Designation: F 436 – 04

Standard Specification for

Hardened Steel Washers1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 436; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope* 1.2.2.4 Extra Thick—Extra thick washers are circular wash-

1.1 This specification covers the chemical, mechanical, and ers in nominal sizes 1⁄2 through 11⁄2 in., with a nominal
dimensional requirements for hardened steel washers for use thickness of 5⁄16 in. suitable for structural applications with
with fasteners having nominal thread diameters of 1⁄4 through oversized holes.
4 in. These washers are intended for general-purpose mechani- 1.3 Terms used in this specification are defined in Termi-
cal and structural use with bolts, nuts, studs, and other nology F 1789 unless otherwise defined herein.
internally and externally threaded fasteners. These washers are
2. Referenced Documents
suitable for use with fasteners covered in Specifications A 325,
A 354, A 449, and A 490. 2.1 ASTM Standards: 2
1.2 The washers are designated by type denoting the mate- A 153/A 153M Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on
rial and by style denoting the shape. Iron and Steel Hardware
1.2.1 The types of washers covered are: A 325 Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat
1.2.1.1 Type 1—Carbon steel. Treated, 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength
1.2.1.2 Type 3—Weathering steel. Atmospheric corrosion A 354 Specification for Quenched and Tempered Alloy
resistance and weathering characteristics are comparable to Steel Bolts, Studs, and Other Externally Threaded Fasten-
that of steels covered in Specifications A 588/A 588M and ers
A 709/A 709M. The atmospheric corrosion resistance of these A 449 Specification for Quenched and Tempered Steel
steels is substantially better than that of carbon steel with or Bolts and Studs
without copper addition. See 5.1. When properly exposed to A 490 Specification for Structural Bolts, Alloy Steel, Heat
the atmosphere, these steels can be used bare (uncoated) for Treated, 150 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength
many applications. A 588/A 588M Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy
1.2.2 The styles of washers covered are: Structural Steel with 50 ksi [345 MPa] Minimum Yield
1.2.2.1 Circular—Circular washers in nominal bolt sizes 1⁄4 Point to 4 in. [100 mm] Thick
through 4 in. suitable for applications where sufficient space A 709/A 709M Specification for Carbon and High-Strength
exists and angularity permits. Low-Alloy Structural Steel Shapes, Plates, and Bars and
1.2.2.2 Beveled—Beveled washers are square or rectangu- Quenched-and-Tempered Alloy Structural Steel Plates for
lar, in nominal sizes 1⁄2 through 11⁄2 in., with a beveled 1 to 6 Bridges
ratio surface for use with American standard beams and A 751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for
channels. Chemical Analysis of Steel Products
1.2.2.3 Clipped—Clipped washers are circular or beveled B 695 Specification for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically
for use where space limitations necessitate that one side be Deposited on Iron and Steel
clipped. D 3951 Practice for Commercial Packaging
F 606 Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Prop-
NOTE 1—A complete metric companion to Specification F 436 has been erties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners,
developed—Specification F 436M; therefore no metric equivalents are
Washers, and Rivets
presented in this specification.
F 1789 Terminology for F16 Mechanical Fasteners

1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 on
2
Fasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts, For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Nuts, Rivets, and Washers. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2004. Published August 2004. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as F 436 – 03. the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

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 F 436 – 04
G 101 Guide for Estimating the Atmospheric Corrosion TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements
Resistance of Low-Alloy Steels
Composition, %
3. Ordering Information Element Type 1 Type 3A

3.1 Orders for hardened steel washers under this specifica- Phosphorus, max
Heat analysis 0.040 0.040
tion shall include the following: Product analysis 0.050 0.045
3.1.1 ASTM designation and year of issue, Sulfur, max
3.1.2 Quantity (number of pieces by size), Heat analysis 0.050 0.050
Product analysis 0.060 0.055
3.1.3 Type and Style (see 1.2.1 and 1.2.2), Silicon
3.1.4 Zinc Coating—Specify the zinc coating process re- Heat analysis ... 0.15–0.35
quired, for example, hot-dip, mechanically deposited, or no Product analysis ... 0.13–0.37
Chromium
preference (see 4.3), Heat analysis ... 0.45–0.65
3.1.5 Dimensions, nominal size, and other dimensions, if Product analysis ... 0.42–0.68
modified from those covered in this specification, Nickel
Heat analysis ... 0.25–0.45
3.1.6 Specify if inspection at point of manufacture is re- Product analysis ... 0.22–0.48
quired, Copper
3.1.7 Specify if manufacturer’s certification or test reports, Heat analysis ... 0.25–0.45
Product analysis ... 0.22–0.48
or both, are required, and A
Weathering steel washers may also be manufactured from any of the steels
3.1.8 Special requirements. listed in Table 2 of Specification A 325.

4. Materials and Manufacture

4.1 Steel used in the manufacture of washers shall be
produced by the open-hearth, basic-oxygen, or electric-furnace 5.3 Individual heats of steel are not identified in the finished
process. product.
4.2 Washers up to and including 11⁄2 in. in bolt size shall be 5.4 Chemical analyses shall be performed in accordance
through hardened. Washers over 11⁄2 in. may be either through with Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A 751.
hardened or carburized at the option of the manufacturer.
4.3 Zinc Coatings, Hot-Dip and Mechanically Deposited: 6. Mechanical Properties
4.3.1 When zinc-coated washers are required, the purchaser
6.1 Through hardened washers shall have a hardness of 38
shall specify the zinc coating process, for example, hot-dip,
to 45 HRC, except when zinc-coated by the hot-dip process, in
mechanically deposited, or no preference.
which case they shall have a hardness of 26 to 45 HRC.
4.3.2 When hot-dip is specified the washers shall be zinc
6.2 Carburized washers shall be carburized to a minimum
coated by the hot-dip process in accordance with the require-
depth of 0.015 in. and shall have a surface hardness of 69 to 73
ments of Class C of Specification A 153/A 153M.
HRA or 79 to 83 HR15N, except when zinc-coated by the
4.3.3 When mechanically deposited is specified the washers
hot-dip process, in which case they shall have a hardness of 63
shall be zinc coated by the mechanical-deposition process in
to 73 HRA or 73 to 83 HR15N.
accordance with the requirements of Class 50 of Specification
6.3 Carburized and hardened washers shall have a minimum
B 695.
core hardness of 30 HRC or 65 HRA.
4.3.4 When no preference is specified, the supplier may
furnish either a hot-dip zinc coating in accordance with 7. Dimensions and Tolerances
Specification A 153/A 153M, Class C, or a mechanically
deposited zinc coating in accordance with Specification B 695, 7.1 All circular and clipped circular washers shall conform
Class 50. Threaded components (bolt and nuts) shall be coated to the dimensions shown in Table 2 and Table 3.
by the same zinc-coating process and the supplier’s option is 7.2 All square beveled and clipped square beveled washers
limited to one process per item with no mixed processes in a shall conform to the dimensions shown in Table 3 and Table 4.
lot. In addition, rectangular beveled and clipped rectangular bev-
4.4 If washers are heat treated by a subcontractor, they shall eled washers shall conform to the dimensions shown in Table
be returned to the manufacturer for testing prior to shipment to 3 and Table 4, except that one side may be longer than shown
the purchaser. for the “A” dimension.
7.3 Unless otherwise stated in the inquiry or purchase order,
5. Chemical Composition plain (uncoated) hardened steel circular washers shall be
5.1 Type 1 and Type 3 washers shall conform to the furnished. Where corrosion-preventive treatment is required,
chemical composition specified in Table 1. For Type 3 see washers shall be coated as agreed upon between the manufac-
Guide G 101 for methods of estimating corrosion resistance of turer and the purchaser.
low alloy steels.
5.2 Product analysis may be made by the purchaser from 8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
finished material representing each lot of washers. The chemi- 8.1 Washers shall be free of excess mill scale, excess
cal composition shall conform to the requirements of 4.1 and coatings and foreign material on bearing surfaces. Arc and gas
5.1. cut washers shall be free of metal spatter.

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 TABLE 2 Hardened Circular, Clipped Circular, and Extra-Thick Washers

NOTE 1—Tolerances are as noted in table on washer dimension tolerances.

Circular and Extra Thick Clipped Circular

Circular, Clipped Circular, and Extra Thick Circular and Clipped Extra Thick Clipped
Nominal Size Thickness (T), in.
Nominal Outside Nominal Inside Minimum Edge
Diameter (OD), in. Diameter (ID), in. min max min max Distance (E)A, in.
⁄
14 0.625 0.281 0.051 0.080 ... ... 0.219
⁄
5 16 0.688 0.344 0.051 0.080 ... ... 0.281
3⁄8 0.813 0.406 0.051 0.080 ... ... 0.344
7⁄16 0.922 0.469 0.051 0.080 ... ... 0.406
1⁄2 1.063 0.531 0.097 0.177 0.305 0.375 0.438
9⁄16 1.188 0.625 0.110 0.177 0.305 0.375 0.500
5⁄8 1.313 0.688 0.122 0.177 0.305 0.375 0.563

F 436 – 04
3⁄4 1.468 0.813 0.122 0.177 0.305 0.375 0.656
3

7⁄8 1.750 0.938 0.136 0.177 0.305 0.375 0.781

1 2.000 1.063 0.136 0.177 0.305 0.375 0.875
11⁄8 2.250 1.188 0.136 0.177 0.305 0.375 1.000
11⁄4 2.500 1.375 0.136 0.177 0.305 0.375 1.094
13⁄8 2.750 1.500 0.136 0.177 0.305 0.375 1.219
11⁄2 3.000 1.625 0.136 0.177 0.305 0.375 1.313
13⁄4 3.375 1.875 0.178B 0.28B 0.305 0.375 1.531
2 3.750 2.125 0.178B 0.28B 0.305 0.375 1.750
21⁄4 4.000 2.375 0.24C 0.34C 0.305 0.375 2.000
21⁄2 4.500 2.625 0.24C 0.34C 0.313 0.375 2.188
23⁄4 5.000 2.875 0.24C 0.34C 0.313 0.375 2.406
3 5.500 3.125 0.24C 0.34C 0.313 0.375 2.625
31⁄4 6.000 3.375 0.24C 0.34C 0.313 0.375 2.875
31⁄2 6.500 3.625 0.24C 0.34C 0.313 0.375 3.063
33⁄4 7.000 3.875 0.24C 0.34C 0.313 0.375 3.313
4 7.500 4.125 0.24C 0.34C 0.313 0.375 3.500
A
Clipped edge E shall be not closer than 7⁄8 of the bolt diameter from the center of the washer.
B 3
⁄16 in. nominal.
C 1
⁄4 in. nominal.

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 F 436 – 04
TABLE 3 Washer Dimensional Tolerances
<1 in. 1 through 11⁄2 >11⁄2 through 3
Nominal in. Nominal in. Nominal >3 in.
Dimensional Characteristics Size Size Size Nominal Size
Nominal diameter of hole, in. −0, +0.032 −0, +0.063 −0, +0.063 −0, +0.125
Nominal outside diameter, in. 60.032 60.063 60.063 60.125
Flatness: max deviation from straightedge 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.032
placed on cut side shall not exceed (in.)
Concentricity, in.: center of hole to outside 0.030 FIRA 0.060 FIRA 0.090 FIRA 0.250 FIRA
diameter
Burr shall not project above immediately 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025
adjacent washer surface more than (in.)
A
Full indicator runout.

TABLE 4 Hardened Beveled Washers

NOTE 1—Tolerances are as noted in Table 3.

Square Square Clipped

Square Beveled and Clipped Square BeveledA Clipped
Minimum Side Nominal Inside Mean Thickness Slope or Taper in Nominal Edge
Bolt Size, in. Dimension (A), in. Diameter (I.D.), in. (T), in. Thickness Distance (E),B in.
12⁄ 13⁄4 ⁄
17 32 ⁄
5 16 1:6 ⁄
7 16

5 ⁄8 13⁄4 ⁄
11 16 ⁄
5 16 1:6 ⁄
9 16

3 ⁄4 13⁄4 13⁄16 5⁄16 1:6 ⁄

21 32

7 ⁄8 13⁄4 15⁄16 5⁄16 1:6 ⁄

25 32

1 13⁄4 11⁄8 5⁄16 1:6 7⁄8

11⁄8 21⁄4 11⁄4 5⁄16 1:6 1

11⁄4 21⁄4 13⁄8 5⁄16 1:6 13⁄32
13⁄8 21⁄4 11⁄2 5⁄16 1:6 17⁄32
11⁄2 21⁄4 15⁄8 5⁄16 1:6 15⁄16
A
Rectangular beveled washers shall conform to the dimensions shown above, except that one side may be longer than that shown for the A dimension.
B
Clipped edge E shall not be closer than 7⁄8 of the bolt diameter from the center of the washer.

9. Sampling and Number of Tests Number of Pieces in Lot Number of Specimens

8001 to 22 000 3
9.1 The requirements of this specification shall be met in Over 22 000 5
continuous mass production for stock, and the manufacturer
shall make sample inspections to ensure that the product
conforms to the specified requirements. Additional tests of 10. Test Methods
individual shipments of material are not ordinarily contem- 10.1 Hardness:
plated. 10.1.1 Non-carburized Washers—A minimum of two read-
9.2 When additional tests are specified in the inquiry or ings shall be taken 180° apart on at least one face at a minimum
purchase order, a lot, for purposes of selecting test samples, depth of 0.015 in.
shall consist of all material offered for inspection at one time 10.1.2 Carburized Washers—A minimum of two readings
that has the following common characteristics: shall be taken 180° apart on at least one face.
9.2.1 Same nominal size. 10.2 Hardness tests shall be performed in accordance with
9.2.2 Same material grade. the Rockwell test method specified in Test Methods F 606.
9.2.3 Same nominal post treatment (heat treatment or coat-
ing or both). 11. Inspection
9.3 From each lot described in 9.2, the number of specimens
tested for each required property shall be as follows: 11.1 The manufacturer shall afford the purchaser’s inspector
all reasonable facilities necessary to satisfy him that the
Number of Pieces in Lot Number of Specimens
material is being produced and furnished in accordance with
800 and under 1 this specification. Mill inspection by the purchaser shall not
801 to 8000 2 interfere unnecessarily with the manufacturer’s operations. All

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 F 436 – 04
tests and inspections shall be made at the place of manufacture, 15.3 Additional identification or distinguishing marks, or
unless otherwise agreed to. both, may be used by the manufacturer.
11.2 If other than the normal inspection for continuous mass 15.4 All marking symbols shall be depressed on one face of
production of parts as stipulated in 9.1 is required by the the washer.
purchaser, it shall be specified in the inquiry and contract order. 15.5 Type and manufacturer’s or private label distributor’s
identification shall be separate and distinct. The two identifi-
12. Rejection and Rehearing cations shall preferably be in different locations and, when on
12.1 Material that fails to conform to the requirements of the same level, shall be separated by at least two spaces.
this specification may be rejected. Rejection should be reported 15.6 It is possible that during the clipping of circular
to the producer or supplier promptly and in writing. In case of washers the marking symbols may be removed. This is
dissatisfaction with the results of the test, the producer or acceptable provided that the majority of washers in the lot still
supplier may make claim for a rehearing. display the identification marks.
13. Certification and Test Report
16. Packaging and Package Marking
13.1 Upon request of the purchaser in the contract or order,
16.1 Packaging:
a manufacturer’s certification that the material was manufac-
16.1.1 Unless otherwise specified, packaging shall be in
tured and tested in accordance with this specification, together
accordance with Practice D 3951.
with a report of the latest mechanical tests of each stock size in
16.1.2 When special packaging requirements are required,
each shipment, shall be furnished at the time of shipment.
they shall be defined at the time of the inquiry and order.
13.2 Data contained in the certified test report shall include
16.2 Package Marking:
material grade and hardness tests.
16.2.1 Each shipping unit shall include or be plainly marked
14. Responsibility with the following information:
14.1 The party responsible for the fastener shall be the 16.2.1.1 ASTM designation and type,
organization that supplies the fastener to the purchaser. 16.2.1.2 Size,
16.2.1.3 Name and brand or trademark of the manufacturer,
15. Product Marking 16.2.1.4 Number of pieces,
15.1 Washers shall be marked with a symbol, or other 16.2.1.5 Purchase order number, and
distinguishing marks, to identify the manufacturer or private 16.2.1.6 Country of origin.
label distributor, as appropriate.
15.2 Additionally, Type 3 weathering steel washers shall be 17. Keywords
identified with the symbol “3”. 17.1 carbon steel; steel; washers; weathering steel

SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS

S1. Surface Roughness S1.2 Burrs shall not exceed 0.01 in. in height.
S1.1 Washers shall have a multidirectional lay with a
surface roughness not exceeding 750 µin. in height including
any flaws in or on the surface.

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

This section identifies the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue, F 463-03, that
impact the use of this standard. (Approved Aug. 1, 2004).

(1) Revised Section 14, Responsibility.

(2) In Table 2, for nominal sizes 1 and 11⁄8 in., reduced the
inside diameter by 0.063 to specify 1.063 and 1.888 as
previously balloted.

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 F 436 – 04
This section identifies the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue, F 463-02, that impact the use of
this standard. (Approved Oct. 1, 2003).

(1) Added Section 1.3 that references Terminology F 1789 for (3) Revised Table 2, providing for extra-thick washers.
definitions of terms. (4) Revised Table 3 so the tolerances are more progressive
(2) Added Section 1.2.2.4. that discusses the extra thick through the range of diameter.
washer.

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