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 Research Article Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J
Volume 22 Issue 2 - August 2019
Copyright © All rights are reserved by Sisay Taddese
DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2019.22.556192

The Principal Role of Organic Fertilizer on Soil

Properties and Agricultural Productivity -A Review
Sisay Assefa1* and Sisay Tadesse2
1
Debre Berhan University ,College of Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, Ethiopia
2
Aris University College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Ethiopia
Submission: July 01, 2019; Published: August 09, 2019
Corresponding author: Sisay Assefa, Debre Berhan University, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource Sciences, Ethiopia
*

Abstract

As a key component of agricultural sustainability, organic fertilizer contributes greatly to improving soil fertility. Therefore, the objective
of this review is to revise the role of organic fertilizer on agricultural product and productivity. The newly sourced artificial fertilizer had a
short-term benefit, but it had severe long-term side effect such as soil toxicity and decline soil fertility. Afterward, the idea of organic farming
was acceptable to developed organic agriculture system. The use of organic fertilizers has advantage of being cheap, improving soil structure,
texture and aeration increasing the soils water retention abilities and stimulating healthy root development. Organic fertilizer has many sources
such as minerals, animal source, sewage sludge and plant. Vegetables, animals and residue materials had a contribution to improve soil organic
matter content in soil. Therefor it is recommended that, using integrated nutrient management is a continuous improvement of soil productivity
on longer term basis through appropriate use of organic fertilizers (i.e. animal manure, plants residue and sewage sludge) and their scientific
management for increments of optimum growth, yield and quality of different crops.

Keywords: Organic fertilizer; Fertility; Agricultural productivity

Introduction
dy these side effects while still maintaining higher production [1].
Among the problems inherent to tropical soils, soil acidity,
Similarly, inorganic fertilizers were known for their high cost and
characterized by low pH, excessive aluminium, deficient calcium,
their negative environmental effect if managed poorly [2]. The ag-
and low organic matter is the most serious. Tropical soils are of-
ricultural sector in Ethiopia was the major part for sustaining the
ten unproductive because some of these soils are prone to strong
growth and reducing poverty. However, lack of adequate nutrient,
phosphate fixation that renders phosphorus unavailable to plant.
the depletion of soil organic matter and soil erosion are the major
Soils that are prone to strong phosphate fixation (adsorption to
obstacles to sustained agricultural production. Since 1998, Ethio-
oxides and clay minerals) often require extremely high phosphate
pia has included conservational tillage and compost as part of its
fertilization application in order to alleviate the effect of phos-
extension package to reverse land degradation [3]. There exists
phate fixation. Soil acidity and mineral deficiencies can be cor-
ample evidence to show that compost and conservation tillage can
rected by lime and fertilizers. Unfortunately, lime and fertilizers
result in higher and comparable yields, compared to chemical fer-
are not always easy options available to small and resource-poor
tilizers [4]. The use of organic fertilizers which emphasizes maxi-
farmers. Agriculture was practiced for thousands of years with-
mum reliance on renewable local or farm resource. The advantage
out the use of artificial chemicals in the world. Artificial fertilizers
this fertilizer was cheap, improving soil arrangement, texture and
were first formed during the mid-19th century. These organic fer-
airing, increasing the soils water preservation abilities and stim-
tilizers were cheap, powerful, and easy to transport in bulk. The
ulating healthy root development [5]. In the developing world,
new artificial fertilizer technology had a beneficial in the short
many producers farm according to traditional methods that are
term, had serious longer-term side effects such as soil compaction,
comparable to organic farming, but not certified, and that may not
erosion, and declines in overall soil fertility, along with health con-
include the latest scientific advancements in organic agriculture.
cerns about toxic chemicals entering the food supply. In the late
In other cases, farmers in the developing world have converted
1800s and early 1900s, soil biologist began to seek ways to reme

Agri Res & Tech: Open Access J 22(2): ARTOAJ.MS.ID.556192 (2019) 0046
 Agricultural Research & Technology: Open Access Journal

to modern organic methods for economic reasons. Therefore, the animal and has absorbed the faces and urine. Agricultural manure
main objective of this paper is to overview the principal role of in liquid form known as slurry is produced by more intensive live-
organic fertilizer on agricultural productivity. stock rearing systems where concrete or salt are used, instead of
straw bedding. Manure from different animals had different qual-
Concept and Definition of Organic Fertilizer ities and requires different application rates when used as fertil-
Organic fertilizers were defined as materials having definite izer.
chemical composition with a high analytical value that supply
Sewage sludge is materials that contain human excreta, as
plant nutrient in available form [6]. Organic fertilizers are fertiliz-
it is generated after mixing excreta with water and treatment of
ers derived from animal matter, human execrate or vegetable mat-
wastewater in sewage treatment plant. Green manure are crops
ter (e.g. compost, manure). Organic fertilizers are made with natu-
grown for the express purpose of plowing them in those increas-
ral raw material; it usually pertains to our biodegradable wet suit.
ing fertility through incorporation of nutrients and organic matter
Usually compost is made by decomposing biodegradable wastes.
into the soil Leguminous plant such as clover is often used for this,
These wastes include paper, leaves, fruit peelings left over foods
as they fix nitrogen using rhizobia bacteria in specialized nodes in
and even fruit juices. Organic fertilizers make a good addition to
the root structure. Green manure, wherever feasible, is the prin-
the soil. It makes the soil reach and ideal to planting.
cipal supplementary meals of adding organic matter to the soil. It
Source of Organic Fertilizers consists in the growing of quick growing crop and ploughing it in
order to incorporate it into the soil [6]. Decomposing crop residue
The main organic fertilizers were sourced from peat, animal
(green manure) from prior years is another source of fertility. Ni-
wastes (often from slaughterhouse), and plant wastes from agri-
trogen is required for the growth of vegetative parts such as the
culture and sewage sludge. Naturally occurring organic fertilizers
stems and the leaves, while your plants will have healthy roots if
include animal wastes from meat processing, peat, and slurry.
they get a sufficient amount of phosphorus. Phosphorus was also
Organic fertilizers were carbon-based compounds that increase
required for good flowers and fruits. Potassium makes the plant
the productivity and growth quality of plants. Organic fertilizers,
healthy by facilitating the circulation of nutrients within the plant.
far from being purified and simplified chemicals, were complex
Moreover, plants also require other nutrients, such as calcium and
compounds that add numerous secondary and micro-nutrients.
magnesium. Since these were required, you need not add them
Organics such as manures, powdered rocks (such as lime, rock
separately unless in exceptional cases, if the soil was totally devoid
phosphate, and greensand), blood meal, bone meal, wood ash and
of these minerals or the crop you wish to grow transforms organic
compost all contain important micronutrients, and their texture
substrates into a stable, humus-like material [8]. In addition to the
would improve soil quality rather than degrading it. Organic farm-
carbon storage benefits of adding compost to agricultural soils,
er’s emphasis using only organic fertilizers for fertility maintains.
composting can lead to improved soil quality, improved produc-
In many aspects, organic farming was the way of life as it is a meth-
tivity, and cost savings. For example, nutrients in compost tend to
od of farming. Soil nutrient depletion and likely degradation have
foster soil fertility [9].
been considered serious threats to agricultural productivity and
have been identified as major causes of decreased crop yields and Importance of Organic Fertilizer
per capita food production [7]. The positive effects organic farm-
Organic fertilizers were different from chemical fertilizers
ing has on the environment and quality of food, it also greatly helps
in that the materials were a by- product of vegetables, animals
a farmer to become self-sufficient in his requirements for agro-in-
or minerals. The decomposing matter from these sources, break
puts and reduce his costs. Organic farming aspires to a combine
down naturally and would provide nutrient and minerals to the
mixture of organic, environmental, social and ethic objectives.
soil. When considering lawn maintenance, it was necessary to
Mined powdered limestone, rock phosphate and Chilean salt make sure that the lawn or garden gets the all of nutrients that
peter were in organic (not of biological organs) compounds which it needed for health growth. Although nutrients were available in
can be energetically intensive to harvest. mineral fertilizers con- regular soil, fertilizers can provide and ensure that the plant had a
taining N, P, K and S not only increase crop yield but also improve balance and suitable access of nutrients, proper lawn care include
nutritional quality of crop yields, such as protein, oil, starch, es- providing for the health of the lawn and garden. One of the bene-
sential amino acids and vitamins in pulses, oil seeds, tubers, and fits of organic fertilizer was that the nutrients were related more
vegetables respectively. Animal source materials include the prod- slowly than chemical fertilizers. This slower process allows the
uct of slaughter of animal, blood meal, bone meal, hides, hoofs, and plant to process the fertilizer in a more natural way and will not
horns were typically precursors. Chicken litters, which consists result in over fertilizing which could damage the plant [10]. The
of chicken manure mixed with sawdust, was an organic fertiliz- soil drainage and air circulation of the soil can also be improved.
er that has been shown to better condition soil for harvest than Having a compost pile was also a great way to get rid of food waste
synthesized fertilizers. Common form of animal manure includes and still contribute to your lawn care and environment. It was an
farmyard manure or farm slurry. Farmyard manure also contains important valuable option that would help the soil and environ-
plant materials (often straw), which has been used as bedding for mental be health and produce the best plants. Synthetic fertilizers

How to cite this article: Sisay Assefa . The Principal Role of Organic Fertilizer on Soil Properties and Agricultural Productivity -A Review. Agri Res& Tech:
0047
Open Access J. 2019; 22(2): 556192. DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2019.22.556192
 Agricultural Research & Technology: Open Access Journal

usually contain chemicals which were not easily biodegradable. lowing fresh cattle manure application and concluded that the ef-
These chemicals leach into the soil and eventually find their way fects of manure on soil pH would depend on the manure source
into the water system where they were consumed by birds and and soil characteristics. Manures of high organic matter and car-
other wildlife. In contrast, organic fertilizer had no such harmful bonate content would be most effective in raising the pH of an acid
compounds and therefore didn’t pose this danger, even with in- soil and also buffering against changes in pH once in the soil. The
creased use. In addition, when synthetic fertilizers were sprayed content of organic matter was an essential indicator of soil quality
on plants and lawns, they pose an immediate danger to kids and and fertility [15]. Organic matter was one of the three soil com-
pets that play in the garden and on the grass. Caution must be ex- ponents that are crucial for its physicochemical properties, such
ercised when using these toxins, and exposure must be limited. as its sportive and buffer abilities as well as its biodiversity and
Unlike chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizers reduce acidity in biological activity. Because of the positive influence of organic
the soil and do not cause leaching. They do not kill beneficial mi- matter on soil functionality, it was imperative that its resources
croorganisms in the soil. Organic fertilizers also help improve the be maintained or improved [16]. Soils that received repeated ap-
structure of the soil including the circulation of air, which sustains plications of cattle manure were more friable to the feel and less
beneficial microorganisms that help release nutrients to the soil. compacted under foot than those of the unmannered plots Camp-
bell et al. [17]. Farmyard manure has long been known to improve
In many agriculture areas, pollution of groundwater caus-
soil structure, increase porosity and water holding capacity and
es with synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. Organic fertilizers
decrease evaporation rates, that cattle feed manure applications
through the use of greater biodiversity, enhancing soil structure
to soils increased water infiltration into the soil while reported
and water infiltration. Well managed organic systems with better
that additions of manure decreased crust strength. Improvements
nutrient retentive abilities, greatly reduce the risk of groundwater
in physical soil quality characteristics were generally indicated by
pollution. Organic agriculture contributes to mitigating the green-
increases in water infiltration, macro porosity, aggregate size and
house effect and global warming through its ability to sequester
stability, and soil OM.
carbon in the soil. Many management practices used by organic
agriculture increase the return of carbon to the soil, raising pro- Role of Organic Fertilizer for Agriculture
ductivity and favouring carbon storage. Combinations of plants
The increased consumer demand appears to be driven pri-
and animals optimize nutrient and energy cycling for agricultural
marily by the perception that organically grown produce was saf-
production. The provision of structures providing food and shelter,
er and more nutrients to eat than produce grown conventionally
and the lack of pesticide use, attract new or re-colonizing species
[18]. Similarly, the use of inorganic fertilizer has been observed
to the organic area, including wild flora and fauna (e.g. birds) and
to cause the destruction of soil texture and structure, which often
organisms beneficial to the organic system such as pollinators and
leads to soil erosion and acidity as a result of the leaching effect
pest predators [11]. If households are endowed with sufficient la-
of nutrients. All these give rise to reduced crop yields as a result
bour to apply manure, then the probability to opt for expensive
of soil degradation and nutrients imbalance [19]. Edmeades [20]
fertilizers decreases. Other than reciprocally affecting one anoth-
concluded that manured soil had higher organic matter levels,
er, manure and fertilizer uses are also affected by other factors in
lower bulk density, higher porosity and hydraulic conductivity,
similar or in different directions. It reveals that the likelihood of
and greater aggregate stability than soils fertilized conventionally
applying both fertilizer and manure increases within increase in
Karlen and Stott, [21]. Improvements in all of these soil quality
parcel size [12].
indicators would optimize crop growth. Thus, one of the most sig-
Impacts of Organic Fertilizer Application on Soil nificant benefits of manure as an organic nutrient source was the
Properties potential to maintain or increase soil organic matter levels.

Declines in organic matter content of soils due to cultivation Power and Doran, [22] Microbial biomass and labile organ-
and erosion have been a major concern related to sustainability ic matter pools were often greater in organic than conventionally
of agriculture. Therefore, management practices that increase the managed soils. Higher organic matter content, N mineralization
organic matter content were deemed desirable to soil quality and potential, and microbial biomass were observed in organically
productivity. Moreover, soil organic matter increases following re- farmed plots than in those receiving commercial fertilizers. Liebig
peated applications of solid cattle manure. The effect of manure and Doran [23], found greater total C and N, microbial biomass,
on soil pH is variable. Repeated applications of N fertilizer may soil respiration, and mineralizable N in organically managed farms
lead to soil acidification due to acidity produced in the nitrifica- than in conventional farms. In general, tissue dry matter content
tion process, while organic matter added as manure can act to was reported to be higher in organically grown leafy vegetables,
help buffer the soil against a decrease in pH, manure that is low but not in fruit [24]. Similarly, Heaton [25] stated that dry matter
in organic matter and high in ammonium nitrogen may result in produce from organic systems was higher than in conventionally
a decrease in pH due to acidity produced when the ammonium grown produce. High rates of K fertilization have been reported to
is oxidized to nitrate in the soil [13]. Moreover, Whalen et al. [14] reduce dry matter content in some crops [26-41].
stated that an immediate increase in the pH of two acid soils fol-

How to cite this article: Sisay Assefa . The Principal Role of Organic Fertilizer on Soil Properties and Agricultural Productivity -A Review. Agri Res& Tech:
0048
Open Access J. 2019; 22(2): 556192. DOI: 10.19080/ARTOAJ.2019.22.556192
 Agricultural Research & Technology: Open Access Journal

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