NORME CEI

INTERNATIONALE IEC
INTERNATIONAL 60216-2
STANDARD Quatrième édition
Fourth edition
2005-08

Matériaux isolants électriques –

Propriétés d'endurance thermique –
Partie 2:
Détermination des propriétés d'endurance
thermique de matériaux isolants électriques –
Choix de critères d'essai

Electrical insulating materials –

Thermal endurance properties –
Part 2:
Determination of thermal endurance
properties of electrical insulating materials –
Choice of test criteria

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 –1–

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

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ELECTRICAL INSULATING MATERIALS –

THERMAL ENDURANCE PROPERTIES –

Part 2: Determination of thermal endurance

properties of electrical insulating materials –
Choice of test criteria

FOREWORD
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8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

International Standard IEC 60216-2 has been prepared by subcommittee 15E 1: Methods of
test, of IEC technical committee 15: Insulating materials.

This fourth edition of IEC 60216-2 cancels and replaces the third edition issued in 1990, and
constitutes a technical revision.

The main changes from the previous edition are as follows:

– editorial,
– Table 1 has been actualized essentially by Part 3 sheets of SC 15C publications.

—————————
1 Subcommittee 15E has been merged with technical committee 98 into the new technical committee 112.
 –2–

The text of this standard is based on the following documents:

FDIS Report on voting

15E/257/FDIS 15E/259/RVD

Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.

This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

IEC 60216: Electrical insulating materials – Properties of thermal endurance, consists of six
parts:

Part 1: Ageing procedures and evaluation of test results

Part 2: Choice of test criteria
Part 3: Instructions for calculating thermal endurance characteristics
Part 4-1: Ageing ovens – Section 1: Single-chamber ovens
Part 4-2: Ageing ovens – Precision ovens for use up to 300 °C
Part 4-3: Ageing ovens – Multi-chamber ovens
Part 5: Determination of relative thermal endurance index (RTE) of an insulating material
Part 6: Determination of thermal endurance indices (TI and RTE) of an insulating material
using the fixed time frame method
NOTE This work may be continued. For revisions and new parts, see the current catalogue of IEC publications for
an up-to-date list.

The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in
the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be

• reconfirmed;
• withdrawn;
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
 –3–

CONTENTS

FOREWORD.........................................................................................................................2

1 Scope ............................................................................................................................5
2 Normative references .....................................................................................................5
3 General considerations ...................................................................................................7
4 Guide for the choice of properties and end-points............................................................7

Annex A (informative) Additional Information on the group to which new or unknown

materials should be assigned .............................................................................................11

Annex ZA (normative) Normative references to international publications with their corresponding

European publications ..........................................................................................................................14
 –4–

The text of this standard is based on the following documents:

FDIS Report on voting

15E/257/FDIS 15E/259/RVD

Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.

This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

IEC 60216: Electrical insulating materials – Properties of thermal endurance, consists of six
parts:

Part 1: Ageing procedures and evaluation of test results

Part 2: Choice of test criteria
Part 3: Instructions for calculating thermal endurance characteristics
Part 4-1: Ageing ovens – Section 1: Single-chamber ovens
Part 4-2: Ageing ovens – Precision ovens for use up to 300 °C
Part 4-3: Ageing ovens – Multi-chamber ovens
Part 5: Determination of relative thermal endurance index (RTE) of an insulating material
Part 6: Determination of thermal endurance indices (TI and RTE) of an insulating material
using the fixed time frame method
NOTE This work may be continued. For revisions and new parts, see the current catalogue of IEC publications for
an up-to-date list.

The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the maintenance result date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in
the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be

• reconfirmed;
• withdrawn;
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.

4
 –5–

ELECTRICAL INSULATING MATERIALS –

THERMAL ENDURANCE PROPERTIES –

Part 2: Determination of thermal endurance

properties of electrical insulating materials –
Choice of test criteria

1 Scope

This part of IEC 60216 gives guidance for the choice of test criteria for the determination of
thermal endurance characteristics. It includes a list of existing published procedures which is
however not exhaustive.

2 Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

IEC 60172, Test procedure for the determination of the temperature index of enamelled
winding wires

IEC 60216-3, Electrical insulating materials – Thermal endurance properties – Part 3:

Instructions for calculating thermal endurance characteristics

IEC 60216-5, Electrical insulating materials – Thermal endurance properties – Part 5:

Determination of relative thermal endurance index (RTE) of an insulating material

IEC 60216-6, Electrical insulating materials – Thermal endurance properties – Part 6:

Determination of thermal endurance indices (TI and RTE) of an insulating material using the
fixed time frame method

IEC 60243-1, Electrical strength of insulating materials – Test methods – Part 1: Tests at
power frequencies

IEC 60317 (all parts), Specifications for particular types of winding wires

IEC 60370, Test procedure for thermal endurance of insulating varnishes – Electric strength
method

IEC 60371 (all parts), Specification for insulating materials based on mica

IEC 60394 (all parts), Varnished fabrics for electrical purposes

IEC 60450, Measurement of the average viscometric degree of polymerization of new and
aged cellulosic electrically insulating materials

IEC 60454 (all parts), Specifications for pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes for electrical
purposes
 –6–

IEC 60455 (all parts), Resin based reactive compounds used for electrical insulation

IEC 60464 (all parts), Varnishes used for electrical insulation

IEC 60554 (all parts), Specification for cellulosic papers for electrical purposes

IEC 60626 (all parts), Combined flexible materials for electrical insulation

IEC 60641 (all parts), Specification for pressboard and presspaper for electrical purposes

IEC 60667 (all parts), Specification for vulcanized fibre for electrical purposes

IEC 60674 (all parts), Specification for plastic films for electrical purposes

IEC 60684 (all parts), Flexible insulating sleeving

IEC 60763 (all parts), Specification for laminated pressboard

IEC 60819 (all parts), Non-cellulosic papers for electrical purposes

IEC 60893 (all parts), Insulating materials – Industrial rigid laminated sheets based on
thermosetting resins for electrical purposes

IEC 61033, Test methods for the determination of bond strength of impregnating agents to an
enamelled wire substrate

ISO 37, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Determination of tensile stress-strain

properties

ISO 178, Plastics – Determination of flexural properties

ISO 179-1, Plastics – Determination of Charpy impact properties – Non-instrumented impact

test

ISO 527-2 , Plastics – Determination of tensile properties – Test conditions for moulding and
extrusion plastics

ISO 527-3, Plastics – Determination of tensile properties – Test conditions for films and
sheets

ISO 1520, Paints and varnishes – Cupping test

ISO 1924 (all parts), Paper and board – Determination of tensile properties

ISO 2759, Board – Determination of bursting strength

ISO 8256, Plastics – Determination of tensile-impact strength

6
 –7–

3 General considerations

The determination of the thermal endurance of electrical insulating materials is described in

IEC 60216-1, IEC 60216-3, IEC 60216-5 and IEC 60216-6. IEC 60216-1 gives experimental
details for the ageing of test specimens and determining the gradual deterioration of the
property selected as the test criterion. IEC 60216-3 gives details of the procedures for
evaluation of the experimental data. IEC 60216-5 gives experimental details for determining
the relative thermal endurance of a material and details of the procedures for evaluation of
the experimental data. IEC 60216-6 provides an alternate experimental method for
determining the thermal endurance of a material and details of the procedures for evaluation
of the experimental data. This standard is concerned with the selection of the test properties
and end-point levels.

The thermal endurance behaviour of a material cannot be adequately represented by a single

number. At least two shall be given:

– temperature index TI (or relative thermal endurance index RTE), and

– halving interval HIC.

Even so, the values of these numbers are highly dependent on the chosen property and end-
point, and may be dependent on the dimensions of the test specimen, especially the
thickness.

The selection of a property should reflect the function of the material in its application, as
stated in IEC 60216-1.

4 Guide for the choice of properties and end-points

Where an international specification exists for a particular insulating material, the property
and end-point called for in that specification shall be used to determine the thermal endurance
characteristic value(s) needed to claim compliance with the specification. See the current
catalogue of IEC publications for an up-to-date list of specifications.

For the choice of properties and end-points, Clause 5 and Table 1 provide guidance. Further
advice is given in Annex A. To evaluate thermal endurance characteristics, an end-point of
50 % of the initial value of the property is often used.

Although, on account of the high cost of thermal endurance testing, it is frequently desirable
to select a single property and end-point to give a result representative of the thermal
endurance behaviour of a material, this information may be inadequate for use in all
applications of the material. In such cases, alternative criteria should be chosen that are more
appropriate to the application and the function of the material, when, e.g. the 50 % of initial
value end-point has no fundamental significance and a 25 % of initial value end-point is more
indicative of the application. Alternative end-points considered likely to be valuable in such
cases are also indicated in Table 1.

The information in Table 1 is given, for convenience, in relation to materials grouped

according to their salient mechanical or chemical features. Annex A explains the main
features of each group; this may be helpful to assign a non-listed material to the right group.
 Table 1 – Examples of insulating materials, with recommended test properties and end-points

1 2 3 4 5
Material Recommended end-points Test
specification method
Insulating materials Publication Recommended properties Preferred Subsidiary 5) Type 1) Publication
No. No.
Rigid materials A
Rigid laminates IEC 60893
Vulcanized fibre products IEC 60667 Flexural strength 50 % 25 %; 75 % R ISO 178
Preimpregnated fibre products Voltage 1-min proof test 6 kV 3 kV; 10 kV A IEC 60243-1
(prepregs) Loss of mass 5% 3 %; 10 % L
Rigid mica or mica-paper products IEC 60371
Rigid materials B
Reinforced/filled thermosetting moulded Flexural strength 50 % 25 %; 75 % R ISO 178
and cast insulation Tensile strength 50 % 25 %; 75 % R ISO 527-2
Reinforced/filled thermoplastic moulded Loss of mass 3% 5 %; 10 % L IEC 60455-2
and cast insulation Charpy impact strength 50 % 25 %; 75 % R ISO 179-1
Breakdown voltage 50 % 25 %; 75 % R IEC 60243-1
Rigid materials C
Unfilled thermosetting moulded and cast Flexural strength 50 % 25 %; 75 % R ISO 178
insulation Tensile strength 50 % 25 %; 75 % R ISO 527-2
Unfilled thermoplastic moulded and cast Loss of mass 3% 5 %; 10 % L IEC 60455-2
insulation 4) Tensile impact strength 50 % 25 %; 75 % R ISO 8256
Breakdown voltage 50 % 25 %; 75 % R IEC 60243-1
Elastomers
Vulcanized natural or synthetic rubber and Tensile stress at 100 % 50 % 25 %; 75 % R ISO 37
combinations of them extension
Polyolefins including cross-linked Elongation at break 2) 50 % 25 %; 75 % R ISO 37
polyethylene Breakdown voltage 50 % 25 %; 75 % R IEC 60243-1
Silicone rubber
Semi-rigid sheet materials
Pressboards and presspapers IEC 60641 Bursting strength 50 % 25 %; 75 % R ISO 2759
Laminated pressboards IEC 60763 Tensile strength MD/CD 50 % 25 %; 75 % R ISO 1924

Paper, paper-based or woven materials

(except: glass textile reinforced)
Cellulosic paper (all types) IEC 60554 Tensile strength 50 % 25 %; 75 % R IEC 60394
Non-cellulosic, paper-like materials IEC 60819 Viscometric degree of 50 % 25 %; 75 % R IEC 60450
polymerization
Varnished paper Breakdown voltage 50 % 25 %; 75 % R IEC 60370
Varnished fabrics
 Table 1 (continued)

1 2 3 4 5
Material Recommended end-points Test
specification Recommended properties method
Insulating materials Publication Preferred Subsidiary 5) Type 1) Publication
No. No.
Pressure-sensitive adhesive tapes
Paper-based tapes IEC 60454 Breakdown voltage 1,0 kV A IEC 60454-2
Glass fabric-based tapes IEC 60454 Loss of mass 10 % 5 %; 20 % L IEC 60454-2
(Plastic film-based tapes, see the next
group)
Flexible film and film based materials
Plastic films IEC 60674 Tensile strength 30 % 10 %; 50 % R ISO 527-3
Elongation at break 2% 1 %; 4 % A ISO 527-3
Pressure-sensitive adhesive film tapes IEC 60454 Breakdown voltage 2,5 kV 1 kV; 4 kV A IEC 60454-2
Loss of mass 10 % 5 %: 20 % L IEC 60454-2
Flexible insulating sleevings
Extruded, non-shrinkable sleevings IEC 60684 Elongation at break 50 % R IEC 60684-2
25 %; 75 % 3)
Extruded, heat-shrinkable sleevings IEC 60684 Tensile stress at 100 % 2 times initial IEC 60684-2
Coated or impreganted textile sleevings IEC 60684 extension value R IEC 60684
Coated glass textile sleevings IEC 60684 Breakdown voltage 50 % 25 %; 75 % R
– 9 –

Flexible material combinations

Combined flexible materials IEC 60626 Tensile strength 50 % 25 %; 75 % R ISO 1924
Flexible laminates Breakdown voltage 50 % 25 %; 75 % R IEC 60243-1
Reinforced flexible mica materials IEC 60371
Resin based reactive compounds
(embedding compounds, potting
compounds, encapsulating compounds)
Unfilled epoxy resinous compounds IEC 60455 Flexural strength 50 % R ISO 178
Filled epoxy resinous compounds IEC 60455 Loss of mass 10 % 3 %; 5 % L
Loss of mass 3% 5 %; 10 %
Unfilled polyurethane compounds IEC 60455 Flexural strength 50 % R ISO 178
Filled polyurethane compounds IEC 60455
Impregnating compounds and varnishes
Unsaturated polyester based impregnating IEC 60455 Bond strength 22 N - A IEC 61033,
resins method B
Epoxy-based impregnating resins, unfilled Proof voltage 0,3 – 1,2 kV - A IEC 60172
Polyurethane-based impregnating resins,
unfilled Breakdown voltage 3 kV - A IEC 60455-2
Hot curing impregnating varnishes IEC 60464 Loss of mass 10 % - L IEC 60455-2
Flexural strength 50 % - R ISO 178
 Table 1 (continued)

1 2 3 4 5
Material Recommended end-points Test
specification method
Insulating materials Publication Recommended properties Preferred Subsidiary 5) Type 1) Publication
No. No.
Coating compounds
Coating powders IEC 60455 Loss of mass 10 % 5 %; 15 % L IEC 60455-2
Breakdown voltage 3 kV - A IEC 60455-2
Fusible insulating materials Breakdown voltage 3 kV 1 kV; 5 kV A IEC 60370
Plastisols and organosols Loss of flexibility Cupping 1 mm 0,5 mm A ISO 1520
Insulations on conductors
Enamelled winding wires IEC 60317 Proof voltage 0,3 – 1,2 kV - A IEC 60172
Column 1 lists the group of the material to be tested. See also Annex A.

If in the respective material specification listed in column 2, the property(ies), end-point(s) and test method(s) are prescribed, then these instructions shall be
followed. If a material specification or its testing conditions are not listed, select from the recommended properties and end-points those appropriate to the
application of the material.

The test methods in Column 5 are identified by the ISO or IEC publication where they are specified. However, in particular cases where thermal endurance data
are of interest for design purposes, other properties applying national or specifically developed test methods may be more useful.

NOTE Some of the materials listed herein may be grouped differently. In a few cases tests for determination of thermal endurance characteristics according to
IEC 60216-1 may not apply to the materials listed below.

1) Percentage or other values in column 4 ("Recommended end-points") shall be interpreted according to the letter symbol as follows:
R = abbreviation for retention (if initial tensile strength is, for example, 60 MPa, then 25 % means 15 MPa, 50 % means 30 MPa and so forth).
L = abbreviation for loss of mass end-points to be understood as the percentage decrease of the mass related to the original organic material content
(determined by burning out at approximately 500 °C).
A = abbreviation for an absolute end-point according to Item b) of 5.2 of IEC 60216-1.
2) This property may not always be critical because in some applications, once the material is in place, it no longer will be subject to elongation.
3) Elongation at break may not be relevant for all types of glass sleeving.
4) Where an excessive reduction of the test specimen thickness is observed on thermoplastic moulded insulation (e.g., due to thermoplastic flow), the voltage
breakdown test is not applicable.
5) Subsidiary end-points to be used in special cases only, where the preferred end-points will not give information appropriate for special applications of the
material (see Clause 3).
 – 11 –

Annex A
(informative)

Additional information on the group to which

new or unknown materials should be assigned

Since it is impossible to list all insulating materials with their preferred diagnostic properties
for thermal endurance testing, Table 1 shows typical representatives of each group. The
grouping is essentially based on the materials' salient mechanical and chemical features.
However, the supply form, the appearance or the predominant application of a material
provides additional information on the group to which new or unknown materials should be
assigned in order to enable the selection of adequate properties and end-points.

a) Rigid materials
Rigid materials typically exhibit a modulus of elasticity greater than 700 MPa.
Materials of Group A and thermosetting materials of Group B and C are mostly supplied in
the form of plates or flat pieces, produced by moulding, pressing from granules or from
two- or multi-component compounds.
Rigid thermoplastic materials are delivered as extrusion moulded plates or other semi-
finished products; they may also be manufactured to prefabricated parts by injection
moulding of granules.

b) Elastomers
Materials of this group are composed from natural rubber or synthetic rubber materials or
thermoplastic elastomers to meet specific properties. Compositions of natural or synthetic
rubber should be adequately prepared, e.g. by milling, vulcanizing, etc. and pressed or
calendered in finalt form. Thermoplastic elastomers are typically injection or blow moulded
into prefabricated parts. Elastomers are often applied in a prefabricated form to a
particular part of an electrotechnical product where thermal shock resistance or sealing
performance are important material features.

c) Semi-rigid sheet materials

Materials of this group are mostly supplied in sheet form, but also as strips; they have a
modulus of elasticity between 70 MPa and 700 MPa. They can be punched or folded
without breaking. The thickness of pressboards and presspapers ranges from 0,1 mm up
to 5,0 mm. Laminated pressboards may have a thickness up to 200 mm. These materials
are often applied for slot insulation.

d) Paper, paper-based or woven materials

Materials of this group are mostly supplied in roll form. The thickness ranges from
0,01 mm to 0,5 mm. Varnished cotton or glass fabrics are designated by the term "woven
materials"; the varnish may consist of different kinds of coating including silicones. A
significant application of materials of this group is wrapping to insulate conducting
elements such as winding coils.
 – 12 –

e) Pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) tapes

These materials form a separate group due to the adhesive's influence on the
performance and on the preparation of endurance test specimens. Since the backing
determines the kind of ageing and diagnostics, it is advisable to consider thoroughly the
details of a thermal endurance test, depending on whether the tape is paper-based,
textile-based or film-based. PSA tapes with film backing are similar to pure films with
regard to their diagnostics.

f) Plastic films
Materials of this group consist of a wide range of distinct products with different
properties, which are also applied for multiple purposes. The thickness ranges from
0,002 mm to 0,35 mm. A significant aspect of films is their transparency; for designation
purposes they are often supplied in various colours.

g) Flexible insulating sleevings

Materials of this group are supplied in tubular form in continuous or cut lengths. They are
used in a wide range of applications; therefore, many different compositions and
dimensions are available. This is pertinent to the ageing and diagnostics.

h) Flexible material combinations

Materials of this group are supplied in the form of sheets, tapes or full width rolls. The
supply form may not be representative of the final application; additional processing is in
most cases required such as wrapping and curing, punching, folding, etc. Specimens for
thermal endurance testing should be made in a shape or structure representative of the
intended part or product.

i) Resin-based reactive compounds (embedding compounds, potting compounds,

encapsulating compounds)

Embedding compound:
casting compound poured into a mould completely encasing an electric or electronic
component. After subsequent curing, the encased component is removed from the mould.

Potting compound:
casting compound poured into a mould completely encasing an electric or electronic
component. After subsequent curing the mould remains attached to the encased
component as a permanent part of the unit.

Encapsulating compound:
reactive compound applied without a mould as a protective or insulating coating to enclose
an electric or electronic component by suitable means such as brushing, dipping,
spraying, or spreading.

j) Impregnating compounds and varnishes

Compounds and varnishes are supplied in liquid form in containers. They may be
solventless or contain solvent. Resinous compounds are often supplied as two separate
reactive components which have to be mixed prior to application and solidification.
Products of this group are suitable to provide adequate impregnation even for fine wire
windings.

12
 – 13 –

k) Coating compounds
Coating compounds are supplied as either powders or liquids. Powders of thermoplastic or
chemically reactive resins, are applied by coating processes such as the fluidized bed
technique, powder spraying or electrostatic coating. Generally, the powder is applied to
objects heated to a temperature exceeding the melting or curing point of the powder. For
final cure many coatings require post-heating. The coating thickness is normally high, up
to 0,5 mm.

Fusible insulating materials, plastisols and organosols are supplied in liquid form. The
coating performance depends on the ability of providing a coating on metallic substrates of
sufficient integrity to ensure insulation and protection. Some materials cure under room
temperature conditions.

l) Insulated conductive elements

Products of this group are composites and should be considered as prefabricated parts.
Although the thermal endurance may be governed by the insulation, the performance
depends on the entire composite. Consequently, such composites should be submitted to
particular methods of thermal endurance testing, with diagnostics and end-points related
to the intended technical function.

___________
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+41 22 919 03 00 ou par courrier à l’adresse ci-dessous. Merci !

Centre du Service Clientèle (CSC)

Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
3, rue de Varembé
1211 Genève 20
Suisse
ou

Télécopie: CEI/CSC +41 22 919 03 00

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Centre du Service Clientèle (CSC)

Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
3, rue de Varembé
1211 GENÈVE 20
Suisse
Q1 Veuillez ne mentionner qu’UNE SEULE Q5 Cette norme répond-elle à vos besoins:
NORME et indiquer son numéro exact: (une seule réponse)
( ex. 60601-1-1)
pas du tout
.............................................................
à peu près
assez bien
parfaitement

Q2 En tant qu’acheteur de cette norme,

quelle est votre fonction?
Q6 Si vous avez répondu PAS DU TOUT à
(cochez tout ce qui convient)
Q5, c’est pour la/les raison(s) suivantes:
Je suis le/un:
(cochez tout ce qui convient)
agent d’un service d’achat
la norme a besoin d’être révisée
bibliothécaire
la norme est incomplète
chercheur
la norme est trop théorique
ingénieur concepteur
la norme est trop superficielle
ingénieur sécurité
le titre est équivoque
ingénieur d’essais
je n’ai pas fait le bon choix
spécialiste en marketing
autre(s) ................................................
autre(s).................................................

Q7 Veuillez évaluer chacun des critères ci-

dessous en utilisant les chiffres
Q3 Je travaille: (1) inacceptable,
(cochez tout ce qui convient) (2) au-dessous de la moyenne,
(3) moyen,
(4) au-dessus de la moyenne,
dans l’industrie
(5) exceptionnel,
comme consultant (6) sans objet
pour un gouvernement
pour un organisme d’essais/ publication en temps opportun ..............
certification qualité de la rédaction...........................
dans un service public contenu technique ................................
dans l’enseignement disposition logique du contenu ..............
comme militaire tableaux, diagrammes, graphiques,
figures ................................................
autre(s).................................................
autre(s) ................................................

Q8 Je lis/utilise: (une seule réponse)

Q4 Cette norme sera utilisée pour/comme
(cochez tout ce qui convient) uniquement le texte français
uniquement le texte anglais
ouvrage de référence les textes anglais et français
une recherche de produit
une étude/développement de produit
des spécifications Q9 Veuillez nous faire part de vos
des soumissions observations éventuelles sur la CEI:
une évaluation de la qualité
une certification ............................................................
............................................................
une documentation technique
............................................................
une thèse
............................................................
la fabrication
............................................................
autre(s).................................................
............................................................
 ISBN 2-8318-8310-5

&1+', ; 6439
ICS 13.120; 97.060

Typeset and printed by the IEC Central Office

GENEVA, SWITZERLAND