Polímeros.

Materia: Propiedad de los materiales.

Maestro: Armas Rendon Luis Humberto.

Alumno: Delgado Silva Juan Pablo.

Fecha: marzo de 2020.

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Contenido
Monómero. ............................................................... ¡Error! Marcador no definido.

Oligómero ................................................................. ¡Error! Marcador no definido.

Polímero ................................................................... ¡Error! Marcador no definido.

Macromolécula ......................................................... ¡Error! Marcador no definido.

Masa molecular ........................................................ ¡Error! Marcador no definido.

Nomenclatura de los Polímeros ............................... ¡Error! Marcador no definido.

Estructura de los monómeros................................... ¡Error! Marcador no definido.

Estructura de Polímeros ........................................... ¡Error! Marcador no definido.

Procesos de Obtención de los Polímeros ................ ¡Error! Marcador no definido.

Características generales de un polímero ............................................................... 6

Propiedades mecánicas ........................................... ¡Error! Marcador no definido.

Según sus aplicaciones ........................................................................................... 6

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Monomer.
A monomer is a molecule that forms the basic unit for polymers. They can be
considered the building blocks from which proteins are made. Monomers can join
other monomers to form a repeating chain molecule through a process called
polymerization. Monomers can be of natural or synthetic origin.

Oligomer
A molecule is said to constitute an oligomer when the associated radicals are distinct
from each other. Organic nature is full of these multifunctional cases. Instead, a
polymer is a molecule with two or more radicals of the same species. A group of 3
to 9 monomer molecules that have joined together to form a larger molecule. They
can be dimers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers, etc.

Polymer
Polymers are macromolecules (generally organic) formed by the union of smaller
molecules called monomers.

Macromolecule
Macromolecules are molecules that have a high molecular mass, made up of many
atoms. They can generally be described as the repetition of one or a few minimal
units or monomers, forming the polymers. Often the term macromolecule refers to
molecules weighing more than 10,000 daltons of atomic mass. They can be both
organic and inorganic.

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Molecular mass
Relative molecular mass is a number that indicates how many times the mass of a
molecule of a substance is greater than the unit of atomic mass. It is determined by
adding the relative atomic masses of the elements whose atoms constitute a
molecule of said substance.

Polymer Nomenclature
Apart from the naming rules established by the IUPAC, there is another alternative
mechanism by which polymers can also be named and is based on the monomer
from which they come. This system is the most common. Among the compounds
named in this way are polyethylene and polystyrene. When the monomer name is a
single word, the polymer made from it is simply named by adding the poly prefix.
International standards published by IUPAC indicate that the general principle for
naming basic polymers is to use the poly-prefix followed by the repeating structural
unit (EBU) that defines the polymer, written in parentheses. The EBU must be named
following the conventional IUPAC standards for single molecules.

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Monomer structure
Monomers bind or polymerize through the formation of chemical bonds by sharing
electron pairs; that is, they are joined by covalent bonds.
This monomer bond is known as polymerization. Monomers of the same or different
types can be linked, and the number of covalent bonds that they can establish with
another molecule will determine the structure of the polymer they form (linear,
inclined chains or three-dimensional structures).

Polystyrene molecule. Example of

Polymer Structure
Polymers are very large sums of molecules, with molecular masses that can even
reach millions of Umas (unit of atomic mass), which are obtained by the repetition of
one or more simple units called "monomers" linked together by covalent bonds.
These form long chains that are linked together by Van der Waals forces, hydrogen
bonds, or hydrophobic interactions.
The figure shows an analogy between a polymer and a train. A train is formed by the
union of many cars that are repeated. In the case of a polymer, small structures
called monomers are repeated.

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Polymer Obtaining Processes
• Natural polymers. There are many polymers in nature and the biomolecules that
make up living things are polymeric macromolecules. For example, proteins, nucleic
acids, polysaccharides (such as cellulose and chitin), natural rubber or rubber, lignin,
etc.
• Semi-synthetic polymers. They are obtained by transformation of natural polymers.
For example, nitrocellulose, vulcanized rubber, etc.
• Synthetic polymers. Many polymers are obtained industrially from monomers. For
example, nylon, polystyrene, polyvinylchloride (PVC), polyethylene, etc.
General characteristics of a polymer
• Low melting point, which allows easy processing to shape it.
• Low density, which makes them useful in industries such as automobiles for being

light products.
• Poor electrical and thermal conductivity allows them to be used as insulators.
• Low chemical reactivity allows them to be in contact with food without risks.

Mechanical properties
They are a direct consequence of its composition, as well as the molecular structure,
both at the molecular and supermolecular level. Currently the mechanical properties
of interest are those of the polymeric materials and these have to be improved by
modifying the composition or morphology: for example, changing the temperature at
which the polymers soften and recover the elastic solid state or also the global
degree of the three-dimensional order. Normally the incentive for studies on
mechanical properties is generally due to the need to correlate the response of
different materials under a range of conditions in order to predict the behavior of
these polymers in practical applications.

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Sagun your applications
Based on their properties and end uses, polymers can be classified into:

• Elastomers. They are materials with a very low modulus of elasticity and high
extensibility; that is to say, they become very deformed when subjected to an effort,
but they recover their initial shape by eliminating the effort. In each cycle of extension
and contraction, elastomers absorb energy, a property called resilience.
• Adhesives. They are substances that combine high adhesion and cohesion,
allowing them to join two or more bodies by surface contact.
• Fibers. They have a high modulus of elasticity and low extensibility, which makes
it possible to make fabrics whose dimensions remain stable.
• Plastics. They are those polymers that, under sufficiently intense effort, are
irreversibly deformed, unable to return to their original shape. It should be noted that
the term plastic is sometimes incorrectly applied to refer to all polymers.
• Coatings. They are substances, normally liquid, that adhere to the surface of other
materials to give them some property, for example, resistance to abrasion.