Itahari FS 2017

Submitted to:
Alternative Energy Promotion Center (AEPC)

National Rural and Renewable Energy Programme (NRREP)
PO Box: 14364, Khumaltar Height,
Lalitpur, Nepal
Phone: +9771-5539390/5536843 Fax: 5539392 ^ebsite: www.aepc.gov.np
Final
Report
On
Draft Report on “Feasibility Study for Waste to Energy Project in Itahari Sub-Metropolitan
City'
“Feasibility Study for Waste to Energy Project in Itahari Sub-
Metropolitan City”
Sustainable Energy and Technology Management Pvt. Ltd (SETM) 2

City'
Table of Contents
1 Introduction 4
1.1 Background 4
1.2 Objective of the assignment 4
1.3 Scope of Work 4
2 Study Methodology 6
2.1 Desk Study 6
2.2 Field Visit and Data Collection Phase 6
2.2.1 WASTE Quantification 6
2.2.2 Waste Characterization 7
2.2.3 Consultation with SMC/Interaction with Local Stakeholders 7
2.3 Data Interpretation and Analysis 7
3 Inventory of current frameworkconditions 8
3.1 About Itahari Sub-Metropolitan City 8
3.2 Climate 9
3.3 Seasonality 9
3.4 Natural Resources 10
3.5 Geology and Location 10
3.6 Human Background 10
3.7 Legal Framework and Permit Requirements 10
3.8 Past Examples, Lessons Learned 10
3.9 Waste Management Sector 11
3.10 Human Resources 11
3.11 Material and Transportation Capacity 11
3.12 Regular Membership Status 12
3.13 Waste Collection and Landfill 13
3.13.1 Daily Collection of solid waste from Itahari SMC 13
3.14 Quantity Estimation of Daily Collection 14
3.15 Collected Waste Quantification 14
3.16 Sector wise Characterization 15
3.16.1 Street Solid Waste 15
3.16.2 Domestic Solid Waste 15
3.16.3 Hotel/Restaurant waste 16
3.16.4 Vegetable Markets 17
3.16.5 Industrial Waste 18
3.16.6 Medical Waste 18
3.16.7 Landfill Waste 18
3.17 Nature of the MSW 19
3.18 Waste Generation Potential of Itahari SMC 19
3.18.1 Waste generation potentialof 2016 20
3.18.2 Waste generation projection of 2018 21
3.19 Feedstock for An-Aerobic Digestion of the Itahari SMC 22
4 Assessment of Feasibility 24
4.1 Organizational Capability 24
4.1.1 Staffing and Operations 24
4.2 Location 24
4.3 Technical 25
4.3.1 Substrate Supply Chain 25

City'
4.3.2 Process Design 25
4.3.3 Construction Aspects 28
4.3.4 By-Product Use 28
4.4 Financial, Commercial Assessment and Market Study 28
4.4.1 Financial Analysis 28
4.4.2 Market Study 29
4.5 Tentative timeframe for development of proposed plant 30
4.6 Environmental and Social Impact 31
4.6.1 Social Impact 32
4.6.2 Environmental Impact 32
4.7 Risk Assessment 33
5 Conclusion and Recommendations 34
Appendices 36

1 INTRODUCTION
SETMPL has prepared this Final Report for “Feasibility Study for Waste to Energy Project in
Itahari Sub-Metropolitan City” as per the contract agreement signed between Alternative
Energy Promotion Centre (AEPC) and SETM on the date of 8 December 2016.
1.1 BACKGROUND
Nepal is one of six pilot countries identified for assistance under the Scaling-up Renewable
Energy Program in Low-Income Countries (SREP) by the SREP sub-committee. As one of
three programs under the Strategic Climate Fund, SREP aims to demonstrate the social,
economic and environmental viability of low carbon development pathways in the energy
sector. In particular, the objectives of SREP in Nepal are to (i) leverage complementary credit
and grant co-financing; (ii) bring about transformational impacts through scaling up energy
access using renewable energy technologies (RETs), poverty reduction, gender and social
inclusiveness and climate change mitigation; and (iii) ensure sustainable operations through
technical assistance and capacity building. The Government of Nepal (GoN) has designated
the Ministry of Finance (MoF) and the Ministry of Population and Environment (MoPE) as
the focal points for SREP. MoPE has designated the Alternative Energy Promotion Centre
(AEPC) as the lead agency for SREP-related activities. Under SREP, there are two different
types of large sized biogas plants or energy projects prioritized for implementation viz.
commercial plants and municipal solid waste (MSW) to energy plants. The municipalities
willing to develop the waste to energy project under this program are expected to partner with
private entrepreneurs bringing technology to invest in the waste to energy project for
commercial use.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE ASSIGNMENT

The main objective of the assignment was to conduct the feasibility study for waste to energy
project in Itahari Sub-Metropolitan City to determine the biogas potential from anorganic
waste fraction of the City.
As indicated in the objective, the study intends to identify waste to energy potential in Itahari
sub-metropolitan city through the conduction of feasibility study. Furthermore, the study
intends to recommend sorting and pre-treatment options for extracting energy from the
organic waste fraction and recommend treatment processes. The study also aims to suggest
proven technologies readily available to treat the MSW with pre-digestion, digestion and post
digestion of the digested slurry and technologies suitable for minimizing the amount of waste
going to landfill.
1.3 SCOPE OF WORK

The key scope of work was;
Determination of Potential of Biogas from the Municipal Solid Waste of Itahari Sub-
Metropolitan City by:
• Quantification of the waste production and collection in the municipality. The data has
to be collected in association with the municipality.
• Determination of the organic waste fraction of the different samples of waste using an
approved waste characterization protocol in the municipality.
• Analyze the anaerobically digestible waste fraction from the organic fraction of the
municipality.
• Assess the potential of biogas energy from the waste fractions generated in the
municipality.
• Recommend sorting and pre-treatment options for extracting energy from the organic
waste fraction and recommend treatment processes.
• Obtain information and evaluate technologies suitable for minimizing the amount of
waste going to landfill.
• Recommend proven technologies readily available to treat solid waste to help meet the
relevant environmental and other waste management obligations along with pre-
digestion, digestion and post digestion of the processed slurry.
2 STUDY METHODOLOGY
SETM has adopted the following methodology to conduct feasibility study of waste to energy
project in Itahari SMC.
2.1 DESK STUDY

Desk study and interaction sessions were carried out to get valuable information related to large
biogas from municipal waste. Available materials such as existing project records, previous
feasibility study reports and various reports about municipal solid waste management were
explored and thoroughly reviewed. The collection of relevant secondary information and data of
Itahari SMC such as demography, population growth rate, temperature, waste management plans,
municipality profile etc. were accompanied.
2.2 FIELD VISIT AND DATA COLLECTION PHASE

Based on the study objectives, data collection module wasprepared for the quantification and
characterization of waste production in the SMC. As per suggestions received from AEPC/SREP,
the modification was carried out. This feasibility study is primarily based on field study data.
However, some relevant secondary data wereobtained from SMC officials and Enviro Care
Concern (P) Ltd.
After finalization of all tools/methodologies and approval from AEPC, the Consultant team were
mobilized to conduct feasibility study.
2.2.1 WASTE QUANTIFICATION

The main parameters for thewaste quantificationare basically density, mass and volume of the
solid waste. The weight (mass) of each type of vehicle (waste carrier vehicle) with waste and
without waste was measured in Weight Bridge.
The field survey was conducted from 27 December, 2016 to 5 January 2017. For data validation
and precise examination, discussion and feedbacks were carried out with Itahari SMC officials and
Enviro Care Concern (P) Ltd. Based on field observed data, the total quantification of collected
waste by the SMC was calculated.
Besides this, the interrogation and data collection from residents in determining the sample
sizewasnotpractical due to large number of population.However, fewselected householdswere
taken into consideration for data collection which is used in projection and validation of per capita
waste production. Similarly, the representative places of SMC waste collection centerswere visited
for assessment of the current practice of residential solid waste collection and disposal system.
Also the vegetable market centers, hotel, and restaurants etc. were randomly visited in close
consultation with SMC and local stakeholders.The data relating to waste production, waste
characteristics, transportation routes, collection systems, disposal sites, recycled materials markets
etc.were also collected.
The proposed project site was visited to conduct meticulous study of location, water availability,
transport links to the site, land availability and ownership, nearby market, energy demand,
surrounding environment etc.
2.2.2 WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
The composition of the municipal solid waste assessment is important in determining the extent of
organic substrates within the waste stream so as to determine the technical and economic viability
of the proposed waste to energy project.
The waste was separated into 4 sections forming a square, rectangle or shapes in such manner.
Then the diagonal wastes were excluded and remainingwere mixed and again separated into 4
sections as before. The same process was carried out until the waste was converging to a require
sample weight of approximately 50 kg.After this, the composition study was carried out. The
composition of solid waste was categorized into organic waste, paper, plastic, glass, construction
material and others. Each separated components were weighed and percentage composition of such
matters were calculated.
For characterization purposes, waste sample was sorted manually by the field team trained prior to
initiation of the sampling and categorization process. For the waste analysis, the flat land was
selected in close proximity to the landfill site for ease transportation of waste once the sorting
processwas completed. The waste samples were designated randomly from arriving waste carriage
vehicles.
In case of households, the average per capita generation of waste was calculated by the sample
study in the different sizes of family in a day. Similarly, the characterization of the hotels,
vegetable markets, and business/market center, industrial and others were conducted. This method
was helpful to identify the overall physical characteristics of wastes. Anaerobically digestible
waste fraction from the organic fraction of MSW wasanalyzed. Thus, characterized waste was
further studied for estimation of the potential of biogas energy from the waste fractions generated
in the SMC.
2.2.3 CONSULTATION WITH SMC/INTERACTION WITH LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS

The key informant interview was conducted with SMC officers and Enviro Care Concern (P) Ltd
to acquire information at field level. Meetings were conducted with SMC team, Enviro Care
Concern (P) Ltd team and other stakeholdersto know their commitments on waste management
and biogas development activities in near future.
2.3 DATA INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS

All the information/data obtained from the SMC and field survey were properly managed by using
appropriate database tools. On the basis of such processed data, thepotential of biogas energy
generation from waste fractions generated in the SMC was assessed.
Such processed data is helpful to recommend relevant technologies for sorting, pre-treatment and
treatment options for extracting energy from the organic waste fraction. Proven technologies are
recommended to treat solid waste to help meet the relevant environmental and other waste
management obligations along with pre-digestion, digestion and post digestion of the digested
slurry. Site analysis was also conducted for theenvironmental and social screening of the potential
site as per feasibility study guideline of AEPC. Also, the project timeframe for the development of
such facility has been proposed.
3 INVENTORY OF CURRENT FRAMEWORK CONDITIONS
3.1 ABOUT ITAHARI SUB-METROPOLITAN CITY
Itahari is a Sub-Metropolitan and largest city in Sunsari District in the Koshi Zone of southeastern
Nepal. It is located at the main transport joint of eastern Nepal. It is the center of the east-west
Mahendra Highway and north-south Koshi Highway and therefore is a city of promising
importance.
SUHSARlO«STRlCT
Proposed Itahari Sub^Metropoiitan City
:• -.a :
42.4 SQ Km
Are*. 51 3 Sq.km
Total 937Sqkm
' - I M
Figure 1: Map showing the location of Itahari SMC

Table 1: General Information of Itahari SMC
Name Itahari Sub-Metropolitan City
District Sunsari
No of wards 26
No of Urban Wards 6
No. of Rural and semi Urban Wards 20 (5+15)
Total Area 130 sq. Km
Major Rivers and Ponds Budhi, Tangra rivers; Bhanse, Mechi-kali
Ponds.
Population (2011) 140517
No. of Households (2011) 33,794
No. of Industries 355
No. of Hospital/Clinics/Nursing Home 8/107/20
No. of Shops and Business Centre 7,735
No. of Restaurants, Hotels 4 Star Hotels, 36 Restaurants, 773 hotels
Annual Population Growth Rate 6.23 %
(2011)
Sewerage canal length (km) 17.693
Agricultural land area (Hectare) 5,880
Forest land area (Hectare) 2636.5
Source: Itahari SMC profile, 2015
3.2 CLIMATE
Climate data of nearest airport Biratnagar Airport is taken as reference. Itahari SMC
experiences the tropical climate. The average high temperature of Biratnagar reaches maximum
of 33.9 °C in the month of April and minimum of 22.7 °C in the month of January. The average
low temperature reaches maximum in the month of August and minimum in the month of
January. The annual average rainfall of 1891.8 mm had been recorded.
Table 2: Climate Data for Biratnagar Airport (1981-2010)
Month Jan Fe M A Ma Ju Ju Au Se O No De Ye
b ar pr y
3 33. n l g p ct
3 v c ar
Average 22. 26 30 32 32 32. 32 1. 29. 25 30.
7 .1 .9 3. 3 .9 .1 5 .1 3 .4 23
Maximum 9 6
(8 (9 (8 (9 (8 (7 (86
Temperature (72 (7 7. (9 (91 1. 9. 0.5 9. (8 (84 7. .42
.9) 9) 6) 3) .9) 2) 8) ) 8) 8. .7) 7) )
°C (°F) 9)
Average 9 15 2 25 25 25. 24 2 1 1 18.
. 11 .6 0. 23. .2 .6 8 .7 1. 5 0 97
Minimum 0 .1 4 3 1 . .
(5 (6 (6 (73 (7 (7 (7 (7 3 5 (66
Temperature (48 0. 7. 8. 8.4 6. (7 .14
.2) 2) 1) 8. .9) 4) 1) ) 5) 0) (59 (5 )
°C (°F) 7) .5) 0.
Precipitation 1 13 13 186 30 53 37 29 9 5 6 1,8
1 .2 .2 .0 2. 0. 8.3 8. 1. . . 91.
mm (inches) . (0. (0. 5 (7. 4 8 (14. 8 8 9 6 8
Source: 7 f Irology and Meteorology (Nepal)
Department
3.3 o
SEASONALITY H
Municipal solid waste is generated every day and is available in Itahari Sub-Metropolitan
City throughout the year. Quantity of waste and type of waste may vary seasonally. Quantity
of waste generation increases mostly in festival and marriage season.
3.4 NATURAL RESOURCES

Budhi Khola is situated adjacent to the proposed project site so required water can easily be
availed from the river. Use of water available at Budhi Khola can be used in the proposed
project with no objection from stakeholders since water is usually used for irrigation
purpose.
Proposed project development site is located at open terrain where abundant solar energy is
available. So direct solar radiation can be used as per requirement of project.
3.5 GEOLOGY AND LOCATION

Proposed project location is situated near Khanar Bazar at Domartaka, Itahari SMC-10,
Sunsari. GPS location of the proposed site is 2946224 N, 529286 E, 87m. The proposed
location is linked Itahari by around 4.5 km long motor able road. Nearby market is Khanar
Bazar which is around 2.6 km far from the proposed location.
3.6 HUMAN BACKGROUND

Since the land proposed for project is owned by Itahari Sub-Metropolitan City, the main
authority of the area is Itahari SMC. The nearby community will have no objection if project
is established in proposed location however, they demand for better transportation facility
and social infrastructure. The major ethnic community around the proposed site is Tharu
community.
Stakeholder matrix of relevant parties
Meet their needs: Key Player:
Local community Itahari SMC
Ethnic Group Political Parties at local level
Least Important: Show Consideration:
Local Peoples
Community leaders
3.7 LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND PERMIT REQUIREMENTS

Municipal solid waste management within Itahari Sub-Metropolitan City is currently
undertaken by Enviro Care Concern Private Limited. However, Itahari Sub-Metropolitan
City is the authorized body for any permissions required regarding project development.
Itahari SMC is always interested in managing their municipal solid waste and its conversion
to energy and therefore agreed for the establishment of waste to energy project in their
SMC. Itahari SMC already has ownership of 3.385 Hectare (5 Bigha) of land and in process
of acquisition for additional 2 Hectare (3 Bigha) of land.
3.8 PAST EXAMPLES, LESSONS LEARNED

Solid waste processing plant was established at the project location by Itahari SMC with Enviro
Care Concern Private Limited. The processing plant was established with objective of segregating
waste. However, there hasn’t been any renewable energy projects in the past carried out in the
same location.
3.9 WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTOR

Itahari SMC has been managing MSW generated in SMC with support of various stakeholders but
the official records of the MSW generation and management lack the required data base
maintenance. Major objective of SMC and other associated stakeholders used to be collection and
transportation into the dumping site within the city area.
At present, waste management of Itahari SMC is being carried out by Enviro Care Concern Private
Limited in agreement with SMC. There is no segregation of municipal solid waste carried out by
SMC and Enviro Care Concern Private Limited. The reuse, recycle and reprocess of the collected
MSW used to be limited to the Scrap vendors (Kawadi), the solid waste vendors.
Photo 1: Office of Enviro Care (P) Ltd, Itahari Nepal
3.10 HUMAN RESOURCES

Total of 51 employees are employed by Enviro Care Concern for waste management of Itahari
SMC. Out of 51 employees; 5 are managerial level employees, 11 are skilled employees, 26 are
labors and 9 other employees.
3.11 MATERIAL AND TRANSPORTATION CAPACITY

Total of 10 tractors are owned by Enviro Care Concern Private Limited which are used for day to
day waste collection and transportation of SMW in Itahari SMC. However, only eight tractors are
used on daily basis for waste collection and management.
3.12 REGULAR MEMBERSHIP STATUS

Enviro Care Concern Private Limited has maintained regular membership with various waste
generating individuals and institutions with whom they charge certain waste management fee.
From the data book of Enviro Care Concern Private Limited, ward wise number of members and
waste collection points is obtained. Ward wise number of members and waste collection point is
shown in Table 3.
Table 3: Ward wise number of member
Ward No Membership Number Remarks
1 4409
2 443
3 2
4 3065
5 2683
6 47
7 735
8 2167
9 31
10 7
11 3
12 591
13 83
14 77
15 N/A No waste
16 N/A Collection
No waste
17 93 Collection
18 N/A No waste
19 211 Collection
20 96
21 1
22 75
23 N/A No waste
24 1606 Collection
25 131
26 436
Total 16992
Source: Enviro Care Concern (P) Ltd, 2016
3.13 WASTE COLLECTION AND LANDFILL
Solid Waste is collected from various waste generation points i.e. households, hotels, vegetable
markets, industries, streets, etc. Waste generated on streets are accumulated by sweepers and taken
to collection points. Waste from collection points are later taken to landfill site by tractors.
Whereas waste generated from households, industries and institutions are directly collected by
tractors and taken to landfill site for dumping. Waste is collected from generation point/collection
point without segregation. So, collected waste consists of mixed waste including both organic,
inorganic solid waste and hazardous waste.
Landfill site is located at Charkoshe Jhadi which is about 11 km away from Itahari Chowk. The
landfill site at Charkoshe Jhadi is open landfill type where waste is openly dumped without any
further treatment and processing.
Photo 2:Waste Carriage Vehicle of Enviro Care at Charkoshe Jhadi
3.13.1 DAILY COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE FROM ITAHARI SMC

The existing solid waste generation pattern was studied during field observation. The solid waste
collection pattern from daily collection is shown in Table 4:
Table 4: Existing daily solid waste collection pattern
Date Tractor Tractor No Frequency Average
volume(m ) 3 of Trip Distance
Covered (km)
2016/12/2 9.72 5317 1 1.5
9
2016/12/2 9.72 5318 1 1.5
92016/12/2 9.72 5319 1 1.5
9
2016/12/2 9.72 5316 1 1.5
92016/12/2 9.72 4891 1 1.5
9
2016/12/2 9.72 4892 1 1.5
92016/12/2 9.72 6404 1 1.5
9
Source: SETM field survey, 2016/17
3.14 QUANTITY ESTIMATION OF DAILY COLLECTION
The daily collection of the MSW, which is currently in practice serve the manual collection of the
waste from the door to door for those, who pays for the management cost including the households
and the institutions. Besides, the solid waste collections from the major routes of the streets are
also conducted on the daily basis that may or may not include the paid members.
The door to door solid waste collection with the regular fixed monthly fee is still limited to just
16992 members. The MSW collection and disposal responsibility undertaken by the Enviro Care
Concern Private Limited as per the bilateral contract with Itahari SMC actually fulfil the part and
parcel of the total solid waste generated within the SMC.
The quantity estimation of daily collection of solid waste is made based on the primary field
observation and conversation with Enviro Care Concern Staffs. The field observation included
segregation and measurement of solid waste. Quantification of waste is made based on the by
weighing waste carrying tractors.
The current practice of waste collection in Itahari SMC is from door-to-door collection and street
collection. So for quantification of total solid waste collected from SMC, waste quantification has
been made from door to door collection and street waste collection.
3.15 COLLECTED WASTE QUANTIFICATION

Total of 8 tractors are used on daily basis for collection of municipal solid waste in Itahari Sub-
Metropolitan City. Each tractor collects waste in single trip per day basis. Waste quantity in
tractors was measured at weighing unit.
Total Number of Tractors that collects waste on daily basis =8
Total Number of trips per day =1
Average weight of empty tractor (without load kg) = 3116.67
Average weight of tractor with waste loaded (in kg) = 5073.33
Average weight of waste per tractor (in kg) = 1956.67
Average Total quantity of waste collected from SMC per day (kg/day)
= 8*1*1956.67 kg/day
=15653.36 kg/day
Photo 3:Weighing of waste carrying tractor at Weight Bridge

3.16 SECTOR WISE CHARACTERIZATION
Field characterization of solid waste was carried out to quantify organic and inorganic fraction
of solid waste. Manual segregation and weighing of solid waste was done for field
characterization. Also quantity of an-aerobically digestible solid waste out of organic waste
which could be evenly and smoothly digestible under an-aerobic condition was quantified.
Such an-aerobically digestible waste included paper, food, vegetables, etc.
3.16.1 STREET SOLID WASTE

Waste generated from streets are accumulated by sweepers and taken to collection points.
Waste from collection points are later taken to landfill site by tractors for dumping. For
quantification and characterization of street waste, two samples each of 10 kg weight was
studied and assessed the results obtained are illustrated below:
Total quantity of waste in a sample (Total Sample weight) = 10 kg

Quantity of organic fraction of waste= 1.337 kg Quantity of
inorganic fraction of waste= 8.663 kg
Table 5: Waste fraction in percentage
Waste Type Organic Inorganic Total
Weight of waste (kg) 1.337 8.663 10
Percentage (%) 13.37 86.63 100
Percentage of an-aerobically digestible waste fraction of street solid waste out of organic
fraction of solid waste = 90 %
This is the indicative percentage of an-aerobically digestible waste for street solid waste as
per field observation.
3.16.2 DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE

Waste generated in household sector is collected from door to door by tractors. Sample size of
21 households was taken for quantification and characterization to represent domestic solid
waste. Results obtained from the study are presented in Table 6.
Table 6: Domestic solid waste
Sample Total Inorganic Number of
Number Total SW Total Organic fraction(kg) Family
generated (kg) fraction (kg) Member
1 1.22 0.80 0.42 3
2 1.77 1.08 0.69 5
3 4.27 2.90 1.37 13
4 0.81 0.49 0.32 2
5 1.51 1.01 0.50 5
6 1.81 1.24 0.57 5
7 2.27 1.37 0.9 9
8 3.37 2.1 1.18 11
9 0.99 0.65 0.34 4
10 0.72 0.44 0.28 2
11 1.45 1.01 0.44 5
12 1.68 1.08 0.60 5
13 1.30 0.97 0.33 4
14 3.56 2.42 1.14 9
15 2.67 1.87 0.80 7
16 1.09 0.87 0.22 4
17 4.41 2.69 1.72 11
18 1.13 0.68 0.45 4
19 0.91 0.63 0.28 4
20 0.52 0.52 0 1
21 0.89 0.49 0.4 3
Total 38.35 25.31 13.04 116
Percentage 100 66.00 34.00
Primary field observation on household solid waste suggests that in an average around 90% of
household organic waste fraction is an-aerobically digestible waste. This is the indicative
percentage of an-aerobically digestible waste for domestic solid waste.
Per capita household waste=Total quantity of waste/total household member

= 38.35/116
= 330.6 gm/person
3.16.3 HOTEL/RESTAURANT WASTE

Characterization of solid waste generated from hotel and restaurant sector was studied. For this
purpose, three hotels of varying capacity were selected for field observation and detailed
characterization.
Case I (Small Hotel: New Swagatam Guest House)
Small sized hotel was chosen with guest accommodation capacity of 12 persons with 3 staffs.
Table 7: Waste characterization of small size hotel
Weight (kg) 1.31 0.45 1.76
Percentage (%) 74.43 25.57 100
Case II (Medium Hotel: Balazi Hotel)
Medium sized hotel was chosen with guest accommodation capacity of 22 persons with 7
staffs.
Table 8: Waste characterization of medium size hotel
Weight (kg) 4.27 1.61 5.88
Percentage (%) 72.64 27.36 100
Case III (Large Hotel: Premier Hotel)

Large sized hotel was chosen with guest accommodation capacity of 35 persons with 13
staffs.
Table 9: Waste characterization of large size hotel
Weight (kg) 16.7 7.29 23.99
Percentage (%) 69.61 30.39 100
Average of all three Hotel/Restaurants

Table 10: Waste Characterization of Hotel
Weight (kg) 22.28 9.35 31.63
Percentage (%) 70.44 29.56 100
3.16.4 VEGETABLE MARKETS

Characterization of solid waste generated from vegetable market was assessed from two
different vegetable markets. Two of four vegetable markets within Itahari SMC were chosen
for characterization and quantification. Average number of shops in each vegetable market
was found to be 61.
Table 11: Waste Characterization of vegetable markets
Sample Total Organic Total Inorganic Total SW
Number fraction (kg) fraction (kg) generated (kg)
1 12.85 2.60 15.45
2 I 21.99 1.51 23.50
Total 34.84 4.11 38.95
Percentage 89.45 10.55 100
(%)
3.16.5 INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Although large industries are not there inside Itahari SMC area but there are some small
cottage industries i.e. shoes industries, candle industries, etc. Most of the industries manage
their waste by themselves.
3.16.6 MEDICAL WASTE

Since medical waste is considered to be highly hazardous, Itahari SMC has made it mandatory
for all hospitals, nursing homes, labs and medicals to manage their waste by themselves.
Since medical waste can’t be taken as feedstock in waste to energy because of its chemical
and hazardous constituents, it hasn’t been considered for assessment in this study.
3.16.7 LANDFILL WASTE

Waste characterization was carried out for MSW available at landfill site which is located at
Charkoshe Jhadi. For this purpose, 50 kg of samples were taken for detail characterization.
Composition of MSW available at landfill was characterized to find quantity of various
fractions of waste i.e. biodegradable waste, plastics, glass/bottle, metals, paper/cartoon,
construction and hazardous waste.
Photo 4: Waste characterization process in landfill site during field survey

Table 12: Characterization of collected waste at landfill site
Waste Type Weight (kg) Percentage composition
Biodegradable 20.44 40.88
Plastics 13.834 27.668
Glass/Bottle 2.407 4.814
Metals 0.927 1.854
Paper/Carton 9.063 18.126
Construction 3.329 6.658
Hazardous - -
Total 50 100
Table 13: Organic and inorganic fraction of collected waste
Waste Type Total Organic Total Inorganic TotalQuant
fraction(kg) fraction(kg) ity
of waste
Weight (kg) 32.832 17.168 (kg)50
Percentage (%) 65.664 34.336 100
3.17 NATURE OF THE MSW

Nature of MSW generated in Itahari SMC is mostly organic which constitute about67.05 % of total
waste whereas inorganic wastes constitute about 32.95 % of municipal solid waste.However, waste
collected and dumped at landfill constitute about 59.01 % of organic waste and 32.95 % of
inorganic waste. Based on the detailed sector wise field characterization, nature of MSW in Itahari
SMC is presented in Table 9.
Table 14: Nature of MSW in Itahari SMC
Sector Wt. of Organic Wt. of Inorganic
organic fraction inorganic fraction
fraction (kg) (%) fraction (kg) (%)
Domestic/Household 25.31 66.00 13.04 34.00
1
SW SW
Street 1.34 13.40 8.66 86.60
Hotel / Restaurant SW 22.28 70.44 9.35 31.63
Vegetable Market 34.84 89.45 4.11 10.55
Landfill Site 29.50 59.01 20.49 40.99
Total (Weighted 113.27 67.05 55.66 32.95
Average)
3.18 WASTE GENERATION POTENTIAL OF ITAHARI SMC

Waste generation potential is calculated on the basis of population data of National Census 2011
and waste generation potential calculated during field study.
Population Projection
Population in the year 2011= 140,517 Number of
Household in the year 2011= 33,794 Annual
Population growth rate= 6.23%
Table 15: Population projection of Itahari SMC

Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Populatio 140517 149271 158570 168449 178944 190002
n Year 2017 2019
2018 2020 2021
Populatio 201934 214514 227878 242074 257155
n
Source: Projection Made during data analysis.
3.18.1 WASTE GENERATION POTENTIAL OF 2016

Domestic Waste:
On our field observation and sample testing it is found that per capita household waste in Itahari
SMC is 330.6 gm/day.
Total household waste in the year 2016 = Population in 2016 * per capita household waste
generation
=190092*330.6 gm/day =
62844415.2 gm/day =
62844.415 kg/day
Street Waste:
Street waste is collected by four tractors on daily basis from Army Camp to Saathi Petrol Pump
(North-South Direction) and Kalanki Chowk to Budhi Khola (West-East Direction). Street waste
of 24 hours was measured during the field. Result of field measurement is mentioned below:
Table 16: Characterization of street waste in Itahari SMC
S. No Tractor No Weight of Waste in kg Remarks
1 KO2TA 5315 2060
2 KO2TA 5317 1960
3 KO2TA 5318 1980
4 KO2TA 4892 2100
Total 8100
Average 2025
Total Solid waste from Street = Number of tractor used to collect street waste * Average quantity
of waste per tractor = 8100 kg/day
Photo 5:A collection center and street waste characterization process during field survey
Hotel/restaurant waste:
Total number of Hotel/restaurant in Itahari SMC = 813 Average waste
generation by one hotel = 10.54 kg Total waste generation from
hotel/restaurant = 813*10.54 = 8569.02 kg/day
Vegetable Market:
Total number of vegetable market = 4
Average waste generation by one market = 19.47 kg
Total waste generated by vegetable market = 4* 19.47 = 77.88 kg/day
Total Waste generation= Total waste generation of household waste+ Total waste generation of
street waste + Total waste generation of hotel/restaurant waste + total waste generation of
vegetable market
= 62844.415+ 8100+8569.02+77.88 = 79591.315 kg/day
Collectable solid waste:

Based on the field observation on various sector of Itahari SMC and consultative meeting with
stakeholders including Enviro Care Concern Private Limited, it has been found that around 50% of
total MSW generation can be considered as collectable MSW.
Total collectable solid waste= 39795.66 kg/day

3.18.2 WASTE GENERATION PROJECTION OF 2018
Domestic Waste
On our field observation and sample testing it is found that per capita household waste in Itahari
SMC is 330.6 gm/day.
Total household waste in the year 2018 = Population in 2018 * per capita household waste
generation = 214514*330.6 = 70918328.4 gm/day = 70918.328 kg/day
Total Waste generation= Total waste generation of household waste+ Total waste generation of
hotel/restaurant waste + total waste generation of vegetable market + Total waste generation of
street waste = 70918.328+ 8100+8569.02+77.88 = 87665.228 kg/day
With reference to the population base of the census 2011 (CBS/2011) and the results of field study
the feasibility study of the municipal solid waste to energy generation with the choice of an-
aerobic digestion system has been worked out. For the present case, waste generation and waste
collected in 2016 is projected and estimated in case I. As per the timeframe proposed in this report,
plant facility is proposed to be developed in the year 2018, so detailed waste estimation is made for
2018 in case II. Detailed technical calculations are presented in
excel sheet.
Case I: Waste Generation and Collection in 2016
Waste Collection in 2016

Total daily waste collection of Itahari SMC in 2016= 15.65 MT/day Quantity of
collected organic waste = 9.23MT/day Quantity of collected inorganic waste =
6.42MT/day The quantity of an-aerobically digestible waste = 8.31 MT/day
Waste generation in 2016

The total waste generation potential of Itahari SMC in 2016 = 79.59 MT/day
Total municipal waste collectable from Itahari SMC = 39.79 MT/day Quantity of
collectable organic waste = 26.68 MT/day The quantity of an-aerobically
digestible waste = 24.01 MT/day Quantity of collectable inorganic waste = 13.11
MT/day
Case II: Waste generation projection for 2018

The total waste generation potential of Itahari SMC in 2016 = 87.67 MT/day
Total municipal waste collectable from Itahari SMC = 43.832 MT/day Quantity
of organic waste generated = 29.389 MT/day The quantity of an-aerobically
digestible waste = 26.45 MT/day Quantity of inorganic waste generated = 14.44
MT/day
3.19 FEEDSTOCK FOR AN-AEROBIC DIGESTION OF THE ITAHARI SMC

The total daily availability of the solid organic waste in the year 2016 is 26.68 MT per day. After
the segregation the total organic solid, waste fit for the an-aerobic digester will be 24.01 MT per
day. Biogas calculation tool v3.1 of AEPC is used for the calculation of biogas potential.
Biogas potential generation from collected waste in 2016:
Total quantity of biogas production from 8.31 MT of waste = 465.5 m3/day
Biogas Digester Volume = 1016 m Total biogas plant cost =NRs. 22,000,000
(NRs. 22000 per cubic meter *500 Cum Capacity*2 Numbers of Biogas Plants= NRs. 22,000,000)
Biogas potential generation calculations in 2016:

Total quantity of biogas production from 24.01 MT of waste = 1344.8 m3/day Biogas
Digester Volume = 2935 m Biogas Plant Cost=NRs. 66,000,000
(NRs. 22000 per cubic meter *800 Cum Capacity*4Numbers of Biogas Plants= NRs. 66,000,000)
Biogas potential generation projection for 2018:
Total quantity of biogas production from 26.45 MT of waste = 1481.2 m3/day Biogas
Digester Volume = 3233 m Total biogas plant cost =Rs. 70,400,000
(NRs. 22000 per cubic meter *400 Cum Capacity*8 Numbers of Biogas Plants: NRs.
70,400,000)
4 ASSESSMENT OF FEASIBILITY
4.1 ORGANIZATIONAL CAPABILITY
4.1.1 STAFFING AND OPERATIONS
Collection of total collectable municipal solid waste is achievable only with proper staffing and operations.
4.2 LOCATION
Gooqle Earth
45 R 529032.42 n = 2945339.3r
Proposed land by Itahari SMC as project location is suitable for development of waste to
Figure 2: Proposed project location in google earth
energy project in Itahari SMC. Location is easy for assess for construction and routine operation of plant. Proposed location is
only about 900 m from community so the biogas produced in the plant can be routed to consumer points. Proposed land is
nearby river from where water can be used as per necessity in the plant however potable water courses are not near the site.
The area available in the proposed site is about 3.385 Hectare (5 Bigha) of land which is in ownership of Itahari SMC. Itahari
SMC is also in process of acquisition for additional 2 Hectare (3 Bigha) of land. So the land area is enough for building biogas
plant and associated process units. The area gets enough sun light without any obstruction.
4.3 TECHNICAL
4.3.1 SUBSTRATE SUPPLY CHAIN
Availability, quantification and characteristics of substrate available in Itahari SMC is already discussed in previous chapters.
4.3.2 PROCESS DESIGN

An-aerobically digester plant is proposed as suitable biogas plant for the available feedstock. Several different types of an-
aerobic processes and several different type of digesters are applicable for an-aerobic digestion. The type of digester depends
on the type of organic waste so it is strongly recommended to conduct detailed laboratory testing of organic waste before the
choice of digester is made. It is a proven set of technology that is available in worldwide scale.
PRETREATMENT
Water recirculation
DIGESTION
Digested material Biogas USE:
-Heat & Power
Substrates for -Fuel
biogas production -GasAdditive
network
(alkaline
-Raws material
USE: solutions
-Fertilizer (solid &
liquid)
-Further treatment
(aerobic, composting)
-Disposal
ANAEROBIC Parasitic
energy
Digested material Biogas capture

collectio
n
Digested materi Biogas treatment -
Treatment purification
(dewatering)
Figure 3: Block scheme of anaerobic digestion
Numerous technologies for the pre-treatment, digestion and post-digestion of anaerobically digestible organic waste are
available. The quality of the solid waste will be a heterogeneous mass of organic solid remarkably of various shape, size and
nature. For the purpose of the technical intervention that comprise of the an-aerobic fermentation process require to follow
up a pre-treatment process. The organic and inorganic solid waste should be collected in the separate containers. Thus, the
organic waste that is free from inorganic materials should be exposed to the homogenizer plant which will attain a uniform
shape and size of processed organic materials, then organic solid waste will be ready to feed up the biogas digester.
Mostly continuous an-aerobic digestion process is recommended since it is suitable for commercial biogas plant in large scale.
Based on the utilization of digested substrate, an additional treatment is required. It can be mechanically dewatered first and
then solid part can be stabilized by composting as a fertilizer whereas liquid part shall be further treated as a wastewater for
other purposes.
The rudimentary part of the technical requirement of an-aerobic digestion of the Municipal Solid waste to Biogas energy are
summarized below:
a. All organic solid waste with the CN ratio of more than 20 up to the less than 30 analytical rating values.
b. For mesophilic bacterial based process, the temperature maintenance within the digester will be in the range of 30-
35°C.
c. The digester will have an inlet for the continuous feed of the solid biomass and the appropriate volume of the water, an
out let for the recovery of the effluent after the generation of the biogas.
d. The biogas generation will be in the range of 35 liters up to the 45 liters per Kg of solid feed. On an average 40 liters
of biogas per kg of solid will be recovered.
e. The effluent mass will have the NPK (Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium) value more than the influent biomass and
hence can be utilized as the bio-fertilizer for the agriculture application.
f. Once the digester plant will be fully functional, the continuous consumption of the Itahari-SMC municipal solid waste
will have the directed outlet instead of dumping to the land fill site.
Design outputs for proposed plant is worked out using biogas calculation tool V3.23 of AEPC.
Design and cost of plant with waste collected in 2016

Design outputs:
Biogas Plant Volume= 1524.1 m3
Biogas Digester Volume = 1016 m
Digester slurry production = 18473 Kg/day
Number of digester each of 500 m capacity = 2
Cost Calculation
Biogas Plant Cost=NRs. 22,000,000
If total of biogas produced is used for cooking then, meals can be cooked for 2095 people twice a day.
Nearly 320 LPG cylinders each of 14.2 kg capacity can be saved monthly.
Total of LPG expenditures that can be saved = Rs. 14680/day.
Design and cost of plant with waste collectable in 2016 Design outputs:
Biogas Plant Volume= 4402.6 m3
Biogas Digester Volume = 2935 m
Gas Production = 1344.8 m3/day
Cost Calculation
Total of LPG expenditures that can be saved = Rs. 42406/day.
Design and cost of plant with waste projected for 2018 Design outputs:
Biogas Plant Volume= 4849.2m3
Biogas Digester Volume = 3232.8 m3
Gas Production = 1481.2 m3/day
Cost Calculation
Nearly 1019 LPG cylinders each of 14.2 kg capacity can be saved monthly Total of LPG expenditures that can be saved = Rs.
46,707/day.
Biogas Plant Cost= Rs. 70,400,000

4.3.3 CONSTRUCTION ASPECTS
Area available at proposed location for plant development is enough for development of all infrastructure. The area available
in the proposed site is about 3.385 Hectare (5 Bigha) of land which is in ownership of Itahari SMC. Itahari SMC is also in
process of acquisition for additional 2 Hectare (3 Bigha) of land. So the land area is enough for building biogas plant and
associated process units.
4.3.4 BY-PRODUCT USE

By-product of proposed an-aerobically digestible plant is compost manure which can be used as fertilizer. Fertilizer can easily
be sold to market. Quantity of compost is calculated for present case and for the year 2018.By using Biogas calculation tool
v3.23 of AEPC the calculation of compost production is worked out.
By-product production with collected waste (2016)

Total quantity of compost production = 1729 Kg/Day
By-product production with collectable waste (2016)

By-product production projection in 2018
4.4 FINANCIAL, COMMERCIAL ASSESSMENT AND MARKET STUDY
4.4.1 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

Financial analysis of proposed plant with collected waste (2016):
Total of LPG expenditures that can be saved = Rs. 14,679/day.
Total quantity of compost production = 1729 Kg/Day Revenue from selling of compost fertilizer
= Rs. 17,291/Day Revenue from selling of compost fertilizer = Rs. 518,731/Month
Financial analysis of proposed plant with collectable waste (2016):

Nearly 925 LPG cylinders each of 14.2 kg capacity can be saved daily Total of LPG expenditures that can be saved = Rs.
42406/day.
Total quantity of compost production = 4995 Kg/Day Revenue from selling of compost fertilizer = Rs. 49,950/Day Revenue
from selling of compost fertilizer = Rs. 1,498,474/Month
Financial analysis of proposed plant in 2018:

Biogas Plant Cost= Rs. 70,400,000
Nearly 1019 LPG cylinders each of 14.2 kg capacity can be saved monthly
Total of LPG expenditures that can be saved = Rs. 46,707/day.
Total quantity of compost production = 5502 Kg/Day Revenue from selling of compost fertilizer = Rs. 55,016/Day Revenue
from selling of compost fertilizer = Rs. 1,650,480/Month
4.4.2 MARKET STUDY

Biogas produced in the plant can distributed to nearby community which is only around 900 m from proposed plant site.
Pipe line can be developed to transport biogas from biogas plant to nearby community.
1 PhotoTable
Detailed
Project 6: Local Stakeholders
17: Tentative
Feasibility
Site meeting
timeframe in Itahari
for biogas SMC during
development field
in Itahari survey
SMC
2 Study
Selection
And Development
Biogas Plant
Detailed
4.5 3 TENTATIVE TIMEFRAME
Design
FOR DEVELOPMENT OF
4 PROPOSED PLANT
Based on the current
5 situation, following
tentative time frame is
6 proposed for the
development of biogas
plan facility.
Procurement and Installation Test Operation
Final Phase
Operation
and Maintenance
4.6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT
The environmental and social screening of the proposed project was carried out by the study team during field visit. It was
mainly aimed to identify likely environmental and social impacts or risks associated with the proposed W2E project. It was
conducted on the basis of criteria mentioned in Schedule 1 and 2 of EPR 97 and in line with World Bank’s Operational
policies. For this the screening checklists were used. The project basically intends to generate energy from municipal waste
and also for better waste management.
During field survey, the proposed location and nearby communities were visited for interaction. Moreover, consultative
meetings with Itahari-SMC and Enviro Care Concern (P) Ltd were carried out to explore the likely socio-environmental
implication of the proposed project. There is no remarkable loss of vegetation or other natural resources as the site is located in
near premises of Budhi Khola river. The screening report indicates that the subproject implementation will not disturb any
community or private infrastructures. Moreover, the Itahari SMC has land area of 3.385 hectare and is in process of
purchasing 2 hectares. The slum dwellers in surrounding areas are already convinced for the resettlement package. So, there
will be no need for the displacement of inhabitants.
Table 18: Salient features of the proposed biogas project
Location Itahari-SMC,10 Domartaka
GPS Location 2946224 N, 529286 E, 87m
Total project cost Approx. 22,000,000 solely for biogas structure (the cost of
processing units is not considered)
Feedstock type Municipal Solid Waste
Technology Type Anaerobic Digestion; Biogas
Capacity 1000 (digester volume)
Gas Production 465 m3/day
Liquid Slurry Production 18473 kg/day
Beneficiaries Nearby community people (Tharu community)
Key Note Willingness of stakeholders; Itahari-SMC, Enviro-Care
Concern (P) Ltd and local community seems very high.
Source: SETM field study 2016/17
During screening process, the negative impacts are not envisioned but there might have some adverse effects during
construction and post installation period. Benefit sharing among the community people and other related stakeholders is a
concern for the proposed project in future.
The local community people were found eager to see the project implementation. However, daily transportation of waste
materials itself may create problem at local level. So proper mitigation measures should be adopted. The slurry management in
nearby areas of the river bank is another challenge for this project. The impacts will be less significant as these are site specific
and mitigation measures can be adopted. Based on the following field observation and calculations, the proposed project falls
in Category B under SREP/W2E project.
Because of the EPR (97) schedule 1, study team recommends to conduct Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study prior
to Itahari-SMC biogas sub-project implementation. The majority of local community in proximity to the implementation site
are ethnic-people (Tharu community) thus a vulnerable action plan is also suggested.
4.6.1 SOCIAL IMPACT

For success of any development project, better understanding of social characteristics is most. For this proposed biogas plant
also, detail social impact study has been carried out to better understand social impact of this project.There is no change in
social structure in long term. Also there is very less loss of agriculture production due to construction of the landfill site
because it falls in the Budhi River site.At present, no any physical structures, natural resources and any other assets are present
that would be affected for the proposed biogas plant. Temporary small slum dweller community is located near 500 m from
the proposed site which could be re-settled legally in next year as per discussion with stakeholders.However, project
implementation at proposed site will have many benefits to local community. Local community people will get opportunities
of employment in the project. Also infrastructures around the proposed would be developed for the ease of project and the
communities.Nearby community is already convinced by Itahari SMC for the development of project in proposed location.
4.6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

In development of any project, study of environmental impact is important. There is no need of vegetation removal while
developing project in proposed site. Budhi Khola river is located adjoining to proposed location. Water from the river is
mostly used for irrigation in agricultural farm around the river. So project development can use water available in the river
however, it will not have adverse impact to the river. Agricultural land might get affected by development of facility in the
proposed site however that impact is supposed to be very low.
By-product (Bio-slurry) generated from the project can easily be sold as compost manure in the market at good price because
there is huge demand of organic manure in the market. Since by-product of project can easily be used as compost fertilizer,
there would be no need of storage of by-product on the site. Also effluent discharged from the plant need not be combined to
drainage system.
The project site is far enough from the residential area so there is very lesser chances of public health impact from the project.
However, the vehicular movement through on road through different wards might be risky in terms of foul smell and accident.
Also there is chances of foul smell spreading in the local environment and disturb nearby community. For this measures
should be taken from by developers to control foul smell and possible pollution hazard.
A copy of filled up environmental and social screening checklists are provided in Annex part of this report.
4.7 RISK ASSESSMENT
For development of project, risk consequences should be assessed to get feasibility of project. During field visit of the
study, risk assessment was also assessed which are summarized as follow:
I. Field study showed that only fraction of collectable waste out of total municipal waste generation is being collected at
present in Itahari sub-metropolitan city. The current practice of solid waste collection is not enough and appropriateto
achieve the target of collectable MSW. Scientific and appropriate waste management protocol should be maintained at
Itahari SMC to get enough feedstock for proposed biogas plant.
II. Waste characterization of landfill waste also found few traces of hazardous waste which cannot be accepted as
feedstock for proposed biogas plant. Moreover, hazardous waste like medical waste, can contaminate other potential
organic waste. So hazardous waste should be managed at source itself to control possible contamination and hazards.
III. Total land available as proposed site for plant development is around 3.385 Hectare which is in ownership of
Municipality. Municipality is also planning to acquire additional 2 hectare of land whose acquisition process should be
finalized and site should be made ready for further actions as soon as possible.
IV. Modality of operation and maintenance of proposed plant should be thoroughly discussed with all possible
stakeholders i.e. Itahari SMC, Developers, Local community and experts. Proposed plant can only be developed and
operated under close coordination of stakeholders. In addition, ownership of biogas plant, operation and management
should also be finalized in advance.
V. Only60% of possible collectable MSW in Itahari SMC is fit for an-aerobically digestible biogas plant. Management of
remaining 40% of organic and inorganic waste is further challenge in development of plant. So proper management of
remaining waste which is unfit for biogas plant is mandatory for complete management of waste in Itahari SMC.
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
From the filed study of Itahari SMC to assess the feasibility of waste to energy numerous information and data have been
obtained. Further analysis of data has given overview of status of municipal solid waste in Itahari SMC. The result of
estimation shows that, total daily waste collection of Itahari SMC at present is 15.65 MT/day out of which organic fraction
is 9.23 MT/day (〜59%) and inorganic fraction is 6.42 MT/day (〜41 %). Out of organic fraction about 8.31 MT/day which
is around 53 % of total waste being collected at Itahari SMC. Characterization of collected MSW was carried out in waste
collected at landfill.It is calculated that approximately 465 m biogas per day can be produced from the collected municipal
solid waste in Itahari SMC.
Generation potential of MSW at present case (2016) was found to be 79.59 MT/day out of which around 39.79 MT/day
waste only collectable from Itahari SMC. Out of total collectable MSW 26.68 MT/day (67.05 %)waste was found to be
organic waste and 13.11 MT/day (32.95 %) was found to be inorganic waste. Around 24.01 MT//day of waste was found
to be fit for an-aerobically digestible biogas plant.
Waste generation potential for 2018 was also projected since as per proposed schedule the plant development will take
place in 2018. Projection made on waste generation of Itahari SMC for 2018 found that the total waste generation potential
of Itahari SMC in 2018 is projected to be 87.67 MT/day. Out of total generation potential, total collectable MSW in Itahari
SMC is projected to be 43.24 MT/day. The organic and inorganic fraction out of total collectable waste was found to be
29.24 MT/day and 14.44 MT/day. However, quantity of an-aerobically digestible waste was found to be 26.45 MT/day.
The study also found that total collectable MSW can be achieved only with scientific and practical waste management
protocol. Otherwise with present management system and infrastructure, collectable MSW cannot be collected to achieve
the target.
Following major recommendations are made based on the study:

I. There exists a huge gap between total collectable municipal solid waste and collected MSW in Itahari SMC. So to collect
the entire collectable MSW there is need of entire management system intervention.
II. Current practice of dumping waste in landfill need to be changed immediately with proper segregation of
organic/inorganic waste and management of hazardous waste at source of generation.
III. Reuse, recycle and reduce technique should be promoted in entire Itahari SMC area so that inorganic fraction of
MSW can be managed at source of generation. Also there is need of management of organic fraction of waste unfit for
an-aerobic digestion process.
IV.
Detailed data base of waste management sector in Itahari SMC was found to be missing with major stakeholders. So
detail data base and day-to-day update on waste management and collection data should be recorded and maintained.
V. Stakeholder’s consultative meeting should regularly be conducted at every phase of predevelopment of proposed plant. It
will help to inform all stakeholders about the process in development and status.
APPENDICES
1. Biogas Calculation Tool v3.23 for 2016
2. Biogas Calculation Tool v3.23 for 2018
3. Data tables/Calculations/Graphs
SOCIAL SCREENING CHECKLIST
4. Filled up Checklist
1. Title of the Sub project: Itahari SMC W aste -to -Energy Project (Category B- Municipal Sub-Project)
1.1 Site Locality: Itahari SMC-10 Domartaka, Sunsari
1.2 Sub project activities: Biogas Production from Municipal Waste
1.3 Contact Details:
Mr. Mandwaj Khadka, Enviro Care Concern (P) Ltd. 9842531990
2. Impact on specific assets due to project intervention
2.1 What are the asset(s) that would be / Land (Area =〜5000m2): Biogas structures only
affected due to Subproject Interventions? □ Physical Structure (dwelling or commercial)
□Yes ^ No □ Community Resources
/ Natural Resources (/Water bodies/ Forest/ Public Pond)
□ Others (please specify)
2.1.1 Land Currently Owned Private Public

Total Area NA 33,000 m2
Land use NA Barren
Additional Private Public
requirement
Total Area Planned to NA
□Loss of income source purchase
□Loss of grazing
Landfield
use NA NA
□Loss
Permanent/temporaryland
of agricultural Permanent
□Others
Land Procurement □ Voluntary □ Voluntary
4. Impact on Trees and Crops Donation / Direct Donation /
4.1 Vegetation clearance Tentative number of treesPurchase
to be felled: Land
/Private Land □ Governmental Forest • Tree size -NA Acquisition
□Community Forest • ofPole
Presence size -NA
□Squatter/^Encroacher/^leaseholder in
4.2 Agricultural Crop/Fruit bearing trees Private/Public Agricultural
land: Land Horticulture (Fruits)
loss □NAYes / No NA
(Specify Private (P)，Squatter (S), If Yes,
Encroacher (E), Leaseholder (L) etc.) • Total number of affected families: NA
5. Vulnerable Groups • Possibility of physical displacement: NA
5.1 Are there Vulnerable Groups Procurement Procedure for itional land: Not required
2.1.2 Physical Structures
(Adibasi/Janaj (Specify
ati/Dalit/Women headed adc
Private If yes, does project interventionPrivate Public
affect these groups?
(P), Squatterresiding
households (S), Encroacher
within or(E),
adjacent to Houses
□ Landto be resettled: NA NA
Leaseholder
project site? (L) etc.) Community
□ Physical resources:
Structure NA NA
/Yes □ No business activities NA
□ Income generating
Commercial/ /Not at all NA
5.2If yes, displacement of these people No
structures:
needed?
2.1.3 Is there any Community Resource Community Resource No. of beneficiary
Properties resources
5.3 Is there any way that that might
proposed be No
project Property households
affected due to project intervention?
may pose any threat to cultural tradition NA NA
□Yes
and way of life /No
of vulnerable groups? NA NA
5. Community
2.1.4 Benefits
Is there any naturalfrom sub-project
resources that intervention
Natural Resource Dependent households
might• be affected
Cookingdue energy based on the clean energy derivatives shall be distributed to nearby households
to project
through accessible pipeline connections.
intervention? River: Course width will be
• Management
□ / Yes □ Noof waste will be organized in order and properly settled.
shortened
• Employment opportunities at local level will be created.
3. Impact in Livelihood
6. Perception toward project
□
6.1Yes /No
Community Perception toward project /Positive Impact □ Negative No. of families
(Specify Private (P), Squatter (S),
□Loss of shelter and
Encroacher (E), Leaseholder (L) etc.)
7. Suggestion from Community housing structure
The Community people were found keenly interested to consume and participate in such biogas project
whenever implemented. The inclination of local people regarding this project seems very high. Though
there is a concern regarding provision of certain incentives in separation of bio-degradable waste from its
source pool. Local community comprising of ethnic Tharu people would want to shed a light upon their
status of community development from SMC as they hold a very sensitive response to this stimulating
project as they request an enrollment of active participation and involvement of some kind. They believe
they can steer the proposed project in a direction of successful execution and it would benefit their overall
development in the locality.
Recommendations:
Based on field information and the social screening process, it was indicated that the sub-project
intervention will not necessitate in any land acquisition process as well as displacement of local
inhabitants. Nonetheless, the local community encompasses mostly Tharu people, so the preparation of
vulnerable action plan would be preferable during the detail project design. As per the consultation
with nearby community people, it can be stated that there are enthusiastic helping hands readily eager
to support the biogas project from municipal waste in near future.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING FORMAT
Project Brief
Name/ Address Itahari SMC Waste to Energy Project (Category B- Municipal
Sub-Project)
Contact Details (Telephone,
Mr. Mandwaj Khadka, Enviro Care Concern (P) Ltd. 9842531990
Email)
Technology (type and capacity) Anaerobic Digestion; Biogas
Implementation approach
Itahari-SMC, Enviro Care Concern (P) Ltd, Local Community,
(approach, schedule, institution
AEPC and other relevant stakeholders
involved, and stakeholders)
Total Project Cost NRs. 22,000,000.00 (Only for biogas structure)
Environmental setting of the project locality
2.1 Location
Location of the project
(settlement/ ward/ VDC/ Itahari SMC-Ward No-10, Domartaka, Sunsari
District)
Adjoining/nearby settlement(s): Tharu Community
Community facilities (school,
Not existing within proposed location
playground, etc.):
Is the project located in forest area or close to forest Yes /No
If Yes,
Name of forest NA
Management regime NA
Does vegetation need to be NA
removed for the project? Give
estimate?
Permission to operate in the NA
forest?
Is the project located in the protected area or any protected Yes / No
area in vicinity
Is yes, please provide details on
(a) name of PA NA
(b) area to be acquired NA
(c) distance to PA from the NA
project site
(d) access from the project to NA
the PA
2.2 Water sources/ water bodies
Area there any water sources/ water bodies in and around the / Yes No
project site
If yes provide details on
Location/Type Budhi Khola River (Adjacent to the proposed site)
Use of water Irrigation purpose; Farm use
Potential impact by the project Chance in Leakage of bio-slurry or waste materials
2.3 Air pollution
Number and type of vehicles to be 8 nos (existing) used per day

Capacity of vehicles 2 MT
Condition of the road Asphalted with earthen (~1.5 km). Presently under construction.
(asphalted, earthen)
2.4 Land use
Land required for the project and type of land use
Facilities Required Area Land use type Location
1) Segregation Unit 1000 m2 Uncultivated Within proposed site
2) Digesters 4800 m2 Uncultivated Within proposed site
including 1000 m2 Uncultivated Within proposed site
compost pits
3) Purification and
other
infrastructures
2.4.1 Impact due to land use change
a) Loss of private land- No
b) Loss of agricultural product - No
c) Loss of private structures/community structures - No
d) Loss of Forest and vegetation - No
e) others - No
Define waste (type) Municipal Solid Waste

Quantity of waste 8.31 metrictons per day
Location of collection Itahari SMC
Workers involved 5 additional worker needed for the operation
Legal clearance required The land area is owned by Itahari-SMC and waste is managed by Enviro
Care Concern (P) Ltd. Both are unanimous on waste to energy project
implementation in near future.
2.6
Technology
Type Anaerobic Digestion, Biogas 1000 m3
Capacity Segregation processing, Inlet, Biogas Plant, Compost Pit etc.
Components 465 m3 of biogas per day 18473 kg per day 868.6kg per day
Gas production (as compost)
Liquid slurry production As per initial demand of local people, total gas can be used for the
Solid slurry production thermal purpose in surround community.
Remarks
2.7 Waste from the project Yes No

implementation
Generation of solid waste? If yes, slurry can be managed as compost Yes
Are any wastes required to be stored on-site either for reuse or off-site disposal? If Yes
yes,
Are effluents required to be discharged to a sewer or combined drainage system? If Yes
yes,
2.8 Health and Safety Yes No
Issues
2.5 Waste input for the project
a. Does project intervention affect health and safety Yes
condition?
b. List out likely health and safety issues during construction period
Construction related accidents Pollution due to frequent
movement of vehicles
c. List out likely health and safety issues during implementation period
Bad smells
Chances of water contamination from waste storage and slurry/compost
pit
Accidents associated with firing and explosion
Chances of mosquitos, flies or other spreading diseases due to large
volume of waste and by-product after implementing the project
2.7 Other observations
Can vector disease spread to Yes (Possible)
the adjoining settlements?
Can foul odour affect the Yes (Possible)
adjoining settlement?
Slurry use (proposed) As provided information, they are planning to sell compost fertilizer
because of the high demand
Recommendations
Environmental impacts of the proposed project are likely to have minimal significant effects on health as
well as consume no action in the loss of agricultural land or other natural resources. Most of the identified
and predicted impacts are of inconsequential and minor values. The main beneficial impact of the project is
to increase the use of clean energy derived from municipal waste for cooking purposes replacing the use of
LPG gas, which would save the cost of fuel sources and these are proven to be ensuring beneficial impact
and sustainability in long terms conserving nature. These positive impacts accelerate the well-being of the
urban community. Hence, the proposed project is recommended for implementation.
However, due to the large volume of the waste in Itahari SMC, it might prevail some antagonistic effects
during construction and operation phase. The management and segregation of municipal waste is still a
challenge for the SMC. The nature of MSW is heterogeneous and manual separation of anaerobically
digested organic fraction may create problems and issues in long terms. The overall impact caused by the
sub-project intervention can be classified as “Category B” project with negligible environmental impacts.
Hence, the study team strongly recommends to conduct IEE while preparing the detailed project report in
future. It is believed that, the application of design standard and specification on effective implementation of
the proposed mitigation measures would avoid and minimize the adverse impact on the environment.
5. Relevant Photographs
6. Minutes prepared during consultative meeting

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Alternative Energy Promotion Center (AEPC)

Sustainable Energy and Technology Management Pvt. Ltd (SETM) 2

Sustainable Energy and Technology Management Pvt. Ltd (SETM) 3

Sustainable Energy and Technology Management Pvt. Ltd (SETM) 4

1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE ASSIGNMENT

1.3 SCOPE OF WORK

2.1 DESK STUDY

2.2 FIELD VISIT AND DATA COLLECTION PHASE

2.2.1 WASTE QUANTIFICATION

2.2.3 CONSULTATION WITH SMC/INTERACTION WITH LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS

2.3 DATA INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS

Figure 1: Map showing the location of Itahari SMC

3.4 NATURAL RESOURCES

3.5 GEOLOGY AND LOCATION

3.6 HUMAN BACKGROUND

3.7 LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND PERMIT REQUIREMENTS

3.8 PAST EXAMPLES, LESSONS LEARNED

3.9 WASTE MANAGEMENT SECTOR

Photo 1: Office of Enviro Care (P) Ltd, Itahari Nepal

3.10 HUMAN RESOURCES

3.11 MATERIAL AND TRANSPORTATION CAPACITY

3.12 REGULAR MEMBERSHIP STATUS

3.13.1 DAILY COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTE FROM ITAHARI SMC

3.15 COLLECTED WASTE QUANTIFICATION

Photo 3:Weighing of waste carrying tractor at Weight Bridge

3.16.1 STREET SOLID WASTE

Total quantity of waste in a sample (Total Sample weight) = 10 kg

3.16.2 DOMESTIC SOLID WASTE

Per capita household waste=Total quantity of waste/total household member

3.16.3 HOTEL/RESTAURANT WASTE

Case III (Large Hotel: Premier Hotel)

Average of all three Hotel/Restaurants

3.16.4 VEGETABLE MARKETS

3.16.5 INDUSTRIAL WASTE

3.16.6 MEDICAL WASTE

3.16.7 LANDFILL WASTE

Photo 4: Waste characterization process in landfill site during field survey

3.17 NATURE OF THE MSW

3.18 WASTE GENERATION POTENTIAL OF ITAHARI SMC

Table 15: Population projection of Itahari SMC

3.18.1 WASTE GENERATION POTENTIAL OF 2016

Collectable solid waste:

Total collectable solid waste= 39795.66 kg/day

Case I: Waste Generation and Collection in 2016

Waste Collection in 2016

Waste generation in 2016

Case II: Waste generation projection for 2018

3.19 FEEDSTOCK FOR AN-AEROBIC DIGESTION OF THE ITAHARI SMC

Biogas potential generation calculations in 2016:

4.3.2 PROCESS DESIGN

Digested material Biogas capture

Figure 3: Block scheme of anaerobic digestion

Design and cost of plant with waste collected in 2016

Biogas Plant Cost= Rs. 70,400,000

4.3.4 BY-PRODUCT USE

By-product production with collected waste (2016)

By-product production with collectable waste (2016)