Sist en 13104 2009 A2 2014
Sist en 13104 2009 A2 2014
Sist en 13104 2009 A2 2014
SIST EN 13104:2009+A2:2014
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SIST EN 13104:2009+A1:2011
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SIST EN 13104:2009+A2:2014
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SIST EN 13104:2009+A2:2014
English Version
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 26 December 2008 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 14 September
2010 and Amendment 2 approved by CEN on 25 September 2012.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
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Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
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standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
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This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
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under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
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CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
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Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
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Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
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Kingdom.
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© 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 13104:2009+A2:2012: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
SIST EN 13104:2009+A2:2014
EN 13104:2009+A2:2012 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword ..............................................................................................................................................................4
Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................5
1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................6
2 Normative references ............................................................................................................................6
3 Symbols and abbreviations ..................................................................................................................7
4 General....................................................................................................................................................8
5 Forces and moments to be taken into consideration ........................................................................9
5.1 Types of forces ......................................................................................................................................9
5.2 Influence of masses in motion .............................................................................................................9
5.3 Effects due to braking .........................................................................................................................14
5.4 Effects due to curving and wheel geometry .....................................................................................14
5.5 Effects due to traction .........................................................................................................................15
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5.6 Calculation of the resultant moment .................................................................................................15
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6 Determination of geometric characteristics of the various parts of the axle ................................20
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6.3 Determination of the diameter of the various seats from the diameter of the axle body or
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6.3.2 Transition between collar bearing surface and wheel seat .............................................................26
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7.1 General..................................................................................................................................................28
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EN 13104:2009+A2:2012 (E)
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SIST EN 13104:2009+A2:2014
EN 13104:2009+A2:2012 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN 13104:2009+A2:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 256 “Railway
applications”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by April 2013, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the
latest by April 2013.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document comprises amendment 1 adopted by CEN on 2010-09-14 and amendment 2 adopted by CEN
on 2012-09-25.
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The start and end of the text added or modified by the amendment is indicated in the text by !" and
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#$.
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!This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN/CENELEC/ETSI by the European
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Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive
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2008/57/EC"
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!For relationship with EU Directive 2008/57/EC, see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this
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document."
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According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
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countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
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Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece,
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Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
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Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
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SIST EN 13104:2009+A2:2014
EN 13104:2009+A2:2012 (E)
Introduction
Railway axles were among the first train components to give rise to fatigue problems.
Many years ago, specific methods were developed in order to design these axles. They were based on a
feedback process from the service behaviour of axles combined with the examination of failures and on
fatigue tests conducted in the laboratory, so as to characterize and optimize the design and materials used for
axles.
A European working group under the aegis of UIC1 started to harmonize these methods at the beginning of
the 1970s. This led to an ORE 2 document applicable to the design of trailer stock axles, subsequently
incorporated into national standards (French, German, Italian).
This method was successfully extrapolated in France for the design of powered axles and the French
standard also applies to such axles. Consequently this method was converted into a UIC leaflet.
The bibliography lists the relevant documents used for reference purposes. The method described therein is
largely based on conventional loadings and applies the beam theory for the stress calculation. The shape and
stress recommendations are derived from laboratory tests and the outcome is validated by many years of
operations on the various railway systems.
This standard is based largely on this method which has been improved and its scope enlarged.
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SIST EN 13104:2009+A2:2014
EN 13104:2009+A2:2012 (E)
1 Scope
This standard:
⎯ defines the forces and moments to be taken into account with reference to masses, traction and braking
conditions;
⎯ gives the stress calculation method for axles with outside axle journals;
⎯ specifies the maximum permissible stresses to be assumed in calculations for steel grade EA1N defined
in EN 13261;
⎯ describes the method for determination of the maximum permissible stresses for other steel grades;
⎯ determines the diameters for the various sections of the axle and recommends the preferred shapes and
transitions to ensure adequate service performance.
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⎯ solid and hollow non-powered axles of motor bogies;
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⎯ all gauges4.
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This standard is applicable to axles fitted to rolling stock intended to run under normal European conditions.
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Before using this standard, if there is any doubt as to whether the railway operating conditions are normal, it is
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necessary to determine whether an additional design factor has to be applied to the maximum permissible
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stresses. The calculation of wheelsets for special applications (e.g. tamping/lining/levelling machines) may be
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made according to this standard only for the load cases of free-running and running in train formation. This
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standard does not apply to workload cases. They are calculated separately.
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For light rail and tramway applications, other standards or documents agreed between the customer and
supplier may be applied.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
3 In France, the interpretation of the term "locomotive" includes locomotives, locomoteurs or locotracteurs.
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SIST EN 13104:2009+A2:2014
EN 13104:2009+A2:2012 (E)
Table 1
Symbol Unit Description
m1 kg Mass on journals (including bearings and axle boxes)
m2 kg Wheelset mass and masses on the wheelset between running surfaces (brake disc,
etc.)
m1 + m 2 kg For the wheelset considered, proportion of the mass of the vehicle on the rails
g m/s2 Acceleration due to gravity
P N (m1 + m2 ) g
Half the vertical force per wheelset on the rail
2
P0 N m1 g
Vertical static force per journal when the wheelset is loaded symmetrically
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P1 N Vertical force on the more heavily-loaded journal
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N Wheel/rail horizontal force perpendicular to the rail on the side of the more heavily-
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Y2 N Wheel/rail horizontal force perpendicular to the rail on the side of the less heavily-
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Q1 N Vertical reaction on the wheel situated on the side of the more heavily-loaded
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N Vertical reaction on the wheel situated on the side of the less heavily-loaded journal
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Fi N Forces exerted by the masses of the unsprung elements situated between the two
wheels (brake disc(s), pinion, etc.)
Ff N Maximum force input of the brake shoes of the same shoeholder on one wheel or
interface force of the pads on one disc
Mx N·mm Bending moment due to the masses in motion
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SIST EN 13104:2009+A2:2014
EN 13104:2009+A2:2012 (E)
Table 1 (continued)
Symbol Unit Description
2b mm Distance between vertical force input points on axle journals
2s mm Distance between wheel treads
h1 mm Height above the axle centreline of vehicle centre of gravity of masses carried by
the wheelset
yi mm Distance between the tread of one wheel and force Fi
y mm Abscissa for any section of the axle calculated from the section subject to force P1
Γ Average friction coefficient between the wheel and the brake shoe or between the
brake pads and the disc
σ N/mm2 Stress calculated in one section
K Fatigue stress concentration factor
R mm Nominal radius of the tread of a wheel
Rb mm Brake radius
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d' mm Bore diameter of a hollow axle
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S Security coefficient
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Fatigue limit under rotating bending up to 107 cycles for unnotched test pieces
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R fL N/mm
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N/mm2 Fatigue limit under rotating bending up to 107 cycles for notched test pieces
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fq Thrust factor
4 General
The major phases for the design of an axle are:
a) definition of the forces to be taken into account and calculation of the moments on the various sections of
the axle;
b) selection of the diameters of the axle body and journals and - on the basis of these diameters - calculation
of the diameters for the other parts;
c) the options taken are verified in the following manner:
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SIST EN 13104:2009+A2:2014
EN 13104:2009+A2:2012 (E)
The forces generated by masses in motion are concentrated along the vertical symmetry plane (y, z) (see Figure 1)
intersecting the axle centreline.
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Figure 1
Unless otherwise defined by the customer, the masses (m1 + m 2 ) to be taken into account for the main types
of rolling stock are defined in Table 2. For particular applications, e.g. suburban vehicles, other definitions for
masses are necessary, in accordance with the specific operating requirements.
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SIST EN 13104:2009+A2:2014
EN 13104:2009+A2:2012 (E)
Table 2
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⎯ 300 kg per m2 in luggage compartments.
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etc.);
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a
The payloads to be taken into account to determine the mass of the mainline and suburban vehicles broadly reflect the
normal operating conditions of the member railways of the International Union of Railways (UIC). If the operating
conditions differ significantly, these masses may be modified, for example, by increasing or decreasing the number of
passengers per m² in corridors and vestibules.
b
These vehicles are sometimes associated with classes of passenger travel, i.e. 1st or 2nd class.
The bending moment M x in any section is calculated from forces P1 , P2 , Q1 , Q2 , Y1 , Y2 and Fi as shown in
Figure 2. It represents the most adverse condition for the axle, i.e.:
⎯ asymmetric distribution of forces;
⎯ the direction of the forces Fi due to the masses of the unsprung components selected in such a manner
that their effect on bending is added to that due to the vertical forces;
⎯ the value of the forces Fi results from multiplying the mass of each unsprung component by 1 g.
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