Astronaut Fact Book Sept 2000
Astronaut Fact Book Sept 2000
Astronaut Fact Book Sept 2000
PREFACE
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) selected the first group of
astronauts in 1959. From 500 candidates having the required jet aircraft flight experience and
engineering training as well as height below 5 feet 11 inches, 7 military men became the
Nation’s first astronauts. The second and third groups chosen included civilians who had
extensive flying experience. By 1964, requirements had changed, and emphasis was placed on
academic qualifications; in 1965, 6 scientist astronauts were selected from a group of 400
applicants who had a Doctorate or equivalent experience in the natural sciences, medicine, or
engineering. The group named in 1978 was the first of space shuttle flight crews and since then,
8 additional groups have been selected with a mix of pilots and mission specialists.
There are currently 138 U.S. astronauts and 17 candidates in the program; 129 astronauts have
retired, resigned or been reassigned; and 27 are deceased.
Though most of the information in this document pertains only to U.S. Astronauts, several
sections are included to provide information about the international astronauts and Russian
trained Cosmonauts who are currently partners with the U.S. Space Program participating in the
International Space Station endeavor. The non-U.S. information presented here was gathered
from the biographies provided by the various space agencies with which these individuals are
affiliated.
Payload specialists are career scientists or engineers selected by their employer or country for
their expertise in conducting a specific experiment or commercial venture on a space shuttle
mission. Information about them is not included in the Astronaut Fact Book.
The space flights and statistics listed in this publication are those which resulted from the vertical
takeoff of an American space vehicle. Astronauts listed (unless otherwise noted) are individuals
who participated in the United States astronaut program including those who are in the training
program.
NASA accepts applications for the Astronaut Candidate Program on a continuing basis and
selects candidates as needed.
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CONTENTS
Cover Art
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UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS
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UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS
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UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS
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UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS
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UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS
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UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS
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UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS
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UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS
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INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S. PROGRAM
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RUSSIAN COSMONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S. PROGRAM
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CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S. SPACE PROGRAM
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INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S. SPACE PROGRAM
HADFIELD, Chris A., Canadian Space Agency, Colonel, Canadian Air Force
Mission Specialist.
Born August 29, 1959, in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada.
Bachelor degree in mechanical engineering, Royal Military College,
Kingston, Ontario, Canada; post-graduate research at University of Waterloo,
Ontario, Canada; Master of Science in aviation systems, University of Tennessee.
Flew on STS-74.
Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 196.
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INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S. SPACE PROGRAM
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INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S. SPACE PROGRAM
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INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S. SPACE PROGRAM
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RUSSIAN COSMONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S SPACE PROGRAM
(Trained by the Russian Space Agency)
Flight times include non-U.S. flight information from Cosmonaut bio sheets
BUDARIN, Nikolai, Russian Space Agency.
Born April 29, 1953, at Kirya Settlement, Chuvashia, Russia.
Graduated from the S. Ordzhonikidze Moscow Aviation Institute with a mechanical
engineering diploma.
Flew on STS-71 (Mir crew upload.)
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RUSSIAN COSMONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S SPACE PROGRAM
(Trained by the Russian Space Agency)
Flight times include non-U.S. flight information from Cosmonaut bio sheets
MORUKOV, Boris, Russian Space Agency.
Born October 1, 1950, in Moscow, Russia.
Doctor of Medicine from the 2nd Moscow Medical Institute (now Moscow Medical
University;) Doctor of Philosophy in space, aviation and naval medicine from the
Institute for Biomedical Problems.
Flew on STS-106.
Cumulative days of space flight are more than 11.
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RUSSIAN COSMONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S SPACE PROGRAM
(Trained by the Russian Space Agency)
Flight times include non-U.S. flight information from Cosmonaut bio sheets
STREKALOV, Gennady, Russian Space Agency.
Born October 26, 1940, in the Mytishohi Moscow region, Russia.
Graduated from N.E. Bauman Moscow Higher Technical School with an engineer’s
diploma.
Flew on STS-71 (Mir crew download.)
Cumulative days of space flight are more than 153.
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2000 U.S. ASTRONAUT CANDIDATE CLASS
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2000 U.S. ASTRONAUT CANDIDATE CLASS
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2000 U.S. ASTRONAUT CANDIDATE CLASS
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FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
ANDERS, William A., Major General, U.S. Air Force Reserve (Retired)
Born October 17, 1933, in Hong Kong.
Bachelor of Science in nuclear engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of
Science in nuclear engineering from the Air Force Institute of Technology.
Flew on Apollo 8.
Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 147.
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FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
BROWN, Curtis L., Jr., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)
Born March 11, 1956, in Elizabethtown, North Carolina.
Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy.
Flew on STS-47, STS-66, STS-77, STS-85, STS-95 and STS-103.
Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,381.
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FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
DUKE, Charles M., Jr., Brigadier General, U.S. Air Force (Retired)
Born October 3, 1935, in Charlotte, North Carolina.
Bachelor of Science in naval sciences from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of
Science in aeronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Flew on Apollo 16.
Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 265.
Cumulative EVA time is more than 20 hours.
ENGLE, Joe H., Major General, Air National Guard/U.S. Air Force (Retired)
Born August 26, 1932, in Dickinson County, Kansas.
Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the University of Kansas.
Flew 16 flights in USAF/NASA X-15 - 3 flights into space; flew on Space
Shuttle approach and landing tests 2 and 4, STS-2, and STS 51-I.
Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 224.
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FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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DECEASED U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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DECEASED U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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DECEASED U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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DECEASED U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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DECEASED U.S. ASTRONAUTS
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U.S. ASTRONAUT SELECTION BY GROUP
GROUP 1 -- Mercury Astronauts, April 1959: Carpenter, Cooper, Glenn, Grissom, Schirra,
Shepard, Slayton (7)
GROUP 2 -- Pilot Astronauts, September 1962: Armstrong, Borman, Conrad, Lovell, McDivitt,
See, Stafford, White, Young (9)
GROUP 3 -- Pilot Astronauts, October 1963: Aldrin, Anders, Bassett, Bean, Cernan, Chaffee, M.
Collins, Cunningham, Eisele, Freeman, Gordon, Schweickart, D. Scott, C. Williams (14)
GROUP 4 -- Scientist Astronauts, June 1965: Garriott, E. Gibson, Graveline, Kerwin, Michel,
Schmitt (6)
GROUP 5 -- Pilot Astronauts, April 1966: Brand, Bull, Carr, Duke, Engle, Evans, Givens, Haise,
Irwin, Lind, Lousma, Mattingly, McCandless, Mitchell, Pogue, Roosa, Swigert, Weitz,
Worden (19)
GROUP 7 -- Air Force Manned Orbiting Laboratory Astronauts, August 1969: Bobko, Crippen,
Fullerton, Hartsfield, Overmyer, Peterson, Truly (7)
GROUP 8 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, January 1978: Bluford, Brandenstein, Buchli, Coats,
Covey, Creighton, Fabian, A. Fisher, D. Gardner, R. Gibson, F. Gregory, Griggs, Hart,
Hauck, Hawley, Hoffman, Lucid, McBride, McNair, Mullane, Nagel, Nelson, Onizuka, Resnik,
Ride, Scobee, Seddon, Shaw, Shriver, Stewart, Sullivan, Thagard, van Hoften, Walker, D.
Williams (35)
GROUP 9 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, January 1980: Bagian, Blaha, Bolden, Bridges,
Chang-Diaz, Cleave, Dunbar, W. Fisher, G. Gardner, Grabe, Hilmers, Leestma, Lounge,
O’Connor, R. Richards, Ross, M. Smith, Spring, Springer (19)
GROUP 10 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, May 1984: Adamson, E. Baker, M. Brown,
Cameron, Carter, Casper, Culbertson, Gutierrez, Hammond, Ivins, Lee, Low, McCulley,
Shepherd, K. Thornton, Veach, Wetherbee (17)
GROUP 11 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, June 1985: Apt, M. Baker, Cabana, Duffy, Gemar,
Godwin, Henricks, Hieb, Jernigan, Meade, Oswald, Thorne, Thuot (13)
GROUP 12 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, August 1987: Akers, A. Allen, Bowersox, C. Brown,
Chilton, Davis, Foale, Harbaugh, Jemison, McMonagle, Melnick, Readdy, Reightler, Runco,
James Voss (15)
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U.S. ASTRONAUT SELECTION BY GROUP
GROUP 13 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, January 1990: Bursch, Chiao, Clifford, Cockrell,
E. Collins, W. Gregory, Halsell, Harris, Helms, Jones, W. McArthur, Newman, Ochoa,
Precourt, Searfoss, Sega, Sherlock (Currie), D. Thomas, Janice Voss, Walz, Wilcutt, Wisoff,
Wolf (23)
GROUP 14 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, March 1992: Barry, Brady, Coleman, Gernhardt,
Grunsfeld, Horowitz, Jett, Kregel, Lawrence, Linenger, Linnehan, Lopez-Alegria, Parazynski,
Rominger, W. Scott, S. Smith, Tanner, A. Thomas, Weber (19)
GROUP 15 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, January 1995: Altman, M. Anderson, Ashby,
Bloomfield, Chawla, Chretein, Curbeam, Edwards, Gorie, Hire, Husband, Kavandi, Lindsey, Lu,
Melroy, Noriega, Reilly, S. Robinson, Kilrain (Still), Sturckow (20)
GROUP 16 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, May 1996: D. Brown, Burbank, Cagle, Caldeiro,
Camarda, Carey, Clark, Fincke, Forrester, Frick, Herrington, Higginbotham, Hobaugh, J. Kelly,
M. Kelly, S. Kelly, Lockhart, Loria, Magnus, Massimino, Mastracchio, McCool, Morin, Nowak,
Pettit, Phillips, Polansky, P. Richards, Sellers, Stefanyshyn-Piper, Tani, Walheim, Whitson, J.
Williams, Wilson (35)
GROUP 17 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, June 1998: C. Anderson, Archambault, Caldwell,
Chamitoff, Creamer, Ferguson, Foreman, Fossum, Ham, Robertson, G. C. Johnson, G. H.
Johnson, Love, Melvin, Morgan, Oefelein, Olivas, Patrick, Poindexter, Reisman, Swanson,
Wheelock, S. Williams, Woodward, Zamka (25)
GROUP 18 (Candidates) -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, July 2000: Antonelli, Barratt, Behnken,
Boe, Bowen, Drew, Feustel, Ford, Garan, Good, Hurley, Kopra, M. McArthur, Nyberg, Stott,
Virts, Wilmore (17)
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CONGRESSIONAL SPACE MEDAL OF HONOR
In honor of NASA’s 20th anniversary, President Jimmy Carter visited NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center
on October 1, 1978, and awarded the first Congressional Space Medal of Honor to six former astronauts.
Authorized by Congress in 1969, the award recognized "any astronaut who in the performance of his
duties has distinguished himself by exceptionally meritorious efforts and contributions to the welfare of the
Nation and mankind."
These astronauts received this special honor:
Neil A. Armstrong, for actions to overcome problems on the Gemini 8 mission and for Apollo 11 when he took
his "...giant leap for mankind."
Frank Borman, who commanded the Gemini 7 and Apollo 8 missions. The latter was the first manned
spacecraft to orbit the Moon.
Charles Conrad, Jr., who participated in four space flights of increasing duration, complexity and
achievement: Gemini 5, Gemini 11, Apollo 12, and Skylab 2. On the first manned Skylab mission, he
commanded the crew that performed repairs to the damaged orbital workshop, thus saving the two billion
dollar program from potential failure.
John H. Glenn, Jr., who in Mercury 6 was the first American to orbit the Earth. The success of his flight
demonstrated the value of the human pilot in space.
Virgil I. Grissom (posthumously), the second American in space, who took part in Mercury and Gemini flights
and lost his life during preparations for the first Apollo flight. He flew on Mercury 4 and Gemini 3.
Alan B. Shepard, Jr., who was the first American in space, aboard Mercury 3. He also commanded the
Apollo 14 mission.
John W. Young, who demonstrated leadership, courage, and technical skill in a space flight career that
spanned two decades and five (at that time) space flights pivotal to human progress in space. He flew on
Gemini 3, Gemini 10, Apollo 10, Apollo 16, and STS-1 prior to receipt of the medal which was presented
May 19, 1981, by President Ronald Reagan.
Thomas J. Stafford, who commanded the first flight of the lunar module to the Moon and the American crew
that rendezvoused with a Soviet spacecraft in 1975. He was recognized for his past contributions, and for
continuing to serve the Nation in charting a future vision for our space program. He flew on Gemini 6 and
9, Apollo 10, and the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. The medal was presented January 19, 1991, by Vice
President Dan Quayle at the direction of President George Bush.
James A. Lovell, who flew on Gemini 7 and 12, and Apollo 8 and 13, was presented the medal on July 26,
1995. In his remarks, President Bill Clinton especially commended Lovell for his performance on Apollo 13,
which demonstrated, “the kind of resourcefulness, grit, and grace under pressure that is the province of
heroes.”
Shannon Lucid, who spent 188 days in space on the U.S. shuttle and Russian space station Mir, was
presented the medal on December 2, 1996. Noting that the medal is given out sparingly because it honors
“extraordinary service to the nation,” President Bill Clinton added that “Dr. Lucid achieved that kind of
service for 188 days this year, the longest flight by an American in space, the longest time for any woman
of any nation in space, five shuttle missions altogether.”
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EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FROM WHICH U.S. ASTRONAUTS HAVE EARNED
DEGREES
Adelaide, University of, (Australia): Chicago, University of, (IL): Grunsfeld
A. Thomas Colorado, University of, (CO): Brand,
Alabama, University of, (AL): J. Kelly Carpenter, Chawla, Herrington, Hieb,
Alabama (Huntsville), University of, (AL): Ivins, Lounge, Onizuka, Roosa, Sega,
Davis Swanson, Swigert, James Voss
Alabama (Birmingham), University of, Colorado State University (CO): Cleave,
(AL): Morin Rominger, van Hoften
Amherst College (MA): Hoffman, Parker Columbia University (NY): Bowersox,
Arizona, University of, (AZ): Caldeiro, Chilton, W. Gregory, G. H. Johnson,
Jones, Pettit, Scobee, Spring Massimino, Musgrave
Auburn University (AL): Davis, Hartsfield, Connecticut, University of, (CN):
Mattingly, K. Thornton, James Voss, Chang-Diaz, Mastracchio
C. Williams Cornell College (NY): Hilmers
Baldwin-Wallace College (OH): Overmyer Cornell University (NY): E. Baker, Barry,
Baylor University (TX): Holmquest Jemison, Low, Lu, D. Thomas
California Institute of Technology (CA): Creighton University (NE): M. Anderson
Behnken, Borman, Chamitoff, Fullerton, Dalhousie University (Nova Scotia): Sullivan
E. Gibson, Meade, Michel, Parker, Dartmouth College (NH): Newman
Reisman, Schmitt, Searfoss Depauw University (IN): J. Allen
California, University of, Berkeley (CA): Drexel University (PA): Bagian, Ferguson, P.
Chiao, Jernigan, Lind, O’Leary, Seddon, Richards
van Hoften, Walheim, Weber Duke University (NC): Brady
California, University of, Los Angeles (CA): Eastern Virginia Medical School (VA): D.
Brand, Cunningham, A. Fisher, K. Brown
McArthur, Musgrave, Phillips, Robinson, Edinburgh, University of (Scotland): Sellers
See Embry-Riddle University (FL): Burbank,
California Polytechnic State University Drew, Garan, Stott, Virts, Kilrain
(CA): Chamitoff, R. Gibson, Sturckow Emory University (GA): Carter
California, University of, Davis (CA): Florida Atlantic University (FL): Swanson
Caldwell, Robinson Florida Institute of Technology (FL):
California, University of, San Diego (CA): K. Higginbotham, Hire, S. Williams, Zamka
McArthur Florida, University of, (FL): W. Fisher, Ford,
California, University of, Santa Barbara Garan
(CA): Chiao Florida, University of Central (FL): Stott
California, University of, Santa Cruz (CA): Florida State University (FL): W. Scott,
Hawley, Sullivan Thagard
California State University, Fresno (CA): Georgetown University (DC): O’Leary
Husband, McMonagle, Nagel George Washington University (DC):
California State University, Fullerton (CA) Camarda, Coats, Creighton, F. Gregory,
Caldwell Griggs
California State University, Northridge Georgia Institute of Technology (GA):
(CA): Horowitz Boe, Clifford, Davis, Hammond,
Cambridge University (UK): Foale, Patrick Horowitz, Kopra, Mangus, W. McArthur,
Carnegie-Mellon University (formerly Poindexter, Kilrain, Truly, Wheelock,
Carnegie Institute of Technology) (PA): Young
Resnik, Mitchell Golden Gate University (CA): Henricks,
Case Western University (OH): D. Thomas Precourt
Central Florida, University of (FL): Caldeiro Hartford College (CT): Swigert
City College of New York (NY): Runco Harvard College (MA): Apt
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EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FROM WHICH U.S. ASTRONAUTS HAVE EARNED
DEGREES
Harvard University (MA): Hoffman, Schmitt, Missouri, University of, (MO): Godwin,
Wilson Richards
Harvey Mudd College (CA): Love, Nelson Missouri, University of, Rolla (MO): Akers,
Hastings College (NE): C. Anderson Mangus, Kavandi
Holy Cross, College of the, (MA): Kerwin Missouri Southern State College (MO):
Houston, University of, (TX): Bluford, Cheli, Kavandi
Currie, Dunbar, W. Fisher, Harbaugh, Muskingum College (OH): Glenn
Harris, Holmquest, Mastracchio, New Hampshire, University of (NH):
McCandless, Musgrave, Olivas, Walheim Linnehan, Morin
Houston, University of, Clear Lake (TX): New York University, (NY): Morin
Fossum North Carolina, University of, (NC): Brady,
Idaho, University of, (ID): Ashby Linenger, W. Thornton
Illinois, University of, (IL): Altman, North Carolina Agricultural & Technical
Archambault, D. Gardner, Higginbotham, State University (NC): McNair
Nagel, Tanner North Dakota, University of, (ND): Nyberg
Indiana University, (IN): Wolf Northwest Nazarene College (ID): Hieb
Iowa State University (IA): C. Anderson Northwestern University (IL): Barratt, Kerwin
Iowa Wesleyan College (IA): Whitson Notre Dame, University of, (IN): Ford, Good,
John Carroll University (MT): Walz Wetherbee
Johns Hopkins University (MD): Graveline Ohio State (OH): Currie, Linnehan, Sega
Kansas, University of, (KS): Engle, Evans, Oklahoma, University of, (OK): Garriott,
Hawley Haise, Lucid
Kent State University (OH): Walz Oklahoma Baptist University (OK): Pogue
Kentucky, University of, (KY): Musgrave Oklahoma City University (OK): Cooper
Leeds University (United Kingdom): Sellers Oklahoma State University (OK): Pogue
Lehigh University (PA): Hart Old Dominion University (VA): Bloomfield
Loyola College (MD): Creamer Oregon State University (OR): Oefelein,
Marietta College (OH): Musgrave Pettit
Maryland, University of, (MD): McCool, Pennsylvania, Medical College of (PA):
Resnik, P. Richards Robertson
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Pennsylvania State University (PA): Bluford,
(MA): Aldrin, Antonelli, Apt, Bowen, Weitz
Cameron, Chamitoff, Chang-Diaz, Pennsylvania, University of (PA): Gernhardt,
Chapman, Coleman, Creamer, Duke, Robertson, Reisman
Fincke, England, Grunsfeld, Hart, Hauck, Princeton University (NJ): Adamson, Barry,
Lawrence, Lee, Lenoir, Massimino, Carr, Conrad
McNair, Melroy, Mitchell, Patrick, Polytechnic Institute of New York (NY):
Schweickart, D. Scott, Shepherd, Camarda
Stefanyshyn-Piper, Tani, Janice Voss, Punjab Engineering College (India): Chawla
Woodward Purdue University (IN): Armstrong, Blaha,
Massachusetts, University of (MA): Bridges, M. Brown, Casper, Cernan,
Coleman Chaffee, Covey, Feustel, G. Gardner,
Miami, University of (FL): Barry Grissom, Harbaugh, McCulley, Polansky,
Michigan, University of, (MI): Freeman, Ross, Shriver, Janice Voss, Weber, D.
Henize, Irwin, Lousma, McDivitt, White, Williams, Wolf
Worden Queens University (Canada): Feustel
Minnesota, University of, (MN): Carey, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (NY):
Slayton Mastracchio, Swigert
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EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FROM WHICH U.S. ASTRONAUTS HAVE EARNED
DEGREES
Rice University (TX): Bull, Hoffman, Jernigan, Texas A&M University (TX): Fossum,
Newman, Olivas, Whitson Swanson
Richmond, University of (VA): Melvin Texas Tech University (TX): Bassett, Harris,
Rochester, University of, (NY): E. Gibson Husband, Lockhart
Rutgers University (NJ): Hart, Runco Thomas Jefferson University (PA): Bagian
San Diego State University (CA): Ochoa Troy State (AL): Ford, W. Gregory, Halsell,
San Fransico University (CA): Cagle Kregel
Southeast Missouri State University (MO): Tulane University (LA): Hurley
Godwin Tufts University (MA): Hauck
Southern California, University of, (CA): Vanderbilt University (TN): Gernhardt
Armstrong, Bobko, Bolden, Carr, Currie, Vermont, University of, (VT): Graveline
Duffy, Linenger, Noriega, Reightler, Thuot Virginia, University of (VA): Melvin
Southern Methodist University (TX): University College at Cardiff (Wales):
Holmquest Llewellyn
Southern Mississippi, University of, (MS): University of Tennessee Space Institute
Stewart (TN): Oefelein
Stanford University (CA): Bull, E. Collins, Utah, University of, (UT): Lind
Fincke, W. Fisher, Garriott, Helms, Utah State University (UT): Cleave
Jemison, Jernigan, Low, Lu, McCandless, Villanova University (PA): A. Allen
Morgan, Ochoa, Parazynski, Ride, Virginia, University of, (VA): Forrester,
Robinson, S. Smith, Wisoff Henize, K. Thornton, Wisoff
State University of New York (NY): E. Virginia Polytechnic State University,
Baker, Garan Camarda
State University of New York-Farmingdale Washington, University of, (WA): M.
(NY): Caldeiro Anderson, Antonelli, Barratt, Cagle,
State University of New York Maritime Dunbar, Fabian, Gordon, G. C. Johnson,
College (NY): S. Kelly Kavandi, Love, Nelson
Sydney, University of, (Australia): Washington and Lee University (VA): Low
Chapman Washington State University (WA): Fabian,
Syracuse University (NY): E. Collins, Behnken
Musgrave Wayne State University (NE): Linenger
Tennessee Technical University (TN): Webster University (MO): E. Collins,
Wilmore Gutierrez
Tennessee, University of, (TN): Ashby, Wellesley College: Melroy
Edwards, Gorie, Hartsfield, Hurley, West Florida, University of, (FL): Buchli,
Seddon, S. Kelly, Wilmore Cockrell, Melnick, O’Connor, Phillips,
Texas, University of, (TX): M. Baker, Bean, Richards
Cockrell, Crippen, Lockhart, Meade, Western Kentucky University (KY): Wilcutt
Nyberg, Thagard, Wilson, Woodward William & Mary, College of, (VA): D. Brown
Texas, University of, Arlington (TX): Williams College (MA): O’Leary
Chawla, Stewart Wisconsin, University of, (WI): Clark, Shaw
Texas, University of, Dallas (TX): Reilly Wisconsin, University of, River Falls (WI):
Texas, University of, El Paso (TX): Olivas Brandenstein
Texas, University of, School of Public Wright State University (OH): Barratt
Health (TX): E. Baker Yale University (CT): J. Allen
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UNITED STATES SERVICE ACADEMIES FROM WHICH ASTRONAUTS
EARNED DEGREES
U.S. Air Force Academy: Blaha, Bloomfield, U.S. Naval Academy: Anders, Bolden,
Bobko, Boe, Bridges, C. Brown, Casper, Bowen, Bowersox, Buchli, Bursch,
Chilton, Covey, Drew, Duffy, G. Gardner, Cabana, Coats, Creighton, Culbertson,
Grabe, F. Gregory, W. Gregory, Curbeam, Duke, Edwards, Eisele,
Gutierrez, Halsell, Hammond, Helms, Foreman, Freeman, Frick, Givens, Gorie,
Henricks, G. H. Johnson, Jones, J. Kelly, Griggs, Ham, Hire, Hobaugh, Irwin, Jett,
Kregel, Lee, Lindsey, McMonagle, Lawrence, Leestma, Linenger, Lopez-
Precourt, Searfoss, Sega, Shriver, Stott, Alegria, Loria, Lounge, Lovell,
Veach, Virts McCandless, McCool, Nowak, O’Connor,
Oswald, Phillips, Readdy, Reightler,
U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology: Schirra, Shepard, Shepherd, M. Smith,
Anders, Bluford, M. Brown, Cooper, Eisele, Springer, Stafford, Thorne, Thuot, Walker,
Fabian, Ford, Fossum, Halsell, Lindsey, S. Williams, Zamka
Mullane, Peterson
U.S. Naval Postgraduate School: Altman,
U.S. Coast Guard Academy: Burbank, Bursch, Carr, Cernan, Coats, Curbeam,
Melnick Evans, Ferguson, Foreman, Frick, Ham,
U.S. Merchant Marine Academy: M. Kelly, Herrington, Hilmers, Jett, M. Kelly,
See Leestma, Lopez-Alegria, Lousma,
McBride, McCool, Mitchell, Noriega,
U.S. Military Academy: Adamson, Aldrin, Nowak, Overmyer, Poindexter, Reightler,
Borman, Clifford, M. Collins, Forrester, Rominger, W. Scott, M. Smith, Springer,
Gemar, Kopra, W. McArthur, Mullane, Weitz, J. Williams
Peterson, D. Scott, Spring, Wheelock,
White, J. Williams, Worden U.S. Naval War College: J. Williams
82
U.S. ASTRONAUTS’ BIRTHPLACES BY STATE*
ALABAMA: Hartsfield, Hire, Jemison, K. NEW JERSEY: Aldrin, Ham, M. Kelly, S.
Thornton, James Voss, C. Williams Kelly, Polansky, Reisman, Schirra,
ARIZONA: Creamer, S. Smith Schweickart, Sullivan, Zamka
ARKANSAS: Covey, Parazynski NEW MEXICO: Gutierrez, Schmitt
CALIFORNIA: Caldwell, Chilton, Clifford, NEW YORK: Adamson, M. Anderson, Bobko,
Coats, Hauck, Lindsey, Love, McCool, Cagle, Camarda, Cleave, E. Collins, A.
McCulley, Melroy, Morgan, Ochoa, Fisher, Fullerton, Garan, E. Gibson, R.
O’Connor, Olivas, Poindexter, Ride, Gibson, Grabe, W. Gregory, Hoffman,
Robinson, Sturckow, van Hoften, Walheim, Hurley, Kregel, Massimino, Melnick,
Young Parker, Runco, Stott, Swanson,
COLORADO: Brand, Carpenter, Carr, Wetherbee, Wheelock
Lounge, Rominger, Roosa, Swigert NORTH CAROLINA: E. Baker, Brady, C.
CONNECTICUT: Barry, Burbank, Brown, Duke, Helms, W. McArthur, M.
Mastracchio, Spring, Thuot Smith, W. Thornton
DELAWARE: Currie NORTH DAKOTA: Buchli, Hieb
FLORIDA: Boe, Davis, Lawrence, Lenoir, R. OHIO: Armstrong, Bassett, Cameron, Eisele,
Richards, W. Scott, Thagard Foreman, Gernhardt, Glenn, Good,
GEORGIA: Bridges, Carter, Hammond, Harbaugh, Henize, Henricks, Lovell, Low,
Kilrain, Walker Overmyer, Resnik, Sega, D. Thomas,
HAWAII: K. McArthur, Onizuka Walz, Weber, Williams
IDAHO: Reilly OKLAHOMA: Cooper, Garriott, Herrington,
ILLINOIS: Altman, Archambault, Cernan, Pogue, Stafford
Grunsfeld, Higginbotham, Kerwin, Magnus, OREGON: Griggs, Petit
Mattingly, McDivitt, Meade, Nagel, Tanner, PENNSYLVANIA: A. Allen, Bagian, Bluford,
Veach, Woodward Bursch, Conrad, Ferguson, Feustel,
INDIANA: J. Allen, Borman, M. Brown, Fincke, Freeman, Frick, Hart, Robertson,
England, Ford, Grissom, Ross, Janice Horowitz, Irwin, P. Richards, Tani, Weitz
Voss, D. Williams, Wolf RHODE ISLAND: Readdy
IOWA: Clark, Cunningham, Hilmers, J. Kelly, SOUTH CAROLINA: Bolden, Casper,
Nelson, Shriver, Whitson Coleman, Culbertson, Fossum, McNair
KANSAS: Engle, Evans, Hawley SOUTH DAKOTA: Gemar, Fossum
KENTUCKY: Wilcutt TENNESSEE: M. Baker, Bull, Jernigan,
LOUISIANA: Gorie, Halsell Seddon, Shepherd, Wilmore
MAINE: Hobaugh TEXAS: Ashby, Bean, Blaha, Cockrell,
MARYLAND: Curbeam, Ivins, Jones, Creighton, Crippen, Fabian, W. Fisher,
Reightler, Virts Forrester, Givens, Harris, Holmquest,
MASSACHUSETTS: Apt, Bowen, Duffy, Husband, Kopra, Lockhart, Mitchell,
Linnehan, Loria, Lu, McCandless, Mullane, D. Scott, See, White
Musgrave, O’Leary, Precourt, Wilson UTAH: Lind
MICHIGAN: Antonelli, Bloomfield, Chaffee, VERMONT: Graveline
Jett, Leestma, Linenger, Lousma, VIRGINIA: Bowersox, D. Brown, Edwards, G.
McMonagle, Searfoss, Shaw, Worden Gardner, Melvin, Oefelein, Phillips, Wisoff
MINNESOTA: Cabana, Carey, D. Gardner, WASHINGTON DC: Drew, F. Gregory,
Nyberg, Stefanyshyn-Piper Nowak, Stewart
MISSISSIPPI: Haise, Peterson, Truly WASHINGTON: Barratt, Dunbar, Gordon, G.
MISSOURI: Akers, Behnken, Godwin, C. Johnson, Oswald, Scobee
Kavandi, Springer WEST VIRGINIA: McBride
NEBRASKA: C. Anderson WISCONSIN: Brandenstein, Chiao, Lee,
NEW HAMPSHIRE: Morin, Shepard Michel, Slayton, J. Williams
83
ASTRONAUTS BORN IN OTHER COUNTRIES* (Includes International Astronauts)
ARGENTINA: Caldeiro INDIA: Chawla
AUSTRALIA: Chapman, A. Thomas ITALY: Cheli, M. Collins,
BRAZIL: Pontes Guidoni, Nespoli, Vittori
CANADA: Chamitoff, Garneau, JAPAN: Doi, Mohri, Wakata,
Hadfield, MacLean, Noguchi
Payette, Williams MOROCCO: Perrin
CHINA: Lucid PACIFIC ISLANDS: Newman
COSTA RICA: Chang-Diaz PERU: Noriega
ENGLAND: Foale, G.H. Johnson, RUSSIA: Krikalev, Titov
Sellers, Patrick SPAIN: Duque, Lopez-Alegria
FRANCE: Clervoy, Eyharts, Chretien, SWEDEN: Fuglesang
Tognini SWITZERLAND: Nicollier
GERMANY: Schlegel, Thiele, Thorne THE NETHERLANDS: Ockels
HONG KONG: Anders WALES: Llewellyn
ICELAND: Tryggvason
*See biographical sketches for city.
84
ASTRONAUTS’ SCOUTING RECORDS (Includes International Astronauts)
EAGLE: TENDERFOOT:
Adamson, Armstrong, Bagian, Bluford, Aldrin, Bursch, Frick, Garan, Hawley, Kopra,
Bowersox, Brady, Carr, Carter, Chaffee, Lousma, Love, McDivitt, Michel, P. Richards,
Chamitoff, Covey, Creighton, Duke, Eisele, Schmitt, S. Smith
Forrester, Fossum, Fullerton, W. Gregory,
EXPLORER:
Griggs, Hoffman, G.H. Johnson, Jones, Lee,
Barratt, O’Connor, D. Williams
Lind, Lindsey, Llewellyn (King’s Scout, U.K.),
Lovell, McCool, McCulley, O’Leary, Onizuka, GIRL SCOUT:
Oswald, Parazynski, Pettit, Reightler, Cagle, Clark, E. Collins, Currie, Davis, A.
Searfoss, See, Tanner, Truly, D. Walker Fisher, Helms, Higginbotham, Hire, Jernigan,
Lawrence, Magnus, Morgan, Nowak, Seddon,
LIFE:
Stefanyshyyn-Piper, Kilrain, Sullivan, K.
Anders, M. Baker, Bassett, Brand, Bridges, D.
Thornton, Janice Voss, Weber
Brown, Casper, Cooper, Evans, Fabian, G.
Gardner, Givens, F. Gregory, Kregel, Low, CUB SCOUT:
Mattingly, W. McArthur, Mitchell, Poindexter, A. Allen, C. Brown, Burbank, Carey, Conrad,
Robinson, D. Scott, Spring, Springer, van Duffy, Foale (Wolf, Germany), Gernhardt,
Hoften, C. Williams Hadfield, Henricks, Hobaugh, M. Kelly, S.
Kelly, Leestma, Lopez-Alegria, Loria,
STAR:
Massimino, McBride, Meade, Musgrave,
Barry, Cameron, England, W. Fisher, Garriott,
Phillips, Readdy, Rominger, Sellers (Wolf),
R. Gibson, Gordon, Grissom, Haise, Lounge,
Shepherd, Thomas, Thuot, D.R. Williams,
McNair, Noguchi, Stafford
Wolf
1st Class:
WEBELO:
J. Allen, Anderson, Bean, Bloomfield,
M. Anderson, Drew, Fincke, Ford, Gorie, J.
Camarda, Clifford, Coats, Edwards, Engle,
Kelly, Loria, Massimino, Noriega, Olivas
Freeman, Foreman, D. Gardner, E. Gibson,
Hammond, Henize, Herrington, Linnehan, RANK UNKNOWN:
Nelson, Oelelein, Overmyer, Reilly, Schirra, Bull, Clervoy, Garneau, Harris, Morin,
Schweickart, W. Scott, Shepard, Veach, Polansky, Sellers, James Voss
Worden
2nd Class:
Altman, Bolden, Buchli, Carpenter, Cernan,
Culbertson, Husband, Mullane, Parker, Pogue,
Shriver, Swigert, W. Thornton, White,
Woodward, Young
85
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS IN ACTIVE MILITARY SERVICE
86
U.S. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG
Mission Crew Date Mission Cumulative
elapsed U.S. man-hr.
time(MET), in space,
hr:min:sec hr:min:sec
87
U.S. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG
Space Transportation System
Mission Crew Date MET (lift-off Cumulative
to main gear U.S. man-hr
touchdown). space,
hr:min:sec hr:min:sec
88
U.S. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG
Space Transportation System
Mission Crew Date MET (lift-off Cumulative
to main gear U.S. man-hr
touchdown). in space,
hr:min:sec hr:min:sec
STS-38 Covey, Culbertson, Springer, Meade, Gemar Nov. 15-20, 1990 117:54:31 49895:05:19
STS-35 Brand, G. Gardner, Hoffman, Lounge, Parker, Dec. 2-10, 1990 215:05:08 51400:41:15
Durrance, Parise
STS-37 Nagel, Cameron, Ross, Apt, Godwin Apr. 5-11, 1991 143:32:44 52118:34:55
STS-39 Coats, Hammond, Bluford, Harbaugh, Hieb, Apr. 28-May 6, 1991 199:22:23 53514:01:36
McMonagle, Veach
STS-40 O’Connor, Gutierrez, Seddon, Bagian, Jernigan, Jun. 5-14, 1991 218:14:20 55041:41:56
Gaffney, Hughes-Fulford
STS-43 Blaha, M. Baker, Lucid, Adamson, Low Aug. 2-11, 1991 213:21:25 56108:29:01
STS-48 Creighton, Reightler, Buchli, Gemar, M. Brown Sep. 12-18, 1991 128:27:38 56750:47:11
STS-44 F. Gregory, Henricks, Musgrave, Runco, Nov. 24-Dec. 1, 1991 166:50:44 57751:51:35
James Voss, Hennen
STS-42 Grabe, Oswald, Thagard, Hilmers, Readdy, Jan. 22-30, 1992 193:14:44 59104:34:43
Bondar, Merbold
STS-45 Bolden, Duffy, Sullivan, Leestma, Foale, Frimout, Mar. 24-Apr. 2, 1992 214:09:28 60603:40:59
Lichtenberg
STS-49 Brandenstein, Chilton, Hieb, Melnick, Thuot, May 7-16, 1992 213:17:38 62096:44:25
K. Thornton, Akers
STS-50 Richards, Bowersox, Dunbar, E. Baker, Meade, Jun. 25-Jul. 9, 1992 331:30:04 64417:14:53
DeLucas, Trinh
STS-46 Shriver, A. Allen, Hoffman, Chang-Diaz, Jul. 31-Aug. 8, 1992 191:15:03 65756:00:14
Nicollier, Ivins, Malerba
STS-47 R. Gibson, C. Brown, Lee, Apt, Davis, Jemison, Sep. 12-20, 1992 190:30:23 67089:32:55
Mohri
STS-52 Wetherbee, M. Baker, Veach, Shepherd, Oct. 22-Nov. 1, 1992 236:56:13 68511:10:13
Jernigan, MacLean
STS-53 D. Walker, Cabana, Bluford, James Voss, Clifford Dec. 2-9, 1992 175:19:47 69387:49:08
STS-54 Casper, McMonagle, Runco, Harbaugh, Helms Jan. 13-19, 1993 143:38:19 70106:00:43
STS-56 Cameron, Oswald, Foale, Cockrell, Ochoa Apr. 8-17, 1993 222:08:24 71216:42:43
STS-55 Nagel, Henricks, Ross, Precourt, Harris, Walter, Apr. 26-May 6, 1993 239:39:59 72894:22:36
Schlegel
STS-57 Grabe, Duffy, Low, Currie, Wisoff, Janice Voss Jun. 21-Jul. 1, 1993 239:44:54 74332:52:00
STS-51 Culbertson, Readdy, Newman, Bursch, Walz Sept. 12-22, 1993 236:11:11 75513:47:55
STS-58 Blaha, Searfoss, Seddon, W. McArthur, Wolf, Lucid, Oct. 18-Nov. 1, 1993 336:12:32 77867:15:39
Fettman
STS-61 Covey, Bowersox, Musgrave, K. Thornton, Dec. 2-2, 1993 259:58:37 79427:07:21
Nicollier, Hoffman, Akers
STS-60 Bolden, Reightler, Chang-Diaz, Davis, Sega, Feb. 3-11, 1994 199:09:22 80622:03:33
Krikalev
STS-62 Casper, Allen, Thuot, Gemar, Ivins Mar. 4-18, 1994 335:16:41 82298:26:58
STS-59 Gutierrez, Chilton, Godwin, Apt, Clifford, T. Jones Apr. 9-20, 1994 269:49:30 83917:23:58
STS-65 Cabana, Halsell, Hieb, Walz, Chiao, Thomas, July 8-23, 1994 353:55:00 86040:53:58
Mukai
STS-64 Richards, Hammond, Linenger, Helms, Meade, Lee Sep. 9-20, 1994 262:49:57 87617:53:40
STS-68 Baker, Wilcutt, Wisoff, S. Smith, Bursch, T. Jones Sep. 30-Oct. 11, 1994 269:46:08 89236:30:28
STS-66 McMonagle, C. Brown, Ochoa, Tanner, Clervoy, Nov. 3-14, 1994 262:34:02 90811:54:40
Parazynski
89
U.S. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG
Space Transportation System
Mission Crew Date MET (lift-off Cumulative
to main gear U.S. man-hr
touchdown). in space,
hr:min:sec hr:min:sec
STS-63 Wetherbee, E. Collins, Harris, Foale, Feb. 3-11, 1995 198:28:15 92002:44:10
Janice Voss, Titov
STS-67 Oswald, Gregory, Grunsfeld, Lawrence, Mar. 2-18, 1995 399:08:48 94796:45:46
Jernigan, Durrance, Parise
STS-71 Gibson, Precourt, E. Baker, Harbaugh, Jun. 27-Jul. 7, 1995 235:22:17 Due to the
Dunbar, Solovyev, Budarin, Dezhurov, multi-vehicle
Strekalov, Thagard missions
STS-70 Henricks, Kregel, Thomas, Currie, Weber Jul. 13-22, 1995 214:20:05 and change
STS-69 Walker, Cockrell, Jim Voss, Newman, Gernhardt Sep. 7-18, 1995 260:28:56 out of crews,
STS-73 Bowersox, Rominger, Coleman, Lopez-Alegria, Oct. 20-Nov. 5, 1995 381:52:21 Cumulative
Thornton, Leslie, Sacco man-hours
STS-74 Cameron, Halsell, Hadfield, Ross, W. McArthur Nov. 12-20, 1995 196:30:46 will no
STS-72 Duffy, Jett, Chiao, Scott, Wakata, Barry Jan 1-20, 1996 214:00:45 longer be
STS-75 Allen, Horowitz, Hoffman, Cheli, Nicollier, Feb. 22-Mar. 9, 1996 377:40:21 calculated.
Chang-Diaz, Guidoni
STS-76 Chilton, Searfoss, Sega, Clifford, Godwin, Lucid Mar. 22-31, 1996 221:15:53
STS-77 Casper, C. Brown, A. Thomas, Bursch, Runco, May 19-29, 1996 240:39:24
Garneau
STS-78 Henricks, Kregel, Linnehan, Helms, Brady, Jun. 20-Jul. 7, 1996 405:47:36
Favier, Thirsk
STS-79 Readdy, Wilcutt, Apt, Akers, Walz, Blaha, Lucid Sep. 16-26, 1996 243:18:00
STS-80 Cockrell, Rominger, Jernigan, T. Jones, Nov. 19-Dec. 7, 1996 423:53:00
Musgrave
STS-81 M. Baker, Jett, Wisoff, Grunsfeld, Ivins, Jan. 12-22, 1997 244:55:00
Linenger, Blaha
STS-82 Bowersox, Horowitz, Tanner, Hawley, Feb. 11-21, 1997 239:37:00
Harbaugh, M. Lee, S. Smith
STS-83 Halsell, Kilrain, Janice Voss, Gernhardt, D. Thomas, Apr. 4-8, 1997 95:12:00
Crouch, Linteris
STS-84 Precourt, E. Collins, Clervoy, Noriega, Lu, May 15-24, 1997 221:20:00
Kondakova, Foale, Linenger
STS-94 Halsell, Kilrain, Janice Voss, Gernhardt, D. Thomas, Jul. 1-17, 1997 376:45:00
Crouch, Linteris
STS-85 C. Brown, Rominger, Davis, Curbeam, Robinson, Aug. 7-19, 1997 284:27:00
Tryggvason
STS-86 Wetherbee, Bloomfield, Titov, Parazynski, Sep. 25-Oct. 6, 1997 259:21:00
Chretien, Lawrence, Wolf, Foale
STS-87 Kregel, Lindsey, Chawla, W. Scott, Doi, Nov. 19-Dec. 5, 1997 376:34:00
Kadenyuk
STS-89 Wilcutt, Edwards, Reilly, M. Anderson, Dunbar, Jan. 22-31, 1998 211:47:00
Sharipov, A. Thomas, Wolf
STS-90 Searfoss, Altman, Linnehan, Hire, Dave Williams, Apr. 17-May 3, 1998 381:50:00
Buckey, Pawelczyk
STS-91 Precourt, Gorie, Chang-Diaz, Lawrence, Jun. 2-12, 1998 235:54:00
Kavandi, Ryumin, A. Thomas
STS-95 C. Brown, Lindsey, Robinson, Parazynski, Duque, Oct. 29-Nov. 7, 1998 213:44:00
Mukai, Glenn
90
U.S. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG
Space Transportation System
Mission Crew Date MET (lift-off
to main gear
touchdown).
hr:min:sec
STS-88 Cabana, Sturkow, Ross, Currie, Newman, Krikalev Dec. 4-15, 1998 238:18:00
STS-96 Rominger, Husband, Jernigan, Ochoa, Barry, May 27-Jun. 6, 1999 235:13:00
Payette, Tokarev
STS-93 Collins, Ashby, Coleman, Hawley, Tognin Jul. 22-27, 1999 118:49:00
STS-103 C. Brown, S. Kelly, S. Smith, Clervoy, Grunsfeld, Dec. 19-27, 1999 191:11:00
Foale, Nicollier
STS-99 Kregel, Gorie, Thiele, Kavandi, Janice Voss, Mohri Feb. 11-22, 2000 269:38:00
STS-101 Halsell, Horowitz, Weber, J. Williams, James Voss, May 19-29, 2000 236:09:00
Helms, Usachev
STS-106 Wilcutt, Altman, Burbank, Lu, Mastracchio, Sep. 8-20, 2000 283:10:57
Malenchenko, Morukov
This and other JSC fact sheets can be found on the Internet at: http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/pao/factshee
91