o t h e 1a b o r a t o r y f a i l e d
acceptance standards.
102
Masonkey 1 100
Manitol Salts 1 100 C ond u d ing Rem arks
Chocolate The M i c r o b i o l o g y L a b o r a t o r y p r o v i d e d
Bacitracin 100 technical expertise and a n a l y t i c a l ser-
CMMY 100 vices f o r a v a r i e t y o f tasks i n support
SAB 100
Table 13-2
cz 100
SAMPLE PnTENTlA L ORBITER
Feces PERIOD PATHOGEN LOCATION
GN Brothd 100 F-37 &Ieraillus WCS handle
MacConkey 100 Dre&tkr@ hmaii.n* Air supply vent. flight deck
StsPhvlococeuS a m Wall. flight deck
Manitol Salts 100 Window @et
Control stick. pilot
Hektoen 100
F-1 9:NdoWi Urtno cdlection device
CMMY 100 Commode met, underside
WCS handle
s4f\ 100 Air supply vent, f l g h t deck
CL
-
A. fb Commode saat
SPALECRAF'I' WCS handle
100 Window gasket
Biood agar 1 Data file case
102
Madonkey 1 100 --
A. aculeatur Air supply vant (WCS)
Air supply a n t , f l g h t deck
102
3 100
-
A. Control stick, ptlot
CMMY RadatorulQ mbr. Air supply vent. flight deck
Trichosporon cutaneum Window gasket
56
o f STS-1. The 1aboratory' s o b j e c t i v e pathogens were i s o l a t e d from the crews'
was t o implement an effective microbial specimens b u t not i n sufficient quan-
contamination control plan i n support of tities t o impact t h i s mission. The
the overall goal which was t o maintain s p a c e c r a f t was sampled pre and p o s t
the health and s a f e t y of the crew. An l a u n c h t o determine t h e i n i t i a l
a c t i v e s u r v e i l l a n c e program i s an m i c r o b i a l c o n t a m i n a t i o n level and t o
indispensable component o f a good con- a s s e s s the b u i l dup o f microorganisms
tamination control pl an. The survei 1- during the fl ight. Q u a n t i t a t i v e Val ues
1 ance program c o n s i s t e d o f microbi a1 f o r t o t a l microorganisms per sample site
monitoring o f the f l i g h t crews (prime were r e l a t i v e l y low both pre and post-
and backup) and the s p a c e c r a f t l a u n c h e x c e p t f o r three s i t e s which
incl udi ng: surfaces, food, a i r, and e x h i b i t e d some microbial b u i l d u p during
water. Samples were obtained from the the f l i g h t . The c i r c u l a t i n g a i r i n the
crews and the Orbiter a t specified times Orbiter displayed a sharp increase i n
and were evaluated by quantitating the the number o f a i r b o r n e b a c t e r i a and
number o f microorgani sms and identify:' ng fungi imnediately p r i o r t o launch. The
the pathogenic and p o t e n t i a l l y patho- origir, of the influx o f airborne contam-
genic microbes. A v a r i e t y of potential i n a n t s i s c u r r e n t l y under study.
Table 13-3
QUAN TIT AT ION^
BACTERIAL FUNGAL
SITE F-37 F-4 F-1 L+O F-37 F-1 L+O
1 < 1 1 0 0 0 < 10 0
2 0 0 0 <IO < 10 <lo
3 < 1 4 30 <lo <1 .loo <lo
4 < 1 0 0 40 <1 40 0
5 4 1 <lo 40 (1 10 40
6 < 1 0 <lo 0 <1 < 10 0
7 < l 2 0 130 <1 0 *lo
8 0 0 0 < 10 0 0 0
9 0 NS NS <lo 0 NS 0
10 0 kS NS 0 0 NS 0
11 0 NS NS 0 0 NS ~ 1 0
1 9 NS NS NS NS NS NS NS
13 1 1 10 10 <1 <lo <lo
14 A 0 20 '10s 0 10 0
15 5 6 30 10 *1 30 20
16 16 2 90 370 <1 40 10
17 1 0 0 < 10 <1 < 10 0
18 < 1 0 0 70 < 1 0 0
19 4 1 < 10 10 0 e10 <lo
20 < 1 1 10 30 0 <lo <lo
21 0 0 < 10 20 0 0 0
57
Microbial monitoring o f the spacecraft spacecraft. Information gained during
d u r i n g t h e OFT phase of t h e Space the early f l i g h t s w i l l make possible t h e
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n System w i 11 produce e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e s p a c e c r a f t cleanup
baseline contamination data which w i l l procedures between fli g h t s and w i l l
allow f o r dc”?rmining the microbial allow f o r appropriate planning f o r the
b u i l d u p t h a t occurs i n a r e u s a b l e subsequent mature missions.
Table 13-4
MICROBIAL TESTING PROCEDURES FOR SHUTTLE FOODS
TEST PROCEDURE ACCEP T A B ~ ELI MIT
Incubation Test No flippers, springers, soft or hard swells
in sample
58
_.
Food and Nutrition
Richard L. Sauer, Rita M. Rapp 14
The objectives of the STS-1 food system Iodine (ug) 130
18
were t o provide a s a f e , n u t r i t i o u s food Iron (mg)
supply w i t h i n the various biomedical , Magnesium (mg) 350
o p e r a t i o n a l , and e n g i n e e r i n g con- Z i nc 15
s t r a i n t s . The food system was desi ned Potassium 70
t o be i n a convenient, acceptable om 9 Sodi um (mEq) 150
which would allow easy manipulation i n
the m i c r o - g r a v i t y environment and In order t o accommodate individual food
require a minimum amount of time and preferences d u r i n g f l i g h t a p a n t r y ,
e f f o r t f o r both preparation and cleanup. which was selected and approved by the
STS-1 crew, was provided t o supplement
the menu. The STS-1 pantry i s shown i n
Results and Discussion Table 14-2. The pur se of the pantry
is t o provide a d d i t p" onal beverages a s
OFT missions will be flown without a well a s s n a c k s and t o serve a s a
galley f o r meal preparation. For these c o n t i n g e n c y food s u p p l y i n c a s e o f
missions an interiln food system i s being emergency. During a nominal mission
used t h a t relies on the types of food pantry items may be exchange.' f o r menu
packaging previously used during Apollo, items. The pantry suppl ies enough food
Skylab, and ASTP. A p o r t a b l e food t o provide approximately 2100 c a l o r i e s
warmer i s being used t o replace the per person f o r 4 days.
oven. In addition t o warming food, i t
i s c a p a b l e of h e a t i n g beverages and Types of foods used on S"S-1 included
hence, replaces the water heater i n the thermostabil ized, rehydratable, i r r a d i -
galley. a t e d , n a t u r a l form, and i n t e r m e d i a t e
moisture. Packages used for individual
The mew used during STS-1 i s shown i n servings i ncl udell the Apollo spoonbowl ,
Table 15-1. A1 though individual menus Sky1ab beverage, b i tesi ze, f l exi bl e foi 1
have been designed and flow- f o r each r e t o r t pouches, a1 uninun and bi-metal1 i c
astronaut on a l l previous U.S. missions, cans, comnerci a1 servi ng-si ze portion
preassembled standard menus providing packets of mustard, catsup, mayonnaise,
three meals and supplying 3000 c a l o r i e s h o t s a u c e , and p o l y e t h y l e n e d r o p p e r
( k i l o c a l o r i e s ) per person per day will b o t t l e s f o r l i q u i d pepper and s a l t .
be used on a l l S h u t t l e flights. The Individual meals were packaged i n single
menu was designed t o m a i n t a i n good meal overwraps, assembled i n 1 o c k e r
n u t r i t i o n and provide a t l e a s t the t r a y s and stowed i n lockers a t NASAfJSC.
following q u a n t i t i e s of each nutrient
each day: Frozen turkey sandwiches were prepared
i n the JSC food f a c i l i t y and shipped t o
Protein 56 KSC. The frozen sandwiches were placed
Vitamin A 5000 i n each a s t r o n a u t ' s suit pocket, along
V i tamin D 4 00 w i t h an 8 02. beverage contairter f i l l e d
Vitamin E 15 w i t h water. -the sandwiches were t o be
Pho syhorus 800 consumed w i t h i n 6 hours o f launch or
Ascorbic Acid 45 d i scardcd.
Fol aci n 400
Ni aci n 18 An in-suit food b a r was a l s o Frovided
R i bofl avin 1.6 f o r each astronaut f o r use i!!case of an
Thiamine 1.4 EVA.
Vi tamin B6 2.0
Vitamin B12 3.0 Preflight food service was provided f o r
Calcium 800 the STS-1 prime and backup crews d u r i n g
Phosphor u s 800 Count Down Demonstration Test (CDDT) and
59
the Health ? a b i l i z a t i o n period. Meals measure i n f l i g h t i u + r i e n t i n t a k e ,
were prepared and served i n the JSC pre- however, t h i s was estimated a f t e r the
f l i g h t food area and the KSC crew quar- mission and i s shown i n Table 14-2. The
ters. Sandwiches and snacks were pro- crew ate breakfast i n the crew quarters
vided postflight f o r the STS-1 crew on a t KSC pririr t o launch. S i x meals were
t h e i r r e t u r n t r i p from Edwards AFB t o eaten by each crewnen during the flight.
E l 1ington AFB . Beverbges dere the only items used from
the pantry t o supplement the menu. The
?he STS-1 food system functioned very frozen sandwiches and i n - s u i t food bar-
well There were no rewirements t o were not ccnsuned. As Table 14-3 i n d i -
Table 14-1
MENU FOR (STS-1)
FOOD ITEM FOOD ITEM FOOD FOOD ITEM FOOD
DAY 1 DAY 2 FORM DAY 3 FORM
8 3
Applesauce (TI Dried peaches (IM)
Dried beef (NF) S a ~ ~ patty
g e (R)
Grai,ola (1’1 Scrambled eggs (R)
Breakfast roll (I) (NF) Cornflakes f R)
Chocolate instant beakfast (B) Cocoa id)
Orwge-grapefruit drink (B) Orange-pineapple drink (6)
L L L
Frankfurters Corned beef (I) Yam (TI
Turkey tetrazrini Asparagus (R) Cheese Spread (TI
Bread (2x1 Rye bread (2x1 (1) (NF) Bread (2x1 (1) (NF)
Bananas Diceti pears (TI Green beans and broccoli (RI
Almond crunch bar Peanuts (NF) Crushed pineapple :TI
Apple drink (2x1 Lemonade (2x1 (8) Shortbread cookies (NF)
Cashah s (NF)
Tea with len:on and sJgar (2x1 (B)
D 0
Shrimp cocktail Beef with barbecue sauce (T)
Beef steak Cauliflower with cheese (RI
Rice pilaf Green beans with mushrooms(R1
Broccoli au gratin Lemon pudding (TI
Fruit locktail Pecan cookies (NF)
Buterscotch puddiqg Cocoa (6)
Grape drink
Concluding Remarks
The crew was complimentary o f the food
system, saying t h a t the q u a l i t y o f food
was good and t h a t the food wanner and
p r e p a r a t i o n equipment itorked w e l l .
READY-TO-EAT NO. REHYDRATABLE N 0. There were no package f a i l ures.
SNACKS FOOD
The only problem associated w i t ! the
STS-I food system was a crew cament
t h a t the pantry packages were d i f f i c u l t
t o remove from the locker tray. This
has been corrected f o r f u t u r e f l i g h t s by
p l a c i n g Velcro on the bottcan o f the tray
t o replace the bungee straps on the t o p
of the tray.
Tabk 14-3
STS-1
ESTIMATED MEAN DAILY INFLIGHT NUTRIENT CONSUMPTION
PER CREWMAN
MEAL CALORIES PROTEIN Qlo FAT CA Phor Na K Mg Fe tn
m m o n p ~ m g m g m g m g m e m o
DAY 1.L 1006 33.7 114.6 45-8 256 521 2368 706 137 i1.4 6.6
0 662 Sa8 83.6 18.6 318 458 1219 754 04 5.6 6.5
2-8 1021 33-1 170.4 22.8 766 804 1180 1418 209 17.8 6.7
L 810 45.9 107.2 22.3 275 476 1262 726 123 5.0 7.0
D 884 v.8 112.1 33.8 310 484 16E= 1431 116 5.2 5.0
3-8 930 29.1 1c 22.9 494 670 1326 1440 105 84 2.5
MEANlMANlDAY 2656 106.E .F.-.€ 83.1 1210 1706 45oti 3238 387 27.1 17.6
RECOMMENDED LEVELS:
63
nificant. In addition these samples was detected. This level is not of med-
were drawn from a c m o n port, the water ical significance. In addition exces-
gun, which was not adequately disin- sive color was not found i n any other
fected prior t o sampling and precluded samples.
the use of a sealed sampling system.
F i n a l l y , follow-up analyzes showed the
sbrence of bacteria. Concluding Remarks
-
o Chromium A chromiun level of 0.07 The STS-1 crT'wnei; were provided meta-
mg/l was found i n the postflight arnbient bolic water which was potable. This i s
water (the I i m i t i s 0.05 mg/l). No substantiated by analyses of pre and
explanation JF this level can be made. postfl i g h t water samples and incl udes
However, i t i s not of particular concern both chemical a i d microbiolcgical con-
since RC r?ther samples have indicated a siderations. The i n f i i g h t q u a l i t y /
chrmiun content and chromiun a t this acceptability of the water was s u b -
level is not. of toxicological sigr,ifi- stantiated by the positive coments of
cance. the crew concerning the good quality of
the water (taste and tempe:-ature).
o Total Organics - Total organics were
found i n the pre and postflight samples
which exceeded the limit of I mgll. The postflight water smpl ing procedure
This i s an engineering limit. The maxi- should be changed t o precl ude the cse o f
mun level detected of 8 mg/l i s of no the water gun for sampl ing. Rather the
medica: concern. vehicle chilled and ambient quick dis-
connects should be used t o insure the
o Color - A preflight color level o f collection of representative samples.
20 units exceeding the limit of 15 units
Tabte 15-7
P R E F L I G H T STS-1 POTABLE WATER A N A L Y S I S (TANK A ) REF: SE-S-73C
Dat. 1gm/%o 1117180 iinm iinm iinm 1 z i m 2110180 211~81
1
Sample
Port +KSC
ChdW
V5 V6
Ambrnt Ambrnt
U?
Chillad
Vq
Chillad
V7A V'S
Chiltd An&4unt
V14
Ambmt
Parammm
Conductirifv
Units
umholcm
Rei Lmn
nf on(v
1 3.3 3.7 14.5
PW PH I d only 4.9 4.8 6.5
Total Solds 4 1 nt only 25 3.2 3.1
Tot& 0rp.Solrdr mo/l 1 man 0.8 (10 <1.0 1.9
fan and Odor - nom none IYWI.
furbdllv units 11 n u x 2.9 2.8 0.2
True Color unirs 15 mar < 15 ('3 < 15
Cdmium mg/1 0.01 mar < 01 c01 < .01
Chromium d 1 0.05 mar < .OS <05 <as
COPW -1 1-0 nu. < .05 <as < .05
Iron mg/ 1 0.3 M X <05 < .os < .05
L.rd -1 1 0.05 n u x < 01 < .01 .c 01
Wn9n.r. mgJ1 O W ma. < .os 4 -05 < .05
M.rwry mg/ 1 000s mJx < 002 < 002 < 001
Nukd mpl 1 0 0 5 mar < .05 0 07 0 07 05
%.ntum dl 0 0 1 mar < 002 < .002 < 01
SlWU mo/1 01nux < W 4 05 < .E
Zinc mg/ 1 5.0 mar 0 02 0.02 < 03
Dirrdrrd Gas $31-C 0.twion no f r r oor 0 0 0
Id,-. *np/ 1 r e i only 1.8 17 1.os
Tr Coliform CFUllOOml 0 0 0 0
Eb WI.
Total B u t r i a CFUllOOmi 0 0 0 v
Anaroha Pa'Nq 0 0 0 0
V a t and Mold CCU11OOml 0 0 0 0
*Nom at Thr.rhold (odor N o 31
64
Table 15-1 Continued)
PREFLIGHT STS-1 POTABLE WATER ANALYSIS (TANK A) REF: SES-0073C
0.a -
-
SI-
PN. -
40 95 4.2 L8UIIdl
......
4.2 4.5 4.3
4.1 10
11 ma.
2.1
n0-a
Ql3
...
16
0.4 ....
15 n\.R < 16 20
0.01 ma. < .01 c .01 < .01
0 0 5 ma. e .05 < .05 .05
1Omaa 4.05 < .05 < .05
0.3 m a e .01 < .05 < .05
005nux < .01 < .01 < .01
0.05 nu. 4 .05 < .as .a
0.005 ma. < .002 4 .002 ,001
0 0 5 max .01 c.05 0.15
0.01 n u x c .001 .001 < .001
0.1 m a n e .05 < .as < .a5
5.0 nu. -90 .ow .06e
110 t r N 0.s 0 0 0
ref only 2.9 2.3 1.8
CFUllOOml 0 0 0
CFU/100ml 0 0 0
POSlN.0 0 0 0
CFU/lOOml 0 0 0
0.h -
-.
2iiorei 2t10181 2121101 2/27/81 2127m1 2 m m 1 3112101
S.
w
D.V. -- VIS
Chilkd
V16 V17
Chilld Amb-t
Vl8 V19 V20 V21
Ambrnc Chilkd Chrlld A m b m t
R d Limlt
nt only 13.0 52 47 16
rd only 6.2 6.0 59 6.0
n t only 3.2 1.4 14 1.6
1 mar 21 1.2 1.1 0.8
norm nom nom nom
11 m a 0.2 03 0.3 020
15 l l u a 4 1s < 16 < 15 c 15
0 0 1 mar 01 001 c 001 c 01
005 mar <.06 KO6 < .05 105
10nur <.06 05 05 <05
0.3 wux <06 <a eo5 < 01
O D s mar 4 01 01 < 01 < 01
0 05 mar < M io5 <05 t35
0005 m a 001 < 002 < 002 < 002
0 0 5 mra .07 do5 < .05 < 01
0 0 1 man 4 ,001 003 003 < 001
01 nua 405 co5 (05 < .OF.
5 0 maa 03 <a <o!i .020
Ro f?. prc 0 0 0 0
ref only 126 34 34 35
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
65
Table 152
PREFLIGHT STS-1POTABLE WATER ANALYSIS (TANK 4) REF: S E - S a ' I X
d clli 1s 15 - -
ld o d v 4.9 5.8 6.0 5.4
d OdV 1 14 2 2
1- 1 8 - -
non. moo. - -
11 n u x 0.7 0.7 1 1
15 nun 15 15 3 1
0.01 n u x .01 .02 .02
0.05 mau
1.0 m n
.05 .*
.(rl
.07 .06
01
.!I5 .06 .Q1
0.3 m u ;'IC .06 .03 .03
0.05 n u x .06 .& CE. .a
0.05 n u x .a5 .06 .M .02
0.005 nun .a01 .001 .005 .005
0.05 N N .01 -05 .05 .05
0.01 n u x .002 .m2 .05 .05
01 m n .06 .05 .op .01
5.0 .mmn .Ol .01 .Ol .05
no f r n p1s 0 0 - -
n f only l?ona nona - -
66
Shuttle Toxicology
Wayland J. R i ppstei n 16
I n a l l the spacecraft programs p r i o r t o system f a i l ures o r the r a p i d generation
t h e Space Shuttle i t was learried t h a t o f 1 arge q u a n t i t i e s o f contaminant
trace l e v e l s o f contaminant gases b u i l t gases
up i n the spacecraft cabin area during a
mission. Analyses o f samples taken from The main o b j e c t i v e f o r p r o v i d i n g a
Apollo cabin atmospheres indicated t h e toxicology program f o r support o f t h e
presenLe of some 300 d i f f e r e n t COR- S h u t t l e Program i s n o t u n l i k e t h e
pounds. Because o f the l a c k o f onboard s u p p o r t p r o v i d e d i n p r e v i o u s space
analytical c a p a b i l i t i e s and sample acqu- programs i.e., t o ensure t h a t t h e crew
is i t i o n hardware, both qual it a t i v e and i s not exposed t o any harmful q u a n t i t i e s
q u a n t i t a t i v e values f o r these 300 com- o f contaminant substances in c l u d i n g
pounds were undetermined. However, it 1iquids , gases o r sol ids.
was r e a l i z e d t h a t a p o t e n t i a l t o x i c i t y
t h r e a t existed when man was exposed t o a The toxicology support provided f o r the
l a r g e mount of low concentration con- Shuttle Program also includes two other
taminant gases. areas o f consideration besides inhala-
67
The e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f space f l i g h t Toxicology Program was c a r r i e d o u t by
t o x i c i t y standards was the f i r s t step establishing a materials selection
r e q u i r e d in d e v e l o p i n g t h e S h u t t l e program t h a t included the evaluation of
T o x i c i t y Program. New inhal a t i on spacecraft candidate nonmetallic
standards were required f o r space f l i g h t materials f o r outgassing character-
since a l l e x i s t i n g i n h a l a t i o n t o x i c i t y istics. Outgassing a n a l y s e s were
standards d e a l t w i t h 40 hour work-week conducted on each candidate material t o
exposures, except f o r U. S . submarine determine botb qual i t a t i v e and quanti-
operations. I n the case f o r submarine t a t i v e information. A criteria for
opera t i ons where a tmospheri c flax imum acceptance was e s t a b l i s h e d f o r a l l
a1 lowable concentrations are reached, nonmetal1 i c m a t e r i a l s based upon
the vessel could, i n most cases, surface outgassing c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , spacecraft
t o vent any contaminant gases. The vol me, mission duration SMAC vai ues,
spacecraft crew could not r i d the crew and s p a c e c r a f t Environmental C o n t r o l
compartment o f contaminant gases a s L i f e Support System (ECLSS) removal
r e a d i l y as would be required. For t h i s capability.
reason, the Spacecraft I”bx!’mum A 1 lowabl e
Concentration (SMAC) Val ues f o r contam- A procedure was also incorporated i n the
i n a n t gases are i n most cases f o r 1/2 t o materi a1 s program f o r accepting c e r t a i n
1/10 those values set f o r a standard 40 c r i t i c a l materials o r hzrdware by use o f
hour work-week maximum a1lowabl e concen- waivers. This involved a review o f
t r a t i o n values. A second and possibly m a t e r i a l , o r hardwares used i n t h e
equal l y important reason f o r requi r i n g spacecraft. I n some cases, the review
the s e t t i n g o f SMAC Val ues a t s i g n i f i - requirea a more thoroagh set o f chemicai
c a n t l y lower V a l ues than i s required f o r and t o x i c o l o g i c a l t e s t i n g .
industry i s t h a t i n d u s t r i a l values are
mainly based upon physiological c r i t e r i a The t h i r d p a r t o f the o v e r a l l Toxicology
while spacecraft values are based upon Program i n v o l v e d t h e development o f
decrement o f performance ( b e h a v i o r a l methods and hardware t o c o n t r o l t h e
changes) and physiological c r i t e r i a . 1eve1s o f contaminant gases not e l i m i n-
ated i n the m a t e r i a l s s e l e c t i o n program.
A 1 i s t o f known spacecraft contaminant This e f f o r t consisted mainly o f a close
gases was s u b m i t t e d t o an ad hoc working r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e NASA
committee a t the National A c a d e m y 7 toxicology s c i e n t i s t s and ECLSS design
Sciences and composed o f governmental , engineers. The spacecraft ECLSS design
i n s t i t u t i o n a l , and i n d u s t r i a l t o x i c o l - incorporates provi sions f o r the removal
ogi sts for the purpose o f establ ishi ng o f contaminant gases by three d i f f e r e n t
long term, continuous exposure 1i m i t s methods.
f o r space f l i g h t appl i c a t i o n s . The
committee recommended a l i s t o f SMAC The primary method f o r removal o f con-
values t o NASA. These values were used taminant gases i s by absorption on t o a
i n l a t e r a c t i v i t i e s i n v o l v i n g spacecraft bed of activated carbon t h a t i s con-
materials selection and the development tained i n th2 ECLSS carbon d i o x i d e (COP)
of spacecraft breathing gas standards. reilmal bed ( l i t h i u m hydroxide).
I n the case where new gases (those n o t A second method f o r contaminant gas
evaluated by the National Academy o f removal i s i n a s p e c i a l l y designed
Sciences) were used i n t h e S h u t t l e canister known as the Ambient Temper-
Program, inhouse o r contracted t o x i c i t y ature C a t a l y t i c Oxidizer (ATCO). The
studies were conducted t o determine new u n i t was approved f o r use on t h e Orhi t e r
SMAC val ues. f o r the main purpose of c a t a l y t i c a l l y
converting trace quanti t i e s o f carbon
The jecond phase of the Shuttle monoxide (CO) i n t o C02. The C02 would
68
then be removed i n the CO scrubber water vapor. The absorption property o f
p o r t i o n o f the ECLSS. Certain other Tenax has been employed as a contaminant
1esser important contami nant gases woul d gas sampling media by drawing atmos-
a1 so be c a t a l y t i c a l l y oxidized i n the pheric samples through small s t a i n l e s s
ATCO. These compounds would then be steel tubes containing a measured quan-
adsorbed i n the activated carbon beds ti ty o f the white powder-1 i k e substance.
contained both i n the ATCO and ECLSS. As t h e atmospheric sample i s drawn
through the Tenax bed o f powder, t h e
The f i n a l means o f contaminant gas organic gases are retained while oxygen,
removal i s i n t h e s p a c e c r a f t ECLSS nitrogen, argon, CO, C02, and most water
dehumidifier. The c a b i n atmosphere vapor passes d i r e c t l y through the bed
passes over t h i s moi s t u r i zed surface, w i t h a minimum o f absorption. The tubes
and trace l e v e l s o f water sol cable gases are sealed a f t e r the s p e c i f i e d sampling
are c a r r i e d o u t o f the d e h u n i d i f i e r w i t h period ( u s u a l l y 24 hours o f continuous
t h e e f f l u e n t water stream. This p a r t o f sampling) and analyzed a t a l a t e r time.
the ECLSS was not designed w i t h t h i s
f u n c t i o n i n mind, b u t i t s s c r u b b i n g Tbe a p p l i c a t i o n a f both tire whole and
e f f o r t i s considered t o be p a r t o f the adsorbed gas sampl ing procedures pro-
o v e r a l l contaminant gas removal capa- vides a h i g h degree o f accuracy i n both
bility. qual it a t i v e and q u a n t i t a t i v e assessment
of spacecraft cabin atmospheres. The
The l a s t phase o f the S h u t t l e Toxicology whole gas samples p r o v i d e a c c u r a t e
Program concerns the methods used f o r q u a n t i t a t i v e determination o f the con-
assessing t h e t r a c e contaminant gas t a m i n a n t gas c o n t a i n e d i n t h e c a b i n
atmospheric conditions during an actual atmosphere a t t h e t i m e o f sample
m i ssi on. From previous experiences w i t h (instantaneous). Whole gas samples a1 so
assessments o f closed environments i n a l l o w a determination o f CO contained i n
manned chamber t e s t s and previous anal - t h e atmospheric sample. CO i s not
yses of spacecraft cabin atmospheres, i t adsorbed i n the Tenax trap. The major
was concluded t h a t two methods would be f a u l t i n using the whole gas sampling
employed t o obtain a complete q u a l i t a - procedure i s t h a t since only a gas i s
t i v e and q u a n t i t a t i v e analyses o f the trapped i n the sampling c y l i n d e r , some
Orbiter atmospheres. These methods are d i f f i c u l t y i s experienced i n attempting
known as "whole" snd "absorbed" gas t o i d e n t i f y very small q u a n t i t i e s o f
sampl ing procedures. Contaminant gases i n the sample. The
function of the Tenax trapping procedure
The whole gas sampling procedure i s important for the o v e r a l l ana?ysis o f
r e q u i - e s t h e use o f an evacuated a spacecraft cabin atmosphere. Since
s t a i n l e s s s t e e l cy1 i n d e r ( F i g u r e 1). the Tenax t r a p can be used t o contin-
When a gas sample i s required, a valve uously t r a p gases f o r 24 hours, a very
OP the evacuated cy1 inder i s opened and l a r g e amount of contaminants can e a s i l y
an atmospheric sample i s drawn i n t o the be contained i n the f i n a l trapped sam-
cylinder. The c y l i n d e r v a l v e i s ple. This makes the q u a l i t a t i v e process
imnediately closed t o t r a p the sample much easier t o accomplish. Once t h e
f o r l a t e r analyses. The absorbed gas compounds are i d e n t i f i e d , t h e aliantita-
sampling procedure involves the use o f t i v e r e s u l t s are determined u5ing the
the S h u t t l e A i r Sampl e Assembly ( Figure whole gas samples.
2). This assembly contains seven p a i r s
o f tubes containing a substrate known as Both of these sampl i n g procedures were
Tenax@. This material has been found t o used f o r pre and post Shuttle missions.
be an excellent substance f o r the absor- The only differences between the pro-
p t i o n o f most a i r b o r n e contaminant cedures used f o r ground versus space
gases, especially i n the presence o f missions was t h a t whole gas samples were
69
pumped i n t o evacuated cy1 i n d e r s f o r Postflight:
ground t e s t i n g and Tenax sampling was
conducted using vacuun punps f o r ground I d e n t i c a l a n a l y t i c a l resul t s
t e s t s whereas d u r i n g m i s s i ons space were obtained fjr the
vacuum was employed. p o s t f l i g h t samples.
Spacecraft c a b i n atmospheric t r a c e
contaminant data was obtained f o r two
-
OFT- 1
71
Tenax sampl es were c o l 1ec ted on s e v e r a l gases a r e c o n s i d e r e d a t one
a continuous basi s throughout time. However, i n the case o f the
the t e s t period. Colunbia, i t was necessary t o assess an
atmosphere ccntaining as many as one
The e n a i y t i c a l chemical r e s u l t s hundred d i f f e r e n t gases. I n the early
f o r the f i n a l hour o f the s i x phase o f the Orbiter development program
hour t e s t a r e c o n t a i n e . i n a l i s t o f contaminant gases was made f o r
Table 1 6 - 2 . A t e t a l c f 110 compoucds suspected as most l i k e l y t o be
compounds were detected i n the present as outgassed products o f U r b i t e r
atmospheric samples cc: 1ected nonmetallic materials. Quantitative
d w i n g t h i s time. A total o f values were determined f o r SMAC. These
74 o f t h e : ' O compounds was V a l ues were based upon the following s e t
identi f ied and quanti f ied . of c r i t e r i a :
12f: i g h t : Continuocc; exposure f o r 24 hours per
day f o r up t o 7 days.
Atmospheric: samples were
obtairied throughout the 56 hour ExpOsLire t o a s i n g l e contaminant
f ? i g h t . Both the who1e gas and gas.
Term :2mpl ii1g procedures were
enpl cyed f o r t n i s sampl i n g No other physiological t h r e a t from
activity. Four v h o l e as other stress, e.g., heat. cold, and
samples were :,3ken dtlritig the work.
mixsion: a t the beginning; two
evenly spaced periods i n the Where t o x i c i t y data was n o t a v a i l -
a i d d l e ; and a t the end. Tenax able f o r a given compound, a SMAC
samples were taker! on a con- value was assigned f o r t h a t compound
tiniious basis with exchange o f a t a l e v e l equal t o the t o x i c i t y
col1ec';ion titbes e v e r y 24 valve f o r the most h x i c com?ound i n
hours. the compound family. A Zomplete
l i s t o f these compounds i s contained
The a n a l y t i c a i ckemical r e s u l t s i n NASA Docunent NHB 8060.lb and
for the f i n a l whole gas samples t i t l e d " F l a m m a b i l i t y , Cldor, and
a r e given i n Tabie 16-3. k O f f g a s s i n g Requirements and T e s t
t o t d l o i 84 compciunds w i r e Procedures f o r Materi a1 s ' n Envi r-
detected. O f t h i s nunber 56 onments t h a t Support Combustion .I1
% w e identi f i ed and quanti f ied .
I n or?^ +Q Cosduct t o x i c i t y assessments
Concluding Remarks o f the data ohtdined from outgassi ng
sampling of the Collmbia, both f o r the 6
I n r e l i e w i n g t h e a n a l y t i c a l chemical and 56 hour t e s t periods, the c* --
d a t a o b t a i n e d from t h e two O r b i t e r i n a n t gases were categorized i n t o 9. . 'IS
v e h i c l e s ( O d - . l G l and O'J-102), i t i s according t o t h e i r relavent e f f e c t s on
s i g n i f i c a n t t h a t such d i f f e r e n c e s i n humans. These groupings are as follc.ds:
outgassing c h a r c i t e r i s t i c s should occur.
The Enterprise (OV-101) was an extremely o Irritants: e.g., aldehydes and
c i e a n v e h i c l e , whereas t h e Col umbis amoni a
(OV-102) mtgassed a s i g n i f i c a n t nunber
and quantity o f contami nant gases. o Asphyxiants: c.g., -iir:.;n dioxide,
carbon monoxide and methane
I n inost t o x i c i t y eva! uations i n v o l v i n g
,mtaminant geses, only one o r a t m o s t o G a1 Nervous System Depressants
72
( Anesthetics and narcotics; : e .g., where C = contaminant gas
e t h e r s , ketones, a l c o h o l s, and concentration
paraff in i c hydrocarbons. SMAC = Spacecraft Mrlzximun Allowable
Concentration
o System Psf sons: .
e .g , ha1ogenated
hydrocarbons, benzenes, phenol s , and Applying the above mathematical t r e a t -
naphtha1enes . ment t o each o f the four physiological
e f f e c t s g r o u p , i t was learned from t h e
o Particulates: e.g., s i l i c o n and 6 hour t e s t t h a t i c the absence o f any
asbestos. trace gas removal capabil i t y i n Col unbia
crew cabin, a potentfcl hazard could
Depending upon the concentration, t h e develop f o r the 96 hour mission. HGW-
examples giver, i n each o f the abwe f i v e ever, t h e p r e s w c s o f t h e a t t i v a t e d
c a t e g o r i e s can 9e changed from one carbon bed i n the ECLSS would adequately
grouping t o another. I n order t c a r r i v e maintain the cabin environment safe f o r
a t an overall assessment where a very t h e p l anned m i ssi on.
large nunber o f contaminznt gases e x i s t
siniul taneously i n the Labin :tmosphere, The t o x i c i t y assessment o f t h e d a t a
only the additive effect; i n a given o b t a i n e d from t h e 56 hour m i s s i o n
physiological response 9- ’ng ha% been atmospheric samples c o n f i r m e d t h e
considered here. The , - l1 it? does assessment made by e x t r a p o l a t i n g t h e
e x i s t , houever, f o r synercjistic e f f e c t s data obtained i n t h e 6 hour venicle
between compounds i n d i f f e r e n t groups OF outgassirq test.
even w i t h i n the same group. Scienti i i c
i n f o n a t i m does not e x i s t f o r dealing F’nallv, the 56 hour mission outgassing
with synergistic e f . -;ts o f the contam- data was treated mathematically ir: t h e
inants gases detected i n the Orbiter same fashion P S the 6 hour data. The
cabin. purpose of t h i s e f f o r t was tr “trap-
o l a t e t h e 56 hour data t o day
Since p a r t i c u l a t e m a t e r i a1 s were n o t missio? assessment. The r e s u l t s o f t h i s
manitcred i n t h e O r b i t e r cabin, and extranolation clearly indicated that
since the ECLSS contains a micro sized Collrmtia’s cabin environment was safe
f i l t e r , t h i = subject i s not addressed i n f o r manrled space f l i g h t s f o r up t o 7
t h i s report. days.
I
or
n
73
1. Carbon Monoxide 0.578
2 .Melhane 2156
3. l.l.lTridrbl.22-Yriiluotoethsna 10.517
A 2-Metwlhexane am
E.. Roponrl 0.009
6.zAopnuna 0.107
7. Diddorofluoromethane 0.001
8 cyd0h.m 0.007
s- 0.006
-
1Q 1-8ut.nd 0.007
11. C7Qkfi1k Hyctocrbon a001
12 Acetic Atid EthVl Ester 0-015
13 a010
14 2 u t r o n a 0.151
15. 0.320
I& 1 . 1 . 1 - T r i C h ~ a101
17. Dichlajmahsn 0.077
18 Hem8xmedivItrkilox. Cyd& 0.01 7
19.6eIKcm 0.001
20. c-Aliphaic Hvbaarbon 0.007
2l. Acetic Acid, nAogvl Ethr 0.001
22 1 - d 0.007
23. C7Qcrticlk H~aOarbon 0.002
a C ~ A l i H~drotltbon
c 0.002
25 Cl0-Aliuhatic Hydrocarbon QOW
26. Trichtoroethane 0.002
27.l-Ropw\sl 0.001
aa 2dlbthyl-2-wIMd 0.003
29 C -Aliphatic Hy&ocwbw. 0-003
30. &thvc- 0.032
31. TrimethyldW a007
32 1,29ichlor#thffn, 0.0’ 1
33.Clo-Alip’etic Hydroarbon 0.003
34 Clo-Aliphaic HvaOCarbbn 0.023
35. Toluene a112
S Tetr#hloroethene 0.001
37. C -Aliphatic Hydrocarbon 0.023
38 2Uethvl-1- 0.007
39. C1 l-Aliphatic Hydrocsrbo- 0.003
40. Acetic Add. n-Butyl t3-r 0-015
41. C18-Aliphatic Hydrocsrhon 0.005
4 2 C1 l-Aliphetic Hythcarbon 0.W
43.Cll-Aliphatic H y h a r b o n 0.007
44. Cii-Allphaic Hv-bon 0.003
45. Cl0-Aliphdc HyhcmrSon 0006
46 C?O-Al~phaic Hydnrarbon 0.W
47. C1 ,-Aliphatic Hyhearbon 0.003
48. Cl l-Aliphntic Hydroarbon 0.004
4 4 Cll-Aliphatk Hycharbon 0.004
50. C Aliphatic Hydrocarbon 0.005
51. l-&tmol 0.021
5 2 Cl1-Aliph.tic Hydrocarbon 0.009
53. Ethylbenzene 0.010
56. Cll-Aliphatie Hydrocarbon 0.003
55. Cl l-Aliphotic Hydrocarbon 0.007
56. l . r ) - D i m e t h y l b n ~ 0.001
57. 1.3~Dimethylbenme 0.001
74
concsnaation
fppn,
0.005
0.004
am
0.004
O.ooo9
0.002
0-007
0.023
0.042
a 0 11
0.oOW
aozo
0.Wl
0.001
aoio
a0007
(LOO1
T* 163
ComQound corrsntrorion Compound
(ppm)
1. CarbOnMonoxi& a890
2Methane 28-10
3. TricMoroRuorometham -*
4. 1.1. Zlrichloro-1.22-Triflmmetbne 0.749
5. E t h d 0.079
6. 2-M&.yl-l,SButadiem 0-010
7. nH.xma -
F. Methvlcvdopantene 0.01 2 -
Q Rollsnd Q.032 0.99
10. 2PrOp .none 0.070 0.cm
11. R&nenel 0.029 0-009
1 2 2-8utanone 0.015 0.004
1 3 1.19inmthylethond 0.009
14. 1.1.l-Trichloroath~ 0.013 a002
15. W a d 0.015 < 0.001
16.29ropnd 0.054 0.002
17. Dichloromathene 0.020 < 0.001
18. Ethmol 0.103 -
1 9 Benzene 0.001 0.003
20. Hexrmethylcydotrisiloxane 0.003 <0.001
21. nPentmal 0.018 0.m1
2 2 4-Methvl-ZPentanone 0.002 -
23. Tduetm 0.016 < 0.001
24. C 1 0 - A l b t ~ 0.002
25. Acetic Acid. n-&ityl Ester 0.001 0.001
26. n-Hexad 0.005 -
27. C1 ,-Alkane 0.001 c 0.001
28.C,l.Alkam -
75
-4%
1982-1512'1
Radiological Health
Charles M. Sarnes, D. V.M., Ph .D.
Table 18-1
Octave Band SPL
Hz: 63 125 250 500 1K 2K 4K 8K dBA
JSC Stanaard 145 (NC50) 73 66 60 55 52.5 50 48 47.5 55
flt. Deck (between seats) 54 58 55 55 58 53 48 42 60
F l t . Dek ( a f t . windows) 63 61 55 59 63 57 51 46 66
M i d-dec k ( center 1 61 61 63 58 61 61 58 53 67
Mid-deck (sleep s t a t i o n ) 60 63 67 59 62 61 58 52 67
79
Acoustic n o i s e measured between t h e appear t o i n t e r f e r e w i t h sleep, nor . o 8
85
from an a i r c r a f t pass a t 9 minutes have
been p l o t t e d . This F i g u r e shows t h e
percent HCl present as l i q u i d aerosol
p l o t t e d as a f u n c t j o n o f t o t a l HCl
c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n ppw. Theoretical
predictions are shown as dotted lines
p l o t t e d for constant h r a i d i t y values.
n e observed data points f a l l between
r e 1a t i v e h m i d i t y .
the predicted l i n e s for 85% and 90%
The measured
h w i d i t y i n s i d e the cloud a t that time
was aroucd 80%. i n d i c a t i n g the aerosol
was formed e a r l i e r , a t a t i m e when
h u s i d l t y i n the cloud was higher. It
also indicates t h a t the aerosol a t 9
minutes i s unstable, and w f l l eventually
evaporate, l e a v i n g behind d r y A1 0
dust. This process i s w e l l adva ad
a f t e r 28 minutes as seen by inspection
o f Figure 19-3, which shows a s i g n i f i -
cant change i n appearance o f the cloud.
87
observed i n the path of both the high- a t two stations, one located near t h e
and low-level exhaust clouds. launch area, and the other a t a p o i n t on
KSC near the mainland. The most colllson
-
Launch Operations Effects a i r p o l l u t a n t s were measured, i n c l u d i n g
CO, Od, SI nitrogen oxides, and non-
The a c t i v i t i e s associated w i t h preparing wetha e hy ocarbons. Launch operations
the vehicle f o r launch, launching it, had no measurable e f f e c t on a i r qual i t y
f a l l o w d by cleaning up a f t e r the launch as measured by these stations.
a r e expected t o have environmental
effects on the KSC ama, including the Water qual ity was monitored by analysis
a d j a c e n t N a t i o n a l W i l d l i f e Refuge. o f 34 d i f f e r e n t ions i n water from the
These e f f e c t s were m o n i t o r e d by lagoonal ponds. The only e f f e c t noted
measurements of a i r and water q u a l i t y , was an increase i n lead content a f t e r
and by ecological observations. t h e launch, from 0.01 t o 0.3 m g / l i t e r ,
presunably a r e s u l t o f automobile t r a f -
A i r qucl it y was m n i tored continuously f i c during t h e launch.
\-----
-00-
-0-
d #-
4-H
z / @
0
/) e 0
0 @
0
0 0 &
0
/
e ,/' 0
0 0 0
- / /
/ 00
0 0 /
85 PERCENT 0 /
RELATIVE HUMIDITY /
1
.
1
' 8
/
/
1 I
I
I
8
/
I k. 110 PERCENT
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
I
0 I
0 I
POINTS OBSERVED IN STS-1 CLOUD AT L+9 MINUTES
om PREDICTED EQUILIBRIUM VALUES
0
-I
I
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8910 20 3 0 4 0
TOTAL HCI PRESENT. ppm
E(qure 197
E c o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s were m o n i t o r e d by t h e € I S by Frank 6arcia of JSC, using
observation o f threatened and endangered wind tunnel data combined w i t h sonic
species, p l a n t populations, and analysis boom data measured during the Apollo
of benthic populations i n lagoons? mud. program. I n o r d e r t o v e r i f y these
Threatened and endangered species, c a l cul ated vel ues , Johr: Stanley o f JSC
including eagles, wood storks, cormo- and Herbert Henderson o f LsRC performed
rants, and pelicans, were monitored by sonic boom measurements d u r i n g t h e
F i s h and Wild1 i f e S e r v i c e personnel Orbiter landing a t EAFB. Eleven sonic
p r i o r t o and during the launch. S t a r t l e boom measurement s t a t i o n s were deployed
e f f e c t s were noted i n some cases, b u t along the ground track. A pictoral
these were e n t i r e l y temporary. There representation o f each s t a t i o n i s shown
were no s i g n i f i c a n t o r l o n g - l a s t i n g i n Figure 19-8. A sensitive microphone
e f f e c t s on these t y p e s o f w i l d l i f e . measured the sonic boom, and the signal
Plant populations were mapped by photo- from t h e microphone was recorded o n
graphic surveys. As noted previously, magnetic tape f o r l a t e r analysis.
wet a c i d i c d u s t f a l l damaged some plants,
acd t h e damage areas a r e mapped i n Atmospheric soundings were made a t about
Figure 5. Rapid recovery o f these areas t h e time o f O r b i t e r landing t o provide
was noted w i : h i n a few weeks a f t e r data needed f o r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e
launch. No ;;crmanent e f f e c t s a r e sonic boom pressure waves. Communic-
expected. a t i o n s w i t h m i s s i o n c o n t r o l were
required i n order t o s t a r t t h e tape
The p o p u l a t i o n o f small i n v e r t e b r a t e recorders j u s t p r i o r t o a r r i v a l o f the
animals l i v i n g a t the bottom o f the KSC Orbiter. A l l b u t two o f the eleven
lagoons was measured, since the diver- stations were placed along the ground
s i t y and density of t h i s population i s t r a c k o f the Orbiter, as shown i n Figure
known t o be a measure of mvironmental 19-9. Two stations were placed o f f t h e
stress. J u s t p r i o r t o iaunch, t h e ground track i n the I-egion o f maximum
bottom o f the lagoon opposite the flame overpressure. Results from measurement
trench was found t o contain 22 species, o f t h e s o n i c boon produced by t h e
w i t h a p o p u l a t j o n d e n s i t y o f 9,211 O r b i t e r Columbit as i t f l e w o v e r
organisms per cm . Just a f t e r launchj
22 species and 10,211 organisms per cm
C a l i f o r n i a t o i t s landing a t EAFB, are
1isted bel ow :
were found. Six weeks a f t e r l a u v , 19
species and 9,572 organisms per cm were Station Observed Sonic Predicted Sonic
found. Similar r e s u l t s were found a t Boom Over- Boom Over-
several other lagoon stations. There i s pressure, pressure,2
evidently no e f f e c t o f the launch on the pounds/ft 2 pounds/ft
population o f these lagoon bottoms, and
consequently no discernable e f f e c t o f 0 0.7 0.8
the launch on local ecology. 1 1.1 1.1
2 0.9 1.0
3 1.1 1.3
-
Sonic Boom 4
5
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.8
A sonic boom i s produced during both the 6 2.4 2.0
ascent and landing phase o f the Space 7 2.0 2.1
Shuttle. The ascent boom occurs o f f - 8 1.7 1.9
shore i n the A t l a n t i c Ocean adjacent t o 9 2.3 1.8
KSC. The landing boom i s produced by 10 1.9 1.9
the Orbiter. During landings a t Edwards
A i r Force Base (EAFB) the boom is heard I n general, differences between predic-
inland from the Pacific Coast t o the t e d and observed overpressures a r e
landing s i t e . The i n t e n s i t i e s o f small. Station 6 showed a 20% higher
Shuttle sonic booms were calculated f o r overpressure than expected, and exceeded
89
by 0.3 psf the maximla predicted over- a l l predictions made i n the €IS r e l a t i v e
pwssure o f 2.1 psf. The agreement bet- t o the exhaust cloud, launch operations,
ween predicted and observed boom over- aad sonic boom were v e r i f i e d . Wet
pressures i s satisfactory. I n no way do acidic dust f e l l from the exhaust cloud
t h e booms present a problem t o the f o r about ter! minutes a f t e r launch. A
public. The i n t e n s i t y i s j u s t high s i m i l a r e f f e c t had been observed on rare
enough to be c l e a r l y audible, causing a occasi ons d u r i ng prev ious sol id rocket
m i l d s t a r t l e e f f e c t i n some people, b u t motor f i r i n g s . Hence, the f a l l o u t wirs
much too weak t o a f f e c t structures o r not e n t i r e l y unexpected, b u t the inten-
bui 1dings. s i t y and d u r a t i o n was l a r g e r than
anticipated- The f a l l o u t material i s
Personnel from the U.S. Department o f n o t considered a s i g n i f i c a n t h e a l t h
the I n t e r i o r monitored nesting s i t e s o f hazard, b u t u n t i l more experience i s
t h e C a l i f o r n i a condor, 1ocated about gained with f u r t h e r launches, i t may be
f o r t y miles south o f the Orbiter ground prudent t o avoid exposure o f the viewing
track. A t t h i s location, the sonic boom public t o t h i s material.
overpressure ys predicted t o be about During STS-2, f u r t h e r studies are plan-
0.5 pounds/ft , b u t no boom was heard ned o f f a l l o u t from the cloud. Addi-
and the condors were t o t a l l y unaffected. t i o n a l ground measurement stations - 4 1 1
be deployed, and a i r c r a f t f l i g h t s
Concluding Remarks through the f a l l i n g dust w i l l c o l l e c t
samples and measure density and p a r t i c l e
7he purpose o f the enviromental meas- sizes. Models t o p r e d i c t the f a l l o u t
urements performed d u r i n g t h e STS-1 have been developed, and these w i l l be
f l i g h t was t o v e r i f y predictions made Zn tested agaf n s t the STS-2 resul t s .
the €IS and t o assess any e f f e c t s not
covered i n the €IS. The r e s u l t was t h a t
PRECEDING PAGE BLANK Not FILMED
93
REPORTSUPPORT SYsfEM
SCHEDULE AND STATUS S W E M
MEDICAL INFORMATION TRACKINGSYSTEM
ARCHIVAL SYSTEM 1
CREW NOSE
NUTRITION
EVALUAT10N
PREFLIGHT.
INPLIGHT &
T0XHX)iOGY
WATERMlAStE MANAGEMENT
FOOD HANDLING
MlCROBlOLOGY
BREATHING GAS
RADIATION = F E N
MEDICALCONSULTANTS POSTFLIGHT
TRAIN fNG: MEDICAL BLOODANALYSIS
TRAINING VESTlBULAR PUNCTION
.FLIGHT CREWS OPERATIONS
SUPPORT SUPPORT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
EMS
.MOOR INFLIGHT EXERCISE
.SUPPORT PERSONNEL ANTI-G SUIT
OPERATIONAL
BIOINSTRUMENTATION
EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICE
CONTROL
ROOM
BMDP 1 , Fortran, and BASIC programni ng Figure 20-3 shows the general
1anguages. D e t a i l s o f these packages o r a n i t a t i o n o f these programs i n
a r e d e s c r i b e d i n c o n t r a c t o r documen-
tation.
B
r e a t i o n t o other commercial software
purchased w i t h the system. Technical
d e t a i l s o f the software was a v a i l a b l e l'n
I n i t i a l appl i c a t i o n software devel oped contractor reports i n time f o r STS-I.
by an inhouse contractor included:
The LIME computer system i s located a t
Tel epricessing Monitor A program - JSC i n B u i l d i n g 37, Room 121OA, and was
t h a t provided the c a p a b i l i t y o f a v a i l a b l e f o r remote and batch use 24
c m u n ' c a t i o n d i t h a wide v a r i e t y o f hours a day, 7 days a week, except f o r
terminal types. several rours o f preventive maintenance
Database I n p u t A - program t h a t
every other week. A system operator and
database a d m i n i s t r a t o r was a v a i l a b l e
provided a c a p a b i l i t y f o r users t o d u r i n g normal w o r k i n g hours, and a t
i n t e r a c t i v e l y i n p u t t o a database other times i f required.
-
Database Update A program t h a t
Physical security o f the system was pro-
provided a c a p a b i l i t y f o r users t o
i n t e r a c t i v e l y update or delete items vided by l i m i t e d access, and automated
i n a database. environmental c o n t r o l s. Information
s e c u r i t y was handled b y in f o r m a t i a n
Forms B u i l d bocessor A - program r e s t r i c t i n g access names and passwords
t h a t provided a c a p a b i l i t y f o r users f o r d i f f e r e n t types o f i n f o r r l i a t i o n .
t o define t o the system the p a r t i c - Database information was saved d a i l y and
u l a r i n p u t form they want t o use. data disks are p e r i o d i c a l l y :toted i n an
-
Log Processor A program t o a i d
users Tn g e t t i n g on and o f f the
o f f s i t e f a c i l i t y t o p r o t e c t against data
:oss i n case o f any natural disaster.
system and use "Menus" f o r help. Other security measures are c u r r e n t l y
b e i n g evaluated. I n i t i a l terminal
Access ,Processor A -
program t o
control access t o various systems
t r a i n i n g was given t o Medlcal Operations
personnel f o r STS-1.
resources
94
D u r i n g STS-1, t h e LSMOC system was a l l o l d records from t h e JSC Dispensary,
configured t o handle up t o 10 dial-up the Archival Library, and the C l i n i c a l
l i n e s ( a t 300 o r 1200 baud rates) and 22 Laboratory were edited and converted t o
d i r e c t lines. A wide v a r i e t y o f t e r - conform t o the new system configuration.
minal types are available w i t h i n t h e
Medical Sciences D i v i s i o n . Most o f
these terminals are dedicated t o qedtcal
1a b o r a t o r i e s s u p p o r t i n g b o t h medical
operations and 1aboratory research pro-
jects. The remaining t e r m i n a l s a r e
relocated from time t o time t o meet
changing program requirements.
STS-1 p o r t a b l e a c o u s t i c a l l y coup1 ed
t e l e p r i n t e r s were used t o support the
For
I
VAX lli7eO
-
mission requirements outside o f Building 'WU
i
37 a t JSC.
-
(TTMON)
95
Except f o r the Reporting Subsystem, as Most laboratories had personnel t o i n p u t
described below, no special output o r the r e s u l t s o f t h e i r findiDqs. For
special processing programs were w r i t t e n those who lacked t h i s support, t h e JSC
f o r STS-1. A l l data was r e t r i e v e d by Medical Operations Znformatlm Mwage-
the available comnercial query language ment O f f i c e r provided support contriic-
program (T-ASK) and displayed i n the t o r s t o i n p u t t h e i r i n f o n a t i o n from
formats provided by t h i s software pack- hardcopy source docunents
age. For STS-1, standard pre-deftned
r e t r i e v a l requests were e s t a b l i s h e d Medica; Operations may be described as a
which were executed remotely by typing set of functional areas (e.g., labs,
an appropriate number. c l i n i c s , services) each o f which has
FUNCTIONAL AREAS, REPORTllUG MANAGER, A N D ASSESSMENTS REQUIRED
96
Table 2Q1 (Continued)
1!1. GROUND SUPPOR r ASSESSMENT:
A. GFE Emergency Medical J. Dav O2 Bottles, Helo Equip
n:mt, Black Bags
B. Emergency Medical Dr. Po01 Faeilith, Hardware,
Procedures, Training,
Communicatiom, Person-
nel, and Deploymafit for
EMS at JSC, KSC, DFRC,
N/S, and DDMS
C. Health Stabilization Dr. Ferguton Medical Certification of
Primary Contacts Notifi-
cations
D. MCC Simulation Or. Berry Training, Facilities,
Procedurus, and Person-
nel in MCC
E. Key Personnel Exam- C. Bergtholdt Examination, Certifica-
ination tion, and Notification
of Key Personnel
F. Radiation Dr. Barnes Radiation Exposure Pro-
files and Badges
E7
ConclucVng Remarks locations was accomplished while the
objectiws of nanjpulation, s u r a r i t f n g ,
Oespfte a lat9 start because o f hardware ami statusing m w i r to be accanplished.
del i v e y , a s ; g n i f i c m t amoufit of
support was provided for STS-!. ?4o The i n i t i a l Medical -rations &porting
unexpecte4 hardwar?, software. logistic, System ;.esii?:m! i n a m'wtian i n the
o r operatiotial f a i l u r e s werP expcr- nmber e f repwts, i n i t i a l standardi-
fenced. hput forms were esta>liskd r ~ t i o nof reports. and prwided a good
fcr all area5 0:' crew health assesmcc?. statu check before the mission. Per-
except nicmbiology. FilrWr, mic-o- hacr. $-!e e s t ilPpnrtact result was get-
processoo- systeccs 2nd remote terrains?: ting each functional elesmt t o repart
were fun:tional for a l l medical I & - - - m the system as t h i z rill clearly be
tories. I n short, the major o b j t t t i r c s r e m ? t 4 d u t + T the nature operations
f o r STS-1 of ber'n3 acle t o collect, s)?asoI A l l qf the objectives fer the
store, and retri e ;2 priaary m & i ca i
infornation from l x a l acd ;-emt!e
-- -+
0 ..--..
*.rp... - n? Systes xere a xmpl ished
- I . . tit for postnigh: aissio.. reports.
98
Management, Planning,and Implementation
of Medica! Operatione 21
brman Belasco
Section f Hanagmeat of Medical Operations
Dis cussion
The S h u t t l e Program dacumen+.s t h a t
provide authorization for Shuttle Medj-
ctil Operations Managemert (OFT), we. WJ
8500.!A, "Operational Pediczl Iks,?ov.;i-
b i l it i e s f o r the Space Transportatfcn
System" ISTS) , and Space Shutt7e f'rograc.
D i I'PC t ive 778, "Space Shuttl e t% 9 :c a l
Operations Mqnagement and Imp1m v t t a t i o ?
Resclonribilitfes for O r b i t a l F1 i g ? t l e s t
(OF'T)." These dc'legirte t h e AS j u c i a t e
w t i o n s and status a c t i v i t i e s ; and (10) KSC Role
reporting .
0 Medical Operations support, plan-
The r o l e s of the primary team member ning, coordination, and implement?-
organizations p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n and sup- t i o n a t KSC
p o r t i n g STS-1 Medical Operations a c t i v -
it i e s are smnari red below. 0 Medical b e r a t i o n s t r a i n i n g a t KSC
100
Nedical Qperations Panel ! W ) Fltfist Surgeon; and ( 3 ) DOMS t o provide
and Slipporting Structure f o r f a r the turnaround crews' occupatioeal
Management imp1m e n t a t i o n m e d i c i n e needs, s h o u l d t h e r e be a
Shuttle landing a t one o f the DOD Con-
As dep3cted i n Figure ?l-1, the JSC
Space acd 1 ; f e Sciences D i r e c t o r a t e
t i ngency L a d ng Sites (CLS) .
(SLSD) e s t ltJ1i s h e d an o r g a n i z a t i o n a l
managerrtent s t r u c t u r e t o e f f e c t i v e l y Results
conduct k d i c a l Operations functions re-
q u i r i n g e r . l w t i s e o f i t s panel and The management rclas were conducted
s u p p o r t i n 9 boards, and d e c i s i o n s o r effectively, i n t h a t t h e major functions
guidance by higher management authority. were organi zed, p l anned, i n t q r a t e d , and
D i r e c t i d by the JSC Director o f Space coordinated i n a manner t h a t prodwed an
and I:ife ! :iences, t h i s structure e f f i c i e n t process, measurable prcqress ,
employed mm: jers and p a r t i c i p a n t s frw and the desired r e s u l t s t h a t e r e res-
both s t a f f :'unction and l i n e organiza- pensive t o t h e Medical Operations
tions. Thi se o r g a n i z a t i o n s become regui rements.
active, as needed, d u r i ng pre-mi s s i on
preparat!ons .and as r o u t i n e l y scheduled The MOP was established, and t h r o q h
i n pref'l ig:it, through p o s t f l i g h t reviews i t assured the implementation o f
periods. requi rements id e n t i f i e d i n t h e Medical
operations Requirements DLxunenO (KORD).
The members a7d p a r t i c i p a n t s i n c l wled The Panel v e r i f i e d conformance t o pol-
represent, ti ves o f JSC, Headquijrters , i c y , and reviewed documentation. r e -
DFRC, KSC, USTIC, and DDMS organizations p o r t s , change proposal s, and p o s t -
who provided the background and author- mission program eval w t i o n s r e q u i r i n g
i t y necesc, wy f o r the Medica! Operations approval. The MOP h e l d s t a t u s arid
a c t i v i t i e s that were addressed. readiness reviews t o assure timely prep-
a r a t i o n f o r mission operations.
The Medical Opevations ,?,el's technical
support group, the hedical Operations Communications among t h e r e s p o n s i b l e
F l i g h t Contro: Team (ROFCT), and a Data p a r t i c i p a n t s a t a l l s i t e s and working
and Records Ccntrol Team (DRCT) provided l c v o l s went very w e l l , keeping i n f o r -
support t o th9 panel as d i d the Space mation adequately current and complete.
Medicine Board [SMB!. Various JSC, KSC, The standard system management t o o l s f o r
and DFHC l i n e organizations and desig- d e f i n i n g and tracking open action items
nated Gd hoc g r w p s assisted the MOP, provided good results. Reports t o the
i t s s-i$pTF€ panels 39; teams 3 s Program O f f i c e and h a d q u a r t e r s Shuttle
requi red. Readiness Review Boards i n d i c a t e d no
sigDlficant incomplete actions remained
Medical Operations ;upport comnitments beyond one week p r i o r t o launch, (even
were rupplemcnte-' by a series o f formal though n few days p r i o r there had been
agreements, tf - t were negotiated w l t h i m p o r t a n t procedural changes i n t h e
Sands TeacP:ng Hospital, Gdinesville, landing timeline).
Florida, and Loma Linda Medical Center,
Loma L i nc' , Cal fornia , des'gnati ng them
' No s i g n i f i c a n t problems were i d e n t i f i e d
as dei i n i t i v e nedical 'are f a c i l i t . i e s w i t h respv c t t o Medical Operations
should a latrdimj contingency occur. i n Management. There were some minor
addition, other aarcments were negoti- refinements in procedures, techni ques ,
a t e d w i t h ( 11 J C S S P a r i s h H o s p i t a l , and degree o f support t h a t were proposed
Titusville, r'lorida, ( f o r medical f o r STS-2, t o f u r t h e r improve the e f f i c -
services). ;2) w i t h CFRC,* t o assign the iency and reduce costs.
DFRC M;ldicul O f f i c e r r o l e t o a JSC
101
MEDICAL OPERATlONS PANEL AND SUPPORTINQ STRUCTURE
I OPERAnoNS
OPT FLICIHf I /i-.-----
AND 1
SPACE LIP€ SCIENCES
I I 1
sls m o Q wO f f ICE: REPORT8 AND
RLCOlYllllENOATlONS
INTEGRATION OFFICE
--------- CHAIRMAN
MEDICAL OPERATIONS PANEL
I 2
S C CHIEF, MEDICAL
SCl€NCES DIVISION
MEDICAL CPERATIONS
102
Concl udi ng Remarks c e n t e r working groups. The program
o f f i c e provfded Medical Operations with
I n summary, a l l elements o f the Medical assi stanee i n i n t e r f a c l ng w i t h Shuttle
Owrations "System" functioned as inten- p r o j e c t o f f i c e s and i n t e r n a l o r g a n i -
ded throughout the mission preparation,
preflight, i n f l i g h t , landing and post-
1anding phases *
ever *qui red -
zations a t other centers and OOMS when-
103
MEDICAL OPERATIQIVS REQUIREMENTS
DOCUMENTATION TREE
POLICY DIRECTIVES, SUPPORTING SUBPLANS
AN0
REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
MI 1152.W
Spoce Medislm -de in SUP- -t
of Specs C ~ OuJiflutmn
N tor
Sp8a Flqht
PRO 40.000
Space Y.:in* OFT L u n d , md
Lmdlng P-amS~W
IW
I~~
UI IO
R
Doeummt
JSC 17008
Mmsnn Yniflurion T m Ovaul
Op.rmwmr Plan
*Jsc 13942
Mod~~al Evduetcon uui Cud.
Iwm Annual Waul C n t l t
cation. Pilot C I m IA, Mlamn
SO.rrlnb Cl8a IIA
Figum 21-2
104
and c o n t r a c t o r personnel in v o l ved i n n i n g documentation; d i s e m i n a t i ng
ground operations a t each s i t e , t o con- p e r t i n e n t informatfon; organizing
duct medlcal a c t i v i t i e s requi red during and conducting t r a i n i n g ; providing
launch o r landing operations (i.e., off guidance and d i r e c t i o n through t h e
loading medical k i t s , do microbial samp- Medical Operations Panel and i t s
l i n g , etc.). OlSRSD elements are, f o r supporting groups; p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n
t h e most p a r t , e x t r a c t i o n s from t h e simulations, t r a i n i n g exercises, and
PRD's, from t h e r e s p e c t i v e Implemen- v e r i f i c a t i o n testing, and conducting
t a t i o n Support sub plans o r from OMI's and p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n r e a d i n e s s
f o r a respective functional area. reviews.
o The p a r t i c i p a t i n g s i t e s , JSC,
Section I11 ( i n c l u d i n g WSTF f o r Northrup S t r i p )
KSC, DFRC, and CLS's, each had a
Medical Operations Imp1ementation S i t e Medical O f f i c e r who was
responsible for all Medical
The objective o f the Wdical Operations Operations support and crbordination
Implementation was t o conduct the w i t h respect t o t h e i r s i t .
meCical r e t i r e m e n t i n ieptember,
h e to a
increments o f planned Medical Operations
a c t i v i t i e s i n order t o achieve end item 1980 o f the "URC Medical O f f i c e r ,
STS-1 mission goals, f o r a l l l e v e l s o f and the DFRC management a r x f s i n n n o t
Medical Operations. t o provide a replacement, an i n t e r -
c e n t e r agreer n t was n e g o t i a t e d
between DFRC and JSC t o have a JSC
Discussion F l i g h t Surgeon serve as DFRC Medical
O f f i c e r f o r STS (OFT) l a n d i n g s
As planned, the impl ementation organ- scheduled f o r DFRC. Thus, t h e
i z a t i o n , structure, and functions were medical officers a t JSC, DFRC, and
based on a classic systems management Northrop S t r i p , (NS) were JSC F l i g h t
approach of system, subsystems, and Surgeons, a t KSC the Medical O f f i c e r
components. As simply applied t o STS-1 was the Medical Director, and a t t h e
Medical Operations t h e system encom- CLS's t h i s assignment was given t o
passed t h e t o t a l complex o f Medical the respective DOD medical o f f i c e r s
Operations a c t i v i t i e s . The subsystems i n cl,mmand. A t a l l sites, the
were each s p e c i f i c p a r t i c i p a n t s i t e , and Medical O f f i c e r doubled as the EMSS
t h e i r t o t a l i t y o f Medical Operations C o o r d i n a t o r , f u n c t i o n i n g from a
functions. ( I n t h i s structure, the 3 DOD 1oca1 s i t e control center posi ti on
contingency landing s i t e s ( CLS's), were t h a t enabled him t o have an EMSS
t r e a t e d through a s i n g l e DDMS f o c a l communications network a t h i s d i s-
point). The components o f the subsys- posal. Figure 21-3, l i s t s the JSC
tems, are the i n d i v i d u a l Medical Opera- missior! Medical Operations p a r t i c i -
t i o n s functional areas which are the pants for JSC, KSC, DFRC, and NS.
r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s of each s i t e . F i g w e 21-4, contains the comnunica-
tion!; c.apabil i t y availablc. t o bled-
The implementation o f t h e systems i c a l Operations at. a l l p a r t i c i p a t i n g
management approach proceeded i n t h e s i t e s , 2nd Figure 2i-5 indicates the
f o l 1 b w i ng manner: Medical Operations system e l ments.
105
supported Launch, O r b i t and Entry Gainesvil i e , florida, (for definitive
phases i n the K C , M E R , and SSR. medical c a r e ) . Staffs a t both
S t a f f i n g d w i n g t h e m i s s i o n was: f a c i l i t i e s had been t r a i n e d and alerted.
M E R Surgeons (3) p l u s (1) backup,
SSR BME s ( 3 1 p l u s t l ) backup, A t NS, i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e medical
Senior Wedkal Officer (1) p l u s (1) o f f i c e r duties, t h e 3SC F l i g h t Surgeon
backup, c l e r i c a l support ( 2 ) . MCC was the EMSS Coordinator, stationed i n
C l i n i c Nurses (41, Data Management t h e NS Operations C o n t r o l Center
O f f i c e r (1) p l u s (1) backup. (NSOCC) , where c ommun ic a ti on s
c a p a b i l i t i e s enabled him t o c a r r y o u t
D u r i n g m i s s i o n a c t i v i t y periods, t h e h i s assignments. I n addition t o the
Deputy Chief o f the Medical Operations EMSS C o o r d i n a t o r , t h e r e were 2 3SC
Branch, p r o v i d e d t h e c o o r d i n a t i o n o f F l i g h t Surgeons, one assigned t o each o f
o v e r a l l mission support elements throug- the t w o rescue he1i c o p t e r s containing
hout the bystem as needed. medical equipment and DO0 parajmpers.
DOD (HAFB) also provide an ambulance,
A t KSC, the HSP o f f i c e r (JSC) supe;. ised staffed by 2 EMT's and a DOD physician.
HSP procedu-a1 implementation. In NS was designated as t h e landing s i t e
addition, food services were provided i n for an Abort-Once-Around (AOA),
t h e KSC crew q u a r t e r s by t h e JSC Underburn, o r Contingency Landing, i n
d i e t i c i a n and ( 2 ) food technicians. a d d i t i o n t o being the backup End o f
Mission (€OM) s i t e .
Microbiological and c l i n i c a l lab
sampl ing were camp1eted , processed, and DDMS acquired agreement from t h e DOD
prepared f o r t r a n s p o r t by t h e 3SC Hospital a t Hollman, AFB, Almogordo, NM
m i c r o b f o l a g i s t and h i s technical assist- ( s t a b i l i z i n g ) and Win. Beaumont Army
ants. Crew physicals were conducted by Medical Center, E l Paso, TX, ( d e f i n i t i v e
t h e Crew P h y s i c i a n and Deputy Crew medical care) t o support any occurrence
Physician. For launch the Crew Physician r e q u i r i n g t h e i r c a p a b i l it i e s . In
(JSC) j o i n e d the EMSS coordinator (KSCJ addition, the Brooks AFB Burn Center and
and the BME (KSC) i n t h e LCC f o r the t h e i r burn team were comnited t o NASA i f
purpose o f providing the "go", o r "no needed.
go" crew h e a l t h status t o the f l i g h t
Director, though the MOCR Surgeon. The F o r any l a n d i n g , o t n s r than a
Deputy Crew Physician deployed t o the (prescheduled) EON a t MS, there wrrld be
rescue h e l i c o p t e r assembly area, f o r no microbial samples or c l i n i c a l l a b
duty as a helo F l i g h t Surgeon, should samples taken. f o r an E a , the Crew
there be a contingency E MS situation a t P h y s i c i a n , Deputy Crew P h y s i c i a n ,
launch, o r i n preparation o f a m i c r o b i o l o g y , and c l i n i c a l l a b teams
contingency a t landing should there be a woul d deploy t o NS.
Return t o Launch S i t e (RTLS) decision.
Once the RTLS decision p o i n t was past, A t DFRC, i n preparation f o r the STS-1
( 4 min., 17 sec. approx.) both the Crew I ancii ng, t h e Deputy Crew P h y s i c i an,
P h y s i c i a n and Deputy Crew P h y s i c i a n , a r r i v i n g from KSC, replaced the DFRC
u t i l i z e d NASA provided transport a i r - c o n t r a c t o r F l i g h t Surgeon who was
c r a f t t o t r a v e l t o the primary landing s e r v i n g as backup EMSS C o o r d i n a t o r ,
s i t e , at. DFRC. (should DFRC be designated f o r an AOA o r
contingency 1analng before a r r i v a l o.f
I f there had been I contingency event a t the deputy crew physicfan from KSC).
KSC, aqreements were effected t o u t i l i z e
Jess P a r i s h H o s p i t a l i n T i t u s v i l l e , The Crew Physician when a r r i v i n g from
F l o r i d a ( f o r s t a b i l i z i n g the p a t i e n t ) , KSC, deployed t o the convoy assembly
and Shands leaching iiospit a l , area where he became p a r t of the crew
106
van compl ement. Addi ti onal ly , t w o JSC excellent support DDMS provided a t NS,
F l i g h t Surgeons were assigned (1 each) DFRC, and KSC, DQMS v e r l f j e d readiness
t o two rescue helos The convoy a1 so o f t h e i r DO0 CLS's t o sup o r t a
contained an ambulance, and s t a f f o f 2
EMT's and a DOD physician. After
contingency 1 anding shoul d t h s need P
occur
v e h i c l e r o l l o u t , and when t h e area
around the spacecraft was deemed safe There were 110 s i g n i f i c a n t problems other
for crew egress, the crew van approached than, the procedural irregul a r i ty caused
the Colunbia. The egress procedures by Commander Young ' s premature
c a l l e d f o r the Crew Physician t o enter egress, and the apparent need f o r addf-
the vehicle with the f i r s t changeout t i o n a l medical comnunications c a p a b i l i t y
creman, b r i e f l y assess condition o f the a t KSC - (Need communication between
h e l o F l i g h t Surgeons and Shands
crewnembers egress with the
crewnembers, ( i f resul t s so indicated) Hospital . I DFRC - (Need d i r e c t
board t h e crew van, and depart t h e communication between EMSS Coordinator,
inmediate r o l l o u t area f o r the ( o l d ) ambulance and crew van.) NS - (Need
DFRC c l i n i c , where a more complete crew d i r e c t communication between EMSS
examication c o u l d be conducted. c o o r d i n a t o r DOD ambulance, and crew
However, iipon opening of the side hatch, vehicle. 1
Comiander Yaung enthusiastically egress-
ed before the Crew Physician could go on
board. P i l o t Crippen remained on board Concluding Remarks
where t h e Crew p h y s i c i a n b r i e f l y
conducted h i s assessmept before egress. The success o f the readiness reviews,
Once i n t h e crew van, events went mission v e r i f i c a t i o n tests, and STS-1
according t o planned procedure. Two JSC m i s s i o n support a t t e s t t o t h e h i g h
physiological technicians assfsted the qual ity of management, pl anni ng , coord-
Crew Physician and Deputy Crew Phjsician ination, and implementation achieved i n
during conduct o f these examinations. support o f t h i s f i r s t STS f l i g h t . It i s
estimated t h a t changes and improvements
Gur3i:ng 2 n d a f t e r crew egress t h e t o t h e e x i s t i n g Medical Operations
m i c r o b i a l sampling a c q u i s t i c n s went system f o r STS-2 w i l l be i n the order o f
according t o plan and without incident. 3 t o 5 percent, a t most. Additionally,
C l i n i c a l l a b samples were acquired from each participant deserves a special word
t h s crew d u r i n g t h e i r crew exams o f prafse f o r cooperation, dedication,
conducted i n the ( o l d ) DFRC c l i n i c (once self application and achievement t h a t i n
the JSC s u i t technicians had removed the some p a r t c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e t o t a l
crewnembers' suits) . Medical Operatians successful support of
t h i s STS-1 missiori.
I t must be noted t h a t i n addition t o the
107
JSC MEDICAL OPERATIONS ASSIGNMENT ROSTER
PRIMARY NORMAL FUNCTION MISSION SUPPORT PRIMARY MISSION SUPPORT FUNCTION
ASSIGNEE
Deputy Chief, Me" Ops Branch BdasG3l Acting Chief; overdl mission
support coordination
Figure 21-3(Continued)
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110
to q i v c special I-ecognititm
Ibnna Alfwd
Steven A1 tchulcr
k v e r l y Adman
Sawel 4valone
Illchssl A.*ebalo
Peter 2m;tage
BSrJy Ask ey
Yilllssl Atwell
Donald Bar's
Jams Bagian
Joseph Baker
Pleddie W e r
M l d r e d Baks
numas 8aXjter
Ralph 6eev.w
Richard Be$ura
Eugene Ben,;on
Stuart B e m n
Charles Betytholdt
Hawin Berrhard
Dennis k s i e t t e
June B.; 11 ir gsl ey
2w-s Bi?oceau
Beverly B l ~ d m r t h
Donna b d e n
James Bogart
W a n Braunskie
Y i l l i a c a brntc
James Bost
Raymond BOudreakU
Char1es Bourl and
John Boyd
Jerry Brandt
&?colm B r i t t
Psul Buchanan
Melvin k w k e
William Rush
Carolyn Carrnichael
F a d Chaput
Wll :am Chase
Chwi es &assay
Yu-Ming Chen
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w i i l.4 - - Gofer
Davfd Cole
E l v i n Col et~an
Martin C-41mdi;
deannie Co11ison
WePt Srrs
h c SI6pklns
RimeWre Skintwasan
des* slsaro
dQIr0 *la
~ I C O ~aSt t k
ShBm atas
W t l l l m 9alW
John Snleaowskl
RIcbrd Snyder
COMie Stadler
Joseph S t a n d a M
John Staml
Y
Clmia Star ing
Brtscoe stephens
Fred S t e r n
Richard S t m w
&se;dr Stvtevtlle
Sham: sui1 i uan
Earl taylor
Jerr, T m l :
k r a a n TRugtrd
Scott yhoapdon
Susan tbnley Tlltotr
Marthi Troel''
Diane Trcmsar
Richard Tuntlund
Thoma!; Turner
Harry bkrlbrec4er
Janes U&ligor.3
Larry Yellace
Donna hrd
Cheste" b&rd
Jerry IdattS
Linda &mer
Robert Wtwanrrrin
Brock Hestwer
Marry hhcd ar
Ramona mite
Ronald White
Jacquel toe N i l 1 i~ d l s
Dona1 1 !4t !ikl e*
gill iat? UI nter
John botd
Daniel W d s
Richad UCJoten
b v : d lawn
John Yoarlg
W i l l i am Y'NJIW
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