Scientific American Reference Book
Scientific American Reference Book
Scientific American Reference Book
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CIRCUMSPIL
110
READING
ROOM
11111m
ENCARS
binn
Hot
OF
Copyright 1911, Munn & Co. , Inc.
BIRD ' S -EYE VIEW OF THE DOUBLE LOCKS AT GATUN . TOTAL
RISE FROM SEA LEVEL TO LAKE LEVEL , 85 FEET.
Scientific American
Reference Book
Edition of 1914
PREFACE.
New York,
October 15, 1912.
.
Items .
1790 .
1850 .
1870 .
1900 .
1912
Are
.! a m
s iles
.. q ,980
867 2919
,1 97 3026
,789 3026
,789 ,73026
89
Population
.? ,23914
29 ,176
23
8 91 571
38
,3 58 ,994
575 75 ,403
595 10
Popu
?. lation m
p ile
.sqer 7
.4 9 7.88 9. 6
12 .55
25 .08
32
.Wealth .dollars 7135
7
.0 00
80 500
0
,30
68
18 575
,7388
06
17 104
2
0
,5107
00
12
capita
Wealth
?.per dol
. lars .69
307 .83
779 1,164
.79 .1$1,3110
,less
Debt
cash
Treasury
in .dollars
,477577
63 ,474
76352 . 56
23
,1
9 31
69 1107
7
,2 58
11 1074
5
,627
97
capita
,p
Debt
. er .dollars .86
718 2.74 .46
60 148
.5 .74
10
-bearing
Interest
.debts .dollars , 77
4775
63 474
63
,7 52 2046
,4
7 55
22 1060
4
,8 23
78 , 76
7963
70
Annual
interest
charge
. .
dollars 177
91
,8 63 3,793
.3 82 760
,911884 545
33
,1 301 784
,02287
Inter
per
capit
. aest .dollars 909
.2 .10 6 .03 8 0.44 0.24
Gold
.coined .
dollars 10
,48571 939
31
,781 198
23
,7 88 ,243
99
9 72 423
,517
98
Silver
.coined .
dollars 103
6
. 8470 1.800
,1 66 ,21356
78 3645
,321 ,97395
40
circulation
in
Gold
!. .
dollars 395
147
,4 56 ,02500 806
610
),472 ,724
112610
54
circulation
Silver
.in .dollars 034
142
,3 50 372
,712215
73
Gold
certificates
.
.dollars
circulation
in , 33
.7
200
0 19 435
943
,618
.dSilver
certificates
. ollars
circulation
in 465
408
,5 74 224
469
,4 00
in
.USnotes
circulation d
. ollars 32438
6,962 945
313
,5 71 697
337
,3 21
bank
dollars
circulation
in
notes
.National 681
288
,0 48 300
,115
12 ,142
705
2 59
Miscella
currency
,.13 neous .dollars
313126
),566 ,675
36
0 02 008
79
,9 42 2915
,5 70
Circu
of
.mone latio
y n .dollars 782
278
,9 61 212
675
,794 2098
,9155
50 284
123
,5
0 15
94
Per
cap
. ita .dollars 0
. 2
12 .50
17 263
.9 .34
1234
banks
National
. .number 1,612 3,732 7,372
.
Capital .dollars .2, 35
427
7 01 536
621
,461 ,651070
75
33
clearings
Bank
.,New
York .dollars 27
806
,4504
39 964
51
,588
64 600
96
3
,0 72
01
Total
U
. nited
States .dollars 550
84
4
,082
81 500
168
0,3 06
62
deposits
Individual
,nollars
d
.banks
ational 261
,5542
63 2458
0
,7 92 5863
,1425
61
savings
Deposits
dollars
.in
banks ,430
43
1 31 ,874
549
3 58 2354
7
,9 89
19 4423
8
,5 18
51
Depositors
.banks
,s:.navings
umber ,354
251 1.646
,8 30 6183
,007 004
,310
10
Farms
farm
and
property
. 3 .dollars 33943
,567
80 ,89148
7 44
57
49 464
1520
9
,1 01
39 990
4
0
,1640
49
91
Farm
products
.,value3 .dollars ,90141
58
30
27 4473
,9069
17 400
178
,0398
11
Manufacturing
establishments
.number ,025
123 ,148
252 512
,2 54 ,291
18268
Value
products
of
.: .dollars 1006
1
,619
16 4225
,3
4 32
42 043
13
4
,1 04
00 80670
,1820
51
72
-ordinary
Receipts
.19 d. ollars 451
94
,909 589
,843
92 934
395
,8 59 240
567
,8 52 778
691
,4 65
Cu
. stoms .dollars 373
,494
99 , 86
639 68 574
194
,3 38 164
233
,8 71 321
311
,6 72
revenue
Internal
. .
dollars ,943
22208 856
184
,7 99 ,327
295
.9 ,600
221321
12
Disbursements
-ordinary22 .dollars 053
93
,497 983
40
,3 48 605
293
,0 57 487
,713
92 563
,965453
Wa
. r .
dollars ,804
9632 9,625
0 87 57
,6 55
75 , 68
134
7 74 795
148
,422
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
N
. avy .
dollars ,409
2361 7925
,7 04 730
21
,2 80 953
55
,078 556
,9135
91
Pen
. sions .dollars ,814
9175 .81, 86
66 302
28
,2 40 816
140
,3 77 556
,4153
90
Interest
.on
debt
public .
dollars ,177
91
8 63 3793
,3 82 235
129
,4 98 160
40
,3 33 ,600
322 16
merchandise
of
Imports .dollars 2300
,0 00 ,. 26
173
5 09 958
435
,408 ,984
.1849
41 1634
,92 64
53
.
capit
Per a dol
. lars 5.85 7.48 .06
2411 .93
10 .07
17
merchandise
Exports
.of dol
. lars ,256
120 05 ,775
3144 26 ,7392
71
68 0,41394
83
82 ,32222
4 04
09
Per
capit
. a .
dollars 6.14 6.23 .77
259 .76
!17 .41
22
STATES
THE
OF
PROGRESS
CAREA
INDUSTRIES
MATERIAL
UNITED
ITS
IN
,P
.A OPULATION
ND
- ontinued
Items .
1790 .
1850 .
1870 .
1900 ,
1912
,589
583 .210
,311
59 609
21
,5 20
S.,r ilk
aw rte
-Impo pounds 338
,149
77 210
,1110
73
.Rubber
,crude .pounds 9,698
0 24
.pounds ,968
150
7 32 904
147
,8 63 ,26653
13
.plates
Tin 656
,026
76
.d
ofollars
steel
Iron
,m anufactures
9, 80
115 145
,020
67 273
40
,6 82 478
20
,728
:exports
Domestic
manufac tures .dollars 206
,123
23 .045
70
,8 40 ,835
484
2 46 1020
4
,617
87
.All ,154
268
262
.d ollars
manufactures
steel
and
Iron 1953
,7 02 ,463
13
1 83 913
121
,548
-Value
.Farm
animals .
dollars 116
,5544
80 1560
9
,1 24
49 1,223423
28 500
266
,07 83
01
. umber
n ,707
17
9 78 400
25
,1 84 902
43
,4 14 500
2656
,0 27
.Cattle 2020
5
0 67
, 00
Ho n.. umber 4336
,7 19 8248
,8 00 1337
,5 24
. rses ,400
2554
0 82
She
. ep .number 720
21
,2 73 800
40
,0 53 865
41
.0 83
Mul es . umber
n .331
559 1.179
,5 00 2 86
,0 27 386
,0204
00
. 178
2661
,000
Sw .number 354
30
,213 700
26
,4 51 056
37
,3 79
. ine 50
,0 00
00 ,100
79
0 71 ,668
12791
85
gold
.of
Production .dollars , 00
50
0 00
.dollars ,900
50 400
16
,0 34 .700
35
,1 41 686
2733
,7 79
value
,commercial
Silver
6266
,2 33 454
,129 96 710
240
,3 89 071
27491
,4 29
..Coal .
tons
.
Petroleum .gallons .2 20
,9090
22051 2662
0
,2 18
72 346
279
6
,2 68
21
.
iron
Pig .tons
,7.555
63 1.65
,1 79
65
65 742
13
,2 89 726
29
,9 37
50 188
10
,329 203
31
,3 51
Steel t. ons ,750
68
.plates
Tin .
pou nds 849
,004
22 2157
,055
00
650 ,600
12 270
,5 88 ,589
21557
.Copper .tons
Woo 559
52
,9 16 162
,0 00 636
288
,621 4 43
, 00
0
304
. l p
. ounds
bushels 444
100
,9 85 800
235
,7 84 205
522
,5 29 267
730
,000
.Wheat 0,7 00
46
13 24
Co .bushels ,004
592
1 71 ,21 55
0 94
00 2 05
1
,5 02
16
. rn 090
14
,8 63
Cott
. on .ba
ni
r le
ngi
.. un s 6
.6 67 2 54
,4 42 4 17
,352 245
10
,602
Cane
suga p.. ounds 500
,0247
77 , 00
87
0 43 549
322
,0 11 800
,0723
40
. r
.
consumed
Sugar .p
. ounds 1265
9
,6 61
41 ,214436
75
77 27848
,164
31
.bales
500
-pound
consumed
Cotton .000
11 .626
422 1026
,5 83 3.616
,5 03 ,126
8285 81
cotton
exported
Domestic p ,027
202 ,304
638
6 81 958
,558
23 3 00
,1588
83 15525
,435
29
-. ounds ,732
24254
Railway
operatio
.in sn .miles 9,021 .922
52 .964
198
carried
.Passengers 851
576
,2 31 409
28997
,8 82
number ,8728253
83
01
39
1mile
Freight
carried .tons
596
141
,5
1 61
51
.729 .757
280
per
mile
,ton
Revenue .cents
Pass ,713
34 2849
,8 18
.cars enge r
.cars
Other .n
1,425
.1 16 309
282
,5 17
. umber
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
-Built
3American
vessels ,679
3156 .255
279 ,953
276 ,790
393 ,669
232
.tons
Trading
d
e omestic
.,ttc ,123
132 1943
,7 49 2 29
,7 07 4345
,1 38 6782
,0 82
ons 1 2
, 01
fTrading
tc t 2 54
,346 1585
,7 11 1,500
8 16 ,694
826 93
.,eoreign . ons
1, 65
5 87 ,92 24
49
.On
Lakes
Great .tons ,266
198 ,704
684
C anal
"Vessels
through
“S.too 690
,8 26 ,315
22
.8 34 8
,736
56 07
ons
.
Commercial
failures . umber
n 3,540 ,774
10 ,542
15
.
liabilities
of
Amount .dollars 242
88
,0 09 495
138
,673 117
203
,3 91
Post
offices
. .
number ,417
18 ,492
28 .688
76 ,729
58
246,74 ,016 "90,0 0,0 0 2 ,837 3"26 ,678,471 37,731 838,172 IiforWar,
pNavy,
dbut
and"^mnes'pbdtOcaueisrlyadmueinodsteau,sr"y
be1862ntoeitnotr8plcwaoncanux7rvetsaci6rtve.odnp,lytand
sinGo!d1875,
and
gold
incFrom1prior cPeisthis$thethatitwforti2sorbc5hn,wasauiot0levrmafuntes,rit0oacnedg, coin
aspecie cirI3Aan1evp3dtr5auswas,ic0mutgail,ot0erianolbasisof
Disgold
madetheeof$rMintby
in rSandpwiththecJuly
madein$1,
1910,
e19urod,lpony9wasema7asatc0vpeaim,7ro0bns,eu0rsd dfand
ofSU"1862BankT1878;
18631863;
rteIntoamoctieuatl-robnesdaundslkcr;y, r"xatodcFleguareyearaihslbentodguarvistehruods, andibut
chandofthet1909,
ineand
1910, ldrfromOml9"necanottax,sturdenslievdtauncopesaumtle,rs"y
"public
do Wf^Thentoeifcsnotoaormglntesvruanoerdctagesn.s NADHfromaof19001900,
andunder
only,
do
the
li1900aUnion
rwires 1870ieo3mtonyfrw4ecst1ulip8rnecas5o'lpru0n.esy,r;
1880;
PIAND
UCONARoTPDnOUAItEGLSiTRnIEueASODdLN.—
THE
SOF
AREA,
ITS
MIN pwhichwithtcFallforfarmv1roi7hnotmaecGgarepseedovlraneusiocrastenbuls.e
of
1912.
andabiofpFrvsbeing
live
1e80dnattocent4pcogilpereGdutrcmioetrkdlnse.td,csy
4Trueofthe
andv7J1850,1.uartoe1tli9suon7ta0pcu9oe4niar1d.ptinry!l.g
po65real
debt.
public
bscthefCTThe$v"t3uowtoIe,ia5nlwaatoncr6il,dsmefu3ti9ndc,tge4hs.96,
of pdo
ddebt,
postal
for
paid
tfromsofihreunotbnpiorcrbeanmsvlyionumecfidpte.snactl,s
102,354,579 63,167.783 20,806 137,687,746 26.49 4 8,572 2fCefortheSUr1912ostoitneanglapiumtnrsearuteisdan.;l,gt
190 .
at*•rDe15mf131;
alJuneo30.nifc8patesdyv5mcaebhn0idglser,nsg
5.871 37.832.56 99313.33693.879.820!3
2,526
1870:1850.
foftheivorefacluiwasyrtaeoibwalorine.dsg
Aheadunder
thatpgold.
forcagold
159.4■792.92841 9.157.646
ti8"(34
public
m»dthe18501791for1nFoto71eci9yt37blg-eh1ua9t7sdrl)1.5es DPostOpofTrfromlefnpoaeorrcmtviesnmcuespn,rty.,s
cand11872,
8,
ofJune
1892date;
1891enrtoact9t8oci0fut9rcea0t.sne,cy
'bUandiofAEStheexsnttolcaioutsnegkidsva.eng
71.296
foronly.
Theoftfs^1eIai9nlaregca1hlureide.s
1790. bvalue
andi$ofrwFu19106ton,ei3lc2g5d,4iau5n1tr,?,dg5e2s8,.s
1aforc"MoIf81nms7t5up9me0o4rt.itons
boats
■^to8aIn7rcl0gud.es
andbcanal
1prior
Pniaustmebunetr.sd I*'namurmibgreva.ndts c'$-»2o"tax,8'Ir.n51p-c78lo3u9,rd2e0a4s.tion opifor1912Funsticelgsyuidronesg.
only
1a"D8feomx5teps0ot.ricts b5^E0aqul-iepvoaslu.endt
Items. f-•iPrgeulirmensa.ry
sofeitlivmaetre
coin.
inpryevairosu.s ^Estimated.
1^1,J9a1n3ua.ry
3*191 . «1797.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 5
AREA OF THE UNITED STATES.
Gross area Gross area
in square ACCESSION. in square
miles. miles.
3,036,789 Outlying possessions . . . 716,517
Ares of U. 8. In 1790 ' 892. 135 590,884
Louisiana Purchase, 1803 .. 827,987 Hawaii, 189S 6,449
Florida, 1819 58,666 Philippine Islands, 1899.... 115,026
Territory gained through Porto Rioo, 1899 3,435
Treaty with Spain, 1819 . 13,435 Guam, 1809 210
Texas, IMS 389,166 Samoa, 1900 77
Oreeoo, 1846 ; 286,541 Panama Canal Zone, 1904. . 436
529. 189
Cadaden Purchase, 1853... 29,670
> Includes the drainage basin of the Red River Of the North, not a part of any
acquisition, but previously considered a part of the Louisiana Purchase.
TIDES.
Tides are caused by the gravitational at- the water, in the parts of the earth nearest
■fj'-Uon or pull of the sun and moon upon it, successively towards it. The surface of the
•j* water and upon the earth itself. The earth
relation which the tides of high water about rises and falls twice in a lunar day of
~ar 10 the times of the moon's meridian do not 24always hours and 52 minutes. The tides
Pwsage shows that the moon's influence in every fortnight, rise to the same height, but
after the now and full moon,
^ag tides is much greater than that of the they become much higher than they were
t^'iJSf ***aasestimated
**-balf times that result
great. The it is two this in
of and are
the alternate weeks. These high tides
called spring tides, and the low ones neap
traction of the moon is to draw or heap up tides.
,1-P790
CENSUS
EACH
AT
STATES
UNITED
THE
OF
:B
1910
.TO
DIVIBIONS
GEOGRAPHIC
AND
STATES
Y
OPULATION
,D:R(Seports
Census
Bureau
the
.)of
Labor
and
Commerce
of
ource
epartment
State 1790 1800 1810 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910
Alab
. ama ,901
127 556
,7309
590
27 964
,251771
,6,61845996
901 05
23
01
28
97
92
13
,02162
38
93
Arizo
. na ,3122240
,988
49654 40
43
31
58
Arkan
. sas 0473
|,2)*1*
62 ,5|*930388774 ,97
8209 4*,,41520450
35
32802 25
11
64
11
49
74
,428
484
71
.California 9560
,2379
94
547
92
97 13
85
53
30,412,52398
77
49
.Colorado ,2413
539
7799
,0194334
239 00
24
27
77
,849
64
.. .
.
Connecticut ,946
237 ,0251
02 9275
,2261 42
48 ,675
297 ,9309
78 7, 92
370 ,7622
4746
1908
460 20
58
47
,2537
,400
54 71,14 56
Delaware
. 059
, 96 ,273
64 ,7649
72 74 ,748
76 ,085
78 146
,6168
,4202
291
0112
7125
3184 93
32
15
35
22
16
,508
.
Columbia
of
District ,093
14 24
,033 ,023
39 ,834
39 ,712
43 ,3230
177
70·375
651
,278 24
013118
80
31
87
69
00
,792
Florida
. 734
, 30 ,454 77 ,4391
528
5752
6140 22
42
19
24
48
45
,4187
787 ,493
269
Georgia
.
,548
82 ,686
162 ,43340x960
|3252 ,823
516 ,392
691 42
37
31
53
16
80 861
57
84
85
09
21
32,185,12612|0906
Id
. aho 9161
32,788
,6325
514 99
72
,510
48
94
. . . . .
Mli
. nois ,282
12 ,211
55 ,445
157 ,183
476 ,55648330|2917851 77
26
52
50
21
713
38
91
70
39
11
51
91
In
. diana 5,641 ,520
24 ,178
147 ,031
343 ,866
685 82,76|143988 13
,54
976 78
62
92
16
042
012
00
50
16
28
80
37
.Iowa ,112
43 192 ,821960674797 94
15
12
20
24
31
53
13
71
14
Ka
. nsas . . .
364
,3916,41996 0107
299 28
70
95
96
08
06
49
90
Ken
. tucky ,677
73 ,955
220 517
,3406
564
11 , 17
9687 ,828
779 ,9211858 47
74
05
35
489
05
90
21
48
11
,6|103,61982
55
84
.Louisiana ,576,456
153
07 ,739
215 ,411
352 31.6,35939
9726 58
18
88
46
81
25
62
7708
,517
088
15
02
.Maine ,540
96 ,719
151 ,3228
298 05
735 56
,4399 ,793
501 16
,2742
628 648
,340
9626 66
61
36
71
79
583
69
1586694
.Maryland ,728
319 ,548
341 550
,3380
407
46 ,040
447 ,019
470 ,013|934
687 90
42
43
44
49
,•288
9780
858346
95
94
34
Massachusetts ,787
378 ,845
422 472
,0523
,240
87 ,408
610 ,699
737 ,32890|17,31402994 46
38
85
47
05
66
51
31
57
141
5,43383
16
66
.
Michigan 4,762 88, 96 6,3139 ,267
212 90
93
,820,9160139737
36
13
,6749
59
84
54 ,12873 10
.
Minnesota 2|1,3780
7439 172
07,2683 73
10
94
51
08
75
06
23
77
.
Mississippi 8, 50 *)340
, 52 ,621
136 ,6*351
75 5
2827 70
51
00
97
,789
14
31
3|161606
,9791 26
05
22
Missouri
. 86
,719566
,83 ,455
140 ,702
383 ,63123270
682 80
68
85
06
79
65
93
35
95
82441
21121
Montana
. ,939
142
120 24
,559
95 243,203 ,0*353
76
.
Nebraska ,610452 58
6200
6614
92
41
43,2'11288122
902 93
Nevada
. 262 ,314
42
48164255
91
,3667
75
35
157
.
flampshire
New 8141
, 85 8183
, 58 4,214
60 244
,161 ,3289
28 ,5284
74 ,9346
0317
328
91
73
76
300
318 ,5|4430 11
88
72
.New
Jersey ,1184
39 ,1211
49 245
,562 ,5277
75 ,823
320 ,306
373 ,6189|41906
516
48944
83
33
69
31
,0672
55
06
35 67
5,12 37
.
Mexico
New ,2119
3'1160
56593 ,5327 82
95
36147
01
74
16
810
91
. .
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
.
York
New 1340
, 20 589
,051 49
1,3959
072 21
4,92 28 3 94
,3097 747
94
03
,82160,691780534,6871
14
13
82
59
North
Carolina
. ,7393
51 ,1478
03 5638
,555
00 ,987
737 ,419
753 39
,0869 ,810673,249 5010
93
17
71
61
99
06
87
North
Dakota
. (2) ,013190
57798356
46
9
Ohio
.*
,5|231049672452960301981937
11670331398065 60
2,065 ,1|47533621
45
57
72
29
67
.
Oklahoma 65
91
790
6,113|5257
68
Or
. egon ,294
13 ,465
52 174
,7BO
413
6317 08
23
,038
04
,373
434 ,3602
05 41,0810
59
49
01 1 48
2
30,7 331
24
33 ,27380
11 2,0206
,7872 03
.Pennsylvanis 15 82
91
21
51
16,352842,93513
58
15
02 ,17611
65
.Isl
Rhod ande ,825
68 ,122
69 983
76
,031 50 ,1.997
9
830
108 ,545
147 .620
174 ,6345
428 217
5276
,358 83
31
00 ,610
542
.Ca
Soroutli
h na ,073
249 ,691
345 418
,7115
502
41 ,3504
98
185
581 ,507
668 ,708
703 995
,6311705 ,677 06
49
51
40
16 15
51,400
.Da
Soutkohta ,837
L4 1114
,61135
348
570
401 81
77
00 ,888
583
Ten
. nessee ,691
35 ,602
105 ,727
261 ,823
422 ,904
681 209
,817|0820
10
02
01
171 51,7260358 50
12
67
20
18
16 ,72189
84
Tex
. as 604
,2212
515
92 01
27
46
10
,730521818492
,535
79 ,53842
98
.Utah 380
11
,240
73 ,7210 986 79
,7143
27686
49
63 ,351
373
.Vermont 46525154
,485 880
9217
,6|2235
81
95
52 920
,1201
314
,048
315
98 332
,4343
62330.522
51
86
41 ,956
355
.Virginia 600
,2747
880
10 611
,41230974
00
65
66
05 ,356471296
21
39
18
611
971 ,18962,5184 65
12
55
80
54
25
63 ,62061
12
.Washington ,594
11 75
1357
,923 16
32
2518
,55
03 ,91190
41
Wes
Virgtinia ,0442 8762
958414
,7618
00
57
94 ,11221
19
Wis
. consin 930
,45 ,391
|305 ,881
775 54
70
,|1604397
15 ,023|16442 30
97
15
93
69 ,823650
33
Wyo
. ming 92
,562 20
79,13155
89
18 ,965
145
.
Total 967251376
012
17
4823
31
1338
150
9762
,575
53
29
39
66
55
81
69
91
08
83
38
20
53
43
21
58
71
47
14
94
75
83 966
,291
72
.
divisions
Geographic
.
England
New 164.034
,82279008
33
71
60
09
73
17
54
22
11
711 ,12716
28 ,66505749423135
24
00
87
10
29
17
92
52
81
49
833
.Middle
Atlantic ,245638701958
02
45
87
64
60
26
65
14
02
32
99 ,75835
98 7[89795054
8,3|164(212 58
85
06
78
10
96
20
15
78
92
.
Central
North
East 35128
272
72.9,014792 06
19
70
18
24 24,500
23 9313
2515
,618
4[1,86978 06
50
168
05
85
81
24
17
21
26
84
.West
Central
North ,819
426
7140 83
451614
55
86
6 ,335
880 382 123
5
34
,96|141069
57
12
21
56
32
47
37
946
438
.
Atlantic
South 360841 86
,29706
63
99
51
25
94
74
91
61
45
523 ,04690
79 ,17568,812
141010
53
97
94
95
57
80
22
43
975397
64
03
.
Central
South
East ,368
109 ,407
335 589
,411708
90
90 ,91869
15 ,42545
75 23,37163 09
45
85
51
29
04
47
57
547
,984,75164159001
20
91
.
Central
South
West ,67780
167
18 ,127
246 ,985
449 ,251
940 20
00
47
67
29
34
40
32
653
836
,5872594306134
84
,
Mountain ,927
72 19
13
35
57
74
3174
315
85
23
52,6192653
33
17
.
Pacific ,891
105 444
178
88
16
14
53
92
251
342
,34164385675
004
92
.Alaska ,5633
63
4364 32
56
52
026
92
.
Hawali ,0154 191
97890 09
01
9
.
Rico
Porto 53
,28901143
18
12
!.
naval
and
Military 5318
,110
106
00 91
,255 619 08
.
total
Grand 95653142175
12
82317
338531
270250
4677
,193
71
290963
08
83
39
81
38
53
91
76
43
58
89
69
56
30
02
51
Territ ory
D.I akota
of
Territ
Dako
a43North
Dakot
South
form
to
taken
part
that
,71;29:for
P.805 880
09
16870
76
68
opula
nd ta
aory
tion
popul
India
of
.,031:Terri
2I80 890
900
60
82
92
nclud
tory
ation
nes
Territ
India
and
reser
specia
enume
,b
1890
inclu
not
gener
the
in
repor
popul
.on
in1890
)o4(3•I62 25
fnclud
ut vatio
tnded
ation
al
ily
ory
rated
es ns
State
inclu
divisi
each
5,p3sin
6F8ee .note
or sded
on
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
uue1.2,t8n5h9de6errated specia
was
,benume
law
under
popul
inclu
not
was
gener
the
in
repor
popul
.on
1880
6Alaska
ut tation
ded
al
ation
lly
rated
censu
2to
Dec
of
as
1taken
,u
direc
the
Hawai
the
of
A8890
etr.Goveccord
ndertion
rnme
sian
ing nt
censu
to
unde
1899
in
taken
Rico
Porto
of
direct
the
Depa
War
dcutiihnrvned.ofthe
&Aeigcccord
l r
rtme
ion
sing
Tvoteorritioarna nt milit
in
servi
naval
and
Unite
the
of
(iState
civili
)seemplo
9Ptc ,nabroa
credi
Territ
or
State
any
.to
tatio
nclud
ot
erson ted
ce
ary
san
yees
ory
dned
ing
s
States
Perso
LO
publi
on
servic
In
ships
Unite
the
of
credi
not
Territ
or
State
any
to
,b
inclu
conti
for
total
the
in
.Unite ut ted
scded
nenta
ns
dory
ed l
:BND
1910
IN
POPULATION
R
,ASex
WATES
OF
PARENTAGE
.NATIVITY
DIVISIONS
GEOGRAPHIC
AND
States
BY
ace
y
the
of ource
eport
Census
the
Bureau
epartment
Labor
and
Commerce
subject
, igures
Fof
are
and
preliminary
D:R(Sto
.)are
revision
.
Sex nativity
.,aRace
parentage
nd
.
State Native
Native
of
white Foreign
.
Male ,
Pemale .
Negro ,
Indian ,Jll
.AChinese
other
apanese
native
foreign .
white
parentage
.parentage
.Alabams 21,009
74 ,81063
84 ,41 57
77 ,43238 ,91846 ,275
908 909 61
.
Arizona ,582
118 ,78572 ,480
82 ,175
42 ,844
46 2,067 ,201
29 1,236 351
.
Arkansas ,025
810 ,424
764 ,51077
09 ,608
36 ,913
16 ,8442 91 460 59 %
.Callfornia ,91373
22 ,51054
76 51, 06 33 ,970
635 ,319
517 ,645
21 ,371
16 ,197
36 ,324
41 1
.2 90
.
Colorado ,6430
97 ,327
368 ,136
475 ,432
181 ,971
126 ,453
11 1,482 360 2,190
.
Connecticut ,641
563 ,115
551 ,649
395 ,546
374 ,737
328 ,174
15 152 427
.
Delaware ,435
103 ,89887 ,809
127 ,873
25 ,421
17 ,181
31 29
.
Columbia
of
District ,050
158 ,019
173 ,711
166 ,066
45 ,351
24 ,446
94 369
.
Florida ,166
394 ,453
358 ,967
373 ,828
35 ,83351 ,669
308 184
.
Georgia ,01305
19 ,11302
04 ,01358
91 ,677
25 ,081
15 91, 76
87 95 219
.Idaho ,546
185 ,048
140 ,604
203 ,27554 ,444
40 646 3,488 838
.
Illinois 62,953 11 ,92738
26 ,52665
00 ,41724
89 91,228
01 ,041
109 188 2,104
.
Indians ,21399
83 51,317 77 12, 68 30 ,747
350 ,118
159 ,26080 279 249
Iowa
. ,11 48
71 ,61076
00 ,51326 03 ,1632
82 ,388
273 ,078
15 471 93
.
Kansas ,9885
12 ,037
806 ,01207
87 ,077
292 ,719
134 ,504
54 ,42 44 15
.
Kentucky ,7110961 1, 96
28 ,1863 57 ,775
124 ,023
40 ,656
261 234 50
Louisians
. ,275
835 ,113
821 ,569
776 ,7112 28 ,828
51 ,874
713 780 493
.
Maine ,063
377 ,318
365 ,918
494 ,188
135 ,9109 11 3,1 64 892 90
.
Maryland ,2644 25 ,1651
21 ,628
766 ,841
191 ,176
104 ,223249 55 374
.
Massachusetts ,21655 26 ,1790 11 ,31 61
03 ,71 93
70 ,81050
99 ,042
38 688 2,493
Michigan
. ,51434 54 ,6135539 ,81224
41 ,217
965 ,200
595 ,115
17 7,519 239
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
Minnesota
. ,51 08
11 ,1967
97 ,081
575 ,315
941 ,857
542 ,07 84 9,053 250
.
Mississippi ,761
905 ,353
891 ,233
757 ,495
19 ,39 91 ,41087
09 1,253 249
Missouri
. ,81638
87 ,41697
06 ,92387
09 ,341
518 ,695
228 ,452
157 313 532 91
Mo
. ntans ,866
226 ,187
149 ,129
162 ,811
106 ,647
91 ,81 34 ,745
10 ,21 76 1,593
.
Nebraska ,782
627 ,432
364 642
,076 3362
,53 ,883
175 7,689 3,502 100 574
Nov
. ada ,851
82 ,3241
29 ,313
35 ,256
20 ,102
18 613 2,5 40 000 839 22
Ham
Newpshire ,290
216 ,2214 82 ,231
230 ,118
103 ,59660 564 34 64
.New
Jersey ,41263
86 ,71250
04 ,91009 ,859
277 ,150
658 ,78960 168 ,11 09 203
.New
Mexico ,2175 45 ,056
152 ,6255
09 ,331
26 ,602
22 1,628 ,573
20 246 252
.
York
New ,54 81 84 04,533 29 ,1325430 ,53007
07 ,2729
60 ,181
134 6,046 5,235 1,217
Caro
Nortlina
h ,41071
98 ,81 16
07 ,71405
85 ,855 5,953 ,843
697 ,87 51 78
Dak
Nortota
h ,554
317 ,502
259 ,461
162 ,256
251 ,138
156 617 6,486 30
.,Ohio ,72465
34 ,32 56
32 ,23075
33 31,024
77 ,255
597 ,443
111 127 574
Oklahoma ,573
881 ,5775
82 41,303 10 ,044
94 ,088
40 ,613712 ,825
74 137
.Oregon ,255
384 ,510
288 ,551
416 ,241
135 ,002
103 1,519 5,090 7,359 3,418
.Pennsylvania 13,937
42 ,93722
74 ,64222
16 ,31806
92 ,71438
52 ,908
193 1,503 1,749 189
.Isla
Rhond de ,359
270 ,2272 51 ,821
159 ,6194
46 ,031
178 9,529 284 266
.Caro
South lina ,8751
42 ,5763
58 ,9661
70 ,138
11 6,054 ,843
835 331 56
.Dak
Soutota
h ,101
317 ,787
266 ,665
245 ,478
217 ,6100
28 817 ,137
19 120
.Tennessee ,41 91
03 ,2109881 ,61 06
54 ,367
38 ,460
18 ,088
473 216 43
Tex
. as ,62017
12 91,830
78 ,92658
02 ,9361
26 ,012
240 ,020
690 702 575 341
.Utah ,857
196 ,494
176 ,671
171 ,527
131 ,404
63 1,43 3,123 373 2,106
.Vermont ,568
182 ,388
173 ,3229
82 ,065
75 ,84961 1,621 26
Virg
. inia 31,035
48 ,21026
64 ,2133825 ,943
37 ,628
26 ,096
671 539 154
.Washington
,650
658 ,340
483 ,4585
01 ,529
282 ,227
241 ,06 58 ,997
10 27, 06
.Virg
Wesinia
t ,044
644 ,075
577 ,100742 ,65738 ,05772 ,173
64 36 90
.
.Wisconsin ,51208
41 ,31 19
25 ,224
763 ,71044
64 ,569
512 ,92 00 ,142
10 224 34
Wyo
. ming ,666
91 ,299
54 ,711
80 ,497
32 ,165
27 2, 35 1,486 244 1,571
I
.
Total 322
,147
32 644
,144
40 944900
,618
41
88
63 383
,513
43 ,29828
94 ,683
265 ,944
70 ,722
71 2,936
.
divisi
Geogr ons
aphic
England
.New ,13265
37 ,53244
87 ,32662
13 ,32053
46 91,899 13 ,26694 ,02 76 3, 48
Middlic
.Atlant e 19,881 13 ,79502
11 68,462 79 75,558 91 ,14871
26 ,849
417 7,717 8,093 1,609
Central
North
.East ,79392
92 ,88 57
29 ,09773 52 .55,109 94 ,03 66
70 ,779
300 ,255
18 ,390 455
Central
North
.West ,86069 92 ,05552
45 ,86523
04 ,03215
02 ,31608
12 ,241
243 ,406
41 1, 58 986 36
Atlantic
.South ,6100
34 ,26095
60 17,393
41 ,859
439 ,587
290 ,44112
87 9,054 1,553 150 12
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
.
Centr
South
East al ,14270
45 74,164 31 ,45 5352 ,075
215 ,820
86 52
652, 06 2,612 403 23
Central
South
.West ,44585
44 ,04240
49 45,739 67 ,306
605 ,841
348 31,997
84 ,767
76 1,264 426 94
Mount
. ain 01,478
10 ,51155
07 ,61466
53 ,9616 83 ,239
437 ,519
21 ,338
75 45, 73 ,2009 103
.Pacific ,82378 65 ,41826 ,72108
85 ,71053
40 ,548
861 ,222
29 ,458
32 ,262
46 ,6128
57 2,661
10 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
CENTRE OF POPULATION.
At the time of the first census, the centre Ohio; in 1870 48 miles east by north of Cin
of population was 23 miles east of Baltimore, cinnati, Ohio; in 1890 20 miles east of Colum
Maryland, since which time it has moved bus, Indiana; in 1900 6 miles southeast of
steadily westward. In 1800 it was 18 miles Columbus, Indiana; and finally, in 1910 in
west of Baltimore, in 1810 40 miles northwest the city of Bloomington, Indiana. During
by west from Washington, D. C; in 1820 16 the 120 years that the United States has
miles north of Woodstock, Va.: in 1830 19 existed the centre has moved over 550
miles west-southwest of Moorefield, W. Va.; miles westward, or in other words, from
in 1840 16 miles south of Clarksburg. W. Va.; west latitude 76 degrees 11 minutes 12
in 1850 23 miles southwest of Parkeraburg, seconds to west latitude 86 degrees 32 minutes
W. Va.; in 1860 20 miles south of Chillicothe, 20 seconds.
INCREASE IN POPULATION.
INCKEASK mm
OVER PRKCKODtO
CENSUS YEAR. Population
continentalof Adjusted
umud Sl.les. Number. Percent.
1810 91,972,266 15, 977, 691 2L0 2L0
75, 994. 575 13,046, 861 20.7 20.7
1890 62, 947. 714 12,791,931 25.5 24.9
1880 60, 155. 783 11,597,412 30. 1 26.0
1870 38, 558, 371 7,115,050 22.6 26.6
31, 443, 321 8,251,445 35.6 SS. 6
23, 191. 876 6, 122, 423 35.9 35.9
17,069, 453 4,203,433 32.7 32.7
12, 866, 020 3, 227, 567 33.5 33.5
9, 638, 453 2, 398, 572 33.1 33. 1
7, 239. 881 1.931.398 36.4 36.4
5, 308. 483 1,379,269 35.1 35.1
1790 3, 929, 214
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . 11
POPULATION OF CITIES
or тив
UNITED STATES
Census of 1910
100000000999
Norfolk , Va .. . . . . . . 67 ,452 | St. Joseph , Mo.. . . . . 77,403 Terre Haute , Ind . . . . 58 . 157
Norristown , Pa . . . . . 27.875 Salem , Mass . . . . . . . . 43 ,697 Topeka, Kans. . 43 , 684
Ogden , Utah . . . . . . . 25 ,580 Salt Lake City , Utah 92,777 Trenton , N . J .. . 96 815
oklahoma City , Okla 64 , 205 San Antonio , Tex . . . 96 ,614 Troy , N . Y . 76 ,813
Orange, N . J . . . . . . . . 29 ,630 San Diego, Cal. . . . . . 39,578 Utica , N . Y . . . . . 74 ,419
Oshkosh , Wis . . . . . . . 33 , 062 San Jose , Cal. . . . . . . 28 . 946 Waco , Tex . . . . . . . . 26 ,425
Pasadena , Cal. . . . . . . 30 , 291 Savannah , Ga . . . . . . 65 ,064 Waltham , Mass . . . . . 27 .834
Passaic, N . J . . . . . . . 54,773 Schenectady , N . Y . . 72,826 Warwick , R . I . . . . . . 26 ,629
Pawtucket, R . I.. . . . 51.622 Sheboygan , Wis . . . . . 26 ,398 Waterbury , Conn . . . 73 . 141
Peoria , Il . . . . . 66 . 950 Shenandoah , Pa . . . . . 25 ,774 Waterloo , Iowa . . . . . 26 .693
Perth Amboy, N . J. . 32, 121 Shreveport , La . . . . . . 28 ,015 Watertown , N . Y . . . 26 .730
Pittsfield , Mass . . . . . 32, 121 Sioux City . Iowa . . . . 47 .828 ichiHoboken , N . J . 35 ,403
West
Portland , Me. . . . . . 58 ,571 Somerville , Mass. . . . 77 ,236 l
oba, W . Va.
Wheeling B . . . 41 .641
Portsmouth , Va. . 33 , 190 South Bend . Ind . . . . 53 ,684 tor e. l.l. :. . 52,450
Wichita . Kans.
Poughkeepsie, N . Y . 27 ,936 South Omaha , Nebr . 26 , 259 Wilkes- Barre , Pa. . . . 67 , 105
Wi
Pueblo Colo . . 44 ,395 Springfield , Ill . . . . . 51,678 lming
Williamsport
Spring
Springfield , Mass . . . . 88 ,926 t , Pa. . . . 31, 860
on,, Del. . . . 87 , 411
OOOOOOO
Quincy , Ill . . . . . 36 ,587
f Wilmington
Quincy , Mass . . . 32 ,642 Springfield c
ield ,.Mo
onn. .....
. 35 ,201 Wilmington , N . C . . . 25 ,748
Racine, Wis . . . 38 ,002 Springfield , Ohio . . . 46 . 921 Woonsocket, R . I I. .... . 38 , 125
Stamford , Conn . . . . . 25 , 138 Yonkers , N . Y . . . . . . 79, 803
Reading , P & . . . .
Roanoke , Va . .. ... .. . . .
96
, 874
92,071
Superior . Wis. . . . . . 40 ,384 York , Pa . . . . . . 44,750
Rockford , oIl . . . . . . 45 ,401 Tacoma, Wash . . . . . . 83 ,743 Youngstown , Ohio . . 79 . 066
Sacrament
Sacramento , Cal. . . . 44 ,696 Tampa , Fla . . . . . . . . 37 , 782 Zanesville , Ohio . . . . . 28 .026
Saginaw , Mich . . . . . . 50 ,510 Taunton , Mass . . . . . 34 ,259
5 ,476 ,000
O
370 ,000 ,000 Possess
and
31,522,000 oolololoko o 230 .000
Rep Dominic
!
MOUCO
164.903,000 O 418 .000
O Belgian
Bulgaria 20 ,000,000 15 507 000 Costa Rica
Austria 4 , 324 000 Congo . 369,000
73 .568.00 British Possess Dutch Posses
Austria Switzerland 145,000
OOO
Egypt
Hungary 3,742,000 with Anglo thereof .
proper Egypt
9488.goo Dan Posse ss
31.314. 000 /soon. British Egypt Sudan 31000
lolO
.
States
United
continental
of
population
Total 966
,291
72 975
,575
94 947
,762
14 .0
100 .0
100 .0
100
Urba
terri
. n
tory 2,405 623
42
,3 83 1,894 ,785
130 97 1,510 720
,22223 .3
46 .5
40 .1
36
inhabitant
1Places
,0of
more
.or 00 s ,18574
01 ,46 74
29 13,615 62 .29 .58 8.5
500
of
1Places
,0to
.inhabitant
00 s ,63067
10 ,01687
45 ,343
806 3. 31.
Places
inhabitant
500250
of
00
.,0to s 11 83,939
49 ,2.896
61 ,62408
47 4.3 3.9
100
of
,0Places
250
to
.inhabitan
00 ts 31 ,44858 40 ,43290
72 82,794 81 5.3
50
of
,0Places
100
to
.inhabitant
00 s 59 ,94115
78 ,42777
60 30 ,52027
69 4.5 3.2
of
,0Places
50
to
.inhabitan
2500 ts 120 74,062 63 72,685
67 67 ,72298 65 4. .73
of
,0Places
25
to
.inhabitant
1000 s 374 ,25608
09 286 ,94 09
00 232 13,439 87 6.1 5.
of
,0Places
10
to
.inhabitant
5 0000 s 629 ,74303
64 477 ,53278
18 361 ,52495
94 4.7 4.0
of
5,0Places
2500to
.inhabitant s 1,173 ,64105
56 970 ,23376
54 792 ,12796
13 .54 4. 4.3
AWAN
WOWOWON
.
territory
Rural ,383
849 48 190
45
,397 291
,440
27 .7
53 .569 .9
63
inhabitants
2,500
than
Incorporated
.places
less
of ,784
11 ,58119
28 8,892 .66,247
45 6,466 19
7,84 35 8. 8.2 7.5
rural
territory
.Other 255
,341
29 945
,738
49 556
,63507 .8
44 .3
51 .4
56
.
AMERICANS
VOTING
9fer
26
was
States
United
incontinental
age
voting
males
of
number
1910
4p1In
.o29
,acent
population
total
the
com
99
51
sr
1f66
21
with
8ppared
o27
Ocent
in1900
population
total
.2the
13
-b7these
native
of
;44were
parentage
,9white
34
99
orn
fr98
er
31
11
;30oreigi
parentage
mixed
or
foreign
white
native
,f3
naturalized
of
35
33 -bf
reign
,o
white
who
parents
orn
2oreign
papers
first
their
out
taken
f1had
7alien
-b5population
foreign
other
;24of
parentage
,3white
65
orn
21
75
64
59
27
; nnclusive
parentage
negro
5
i182
parentage
other
all
Cof
Indians
Jof
.Ia
Asiatics
29other
were
there
1910
,098
hinese
apanese
73
nd
21
(snee
states
nine
the
in
age
voting
of
)iwomen
.below
prevails
suffrage
woman
which
.
STATES
UNITED
THE
IN
SUFFRAGE
WOMAN
astablished
states
innine
elections
all
at
men
with
terms
equal
on
suffrage
enjoy
women
States
United
the
In
:W
;,efollows
1869
insyoming
UColorado
WiI1893
1896
California
and
K1910
,i;a1911
.BOregon
1912
the
nnesides
daho
tah
nd
ashington
ansas
wnouisiana
suffrage
school
t
states
31
form
some
in
:Iprevails
follows
as
vote
to
right
the
granted
been
have
women
,L
Montana
axpaying
hich
othe
Michigan
wand
taxpayers
to
submitted
;iapquestions
Louisiana
in
permitted
,ovote
Kansas
and
Iowa
issuing
of
questionnnith
roxy
n
ebonds
Minnesota
trustees
library
of
election
the
mon
iKansas
,osuffrage
York
;lNew
taxation
local
nnimited
nunicipal
qual
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
Illinois
in
exists
suffrage
.
ASSOCIATIONS
CHRISTIAN
'sChristian
Men
Young
;tThe
Williams
George
Sir
by
in1821
England
in
organized
was
,Association
America
to
spread
has
movement
he
Dn92
Gerinany
N
S
.Ia
Japan
and
China
21even
were
there
1912
,w
America
North
in
associations
amith
witzerland
nd
enmark
orway
em
566
tbership
$7
property
.21net
3n
officers
employed
sof
classes
educational
;6,4in
gymna
60
tudents
otal
01
93
733
17
13
umber
3
:student
1siums
gymnasiums
in
2enrolled
fields
4athletic
83
;7railroad
,9members
62
with
associations
75
38
67
32
66
24
33
membership
;b12
also
were
women
2.T81members
in1912
for
associations
andoy
here
71
08
student
60
ounty
7c,6with
atcity
otal
,406
253
of
.membership
women
young
13
14 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
1 Does not include the water surface of the oceans, the Gulf of Mexico , or the
Great Lakes, lying within the jurisdiction of the United States.
A census just completed by the Isthmian 35 ,368 , of which 18,237 are Mestizos, 10 ,963
Canal Commission shows that in 1911 there negroes . 7 ,008 white , and 1 ,180 Amarillos
were 154. 255 persons in the Canal Zone. or vellows. Colon has 17 , 748 inhabit
The City of Panama has a population of | ants .
IS SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
MALES.
Ooster Cesses Death Copsa pricaAges atDeath Consumption
FEMALES.
Oxher causes of Drach
2015-1985
30-34
40 -44
15 -19
50 54
57- 59
60-0415
65-093
Na potanate ostaty a dina and fecais from Bastian s stoma la ay mterting , rectang 1 p 3
e my w teatre for spog rata 130 e fez consumption and ezen festas 426 Arses624
He petite zortsity to comezaron a lapte song freos de ses 23 and 28 & is épher smoag molas
10 :00
4000
38:00
3200
28 .00
MOO
мар
celou
Hote. Thep artoute consumation only s determined by cakulang the percorage of texts for consumption the marity
a
frestes d priods for bestra dijas 2 ei tensy u feaths from Arges, magte
Here for a Atong ngu esies 278, Bengaludes 10. sed among the Cheese (to the US312
INDIANS.
Only eleven of the states in the United The other states of the Union have a total
Estes have large Indian populations, namely: Indian population of 53, 121 and rank ac
dabome with 117 ,444 ; Arizons with 40 ,754 ; cording to the number of Indian inhabitants
New Mexico with 21, 374 ; South Dakota with as follows: Oregon , New York , Nevada ,
2 ,333 : California with 17 ,517 ; Minnesota Nebraska , Wyoming , Kansas , Utah and other
with 11, 116 ; Wisconsin with 9 , 816 ; North states . The total Indian population of the
Dakota with 8 ,389 ; and Michigan with 7,519 . United States is (1912) 319 ,216 .
0000001
1000000
00000011
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
Metallic Dast
Mineral Dust
Med
Vegetable Fiber Duss
набыла до со
Animal
Mixed Fiand
ber Dase
Genearanlic Dustt
Org Dus
Municipal
or Streer Dust
Note the degree of consumption frequency is shown to vary widely according to the kind of dust exposure
The proportionate consumption mortality in insurance experience wos greatest in trades ar
posing to the continuous inhalation of considerable amounts metalli end mineral dusts
MortalityPrudential
from Consumption - Exposure to Metallic Dust.
Industrial Experience - 1897 - 1906 .
PRINTERS COMPOSITORS.
Principal Conses orDrach. Perfat di Derisfra 41 Ceres PrincipalCeuses of Death Par conto bars from Cangas
Const Casumption
Benessere Pazemicella
BrittiDanse Brights Homes 1
Hvert Dieses ApopherylBretlandi sap
Accident Heart Diseases
ApplyVerdais Sazade
Per cent of Consumption Matality aOSmaiſed
r Cause
AgePaiods. Pa Cenro Cazszeption Mentality atSofied AgeParade
Ages at Death Conraption Ages er Death Carton Der Cours
15 %
2534 25-34
1554 15 -54
5664
Note: Oct of 195 deather printer 63185 % for Contematon pourtante per Als Day 8th capazba la Cosaston pois
talityfor the date de la mara 3- d ag to the end of ZEER depus de c h ose
date form er Cap depede poton 3J க ற பிணைப்பு
மாணவன் S
Recent statistics show that at the end of cases. It was estimated that there wer
May, 1910 , there were 431 state and local 300.000 indigent consumptives in the United
anti - tuberculosis associations, 286 special States, in May, 1910 , and that it would cost
dispensaries, 393 special sanatoria and $50 ,000 ,000 yearly to take care of them in
hospitals, and 22,720 beds for tuberculosis | institutions.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
SUICIDES IN ONE HUNDRED AMERICAN CITIES, 1891– 1912.
Rate per
YEARS. Population . Suicides. 100 ,000
Populatioo.
1891. . 13 . 5 10 . 7
1892 . 12 . 8 8 .8
1893 . . . 15 , 3 12 . 8
1894 . . 15 . 2 12 . 5
1895 . . 15 . 3 10 . 9
1896 . . 15 . 7 13 .1
1897 . 16 . 8 12 . 6
1898 . 16 . 5 11. 0
WON
NON
ooow
1899 15 . 9 8.1
1900 . 16 . 3
1901. 16 . 6
1902 . . 17 . 7
1903 . . . . 19 . 3
1904 . . . 20 . 1
1905 . . 19 . 0
1906 . 17 . 8
1907 19 . 5
1908 . 21 8
1909 . . 21 . 0
1910 . . . . 19. 7 8 .0
Num -
ber.
Per
cent.
Num - | Per
ber. cent.
um . CEPeaterr.
Nber. Num
ber.
Per
cent.
Num
ber . cent.
GRANTED TO HUSBAND.
ဧတ်တဲ့
Adultery . . . . 17, 139 31. 2 19,956
Cruelty . . . . . . . . . . 4, 047 7. 4 6 , 068 ,678
Desertion . . . . 27, 150 49 4. 31, 805 05 , 142
ៗ ។
Drunkenness ... .. 592 1. 1 84. 6
Neglect to provide . . . . (1)
Combinations of preceding
causes, etc . . . . . 2 , 654 4. 8 3,190 4. 9 3, 681 4. 3 4, 805 4. 4 81. 0
All other causes . 3 , 398 6. 2 3, 836 5. 8 4 , 798 5. 6 5 , 994 5. 5 2 ,596
Total. . . 54,980 100. 0 65 ,622 100 . 0 86, 306 100. 0 109, 241 (100.0 54 ,261 987
GRANTED TO WIFE .
Adultery . . 10 , 880 13 ,714 9. 7 21, 360 19. 6 10 , 480 90 . 3
de
un
sis
Cruelty . . . . 25 , 200 24 . 6
34 . 0
34,509 ဘွဲ့ထံ၌=ငါ့ 28. 0 64,641 39, 341 156. 1
O
Desertion . . . 35 , 666 43, 153 33. 5 74, 018 33. 1 | 38, 352 107. 3
Drunkenness . . . . . . 5 , 397 5. 3 6 , 913 5. 1 11,942 5. 3 6, 545 121.3
Neglect to provide. . . 4 , 605 4.5 6 , 857 | 6. 0 12,779 5. 7 8 , 174 177. 5
odna
Combinations of pr
W
Ceding
causes , etc . . . . . . . . 13, 770 13 . 5 15 ,757 979 / 11. 5 25 , 013 11 . 2 11, 243 $ 1. 6
All other causes . . . 6 . S26 6. 7 8,414 11, 090 6 . 4 | 13, 748 6. 2 6 , 922 101.4
Total. .. . .. .. ... ... . ... . 102,344 100. 0 129, 317 100. 0 174,414 100. 0 1223, 401 100. 0 121,057 | 1183
AGRICULTURAL
6.
PURSUITS
DOMESTICI 14 p.c. INDUSTRIAL
ANO
PERSONAL CLASS
SERVICES 9. p.c.
PROEESSIONAL
Nρο
CLASS 1.7 p . c .
( $ 93,402.000'en
inhabts
AMERIC
UNOCCUPIED
AND NOT REGISTERED
62 p .c .
conceito
' Granted to Granted to wife. Total.
husband .
OOONOoooooo
iniciciririnin
Nunber of years married .
cioco
Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent.
Nei
ciniai
vooo
cioco
Less than 1 year. . . . . . . . . . . . 6 , 684 12, 192 18 , 876 2. 1
1 year ex . . . . . . . 9 ,074 18, 689 27 , 763 3. 1
ondividi
2 year .. . 19, 571 41, 910 61,481 6. 8
3 years . 24 , 033 49, 019 73, 052 8. 1
4 years. . 73, 913
aicisinin
24 , 438 49, 475 8. 2
5year . . 22, 942 45 , 828 68, 770 7.6
31 ,142 41, 524 62 ,666 7. 0
18, 947 37 , 470 66 , 417
5 year . 17, 059 33, 595 50, 654
14 , 659 29, 738 44. 397
10 sears . 13 ,631 27, 099 40 30
,7
11 years . 12, 081 24 , 288 36 , 369
12 years . 10,521 21, 450 31, 971
13 yean . . 9, 230 19, 030 28 ,260
200
CRUELTY
12.5p.c. ALL OTHER
ADULTERY 27p.c. CAUSESLEC18T.4p.c.
D RU NEG TO PRO
NK VIDE 5.7p.C.
EN CRUELTY ORUN
NÉ E K
28.9p.c. / ORUNKE NNESS 5.3pc.
S 1pcER
ALL SOTH
CAUSES 9.9pc/
DESERTION
49.8 p.c.
DESERTION
33.1p.c.
106
1908
1995
SSR
1907
1900
tosi
OOGI
1892
6061
1893
$ 061
1887
1886
1983
6060
1880
1894
1876
1889
OGRI
9681
coa
860
1870
1877
1679
1882
691
1878
1071
1069
1074
105
1873
1872
1864
1961
0611
1865
2
11866
1867
09
SOGIH
1862
ZOO
0901
820
ABO
1850
SER
1920
00
1862
.01300
1827
otei
000
OOC
0.2,1 00
00
.0L200
000
0011
000001
0.1, 00
0000001
00
0.900
0006
00
0,800
Hooo009
00
0,700
0700
. 00
000009
000009
50
50Q000
0400
, 00 100
Hooodoc DOC
000
0200
, 00 0200
. 00
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
00
0.100
00
0,100
HUULUUNIPPEP 18
ter
PER
ODEBRATU
DOKT
ROOO
32 PTTO
NP00SWor
w o o d
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
Race or people. 1903 1904 1905 1906 | 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912
2, 174 2, 386
African (black ).... .... 3,598 3,786 5,235 4,626 4, 307 4, 966 6,721 6,759
1,759 1,745
Armenian . . .. . . . . . . . 1,878 1, 895 2, 644 3,299 3, 108 5, 508 3, 092 5,222
Bohemian, Moravian .:/ 9, 591 11, 911 11,757 12, 958 13, 554 10 , 164 6, 850 8, 462 9,223 8, 439
Bulgarian, Servian,
Montenegrin ........ 6 , 479 4, 577 5,823 11,548 27, 174 18,246 6,214 15, 130 10,222 10,657
Chinese . . .. . . . . 2 ,1924 , 327 1, 971 1,485 770 1, 203 1, 841 1, 770 1, 307 1, 608
Creatian, Slovenian ... 32, 907 21, 242 35 , 104 44, 272 47, 826 20, 472 20, 181 39 ,562 18, 982 24, 366
Cubso .. . .. . .. . . . . . .. .
2, 944 4,811 7, 259 5,591 5,475 3,323 3,380 3, 331 3, 914 8, 155
Dalmatian , Bosnian ,
Herzegovinlan .. ... 1, 736 2, 036 2,639 4,568 7, 393 3,747 1,888 4,911 4 ,400 3,672
Dutch , Flemish . . 6,4967,832 8 ,498) 9,735 12, 467 9,5268 , 114 13,012 13,862 10, 935
East Indian . . 271 1, 072 1,710 337 * 1,782 517 165
83 258 145
English . .. . . 28 ,451 41, 479 50, 865 45 ,079 61, 126 49, 056 39,021 53, 498) 57 ,258 49,689
Filipino.. 133 29 .. .. .. .. ... . ... .. ... . ... .. ... . . .. ... . .. . . ... .. . . ..
Finnish . ...
18 ,864 10 , 157 17,012 14, 136 14, 860 6, 746. 11, 087 15 ,7389 ,779 6,641 .
Freach... 7, 166 11,557 11,347 10 , 379 9 , 392 12,881 19 ,423 21, 107 18 , 132 18 , 382
German ... 71,782 74, 790 82, 300 86,813 92 ,936 73,038 71, 380 66 ,471 65, 343
Greek. . .. . .
Hebrer . . ..
14,376 12,625 12, 144 23, 127 46,283 28,808 20, 262 39, 135 37,021 31, 566
76, 203 106, 236 129,910 153,748 149, 182 103, 387 57, 551 84,260 91,223 80,595
Irish .
35, 366 37, 076 54, 206 40, 969 38 ,706 36, 427 31, 185 38, 382 40, 246 33,922
Italian (north ). ...... 37, 42936, 699 39,930 46, 286 51, 564 24,700 25 ,150 30,780 30,312 26, 443
Italian (south ). ...... 196, 117(159, 329 240,528 242, 497 110 ,547|165, 248j 192 , 673 |159 ,638|135, 830
Japanese............. 20 ,041 14 ,382 . 11,021 14, 243 30, 824 16,418 3, 275 2,798 4, 575 6, 172
Korean........ 564 1, 907 4, 929 39 26 11 19 8 33
Lithuanian .......... 14,432 12, 780 18 ,604 14,257 25,884 13, 720 15, 254 22, 714 17, 027 14,078
morgen
Magyue.... 127, 1241 23, 883 46 ,030 44,261 60,071 24 ,378 28, 704 27,302% 19, 996 23, 599
Vexican . - 486 437 15,591 17,760 18,784 22,001
Pacific Islander ....... 12 2 7 01 12 3
Polish . ... . .. . .
32, 343 67,757 102,437 95,835 138,033 68, 105 77,565 . 128, 348 71, 446 85, 163
Portuguese............ 8,433 6, 338 14,855 9,048 6,809 4, 606 7,657 7, 469 9 ,403
Roumanian .. . . . . . . . 4,740 4, 364 7, 818 11,425 19, 200 9,629 8, 041 14, 199 - 5 ,311 8, 329
Russian . ......... 3, 608 3,961 3,746 5 , 814 16, 807 17, 111 17, 294 18, 721 22 ,558
Rathenlan ( Russniak ) 9 ,8439, 592 14,473 24, 081 12, 361 27, 907 17, 724 21, 965
Scandinavian . . . . . . . . . 79, 347 61, 029 62, 284 53, 425 32, 789 52 ,037 45, 859 31, 601
Scotch . . .
as
6,219 11, 483 20, 516 17, 014 24, 612 25, 625 20, 293
Set
Slovak. .. 34, 427 27, 940 42,041 16, 170 32 ,416 21,415 25, 281
Epantsh . ...... . .. 3, 297 4, 662 6,636 5, 837 8, 068 9,070
er
3
Spanish - American ..... 978 1, 666 1,060 1,063 890 900 1, 153 1, 342
Syrian .. . ..
Turkish ,
5, 551 3,453 5, 880 5, 520 3,608 6,317 5,444 5, 525
Weish....
449 1, 482 2, 145 1, 902 2,327 - 820 1,2831 918 1, 336
1,278 1, 820 2,631 - 2,754 2,504 1,099 2, 244 2, 248 2, 239
West Indian (except
Cuban)....... .... ... 1,497 1, 942 1, 548 1,476 1, 381 1, 110 1,024 1, 150 1, 141 1, 132
Allother peoples...... . 89 688 851 1,027 2,058 1,530 1,537 3,330 3, 3233 ,660
Total............ 857,046812,8701,028,499|1,100,7351,285,349782,870 751,786/1,041,570 878,587|838,172
28 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
11
Admitted . Departed
Increase
( + ) or
Race or people. Immi Nonim Emi Nonemi decrease
grant migrant Total. grant grant Total.
aliens. aliens. aliens. aliens.
mo
African (black ) . . . . . . 6 , 759 3 ,098 9, 857 1 , 288 2 , 389 6 , 180
Armenian . . . 5 , 222 189 5 , 411 718 361
coa
Bohemian and Moravian
inSa
8 , 439 648 9,087 1, 149 1,010 2,159
Bulgarian,Servian,and Mon
tenegrib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 , 657 2,041 125 .,698 7 , 349 3 ,205 10,554 2 , 144
Chinese. . . 1 , 608 3, 883 491 2 549 3 , 904 6 , 453 962
Croati an and Slavonian .. .. .. 24, 366 2,473 26 , 839 13 , 963 4 , 291 18 ,254 8 , 585
+1
Cuban . . . 3, 155 3 ,076 6 ,231 1 , 963 6 ,659 8, 622
Dalmatian , Bosnian ,
Herzegovinian . 3,672 266 3,938 927 454 1, 381
Dutch and Flernish . . . 10 , 935 3 , 205 14, 140 1, 816 4 ,721 6,537
East Indian . 165 221 164 148 312
English 49 .689 86,049 10 ,341 54 , 116 64, 457 592
+1
Finnish 6 , 641 1, 7049 . 7, 690 4 , 148 3 , 040 7 , 188 502
French . . 18 . 382 5 , 86 24, 168 4, 189 7, 288 11,477 .691
German . 65 , 343 17,055
2, 086
82,398 15, 026 22,549 37,575 823
Greek . . 31, 566 33,652 A
323 5, 700 19 , 023 629
Hebrew . 80 . 595 3 , 407 84 ,002 n
o 3,027 12, 445 71, 557
Irish . 33 . 922 10 ,100 44,022 13, 888 17, 974 048
Italian (north ) . 26 443 7 ,800 34 , 243 13, 006 12, 851 25 ,857 , 386
Italian (south ) 135 , 830 19, 850 155,852 96, 881 42 ,540 139,421 431
a
Magyar .. . 23, 599 3, 244 17,575 8 ,315 25, 890
Merican . . . . 22 , 001 3 ,701 25 , 702 325 1,820 , 557
စာထဲ၌
Pacific Islander . 3 10 13 13 17
Polish 5 . 163 6,056 91 ,219 37 ,764 11, 977 741 41 , 478
Portuguese . . . . . 9 , 403 1, 171 10, 578 1 ,747 1,716 63 + 7 , 111
Roumanian . . . 8 , 329 1, 101 9,430 5 , 824 2 ,256 1 , 350
Russian . . . . . . . 22. 558 2 ,918 25 , 476 9 , 744 5 ,488 + 10 , 244
Ruthenian (Russniak ). 21, 965 4 ,714 26,679 5 , 521 4 ,986 + 16 , 172
Scandinavian (Norwegians
Danes , and Swedes ) . . . . . 31 ,601 10 , 239 41, 840 380
10,. 456 15,711 26, 00 , + 15 , 749
Scotch .. .. . 20 , 293 8 , 335 28 ,628 10 , 846 14 , 302 + 14 , 326
Slovak.. 25 , 281 2 , 061 27 , 342 12,526
+ + + + +
PORTS OF THE UNITED STATES . immigrant aliens ; and 1,026 ,499 immigrants .
For the year 1911 the total number of
The total number of passengers that arrived passengers arriving at the ports of the United
at the various ports of the United States States was 1 ,299, 428 , of which number
during the year 1900 was 594 ,478 , of which 269, 128 were United States citizens returning
number 120 ,477 were United States citizens home; 151.713 were non - immigrant aliens;
returning from foreign countries ; 25 ,429 and 878 ,587 were immigrants . In 1912 , the
were non -immigrant aliens; and 448 ,572 total number of passengers arriving at the
were immigrants . In 1905 the total number ports of the United States was 1, 297 ,956 , of
of passengers arriving at the ports of the which number 280,801 were United States
United States was 1 . 234 ,615 , and of this citizens returning home; 178 ,983 were non
auunber 167. 227 were United States citizens immigrant aliens and 838 , 172 were immigrants .
30 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
Sex, AGE, LITERACY, FINANCIAL CONDITION, ETC ., OF IMMIGRANT
A 'rican (black ).... .... 6 , 759 3, 828 2 , 931 614 5 , 844 894
Armenian . 5 , 222 4 , 476 746 290 4 , 779 . 000
Bohemian and Mora .
vian (Czech ) . . . 8,439 4, 565 3, 874 1,610 6 , 339 16 59
Bulgarian , Servian
and Montenegrin . . . . 10 ,657 9 ,626 1 , 031 453 9 , 945 259 2 , 995 341
Chinese . . . 1, 608 1, 367 241 207 1, 327 74
163
Croatian and Slove
nian . . . . . 24 . 366 17, 383 6 , 983 2 , 063 21,660 643 4 , 545 1, 591
Cuban . . . . . 3, 155 2 , 098 1 , 057 455 2 , 389 311 25
Dalmatian , Bosnian
and Herzegovinian . . 3, 672 3, 152 520 130 3 . 466 76 1 , 247 170
Dutch and Flemish . .. . 10 , 935 6 , 808 4, 127 2,352 7 , 758 825 86
East Indian . 165 153 12 157
English . . . 49, 669 27 , 133 22, 556 8,395 35,774 5 , 520 116 124
Finnish . 6 ,641 3 , 354 3, 287 713 5 , 769 159 32
French 18 . 382 10 , 327 8 , 055 || 3 , 320 13, 019 2 ,043 775 303
German . . 65 , 343 36 , 479 28 , 864 11, 484 49, 340 4 , 519 1 , 272 1 , 464
Greek . . . 31, 566 28 , 521 3 ,045 1 , 144 29, 976 446 5 , 465 1, 405
Hebrew . . . 80. 595 42 , 751 37 , 844 54, 927 5 , 577 5 ,637 9 , 498
Irish . . 33, 922 17 ,012 16 , 910 2 , 35729 , 671 1, 894 * 219 171
Italian (North ) 26 , 443 18 , 507 7 , 936 3 , 033 22 , 334 1 , 076 884 451
Italian ( South ). 135 , 830 94 , 460 41, 370 20 , 081 107, 216 8 , 533 36 , 481 18. 165
Japanese . . . . . . . 6 , 172 1 , 930 4 , 242 328 5 , 546 298 232 1, 503
Korean . . ..n 33 19 2 30
Lithuania . 14 , 078 8 , 098 5 ,980 1 , 186 12 , 635 257 3 , 104 3, 359
Magyar . . . . . . 23 , 599 13 , 792 9 , 807 3 , 740 18,697 1 , 162 1, 253 903
Mexican . . . . . . 22, 001 15 , 367 6 , 634 4 , 188 15 ,910 1 , 903 7,035 2,711
Pacific Islander . . . . .
Polish . . . . . . . . 85,163 50 , 028 35 , 135 8 , 477 74 ,911 1, 775 953 14 , 563 11, 444
Portuguese . . . 9 , 403 5 , 938 3 , 465 1 , 863 6 , 939 601 2, 661 1, 563
Roumanian . . . . . 8 ,329 6 , 752 1 , 577 484 7 , 304 541 2,302 581
Russian. . . . . . 22, 558 19, 464 3 , 094 | 1, 043 21 , 114 401 6 , 894 1, 537
Ruthenian (Russniak ) 21,965 13, 121 8 , 844 1, 255 20 , 314 396 5 , 218 3, 816
Scandinavian (Norwe
gian Danes and
Swedes ) . . . 31, 601 19 ,073 12,528 2 , 867 27, 270 1, 464
Scotch . . . . . 20 , 293 10 , 637 9 ,656 3 , 593 14 , 593 107 34
Slovak . . . . 25 , 281 15 ,639 9, 642 2, 997 21, 519 2 , 567 1, 540
Spanish . . . . 9 , 070 6 , 900 2, 170 1, 294 7 , 196 580 1 , 052 396
Spanish - American . . 1 , 342 930 193 1 ,029 14 12
Syrian . . .. 5 , 525 3, 646 1 , 879 761 4, 475 1 . 161 1,024
Turkish . . . 1 , 336 1 , 256 80 25 1, 283 642 30
Welsh . . . . . 2, 239 1 , 419 820 344 1,697
West Indian (except
Cuban ) . 1 , 132 590 542 115 902 19
Other peoples . . 3 , 660 3, 335 325 151 3 , 423 86 1 , 498 100
Total. . . 838 ,172 529,931 308, 241 | 113 , 700 678,480 45, 992 | 1,376 1,648 111, 998 65 , 286
Admitted in Philip
pine Islands . ... .. .. 2, 536 2,098 438 547 1,912 151
ILLITERACY IN THE UNITED STATES. | 75.0 per cent of the entire population , had
the smallest number of illiterates, 1,534,272,
The statement shows that in 1910 there or 3 . 0 per cent.
were 71,580 , 270 persons 10 years of age or
over in the United States , of whom 5 ,516 , 163 The foreign born wbites had 1 ,650, 361 illite
were unable to read or write, constituting 7 .7 rates, or 12.7 per cent. of their number.
per cent. of the population , The colored had 2,331,530 illiterates , or 30 .5
The native whites , who constituted nearly per cent.
31
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
ALIENS ADMITTED , Fiscal YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1912, By Races OR PEOPLES.
- --
FATALITIES OF SPORT.
During the year 1912, 433 persons were killed in the various branches of sport and
over 2 ,000 injured . The killed and injured in some of the sports follow :
In In
Killed . jured . Killed . jured .
Wrestling . . . . . . . . .. .
iw
Admitted. Departed .
State or Territory . Immi Nonim Nonemi
grant migrant Emigrant grant
aliens.
aliens. aliens. aliens.
OCCUPATION OF ALIENS.
Admitted . Departed.
Occupation . Immi- | Nonim Emi | Non
grant migrant grant emigrant
aliens. aliens. aliens. aliens.
PROFESSIONAL .
Actors . . . . . 873 970 325 1, 303
Architects... 288 256
1 , 063 1 ,028 349 1 , 334
Clergy . . 185 44
Editors . . . . 136
Electricians . . 741 306 124 367
Engineers (professional ). 1 , 563 2 , 118 443 2 ,545
Lawyers . . . . . . . . . . 293 596 840
Literary and scientific persons. . 425 457 440
Musicians . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 286 703 281 959
Officials (Government) . 382 780 134 1 , 015
Physicians. . . 459 789 131 1, 126
Sculptors and artists . 587 304 167 544
Teachers . 2, 035 1, 211 517 1, 671
Other professional.. 1, 554 896 334 1, 388
Total professional . . 11, 685 10,599 3 , 056 14, 178
SKILLED
Bakers . 3 ,678 751 650 814
Barbers and hairdressers 3 , 100 554 676 668
Blacksmiths.. . 3, 954 645 492 704
Bookbinders . . . . 396 42 19 85
165 91 41 114
Brewers. . . . . .
Butchers. . . . 3, 143 573 464 665
Cabinetmakers . . . . 345 95 175 282
Carpenters and joiners . 11, 034 2 , 557 2 , 081 3 ,888
82 23 10
Cigarette makers . .
Cigar makers. . 720 1 , 109 1, 157 2 ,040
Cigar packers .. . 112 94 19 30
Clerks and accountants 12, 701 5 , 381 1, 850 6 , 384
Dressmakers . . 5 , 244 743 516 903
Engineers ( locomotive, marine, and stationary ) 1 , 331 1 , 063 272 1 , 048
Furriers and für workers . 565 69 126 106
Gardeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 391 622 256 776
Hat and cap makers . . . . . 533 79
Iron and steel workers 1 , 366 743
Jewelers. .. . . 300 179
Locksmiths . 1, 883 162 73
2 , 098 901 883 1.816
Machinists . .
4 , 124 2, 251 625 1. 774
Mariners . . . .
Masons. . . . . . 4 , 555 1 , 340 731 1. 583
1, 342 493 4 , 139 681
Mechanics (not specified ) .. . .
Metal workers (other than iron, steel, and t 669 126 85 181
Millers . 588 79 38
Milliners . . . . 1, 006 153 111 164
Miners . . . . . . 5 , 889 1 , 468 10 , 911 7 , 295
Painters and glaziers 2 , 816 438 883
Pattern makers . . . . 71
351 119
Photographers . . 208
Plasterers . . . 319
Plumbers . . . 584 259 362
Printers .. . . . 953 244 102 305
Saddlers and harness inakers 416 41 28 46
Seamstresses . 7 , 636 387 257 335
Shoemakers . . . 8 ,671 850 1 , 123 1, 007
Stokers. 1 , 169 431 729 553
972 262 298 466
Stonecutters .
Tailors . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 , 836 1 , 486 2 , 650 1 , 797
Tanners and curriers . . 385 39 57
1, 051 239 756 851
Textile workers (not specified 135
Tinners . . . . . 737 102
66 69
Tobacco workers . . . 89
Upholsterers . . . . . . . . 231
572 49 94
Watch and clock makers . . . 775
Weavers and spinners. 2 , 909 482
Wheelwrights .. . 262
Woodworkers (not specified 324 110
Other skilled . . 5 , 371 1,391 2,549
Admitted Departed .
MISCELLANEOUS.
Agents . 1, 081 1, 497 194 1, 865
Bankers . . . . . . 257 759 99 1, 266
Draymen,hackmen , and teamsters 822 276 223 442
Farm laborers. . . . . 184, 154 27 ,091 3 , 978 16 ,743
Farmers. 7, 664 3 , 985 7 , 807 7 , 940
Fishermen . . 755 286 202 384
Hotel keepers 277 340 148 479
Laborers . .. 135 , 726 21, 673 200, 279 80, 616
Manufacturers . 416 697 1, 175
Merchants and dealers . . . . . 10 , 240 10, 958 15 , 081
Servants . . . . 116 ,529 16 , 737 13 , 449 21, 239
Other miscellaneous . . . 10 , 480 6 , 351 3,696 9 , 083
Nooccupation (including women and children ) ... 231, 070 47 ,463 49, 481 67 , 422
SL M
AV 14 ILL
A
OP
S 8 S
R
EU
o.c f
3+ 2
|
.p
RUSSIANS
96.5 MILLIONS POLES
S
O A
19 S
T MILL
R V IAN
CR , SE 9
CE
. 5CLL
GERMANS HS AK
CZEC , SLOV . 9 ?
RA
MI
NI
14
81 MILLIONS EN NS 3
RUTHARIA,4 132
BULG 4 .5 SLOVENES
ONIC
POPULATION LITHUAN
43
MAGYARS 9
OF EUROPE TURKS, TATARS 85 WENDS
UT
0 :12
FINNS 75
RA
453 MILLIONS
E
RU PO
MA RT
43 MILLIONS NI UGU KET5 | GIPSIES 0: 3
SP
AN ES IRANIANS 04
AN
S 1E1 5:5
BASQUES 06
IA
ALBANIANS 15
RD
ARMENIANS 18
S
CAUCASIANS 3
WALLOONS 2 . 5
DUTCH 5 .5 44 MILL . 36 MILL .
FLEMINGS 4 %
DANES 2 .8
NORWEGIANS 2
9 MILL = 263 p.C.
UMANIC RACE 119 MILL
THE RACES OF MANKIND .
IFI C CAN EFERENC E
36 SCIENT A M E R I R BOOK .
69 x s 0.
0
3 0 C
Mohammed 3 Hindus Orthodox
9
w 01D
ns
Greek Catholics
g
2
lio
l
An
Prote Roman
ca
610 ians 610
mi
26
mil
= 14 pc 133pt
mil
36
(Orientals )
=
stants
11.=
Catholics
Ortho 210 115 mill.
Buddhists (FO ) Incl.Greek Catholics
dox = 127AC = 253 . cy Lutherlands
Christ
ORDER OF DENOMINATIONS.
Rank in Rank in
Denominations. 1912 . Communicants. 1890 . Communicants.
.
Faculties
nia .
kins
serve .
18&py
University .
Texas.
Princeton
Tulane.
Yale.
California .
Virginia
University .
Chicago.
Cornell.
Washington
"рмлен
Columbia
Pittsburgh
Illinois,
Missouri.
lows.
Kansas.
Pennsylva
Wisconsin
Nebraska
New York
Ohio State.
Stanford,
Northwest
Syracuse.
Western Re
- dos suyor
Minnesota
,men
.College 914 8191 454 101 642 633 452 545 7713 1621 456
152 |1,328
749
omen
1,4.College
w25 69 348 494 540 )480
908 5631 12
249 354
33
9
.
Agriculture al 732 3961
.
Architecture 16l 3411
c
Art
.
.
Commerce 636
Dentistry 508
.
Divinity
.Forestry
Graduate
school
n
( on
382
).
professional 40
14
53
40
17
55
75
04
.
Journalism
Law
. 159 .729
218
122 401
+1457 654
1841 2371 1941 130
76
226
31887
240
136
90
349
1
Medicine
. 1
336 1. 131 79
208
180
56 150
86
.Music .
79 ( 8
)111 .91
855
Pedag
. ogy 2661
.,606 (1) 208 3551
1481
181l 97
398
20
Phar macy 72 72
. 420 1761
.sc
Sciho
ent
olifi
s c 1.
634 965 1,284
380
376
344
691 289
Veterinary
medicine
. 120
Other
courses
.
178
252
102
.808
doubl
regist
Deducetra
tratio
. n 156
165
334 13
..
1 .189
145
819
150
79
220
15219
107
110 971 658
Total
N
.1, ov
16584047722
71912 9581
3,29799
66
48
28
12
90
85
05
66
23
88
83
63
74
33
68
92
53
78
57
65
61
481
182
193
.38
session
Summer
469
201
324 75
07
912
31
02
1,3)02365.146
645
486
691
494
24
-640
751
600
78 ,116
9271
257
(5)50 .1,741
registra
double
Deduct
tion
. .
198
266
65
166
158
208
175
67
178
29
146
275
145
500
748
546
403 .
105
164
120
41 . 71
55
total
Grand
9.Nov
05864*79442
958
3,261799
57
12
44
03
20
37
29
15
11
33
70
43
78
41
65
912
51
02
71
49
43
32
68
16
084
1,0
2745429956760-/.Nov 911
8591
781
40
24
07
31
48
39
431
153
353620
24
26
67
38
62
09
48
80
52
655
291 4038
.,23520
55
675
7,24688 7961 174
748.Nov
953169890 453
87
85
971
48
83
69
57
46
39
78
20
910
52
11
59
72
81
43
87
51
473
.7,8253164811
02,54327922 15069.3Nov 18-67 98
20
48
82
121
453
83
76
909
87
58
46
68
32
28
02
51
445
57
43
12
973
8061
,438757
0125361707 166
27.64,531-9.Nov 10
71
16
41
763
042
141
908
51
00
55
132
56
00
86
88
58
44
77
145
424
072
6.Nov
320145694
765
761
,9613 67-70 77
39
60
38
90
19
903
57
37 26
40
464
071
091
212
341
501
133
77
44
882
401
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK ,
simi
and
Extension
lar
courses
. 94894
3 100 31
59
.1,02207
367
114 1305
1044
Inc
.,6207
Oficers
. 442
472
178
206
226
577
771
825
867
337
486 431
595
212
184
100
313
226
265
278
223
540
274
437
381
.1Included
elsewhere ,285
.31
courses
summer
on
inattendance
students
engineering
mines
of
schools
.,acIncludes
subjects
related
hemistry
nd •Exclusive
,w
students
extension
.of
years
inprevious
counted
were
ho
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
Popolatin . . . 91, 972, 266 75 , 994, 575 15, 977 , 691 21. 0
Urse population 42. 623 383 31, 609, 615 11, 013, 738 34. 8
Rural population .. 49, 348, 883 44, 384, 930 4 , 963, 953 11. 2
Sumber of all farmas . . . . 6 , 361, 502 6 , 737, 372 624 , 130 10 . 9
Land area of the country . . . . . . . acres . . 1, 903, 289, 600 1 , 903, 461, 760 - 172, 160
Lage is farsa. . . . . . . . . . acres . . 878, 798, 325 838,591,774 40, 206 , 551
lapoved land in farias . . . . . . . . . . . .acres . . 478, 451,750 414, 498, 457 63, 953, 263 154
Average acreage per farm . . . . . . . . . 138 . 1 146 . 2 - 8. 1 - 5. 5
Avereimproved acreage per farm . .. 75. 2 72. 2 3. 0
Per cettiotal land area in farms . . 46. 2 441
Per cent of land in farths improved . . . . .. 54. 4 49 4
Per cent of total land area improved . 25. 1 21. 8
Valse el farma property , total .. . . . . .. $40 , 991, 449, 090 820 , 439, 901, 164 $ 20 , 551, 547, 926 100 . 5
28, 475 , 674, 169 13, 058, 007, 995 15 , 417, 666 , 174 118. 1
6 , 325 , 451, 528 3,556, 639, 496 2 , 768,812, 032 77. 8
Implegents and machinery . .. . 1, 265, 149, 783 749, 775 , 970 515 , 373, 813 68. 7
Domestic animals, poultry , and bees .. . . . 4 , 925, 173,610 3, 075 , 477, 703 1 , 849,695, 907 60. 1
Avenge value of all property per farm . . . . .. $ 6, 444 $ 3, 563 $ 2 , 881 80. 9
Are value of all property per acre of land in farms. 46 . 64 24. 37 22. 27 91. 4
Average valae of land per acre . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 32. 40 15 . 57 16 . 83 108 . 1
Not including farmsof less than 3 acres which reported the sale of less than $ 500 worth of prod.
beln in the census year.
' Exclusive of Alaska and Hawaii .
Exclusive of Alaska , Hawaii, and Porto Rico .
43
44 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
45
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
Dollars . Dollars.
1899.. 4 ,717 ,000,000 | 1906 . .. . 6 , 764, 000 , 000
1900 . .. 5, 017, 000, 000 1907 . . . . 7 ,488 ,000,000
1901 . .. 5 , 317, 000 , 000 1908 . . . . 7 , 891, 000 , 000
1902.. 6 ,617, 000,000 1909 . 8 ,498 ,000 ,000
1903. . 5 , 887,000 , 000 1910 . 9 ,037,000,000
1904 .. 6, 122, 000, 000 1911 . . . . 8 ,819 ,000 ,000
1905 . .. . . . . . . . . . . 6, 274,000, 000 1912. . -- 9, 299,000,000
WATER WATER
85 - 7 % 24 . 8
WATER WATER
50 . 9 % 7. 6
KOTIDE 2 PROTEID 24
VEAT 3425 FAT 47
CARBONATE
PROTEID 1264 PROTEID 3.6 OF LIME(66AMS.)
MIN .MAT.
0 .59 % MIN0 .MAT
17
NE
MAI
MONT N . DAK .
MINN .
IOWA
NEBR . IO OMIO
INO . 1
COLO
KANS
NN .
Ariz . OKLA
MISS ,
Acres.
Acres. Bushels.
Bushels. Dollars. Cents. Bshls. Dollars.
Corn :
1866 -751. . 32 ,715 ,700 969,947 ,600 454 ,534 ,800 47 . 8 26 . 1 12 . 48
1912 , . . . . 107,083,000 3 , 124,746 ,000 1 ,520 ,454 .000 48 . 7 29 . 2 14 : 20
Wheat :
1866 - 751. . 20 ,470 ,300 244 ,672,300 257 ,586 ,800 108 . 6 11 . 9 12 . 92
1912 . . . 45 ,814 ,000 730 , 267 .000 555 , 280 ,000 76 . 0 15 . 9 12 . 12
Oats :
1866 - 751. . 9 ,746 .000 272 , 992,800 102 ,422,700 37 . 8 28 . 1 10 .62
1912 . . . . . 37 ,917 ,000 1 ,418,337 ,000 452,469,000 31 . 9 37 . 4 11 . 93
Rye :
1866 -751. . 1 ,346 .800 18 , 266 ,600 14 ,559 .000 78 . 1 13 . 6 10 .62
1912 . . . . . 2 , 117 .000 35 ,664 ,000 23,636 ,000 66 . 3 16 . 8 11 . 16
Barley :
1866 -751. . 1 , 196 ,500 26 , 992, 300 21, 382 ,200 79 . 0 22 . 9 18 .09
1912 . . . . . 7 ,530,000 / 223 ,824 ,000 112, 957 ,000 50 . 5 29 . 7 15 . 00
Buckwheat :
1866 -75 ' . . 729, 900 13 , 368 ,8001 9 .735 , 200 72 . 5 18 . 3 13 . 27
1912 . . . . 841,000 19 ,249,000 12 .720 ,000 66 . 1 22 . 9 15 . 12
SK
00
MONT
OREG 00
ON
MINN.
IOA
NO
S . DAK
MICH
200 IOW
NEBR . оно
IND
COLO ,
TENN
ARK ,
Copyright, Munn
THE ENORMOUS CROPS OF 1909.
If piled up in Madison Square the crops of this year would completely swamp the Metro-
poStu tower.
OVER HALF THE CEREAL ACREAGE IN CORN.
In the United States as a whole a little total cereal acreage. In the Pacific states the
wore than one-half of the acreage devoted to acreage of corn is insignificant, and that of
tresis is in corn, a little less than one^fourth barley exceeds that of oats. Corn occupies
in wheat, and slightly less than one-sixth in the leading place in the important cereal-pro
oats In each of the nine divisions, except the ducing regions, but in the New England and
Pacific, the three leading cereals—corn, wheat , Middle Atlantic divisions the first place is held
and oats—occupy, as in the United States at bv oats, and in the Pacific and Mountain
lanje, mucfa more than three-fourths of the divisions by wheat.
48 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
HOLLAND BELGIUM
UNITED STATES
7. 5
INDIA
6 .6 6 , 411 , 000 5 ,000,000 ?
III
MONT, N . DAK
on
MINN .
ID
S . DAK . W15
WYO MICH
.
00
Oo
OO IOWA
DO
NEBR
0 . OMIO
KANS
De
TENN
MEX
SMOS ALAGA
• 430,000 seren TEXAS
. 10,000 to 400,000 acres, ris
200,000 to 300,000 acred
100,000 to 280,000 acres.
O Less than 180 ,000 acres
Ver
The Wheat Crop Would Fill a Trebe 141
Long and 3 y PS Vect.
1980
WATER
CARBOHYDRME ,
CELLULOSE
MlN "' 50".
EXTRAC *
Loss of Constituents on Boiling.
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF CABBAGE AND BREAD.
52 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
The imports of cotton, for the seven amounted to 7,175.001 bales; of this amount
months. Sept. 1912 to March 1913, amounted 2,979,601 were exported to the United King
to 167,749 bales; of this amount 143,710 bales dom; 1,970.519 bales to Germany, 911,100
were imported from Kgypt and 11,989 bales bales to France; 351,487 bales to Italy and
from China. The exports for the same period 903.363 baits to all other countries.
WATER
■PROTEIO
fa r
"ARBOHrDKATE
420
0872612
.1N 1910
,513 32
80
48
60
25
03
23
47
82
1umber
.-95
.Value 4926 99
23
36
06
07
69
,01$23765131
60
93
03
94
74
47
01 1910
N
.- umber ,742119
8524105 48
80
33
09
69
,613
98
.Average
value 1.3$264692 Value
. ,12$835|206300
80
70
83
91
63
88
95
12
22
25
16
40
84
69
44
33
74
07
,8519253,714Farms
reporting .
value
Avera ge 05
08
8$1.050624
9
all
of
cent
Per Farm
repor
. s
ting 43
,9018462769
05
92
14
farms
. .1
83 .8
80 .7
22 .31
37 .
farms
all
of
cent
Per 81
.473
29 0.7
7N
67
617 1900
,51647.111 umber
10
35
83
74
59
34
18
19
33
.-94 1900
N
-. umber 94
,6.32018 65
67
64
15
1,821
620
0011
25
.1 73
,34$05162Value
04
08
71
02
21
76
67
75
33
16
82
28
36
01 Val
. ue 1$5,8025|484 98
17
96
531
22
54
46
11
13
.
value
Average .4$2679106738914681 .valu
Average e .7$61)04.8$511
891000
.repo
Farrtin
ms g ,5364)1484 3
80
52
281
30
all
of
cent
.Per
farms .00
79 25
8. 0.6
v1I186
cattle
$2unclassified
.,70at
74
31
03
ncludes
alued
.
SHEEP
and
Hogs born
Pigs
All
goats .
swine
All pigs
bom
.
kids
and .1
Jan
after
sheep
All and
Rams .1
Jan
before
.
lambs
and
.
Ewes .
Lambs
.wethers
AN1910
).15 umber
(- pril 176
,658
85 134
,035
97 079
,523
51
7,31
981212 47
2
33
61
. 97
Number
2451910
10
49
03
25
15 .Value ,3$ 38
99
08 9,1$35758
52 ,31$ 50
780
Valuo 4$6,13285876
32
60
23
941
55
30
85
64
14 .
value
Avera ge 86.$ 6 .0$102 $2.05
.
Average
value
. 1s 6 $2.35
14$5.02196412 .repor
Farmting
s ,74351 ,34091
92 ,61868
72
82
,7297
861094
1590
78
38
.55
reporting
6Farms
470
26 .
farms
all
of
cent
Per .4
68 3.64 .4
29
.
farms
all
of
cent
Per 9.6 9.3 74. 7.4 1.3 -Nune
1900
1).(J umber ,868
062 41
6,31
875121 03
52
13
57
1umber
37.91900
95
15
46
50
-N99
70 Val
. ue ,09$278
31
Value
. 81288
826
,3$32.04730
70
19
01
16
28
65
03
98
49
61 .valu
Averag
e e $3.69
value
Average 83 Far
repo
. ms
rting 34, 35
63
23
.1$273$1.9787645
.
farms
all
of
cent
Per .6
75
definition
or
subclasses
of
censuses
two
the
preceding
1Fee
.,sat
table 1No
1900
in
classification
age
.
HOMICIDES .
LYNCHINGS 1891 .192 1902 9. 6
violence
personal
by
deaths
of
number
The of
number
aThe
shows
1912
in 1892
lynchings .255 1903 .104
91s52
was
1912
ain
8,2
with
compared
72 compared
b
decrease
,a
67
in
71
with
seing 18
. 93 .200 1904 .87
1911
in
8,9
and
.T75
1910
he
various 19
.T
fo
tab
sh
nu
the
18he ll
94
11
ow
mleow
sing 1. 90 1905 66
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
:
follows
as
were
causes be
ly
of
du
pa
the
ye
1.28 nc
ar
r
ri
89st
5 hi
sngngs .171 190
. 6 60
4,3Infanticide
.1Quarrels
80
58 %oOv
95
ly
oc
thfnc
ecu
in.189er r ngs
6hi .131 .1907 63
171
arrest
Resisting
.2,021
Unnamed .sta
sout tes
hern 1897 100 1908 100
Liquor
.963 In
. sanity 118 1898 127 1909 87
highwaymen
By
367
Riots
. 25 .
1888 142
1899 191
Self .
1885 1. 84 107 . 0
Jealousy
. defense
.903
89 115
Hibwy Strikes .
1886 138 1889 1
. 76 1900 1911 71
killed
men
0
.7Criminal
22
outragen 1887 122 11800 127 11901 .135 1912 67
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
NE
MAI
MOI N
MINN .
C
NY
20
S . DAK .
O MICH
OG
TOWA00
NEBR .
OMIO
O 0 ILLO IND . 57 . Our
W .VA
MO. VA
O OKLA
N . MEX
oa
MISS i
19 . 00 300.000 cattle.
15 ,308 to 150,000 asttle .
50, 00 to 100.000 stude ,
Olethas $9 .000 cattle.
MONT NOA
MINN
OAM
O wis .
5 . DAK ,
MICH .
A IDWA
NEBR . OHIO
IND
COLO
MO
KANS
ART OKLA
MEX
MISS
WAS
H
NDAK
MONT
OREG
ON
MINN
місн .
O NEBR
1 OHIO
UTAN
COLO .
KANS. O MO .
ARIZ COM
ARK ,
O N . MEX .
MISSAL
WA
SH
r n o
ORE
GON
MONT, NDAN
MINN .
po
IOA
S . DAK WIS .
MICH
20
WYO
0
IOWA
NEV NEBR . ONIO O
INO .
CAL
COLO.
MO .
TENN .
OKLA
ARIZ .
N , MEX
MISS ALA .
200,000 sheep TEYA
EIND .
Farmsreporting.
Number of Value. Number of
Per cent fowls. fowls.
Number. of all
farms.
Total 5 , 585,012 88 . 1 295 ,876 , 176 $ 153, 394 , 142 250,623 , 354
blekens. . 5 ,577 , 218 88. 0 280, 340 ,643 140, 192 , 912 233, 566, 021
urkeys .. . . . . 852, 679 13. 4 3 , 688 , 688 6 , 605 , 640 6 ,594,695
teks . 503,673 7. 9 2 , 904, 359 1 , 566 , 176 4, 785 ,850
661, 189 10 . 4 4 , 431, 623 3 , 192, 861 5 , 676, 788
8
Does low 339, 922 5. 4 1 , 765 , 033 613, 282
sons. 99, 409 1. 6 2 , 730 , 996 762, 372
Lother 2 ,005 14, 834 460 , 899
Included with chickens. ; Not reported . 3 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
NE
MAI
MONT
ORE
GON
MINN
WIS .
MICH
IOWA
NEBR .
IND .
UTAN
OLO ooooo
.
KANS.
OOOOO
OKLA ,
N . MER 00
MISS
00
1,000,000 bowis EXAS
180,000 to 1, 000 ,000 fowls 0000
CUTS OF MEAT.
The method of dividing up the car on this account the character of the
cassed of slaughtered animals varies cuts of beef, veal, pork and mutton
considerably in different localities. In is shown in the diagrams given on
order that "there may be no confusion page 62.
THE FUNCTIONS AND USES OF FOODS.
BY C. F. LANGWORTIIY, PH. D.
Office of Experiment Stations.
In this article a number of the meat and fish, the white and yolk of
terms used in discussing food are de eggs, wheat flour, etc. The edible por
fined and some of the principles tion consists of water and nutritive
of nutrition are briefly stated. ingredients, or nutrients. The nutri
The average composition of a tive ingredients are protein, fats, car
number of the more common bohydrates and mineral matters.
American foods is quoted as well as The water, refuse, and salt of salt
ihe commonly accepted dietary stand ed meat and fish are called non-nutri
ards. With the aid of such data, the ents. In comparing the values of dif
nutritive value of any given diet may ferent food materials for nourishment
be computed and its comparative value they are left out of account.
ascertained. USE OF NUTRIENTS.
Ordinary food materials, such as
meat, fish, eggs, potatoes, wheat, etc., Food is used in the body to build
consist of : and repair tissue and to furnish en
Refuse.—As the bones of meat and ergy. The manner in which the valu
fish, shells of shellfish, skins of pota able constituents are utilized in the
toes, bran of wheat, etc. body may be expressed in tabular form
Edible Portion.—As the flesh of as follows :
2009
54 . 0 16 . 5 16 . 1
09
Sirloin steak . . . . 12 . 8 985
04.1
Neck . . . . . . 31 . 2 45 . 3 14 . 2 9. 2 650
Ribs . . . . 20 . 1 45 . 3 14 . 4 20 . 0 1 ,110
Rib rolls. 64 . 8 194 . 15 . 5 1 ,015
Round.. .. 8.5 62 . 5 192 . 9 .2 745
Rump. 19 . 0 46 . 9 15 . 2 18 . 6 1 ,065
Shank , fore. .. 38 . 3 43 . 2 13 . 2 5 2 465
Shoulder and clod 17 . 4 57 . 0 16 . 5 8.4 660
Fore quarter. . . . . 20 . 6 49 . 5 14 . 4 15 . 1 905
Hind quarter . . . . 16 . 3 52. 0 16 . 1 15 . 4 950
Beef, corded , cann
Corned beef. . . . . . .. 8. 4 49. 2 14 . 3 23. 8 4 .6 | 1 ,271
Tongue , pickled . . . 6 .0 59 . 9 11. 9 19 . 2 4.3 1 .030
Dried , salied , and smoked . 4 .7 53.7 26 . 4 8 .9 780
Canned boiled beef. . . 51 8 25 . 5 1.3 1 ,425
Canned corned beef. . 51. 8 26 . 3 4 .0 1, 280
Veal: COON 635
Breast . . . 23 . 3 52. 5 15 . 7 .8
11 . 7 63. 4 18 . 3 1. 0 585
leg, . . 63 . 3 1. 0 690
Leg cutlets . 3. 4 20 . 1
Fore quarter . . 24 . 5 54 . 2 15 . 1 6 .0 535
Hind quarter . . 20 . 7 56 . 2 16 . 2 6 .6 580
Mutton :
Flank . . 9. 9 39. 0 13 . 8 36 . 9 1 ,815
Leg, hind. . . 17 . 7 51. 9 15 . 4 14 . 5 900
Shoulder . . . 22 . 1 46 . 8 13 . 7 17 . 1 975
Fore quarter. 21 . 2 41 . 6 12 . 3 24 . 5 1,265
Hind quarter , without tallow . 19 . 3 43 3 13 . 0 24 . 0 1 ,255
Lamb :
Breast . 19 . 1 45 . 5 15 , 4 19 . 1 1 .090
Leg , hind. 13 . 8 50 . 3 16 . 0 19 . 7 1, 130
Pork , fresh : 48 . 5
Flank . . . 18 . 0 15 . 1 18 . 6 1 ,065
Ham . . . . 10 . 3 45 . 1 14 . 3 29 . 7 . .8 1 ,520
Loin chops. . 19 . 3 40 . 8 13 . 2 26 . 0 1 .340
Shoulder . . . . 12 . 4 44 . 9 12 . 0 29 . 8 1 ,480
Tenderlo . .. 66 . 5 18 . 9 13 . 0 1.0 900
Pork , saltedin, cured , and pickled :
Ham , smoked . . . . 12 .2 35 . 8 14 . 5 33.2 4. 2 1.670
18 . 9 30 . 7 12 . 6 33 . 0 5.0 1 ,625
Shoulder, smoked . . 3. 9
Salt pork . . . 7. 9 1. 9 86 . 2 3 ,670
Bacon , smoked . . . . . . . . 18 . 4 9.5 59 . 4 4 .5 2 ,685
susage :
Bologna . . . 3 .3 55 . 2 18 . 2 19 . 7 3 .8 1 . 170
Farmer . . . 3 . 9 22 . 2 27 . 9 40 . 4 7. 3 2 , 225
Frankfort. . . . 57 . 2 19 . 6 18 . 6 3. 4 1, 170
Soups :
Celery , cream of. . . . . . . 83. 6 2. 1, 2 .8 5.0 1.5 250
Beef . . 92 . 9 4.4 1. 1 1. 2 120
Mest stew 84 . 5 4 .6 4. 3 5 .5 11 370
Tomato . . 90 . 0 1. 8 1. 1 5 .6 1.5 185
Poultry :
Chicken , bro 41 . 6 43 . 7 12 . 8 295
Fowls.. . 25 . 9 47 . 1 13 . 7 12 . 3 775
Goose . . . . . 17 . 6 38 . 5 13 . 4 1,505
Turkey . . . . . . . 22 . 7 42 . 4 16 . 1 1 ,075
Fish :
Cod, dressed . . .. . . . 29 . 9 58 . 5 11 . 1 215
Halibut, steaks or sections. . . . 17 . 7 61 . 9 15 . 3 470
44 . 7 40 . 4 10 . 2 365
Mackerel, whole. . . . . . . 35 . 1 50 . 7 12 . 8 265
Perch , yellow , dressed .
Shad , whole . . 50 1 35 . 2 9.4 380
Shad , roe . . . . 71, 2 20 . 9 2.6 600
Fish , salt : Cod . . 1 24. 9 40 . 2 19 . 0 1 18 . 5 315
64 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF AMERICAN FOOD PRODUCTS—Continued.
Ref Water. Pro Car
Food Materials (as purchased). use. tein'. Fat. bohy
drates
Fish, canned: Per Ct. Per Ct, Per Ct PerCt. PerCt Per Ct.
Salmon 5.0 50.8
i14.2 19.5 7.5 2.0
Sardines 53.6 23.7 12.1 5.3
Shellfish:
Oysters
sters, "solids" 88.3 6.0 1.3 3.3
Clams. . 80.8 10.6 1.1 5.2
Crabs. . 52.4 36.7 7.9 .9 .6
Lobsters. . 61.7 30.7 5.9 .7 .2
Eggs: Hens' _ Ml. 2 65.5 11.9 9.3
Dairy products, etc.:
Butter 11.0 1.0 85.0
Whole milk 87.0 3.3 4.0 5.0
Skim milk 90.5 3.4 .3 5.1
Buttermilk 91.0 3.0 .5 4.8
Condensed milk 26.9 8.8 8.3 54.1
Cream 74.0 2.5 18.5 4.5
Cheese, Cheddar. 27.4 27.7 36.8 4.1
Cheese, full cream 34.2 25.9 33.7 2.4
Vegetable Food.
Flour, meal, etc. :
Entire-wheat flour 11.4 13.8 1.9 71.9
Graham flour 11.3 13.3 2.2 71.4
Wheat flour, patent roller process-
High-grade and medium 12.0 11.4 1.0 75.1
Low grade 12.0 14.0 1.9 71.2
Macaroni 78.4 3.0 1.5 15.8
Crushed wheat 10.1 11.1 1.7 75.5
Buckwheat flour 13.6 6.4 77.9
Com meal 12.5 9.2 75.4
Oatmeal 7.3 16.1 67.5
Rice 12.3 8.0 79.0
Tapioca 11.4 .4 88.0
Starch 90.0
Bread, pastry, etc. :
White bread 35.3 9.2 1.3 53.1
Brown bread 43.6 5.4 1.8 47.1
Graham bread 35.7 8.9 1.8
Whole-wheat bread 38.4 9.7 .9
Rye bread. 35.7 9.0 ,fi
Cake 19.9 6.3 9.0
Cream crackers 6.8 9.7 12.1
Oyster crackers 4.8 11.3 10.5
Soda crackers 5.9 9.8 9.1
Sugars, etc.:
Molasses 25.1 2.4
Candy
Honey 3 18.2 nl
Sugar, granulated 11)0
Maple sirup 71
Vegetables :*
Beans, dried 12.6 22.5 1.8 59.6
Beans, Lima, shelled 68.5 7.1 .7 22.0
Beans, string 7.0 83.0 2.1 .3 6.9
Beets 20.0 70.0 1.3 .1 7.7
Cabbage 15.0 77.7 1.4 .2 4.8
Celery ■ 20.0 75.6 .1 2.6
Corn, green (sweet), edible portion. 75.4 1.1 19.7
Cucumbers 15.0 81.1 .2 2.6
Lettuce 15.0 80.5 1.0 .2 2.5
Mushrooms 88.1 3 5 .4 6.8
Onions 10.0 78.9 1.4 .3 8.9
Parsnips 20.0 66.4 1.3 .4 10.8
Peas (Pijuro sativum), dried 9.5 24.6 1.0 62.0
1 Refuse, oil. 2 Refuse, shell.
3 Contained on an average cane sugar 2.8 and reducing sugar 71.1 per cent. The reducing
sugar was composed of about equal amounts of glucose (dextrose) and fruit sugar (levulose).
4 Such vegetables as potatoes, squash, beets, etc., have, a certain amount of inedi"
material,beskin,
cannot seeds, etc.
accurately The amount
estimated. The varies
figureswith
giventhefor
method
refuseofofpreparing
vegetables,the fruits,
vegetables,
re a
sumed to represent approximately the amount of refuse in these foods as ordinarily f
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 65
The total quantity and value of the products of the fisheries of the United States including
the items mentioned above and all other fish products was 1,893 ,454,000 pounds, valued at
$54,031,000 . No later figures are available at time of publication . In many cases there
was an increase , in other cases a decrease .
.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
CANTONESTS
WCST FORESTS
CASTCRN
TORUST
COAST
PACIFIC
Un NORTHERN
FOREST
FOR
MOUNTAIN
ROCKY SO
MARDWOOD
CENTRAL
UITINE
FOREST
SOUTHERN
CA
TROPICAL
FOREST
OF
STATES
UNITED
THE
.FORESTS
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
NATIONAL MONUMENTS .
States and names. | Date created. Area. States and names. Date created. Area .
1 Estimated area .
? Under jurisdiction of Department of Agriculture.
3 Based on 15 known ruins, within Indian reservation ,
According to second proclamation .
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 69
Pulp Wood : 1911. beech , 44,320 cords; slabwood , etc., 280 ,534
The total consumption of pulp wood in the cords; all other, 186,783 cords.
United States in 1911 amounted to 4 , 328 , 052 The production of air-dry pulp in 1911
ords, with 268 active mills. The kinds of amounted to 2,686,134 tons, exceeding the
pood consumed follows: Spruce, domestic , output in 1910 by 152, 158 tons, or 6 per cent.
1,612 ,355 cords; spruce, imported , 903,375 The method of manufacture was distributed
ords; bemnlock , 616 ,663 cords; poplar, as follows: Mechanical, 1 ,229,719 tons ;
lomestic and imported , 368, 224 cords; sulphite , 1 , 126 ,496 tons; soda , 317 ,764 tons ;
balsam fir, 191,779 cords; pine, 124 ,019 cords; sulphate, 12, 155 tons.
usapulainen
u
m
u
v
V
2
t
WI
li
Ku
Ben
10
W
e
n
n
LEGEND :
Absolute Forest Land
I ntermediate between Agricultur
and ForestLand
Agricultural Land
Gazing Land
Barran Land
s Toral
INCHES
IN
DLAMETER INCHES
.IN
DIAMET ER
16 8
LEFROLE 10 12 14 16
.
FEET
BOARD FEET
BOARD
.
Scribners 114 213 657 710
1.008
.
Dogte 194 .1158
.3!Dogle
Scribner
and 730 023 A1. s
.
Maine
or
Holland 179 706
.5Humpbrey
Vermont
or 130
137 183 KI
697
River
C.7! umberland 190 372 427 .5
48 048
H
8. anns 213 570 656 741 01.60
110
9.Spaulding 101 216 978 748 845 850 1,061
10
Favorite
. 142 102 725 845 020
150 200 248
Baxter
.11 117 250 305 800 504 065 754 848
.
Baxter
and
Doyie
12 100 190 256 305 360 504 665 751
-fourths
three
of
Square
.13 192 865 433 307 888 675 768 867 073
130 192 300 684 768
-thirds
two
or
Square
.14 936 285 605
Herring
.15 107 183 284 485 867 655 857
230 840
.
Dusenberry
16 100 136 170 90 285 346 414 487 867 841 2945
River
Orange 104 136 218 308 800 480 016 692 769
733383225571E7E28
Chapin
. 112 186 874 468 563 666 717 883 1,027 1161
Northwestern 117 170 206 393 450 636 632 725 815 920 1,037
Derby
. 148 195 248 248 077
307 868 438 813 080 873
Partridge
. 140 180 236 486 005
179 288 850 416
.
Parsons 100 140 438 500 600 705
Ropp
. 100 157 211 866
272 830 418 403 579 672 880
.
Stillwell 96 133 170 225 833 688
'srotary
.Baughinap
saw 105 115 193 244 261 320 885
310 457 810 633 722 832 934 1
'sband
.Baughman
saw 112 136 200 270
.Saco
River 147 192 340 417 )
600 600 686 700 1.02211.162
108
Ballon
. 79 170 200 802 860 436 513 890 071
Wilson
. 101 144 184 244 20
Wilcox
. 180 306 874 629 616 81
101 883
.
Warner 89 128 102 240 11
373 446 013 673
02
Boynton
. 170 216 203 316
258 872 131 400 560
-five
.Forty 125 168 200 332 384 450 622
White
. 161 214 278 341 418 198 100 601 803 028 01, 68
.
Apgar
and
Finch 112 157 203 402 492 678 649 738 797
Constantine
. 213 268 339 288 100
318 474 682 624 733 810
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAV REFERENCE BOOK .
.
Ake 128 167 212 416 8071 708 042 1,072 3
.1 101
301
.
Quebec 80 120 213 201 377
310 612 000
.
Columbia
British 119 100 207 347
.
Brunswick
New 84 20
International 130 170 2:0 261 886
320 036
., 105 150 200
Champlain
. 23 302
193 . . . .
.
Clement 820 300 648 748 NVO 1.08
Click
14 131 175 308 376 AM 020 714
91 179 NIA ,01 38 1.180
173 282 348 471 000 710 001 1,074
BOARD
.
FEET BOARD
.
FEET
Scr
. ibner ,21 04 13, 43 1,480
Do
. yl e 1,296 14, 44 1,600 1.936 2.304 2,500 2,916 1
3. 36
an
.Scr
Doyl
dibn
e er 1,204 ,1343 ,41 80
or
.Ma
Hollinan
e d 1,261 1,401 1,523 701 1.848
+
Ve
or
Hurm
mpon
hrtey
Ba
. ngor
Ri
Cu
. ve
mbrerland 759 835 918 0
,1 03 1,092
.Hanna ,21 00 13, 33 1,477 ,1616 1,765 1,930
00 . 1
.Spaulding 1,185 1,312 1,448 1,581 ,71 24 1,872 2,524 7
2, 01
10 Fav
.. orite 1,160 ,1266 1,402 1,546 1,696
.Baxter
an
.Ba yl
Doxt e
d er
thr
fof
-. our
Sq eeths
ua re
t-of
Sqtw
. hir
ua odsre 946 ,01 45 1.146 253 3,1 65
.Herring 1,067 1,176
16 .Dusenberry 1,054 ,11 70
17 .Riv
Oranerge 853
Ch
. apin 1,296 .4
1 37 5
.1 77 ,71 21 1,865 0
,2 16 2,160
.Northwestern 1,160 2
1, 66 1,546 1.696
.Derby
Partridge
Par
. sons
.Ropp 11 2,643
.Stillwell
w.'srBa
sa ug
ota ryhman 732 2,041 ,22 06 2,396 2,590 7
,2 64 2.898
sawBa
.'sb anug d hman 1,582 745 ,9
1 00 2,089 2,270 2,449 2,636 2,841 3,073 3,265
.Ri
Sacve
or
Bal
. lon
.Wilson
W. ilcox 1,120
.
Warner
.
Boynton
-five
.Forty
White
.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
Finch
.and
Apgar 1
1, 81 ,584
Constantine
. 1,671 18, 46 2.026 ,22 15 2,617
Ake
.
38 Quebec
. ,11 73 12. 67
British
.Columbia 1,129 1,249 1,376 15, 08 1,647 9,1 42 2,431 08
40 New
Brunswick
.
International
. 1,345 1,90 1,635 ,1790 ,91 55 2,125 32, 00 2,485 2,675 2,870 3,075
Champlain
. 1,287 14, 22 ,51 64 1,711 1,866 ,02 28 2,196 ,32 71 ,62 53 ,72 41 2,936
13 .
Clement 1, 93 13, 19 1,451 15, 89 1,734 1,884 2,042 2,205 2,375 2,550 2,733
.Click 1,200 ,1327 ,71 47 2,059
73
POTTERY
TERRA COTTA
FIRE BRICK
OOFING
TIREPR
VITATIEBRICK
South
Plai
Atlantio and Gulf Coastal
n.
Age of man . . . . . . . .. Quatermary . Recent Pleistocene . . Columbia loam and gravel
Pliocene ( Lafayette gravel
.... Shell Creek limestone,
Cenozoic ( Caloosa batchee limestone
Miocene Chesapeake sands.
Age of mammals. . .... (Tertiary Oak Grove beds.
Oligocene Chipola group
Chattaboochee beds,
Vicksburg limestone.
Jackson clays.
Eocene Claiborn limestone .
Hatchetigbee class .
Midway limestone.
METALS .
Pigiroa (spot value) . . . . . . .long tons . . 27 , 303 , 567 $ 425, 115, 235
Silver, commercial value . . . . . . . troy ounces. . 57, 137 ,900 30 , 854, 500
Gold , eoining valuie . . . . . 4 .657 ,018
. . . . . . . do. . 96 , 269, 100
Coppar, value at New York City . pounds. . 1 ,080 , 159, 509 137, 180 , 257
Lead , valge at New York City . short tons. . 372, 227 32 ,755, 976
Zine, value at St. Louis . . . . . . . . do . . . . 252 , 479 27 , 267 ,732
Quicksilver , value at San Francisco . . . . . . . Glasks. 20 , 601 958, 153
Aluminum . . . .. . . . . pounds . 47, 734, 000 8 ,955 , 700
Antimonial lead . . . .short tons . . 14 , 069 1 , 338, 090
pounds. . 23, 447
Platinum ,value atNew York City . . ..troy ounces. .
272
25, 277
Total value ofmetals . . . . . . 760 , 743, 467
NONMETALS (SPOT VALUE ).
Bituminous coal. .. . short tons. 417; 111, 142 469, 281,719
Pennsylvania anthracite long tong . . 75 , 433 , 246 160, 275, 302
Natural gas. 70 , 750 , 158
Petroleum barrels . . 209,556,048 127 , 896 ,323
Peat . . . . ..
140 , 209
Clay products . 170, 115, 974
Cerpent barrels . . 77 , 785 , 141 68 ,732 ,092
Lime .. . . . . . . short tons. 3 , 481, 780 13 , 894, 962
Sasd (molding, building, etc. ) and grave
Sand ime brick
. . . . . . .do . . . . 66 , 949 , 347 19,520 , 919
- ... 1 , 169 , 153
Slate . .
6 , 236 , 759
Stone . 76 ,520 ,554
Corundum and emery . . . . . short tons. 1,028 15 , 077
Carnet for abrasive purposes . . . . . . . . . . do . . . . 3 , 814 113, 574
Grindstones . . . . . . . 796 , 294
Infusorial earth and tripoli . . . . short tons. . 130 , 006
Millstones . . . . 29 , 217
Ottoces , etc. 229 , 694
Pamice . . . . . short tons . . 23, 271 94 , 943
Anenious oxide. . . . pounds. . 2 , 994, 000 52 , 305
Borax ( crude) . .. short tons. . 42, 357 1 , 201, 542
Bromine . . . . . - pounds. 245 , 137 41, 681
crisis
69 , 127
Gypsum . . . . . . . do . . .. 2 , 379, 057 6 ,523,029
Lithium minerals ,
tin
. . do . . .
Phosphate rock long tons. . 2 ,65 1, 985 10 , 917, 000
Pyrite . . . .. . . .. do . .. . 238 , 154 958, 608
Sulphur . . . . . .do . . . . 255, 534 4 ,605, 112
Salt . .. . . barrels . . 30, 305 ,656 7 , 900 ,314
Barytes (crude ) short tons . 42 , 975 121, 746
Mineral paints . . . . do . . . 85 , 085 2 , 174, 735
Zinc oxide . . . . do . . . . 59, 333 5 , 325 ,636
Asbestos . . . . . .do . . . 3 , 693 68, 357
Asphall. . . . . . .do. . . . 260 ,080 3 ,080 ,067
Bausite .. . long tons, 118. 932 716 , 258
Chromie iron ore . . . .do . . . 205 2 ,729
Feldspar . .. short tons . 81. 102 502, 452
Foller's earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .do 32 , 822 293, 709
Gemsand precious stones 295 , 797
Glass and . .
short tons . . 1 , 461, 089 1 ,510 ,711
Graphite ( crystalline ) .. . pounds 5 , 590 ,592 295 , 783
Graphite (amorphous) . short tonis . 35 , 945 81, 443
Magnesite . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . do. . . 12 , 143 74 ,658
Manganese ore . . . . long tony 2 , 258 22, 892
Manganilerous ore . . . . . . . . . . . do CI, 101 156 , 765
Mies (sheet ) . . . . . . . pounds . . 2 , 476 , 190 283, 832
Mira (scrap ) . . . . . . . . short tons. . 4 , 065 53, 205
Mineral waters . gallone sold 62. 030 , 125 6 , 357, 590
Quartz . .
. short tons 63, 577 193, 757
Talc and soapstone . . . . , . . .do . . . 79 ,006 8644 , 213
Tale , fibrous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . do . . . 71. 710 728 , 180
Thorium minerals (mona pounds . 99, 301 12 , 006
Titanium ore (rutile ) . . . . . . . . .do. 5656 44 , 450
Tungsten ore .. . .
um minerals . . short tons . 1 , 821 807, 307
Uranium and vanadium minerals ... . . . . . . do . . . . . .
TRANSVAAL
£29.973,115 UNITED STATES
AUSTRALIA
£18, 583, 253 £13, 107,414 (RUSSIA )
15,752,356
AUSTRALIA
CANADA
Mexico
£160496
UNITED
BOLIVIA
STATES
,3
19
850
1,$ 013
£560
PERU
,719
4
He
JAPAN
,000
£432
SPAIN
£400
,000
65
6, 18
7
,000
718 12
7£
,1fil
2
9 29
f,1 51
North America :
Canada . . . . 239, 324 231,6:23 187,507 156 ,250
Cuba a 936, 132 1,462, 498 1, 103, 714 1, 597, 797
Mexico . . .
Newfoundland . 1, 004,050 " 1. ios. 762
United States . 51, 291, 271 57,014, 906 43, 876, 552 55, 150, 147
Europe:
Austria - Hungary . 4 , 503 , 768 1,592,372
Belgium . . 196 , 565 121 , 024
France . 11, 702,756 14, 375 , 984
29 . IN . ST2
German Empire and Luxem 25, 102,819 29, 257 , 579
Greece . . . . . . 469, 120 527, 040
Italy . . . . . . 497 , 141 542 , 578
Norway . . . 39, 753 100 , 834
Portugal. . . 3 , 307
Russia c . . (0 )
Spain . . . . 8,647 ,6:58
Sweden , 3, 824, 562 5 , 465, 234
United Kingdom 14, 804, 382 15,226 ,015
Asia :
China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 300 ,000 €130 , 472
India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 , 620
Japan 1 . . . . . .
83 , 456
Chosen (Korea ) . . . . . . 90, 569 104,627
Philippine Islands . . . . er 230 145
Africa :
Algeria . 876 , 969 1 , 048 , 229
Madagascar . . (6 ) (A )
Natal . . . . . . . . . . ..... .. .
214, 815 327, 756
Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... .. 115, 835 137, 821
"
Russia produced 2 ,561,121 long tons of pig irop in 1909, and 2,936 .024 tons in 1910 .
• Statistics not yet available. d Output of Tayeh mines. Exports,
Japan produced 53 ,338 long tons of pig iron in 1909 , and 66 . 131 tons in 1910 .
Estimated by Bureau of Science of Philippine Islands for 1900 to 1911 from casting produced , and by
U . S . Ceological Survey for 1912 on same basis
A Nearly 8 tons of iron (metal) produced in 1910.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . 81
ti
11
UDL
. IN
GERMANY UNITED KINGDOM FRANCE RUSSIA
UNITED STATES
12 ,671, 791 10 , 114 , 281 3 .590 , 200 2 ,768,190
IRON .
A YEAR' S PRODUCTION
(in tons.)
COPPER
The production of copper in 1911 was copper producing countries of the world , for
1,097 ,232.749 pounds fine, valued at the year 1911. United States, 1,097,232 ,749
$137,151,092 as against 1 ,080 , 159,509 pounds, pounds ; Mexico , 125 ,000 ,820 pounds; Japan
valged at $ 137 . 180 , 257 , in 1910 . The in 123 ,237 , 140 pounds ; Spain and Portugal,
crease by decades in the production of copper 116 .843,800 pounds; Australia , 93,695,500
is shown as follows : 1845, 224 ,000 pounds; pounds; Chile , 66 , 358 ,460 pounds; Russia ,
1855 , 6 ,720 ,000 pounds ; 1865 , 19 .040 ,000 57,319,600 pounds; Peru , 57,099, 140 pounds;
poands; 1875 , 40 ,320 , 000 pounds; 1885 , Canada, 55,848,665 pounds; Germany,
165,875,766; 1895 , 380 ,613,404 pounds; 1905 , 49 , 162,580 pounds.
898,784 ,267 pounds; 1911, 1 ,097 , 232,749
pounds. Considerable copper was reported
by the mines, from ores mined primarily for rapport 2
otber metals, and in all 263,647. 58 fine ounces
of cold and 16 ,759 ,638 fine ounces of silver
Fete obtained from ores in which copper was
the principal constituent. RO
COAL.
During the year 1910 there were 342,969,- During the year 1911 there were 172,585
220 short tons of bituminous coal and men employed in the anthracite coal mines of
73,623,227 short tons of Pennsylvania anthra Pennsylvania. They worked on an average
cite, or a total of 416,592,447 short tons of of 246 days out of the year. The average
eotl loaded at the mines for shipment ; production per man in 1911 was 524 short tons
12.286.851 short tons of bituminous and and the average daily tonnage per man was
2.020,572 short tons of anthracite, or 14,307,- 2.13 tons. In the bituminous fields there
423 tons in all sold to local trade or used by were 549,750 men employed during the year
employees; 9,667,621 tons of bituminous and 1911 and they worked on an average of 211
S.S4 1,437 tons of anthracite, or a total of days. The average production per man in
1*.50©,058 tons in all used at the mines for the bituminous mines was 738 tons and the
•team and heat; there were 52,187,450 short average daily tonnage per man was 3.5 tons.
toos of bituminous coal made into coke during During the year 1911 there were 3,553,999
thr year. Thus a total quantity of 417,111,- long tons of anthracite coal with a value of
112 short tons of bituminous coal and S18.093.285, and 13,878,754 long tons of
H.4*5.236 tons of anthracite coal were pro bituminous, valued at S34.499.989, exported
cured during the year. The total value of from the United States. The anthracite im
the coal produced was S629.557.021, of which ports amounted to 2,463 long tons, valued at
1459.231.719 was for the bituminous coal and S12.550 and the bituminous and shale im
tl'iO,275,302 for the Pennsylvania anthracite. ports to 1,234,998 long tons, valued at S3,-
The average price per ton of bituminous coal 004,797.
«"M 81.12 per ton and for Pennsylvania an- Since 1899, the United States has ranked
tSiracite SI .90 per ton The average num first in the coal producing nations of the world
ber of men employed in the mines was 725,030. and Great Britain has ranked second. In
In 1911 there were 418.920,169 tons of coal 1911 the United States produced 496,221,168
kaiied at the mines for shipment; 15,530,992 short tons of coal; Great Britain, 304,518,927
ton.* sold to local trade and used by em tons; Germany, 258,223,763 tons; Austria-
ployees; 19,552,840 tons used at the mines for Hungary, 53,626,639 tons; France, 43,375,550
steam and heat; and 42,217,167 made into tons; Russia and Finland, 25,570,053; and
coke; thus the total production of coal for the Belgium, 25,490,842. The grand total pro
year was 496,221,168 short tons, of which duction of coal in the world for 1911 amounted
amount 405,757,101 tons were bituminous to 1,303,763,496 tons.
cwl and 90,464,067 tons were Pennsylvania A summary of strikes in the coal mines of
anthracite. The total value, at an average the United States shows that there were dur
price of Sl-26 per ton, was S626.366.876. ing the year 1911, 35,513 men idle, in the
The average number of days the mines were bituminous mines, for an average of 27 days.
•ftiTe was 220 and the average number of In the anthracite region operations were con
ployeea 722,335. tinued without serious trouble.
Fatal accidents.
Cause.
N'unilwr. Per cent
of total:
Fill of coal 2 722 m.a
F*l of roof, slat*, etc i, SM 31. S
Filing into shafts 3ii0 2.0
- il'ng Into stapes, manways, etc 125 .7
Mo* cut 2,214 12.0
Oatsde cars •r> 2. »>
Maun „ 3D
EipMoos:
DlBlOTRlS 14.0
Powder or dynamite l».S 5.3
Blast 7!>3 4.3
Other, not spectOeil 2"12 1.(1
I "naj machinery 332 1.8
Una 73 I
AtptyitaUon 271 15
EWracnttorf 103 1.0
Raucous 1, 1ID5 CO
Total 18,340 | 100.0
F. L. Hoffman in Bulletin of Bureau of Labor.
84 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
Fatal accidents.
**
Molo . . 73
Asphyxiation . . . . 271 30
Electrocution . . . 193 35
Miscellaneous . . 1, 105 2 . 02
Total . . . . . . . 33 . 60
18, 346
TATAL ACCIDENT RATE PER 1 ,000 EMPLOYEES AND NUMBER OF LIVES LOST
PER MILLION TONS MINED IN NORTH AMERICA , BY STATES
AND PROVINCES , 1866 TO 1908 .
ต่งเร่ง่ล่ล่ล่ddeos
Fatal accidents.
Years Lives lost
Tons of coal Employees . per 1,000 ,000
State or Province . consid
ered . produced Per 1, 000 tons of coal
Number . em mined .
ployees .
Year Date Name of Mine, or Lives Year. Date Name of mine , or Lives
locality and State lost locality and State lost
1910 Oct. 3 . . . Roslyn mine, Wash ... 1911 | Apr. 24 . Elk Garden , W . Va
1910 Oct. 8 . . . Stark ville , Colo . . . . . . 1911 July 13 . Sykesville , Pa . . . .
1910 Nov . 6 . . . Lawson mine , Wash . . 1911 Nov . 18 Bottom Creek mine,
1910 Nov . 8 . Victor American , Colo W . Va . . .. . . .. . . . .
1910 Nov . 2 5 . Providence, Ky . . . 1911 Dec. 9 . .. Cross Mountain mine ,
1910 Dec . 14 . | Leyden , Colo . . . Tenn . . . . . . . . . ..
1910 Dec, 31 Lick Fork mine , W . 1912 Mar . 20 . San Boise mine , Okla .
Va . . . . . . . . . . .. 10 1912 Mar. 26 . Jed , W . Va . . . . ....
1911 | Feb . 9 Cokedale mine , Colo . 7 1912 June 18 .. ! Hastings , Colo .
1911 Apr . 7 .. Prince -Pancoast mine , 1912 July 24 . . Superba mine. Pa . . 15
Pa . . . . . . . .. . . . 73 | 1912 Aug . 13. . Abernant, Ala .
1911 | Apr . 8 . Bander mine , Ala . . 128 i 1913 | May 19 . . Belle Valley , Ohio . . . 13
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . 87
PRICE OF COAL.
vvvvvvvvvv
(Sources : Anthracite, for shipment beyond the Delaware Capes, American Iron and Steel Associa
tion ; bituminous, Saward ' s Coal Trade Journal. )
digiciciciciciniai
Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars.
4 . 49 3 . 894 1874 . 4 . 55 4 . 50 1893 . 3 . 90 12. 40
cô
có
4 . 11 8 . 75 1875 . 4 . 39 4 . 35 1894 . 12. 25
3 . 87 4 . 28 1876 . 3 . 87 3 . 87 1895 12. 00
3 . 43 3. 70 1877 . 2 .59 3 . 15 1896 . 2 2. 28
3 . 25 3 . 63 1878 3. 22 2. 86 1897 . " 1. 80
XPS
3 . 40 3 .49 2 . 70 2. 79 1898 . 31. 60
3 . 39 3 . 44 1880 . 4 . 63 3 .75 1899 .
4 . 14 4 . 23 1881 . A. 3 .75 1900 . .
6 . 06 5 . 57 1882 3 . 50 1901.
6 . 84 1883 . 4. 64 2 . 90 1902 .
06
7 . 57 1884 4 . 42 2 . 50 1903 .
5 . 94 1885 . 4 . 10 2 . 25 1904 .
4 . 97 1886 4 . 00 2. 10 1905 .
4 . 71 1887 . 4. 05 3 . 45 1906 . . .
4 . 97 1888 4.21 12. 60 1907 . .
4 . 39 4 . 72 1889. . 4 .04 12.60 1908 . . . 2 . 70
4 . 46 4 .72 1890 . 3 . 921 12. 60 1909 . .
3 . 74 4 . 66 1891 . 3 . 85 12. 60 1910 . . . 60
4 . 27 4 . 84 1892 . 3 . 97 12. 50 1911 . . . 2 .
ALASKA
WYOMING 8 .300 sq.mi.
MONTANA 19.900 . sq.mi
* 7.200 sq.mi INDIANA
7 .290 sq .mi.
W . VIRGINIA
17 .000 39 .mi. UTAH
4 :580 sq.mi.
TEXAS
*7.300 sq.mi. KENTUCKY
TENNESSEE
4 ,400 sq. m . . .
16 .670 sq.mi.
S .DAKOTA
2 .400 39.mi.
ILLINOIS IND. TERR . VIRGINIA
35,600 sq.mi. 14 .850 sq. mi. 2.120 sq.mi.
ARKANSAS
1. 730 39.mi .
PENNSYLVANIA WASHINGTON
14 ,680 sq .mi.
N . DAKOTA 1 .100 sq .mi.
O
35 .500 59 . mi N .CAROLINA
NEW MEXICO 800 59 .mi.
2
13 500 sq .mi.
MARYLAND
MISSOURI 510 sq mi:
OHIO
23.000 sq . m 12 ,660 sq.mil CALIFORNIA
280 39.mi.
COLORADO OREGON
TOWA 11.600 sq.mi 230 sq .mi.
20,000 sq.mi GEORGIA
MICHIGAN 170 sq . m
1 , 300 sq .mi.
KANSAS IDAHO
20.000 sq.mi. 140 sq.mi.
ALABAMA
3 , 430 59 .mi.
1911
CMHAIBRO
Mnc
.,I&CCopyright
ounn
7400
THE
OF
.,0PART
WENT
IT
WHERE
AND
1910
IN
MANUFACTURED
CEMENT
OF
BARRELS
.09
rof
consisting
and
length
1,4in
miles
10
traineesob
would all
,ol a00
cement
wEntrole
0 hich
00
10 lo
miles
suchunger
craina 1910
Canal
Panama:2.1in
To00
T ,of
Tb4lk horne
commut
)100 arrels
mon
anWa
.l-1030
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 91
92 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
L
94 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
Value.
1907 1909 1910
, chalcedony, etc., 1650 $1,125 $750 $2,268 About 1,150 pounds; California, Col
moonstones, etc., onyx. orado. Montana, and \Vj-ominj.
Amethyst 850 210 190 No production reported.
Azurmalachite, malachite, etc. 250 5,450 2,000 550 475 pounds; Arizona and Nevada.
Benltolte 1,500 3,638 500 No production reported.
Beryl, aquamarine, blue, 6,435 7,485 1,660) "«,"545 About 30 pounds rough and selected
pink, etc.
Californlte o 25, 000 ol8,000 08, 000 1 ,500 pounds; California; not sold.
Catllnlte 25 No production reported.
Chiastolite 20
Chlorastrolite 2,400 o2,000 1,250 pounds; Michigan.
Chrysoeolla 150 600 300 No production reported.
Cbrysoprase a46,500 o48,225 0 84,800 o'9,"666 1 ,700 pounds; California.
Cyanitc 100 No production reported.
Diamond o2,800 o2,100 2,033 ol,400 208 stones; Arkansas and California.
Dlopside 120 No production reported.
Emerald ol,320 O300 '"0766 North Carolina.
Epidote 60 15 No production reported.
Feldspar, sunstone, amazon 1,110 2,850 o2,700 2,510 4,128 pounds; Colorado and Califor
stone, etc. nia.
Garnet, hyacinth, pyiope, 6,460 13,100 1,650 3,100 151 pounds; California, Arizona, and
almandlne, rhodolite. Colorado.
Gold quartz 1,000 1,010 1,000 Colorado and California.
Jasper 675 100 475 500 pounds; Colorado and California.
Opal 180 50 200 270 Nevada.
Peridot 1,300 1,300 300 No production reported.
Petrified wood 325
Phenaclte 25 X Colorado.
Prase 100 50 pounds; Oregon.
Pyrite 400 No production reported.
Quartz, rock crystal, smoky 2,580 3,595 2,689 l,3tS 1,753 pounds; Colorado, Maine, Ver
quartz, rutllated, etc. mont, California, and Texas.
Rose quartz 0,375 508 2,970 2,537 25,025 pounds; South Dakota and
California.
Rhodocrosite. 1 --o No production reported.
Rhodonite 1,250 125 o6,200 3,200 pounds; Montana ai
nla.
Ruby 2,000 No production reported.
Rutile.... 200 25 Do.
Sapphire. 1229,800 0 58,397 o44,998 52,983 1,062,000 carats; Montana and Indi
ana.
Smithsonlte 800 ol,200 300 No production reported.
Spodumene, kunzlte, hid- 14,500 o6,000 15,150 33,000 120 pounds; California.
denlte.
Thompsonlte 35 100 610 About 50 pounds; Michigan, Minne
sota, and New Jersey.
Topaz. 2,300 4,435 512 884 75 pounds; California, Colorado, and
Texas.
Tourmaline o 84, 120 0 90,000 |ol33,192 o 46, 500 1.548 pounds; CaUfomla and Maine.
Turquoise and matrix. 23,840 ol47,950 [ol79,273 o85,900 16,886 pounds; Nevada, New Mex
ico, Arizona, and Colorado.
Varlscite, amatrlce, utahllte. 7,500 14,250 35,938 o26,125 5,377 pounds; Utah and Nevada.
Miscellaneous gems 1,060 2,755 Datolite, obsidian, fossil coral, and
ornamental stones with trade
names.
Total 471,300 415,053 534,380 295,797
o Estimated or partly so.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 95
MANUFACTURES.
NUMBER OR AMOUNT.
97
: 909
CENSUS
EACH
AT
STATES
UNITED
THE
IN
MANUFACT
OF
–1CONDITION
(C849
ONTINENT
.)
ONLY
STATES
UNITED
:
industries
neighborhood
band
and
Factories
of
(c
).1849
1850
ensus ,025
123 ,02$500
45
33 ,059
957 ,07$200
36
55 0,1$507 24
00
19
55 0,9$400 63
83
(consus
).1859
1860
of 140
,4 33 80,1 00 56
09 21,34611 800
,0378
79 61 00
,08085
62
31
06
001 257
,085400
,1849
increase
of
cent
.Per
1859
to .1
14 .4
89 .0
37 .0
60 .8
85 .0
85 .1
84
cvalue
(g1869
1870
).of
old
ensus ,148
252 ,051667
00
94 ,92096
53 400
,0620
67 00
42
90
85
0,83071960 95
10,31800
,1859
increase
of
cent
.Per
1869
to .6
79 .8
67 .6
56 8.63 .
093 .5
79 .3
63
(census
).1879
1880
of ,852
253 ,02790
73
00 ,52795
32 94754
0,900 00
69
,053,083379
24
00
96 72
55
0,79100
1879
.to 869
increase
1,cent
of
Per 0.7 7.64 033
. .8
52 .6
90 .5
74 .
441
of
(c ensus
).1889
1890 ,405
355 50,0 51
25
6 00 54,23551 ,021800
91
10 72
00
,03905179
6200
14 65
10
0,324 00
1889
.to879
1increase
,cent
of
Per .0
40 .8
133 .6
55 .5
99 .0
52 .5
74 .4
113
(census
).1899
1900
of ,151291 00
13
08,934 06
35,143 00
20
9,02338 01,13 00
67349
43
28 ,05600
56
21
,1889
increase
of
cent
.Per
1899
to .1
44 .4
50 24
.8 .7
22 2.3 7.
38 .3
34
,excluding
:Factories
industries
neighborhood
and
hand
(census
).1899
1900
of ,514
207 0,28956 75
00 ,74 63
12 0,32 00 08
61 .0,86500
75
51 400
,0911
06
27 ,04800
76
31
(census
).1904
1905
of ,121680 81
012,5600
75 35,46883 45
10
06,42 00 ,028500
08 14 00
03
,70993 ,066200
93
95
.to
1904
899
increase
,1cent
of
Per 4.2 .2
41 .0
16 0.
30 .3
29 .7
29 .3
30
(census
).1909
1910
of ,491
268 470
,0218
28
00 ,06646
15 ,03438
27
00 10041
,0712
91 ,020600
72
52 ,028500
30
61
1909
.to 904
increase
,1of
cent
Per .2
24 .4
45 .021 .3
31 .8
42 .7
39 .5
35
,1to899
increase
of
cent
.Per
1909 29
.4 .3
105 .4
40 .6
70 .8
84 .2
81 .6
76
.
MONTHS
BY
EMPLOYED
EARNERS
WAGE
OF
VARIATION
agreat
show
several
States
United
industries
principal
Among
times
various
at
employed
earners
wage
of
number
the
in
variation
.T04
the
5of
76
of
average
an
employ
industries
tile
and
tbrick
year
the
during
earners
1wage
number
b,9maximum
30
28
he
eing
he
an12
July
in
employed
number
minimum
;ti3the
9January
59
of
average
an
employ
industries
preserving
and
,canning
men
868
he
nd
810
a154
September
number
maximum
9being
;t19
January
in
minimum
3the
18
of
average
an
employ
,fertilizers
men
00
98
he
nd
aindustries
cake,cJuly
1March
;oi2the
number nd
n4il
ottonseed
minimum
in
reached
b3the964
10
eing
maximum
July
ice
November
51a
minimum
,ithe
number
;nn974in
reached
being
average
32maximum
0
17
tof
men
an
employ nd
34
he
71
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
aminimum
number
,reached
the 16
wasnd
inJuly
eing
272
b82maximum
14
he
taverage
employed
men
of
1manufactories
;in2eing
99January
of
average
an
employed
industries
stone
tartificial
1men
number
,b8maximum
inAugust
reached
57
he
84
47
4n56
minimum
:ithe
88January
of
average
an
employed
industries
hats
and
,tstraw
men
of
number
maximum
he
14
he
wn00
March
in
reached
being
men
4
11
employed
they
a
men
47
number
,iminimum
July
indus
beet
sugar
the
88
hen
nd
,a
November
in
the
number
1t72 nd
employees
of
8
.b
renched
eing
07
was
cmployed
men
maximum
609
he
average
tries
num
1
t
maximum
and
2 he
27
employees
wng
average
4,number
of
industries
the
molasses
i
sugar
,
; n
February
06
minimum
2
.
number
1,5
an12
average
of
employed
industries
and
vinegar
February
minimum
;t,i5the
a
November
reached
in he
nd
bcider eing
1n550
61
,7ber
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . 99
Number
of estab
INDUSTRY . lish Per Per
Amount
ments . cent cent
Average dis ( expressed dis
number . in thou
Rank
Rank
tribu tribu
tion . sands).
tion .
.
All industries. . . .. . . . . . . .. 268,491 6,616,048 .. . . 100.0 $20,672,062
Slanghtering and meat packing .. ......... 1, 641 89, 728 16 1. 4 1, 370 , 568 6. 6
8. 0
Peundry and machine shop products .... ..... 13, 253 531,011 1, 228 , 475 5. 9
Lamber and timber products . . . . . . . . . . 40 ,671 695 , 019 10 . 5 1. 156 , 129
Irpa and steel, steel works and rolling mills.. .. 446 240 , 076 985 , 723
Teamdem
voa
Printing and publishing .. 1 . 445 258 , 434 737 ,876
Cotton Roods, including cotton small wares . . . . 1 . 324 378 , 880 628 , 392
Chabing , men 's, including shirts . . 6 , 354 239 ,696 568, 077
Boots and shoes, including cut stock and find
918 198, 297 33, 702 2.5
Wolen,worsted,and felt goods,and wool hats . 168,722 2.6 435 , 97 2. 1
Bresd and other bakery products , . . . 23 , 926 100, 216 1. 5 396, 865
Iron and steel, blast furnaces.. 208 38 , 429 0.6 391, 429
Clothing , Women ' s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,558 153,743 2. 3 384,752
Smelting and refining , copper ... ....... 15,628 378,806 1. 8
Liquors , malt . . 54,579 374,730 1. 8
Leather, tanned , curried , and finished . 0. 9 327,874 1. 6
Bugar and molasses , not including beet sugar . . 0. 2 279 , 249
3 0. 3
Butter, cheese, and condensed milk . . 18 .
274, 558
hper and Food pulp .... 777 75 . 97 % 267. 6 1. 3
Automobiles, including bodies and parts....
refrigerators
113 75 , 72
Funiture and . .. .. .... . 3 , 155 128 , 452 1. 9 239, 887 1. 2
Petroleum , refining .. . ......: 147 13 , 929 0. 2 236 , 998 1. 1
1. 3
Electricalmachinery,apparatus,and supplies. 1 , 009
87 , 256 2 . 503 1. 1
Number
STATE .
Population of estab
lish Per Amount Per
mėnts. | Average cent
(expressed
cent
number . dis dis
Rank
Rank
tribu in thou tribu
tion . sands) . tion
.
United States. .. .. . . . . . .. 91,972, 266 268,491 6 ,615,046 . . . 100 .0 $20 ,672,062 .... 100.0
New York . . 9 , 113, 614 44, 935 1, 003, 981 1 15 . 2 3, 369, 490 16 . 3
Pennsylvania . 7 ,665 , 111 27 , 563 877,543 13 . 3 2 ,626 , 742 12. 7
ODON
Illinois . . . . . . . . 18 , 026 465 , 764
5 ,638 ,591 7 .0 1, 919, 277 9. 3
Massachusetts . . . .. 3, 366, 416 11, 684 584,559 8.8 1, 490 ,529
Ohio . . . 4 , 767, 121 15 , 138 446 , 934 6.8 1,437, 936
New Jersey . . . . 8 ,817
cici
2 ,537 ,167 326 ,223 1 , 145 ,529
ciao
Michigan . . . . . 2 ,810 , 173 9 , 159 231, 499 3.5 685, 109
Wisconsin . 2, 333, 860 9 , 721 2. 3
Indians . . .
182 ,583 590 , 306
Missouri . . . .
2 ,700 ,876 7 , 969 186 , 984 579 , 075
3 , 293 , 335 8 , 375 152, 993 574, 111
California . 2 , 377 ,549 7 ,659
Connecticut .
115 , 296 529,761
Minnesota . . 1, 114,756 4 , 251 210 ,792 3. 2 490 , 272
2 , 075 , 708 5 ,561 84, 767 1. 3 409 , 420
Kansas . . . . . 1, 690 , 949 3, 435 44 , 215 0 .7 325 , 104 1. 8
Maryland . . 1 , 295, 346 4 ,837 107, 921 315 ,669 1. 5
WAGE VALUE OF
EARNERS. PRODUCTS
Number
of
Population . estab
lish Amount
ments . Average (expressed
Rank
Rank
number . in thou
sands) .
.
.
New York, N . Y .... ....... .... 4,766 ,883 , 938 554, 002 29 , 693
Chicago , Di. . . . . 2 , 185 , 283 9, 656 293 , 977 281, 171
Philadelphia , Pa ... ........ .. 1, 549 , 008 8 , 379 251, 884 746, 076
Bt. Louis , Mo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 ,029 2 ,667 87, 371 328 , 495
Cleveland , Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560 ,663 2 . 148 84 ,728 271, 961
Detroit, Mich ..... ...... .... 465,766 2 ,036 81, 011 252, 992
Plutsburgh , Pa . . . . 533, 905 1,659 67 , 474 243, 454
Boston , Mass .. . . . . . . . . 670 , 585 3, 155 69, 637 237, 457
Buitaio , N . Y .. 423,715 1,753 51, 412 18 , 804
marami
Proprieto
and
officials
. rs
,
total
of
cent
Per
IND
. USTRY
Total Wago
.
number SProprio
-alaried
Superin Clerks
. earners Wage
|tand
tendents
officials
ors (averago Proprie earners
.
Total number
). a verage
Clerks
tors
,and
firm
of
corpo
Land .
officials num
members
.m anagers
rations ).
ber
iGas
and
heati
., llumingnating , 07
051 2,986 277 990 ,71 19 ,81006 ,215
37 5.9 .221 .073
and
good
Hosiesry
.knit ,130
136 3,308 ,11 34 799 1,375 3,547 ,275
129 2.4 2.6 .9
94
steel
and
Iron
.furna
,blast ces ,061
43 1,119 48 262 809 3,513 ,429
38 2.6 8.2 .2
89
,smills
steel
Iron
work
rolli
.and
teelng
s ,7260
62 4,286 47 779 3,460 ,400
16 ,076
240 1.6 .36 ,1
92
.good
Leathser ,525
43 4,209 2,552 760 897 4,409 ,907
34 9.7 .1
10 .2
80
turried
cLeather
.,a
finished
anned
nd , 00
167 2,331 784 629 918 2,567 ,202
62 3.5 3.8 .7
92
,distilled
.Liquors 8,328 1,111 563 217 331 787 ,46 30 .313 49. .2
77
,malt
.Liquors .725
66 4,362 639 1,819 1,904 7,784 ,579
54 6.5 .7
11 .881
Lumber
and
timber
products
. ,989
784 ,165
68 ,825
48 6,616 ,724
12 ,805
21 ,019
695 8.7 2.8 .588
Marble
stone
work
.and 77
,275 8,453 0,6 26 867 1,560 3,219 ,603
65 .9
10 4.2 .9
84
ccake
Oil
.,aottonseed
nd ,273
21 2,167 110 576 1,481 2,035 0
, 71
17 .2
10 69. .2
80
.
varnish
and
Paint ,896
21 2,016 456 793 767 5,640 ,21440 9.2 .8
25 .065
.
pulp
wood
and
Paper ,473
81 ,22 98 250 773 1,275 3,197 ,97578 2.8 3.9 .3
93
medicines
Patent
compounds
and
pdruggists
'and
. reparations1
,
4101 5,647 8,2 02 1,427 ,41 18 ,559
12 ,82295 .713 .6
30 ,755
rPetroleum
., efining ,640
16 671 42 211 418 2,040 ,929
13 4.0 .3
12 .7
83
.
publishing
and
Printing ,466
388 ,332
49 ,424
30 7,265 ,643
11 ,700
80 ,434
258 .7
12 .8
20 .566
,including
goods
silk
and
Silk
throwsters ,2105
38 ,22 36 664 480 1,092 ,93 65 ,037
99 21. 3.8 .1
94
Slaughtering
and
packing
meat
. ,716
108 3,514 6
,1 59 731 1, 24 ,474
15 ,78928 .23 .2
14 .5
82
Smelting
and
c opper
.,refining ,832
16 275 53 215 929 ,628
15 1.6 .5 .8
92
,lead
refining
and
.Smelting 8,059 132 44 88 503 7,424 1.6 2.6 .1
92
Sugar
molasses
and
including
,n ot
sugar
.beet ,61558 789 204 140 445 1,343 ,526
13 5.0 8.6 4.
86
Tobacco
manufact
. ures ,637
197 ,012
21 ,61734 809 2,569 ,89 15 ,810
166 .610 .05 .4
84
wwool
Woolen
,a
goods
.felt
hats
orsted
nd ,176
175 3,192 732 782 61, 78 3,262 ,722
168 1.8 1.9 .3
96
.
industries
other
All |,31916
61 ,932
117 ,096
59 ,811
23 ,03525 ,988
149 ,41641
48 26. .78 .0
86
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
.
RAINFALL
OUR
OF
WEIGHT
AND
BULK
THE
itor
rainfall
stating
of
method
customary
the
with
only
isfamiliar
who
anyone
,fTo
learn
to
startling
somewhat
.9cis
43
that
instance
ubic
This
1896
year
during
Missouri
in
fell
rain
of
.miles
inches
41
about
was
rainfall
that
statement
the
than
impressive
more
decidedly
is
.4cubic
1296
year
same
In
,a
States
United
the
whole
over
fallen
have
to
computed
water
of
miles
is
rainfall
annual
average
thend
0
A
tons
water
of
most
that
fact
the
of
illustration
an
:vcubic
this
than
greater
somewhat
.13
,w
miles
6 iz 00
s
08
eighing
bt ut
drainage
of
medium
the
through
sea
reaches
never
rain
as
,ifalls
land
the
from
evaporated
is
of
discharge
the
that
shown
been
has
.Lespite
St
at
River
,dMississippi
alone
Missouri
State
the
over
rainfall
of
volume
than
greater
little
but
is
drained
area
enormous
the
ouis
by
above
river
the
point
.that
103
104 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
INDUSTRY . Mis
Sala SKO
Mate - cellane
ries . rials . ous er
penses .
to
Oió
Agricultural implements . . . . .. 24. 3 51. 1 16 . 0
co
Automobiles, including bodies and parts . . . 23. 1 62. 5
Boots and shoes, including cut stock and findings . 20 . 6 69. 6
Brass and bronze products . . . . . . . . 17 . 3 72 . 6
niso
Bread and other bakery products.. . . 17. 4 69. 9
csigo
Butter, cheese, and condensed milk . . . . 4.3 91. 0
Canning and preserving . . . . 13. 5 72. 0
Carriages and wagons and materials . 27. 0 58. 9
Cars and general shop construction and
steam - railroad companies . . . . 44 . 7 49 . 2
Cars , steam -railroad , not including operations of
railroad companies. . . 23. 0 66 . 7 6. 0
Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . 15. 0 10 . 3
Clothing , men 's , including shirts . . . 5. 2 20. 7 57 . 9 16 . 2
Clothing , women 's . 6. 0 23. 0 61. 1 9. 9
Confectionery . . . 13. 1 67. 9 11. 4
Copper , tin , and sheet-iron products .. 22. 4 63. 7 8. 1
salted during the year. 49,494 ,338 pounds of $ 22,371,457 . There were 626 ,089,489 pounds
cod . with a value of $ 3 .077 ,612, were salted of rice, valued at $ 20 ,685 ,982, produced in
during this period ; and 9,045 ,469 pounds of the United States , 477 ,589 ,004 of which ,
mackerel, with a value of $746 ,513. valued at $ 17 ,398,736 , were whole and
of which , valued at
148 , 500 , 485 pounds
RICE , CLEANING AND POLISHING . $ 3,287 , 246 , were broken . There was 29 ,821,
813 pounds of polish , valued at $ 362,052,
In 1909 there were 974 ,747,475 pounds of produced from rice during the year ; 91, 208,
rice treated , 970 ,873,740 of which were
domestic and 3 ,873,735 of which were of 529 pounds of bran , valued at $ 736 ,215 ;
foreign growth . The total value of the $ 166 ,147 worth of hulls and waste ; and
products derived therefrom amounted to | $ 421,061 worth of all other rice products.
992
SMOKEO HAM
IS
-332 : -
PURE SALT PORK
SEAF LAR
MATERIALS,
SUGAR.
The total acreage of sugar beets planted in $1,129,905; beet pulp was valued at £795,9 :
the United States amounted to 415,964. Of and all other products were valued
these 29,459 were planted directly by the $258,949.
factory; 18,166 by tenants of the factory; The total value of all the sugar produced
368,339 on contract by others than tenants the United States during the year 1909 w
of the factory. There were 3.965,356 tons of $77,991,683, and of this $48,122,383 w
beets used in the industry. Of these 266,768 derived from the sugar-beet industry, ai
were grown directly by the factory; 163,843 $29,869,300 from the cane-sugar industi
tons by tenants of the factory; and 3,534,745 There were 828,540 tons of sugar produce
tons on contract by others than the tenants the total value of which was $72,033\302,
of the factory. The total value of the pro which amount 501.862 pounds, valued
duct* derived from the beets was $48,122,383. $45,937,629, were beet sugar, and 326.&J
Of this 496,807 tons of granulated sugar were pounds, valued at $26,095,673, were cai|
valued at $45,645,810; 4,875 tons of raw sugar. The total value of molasses, ran
sugar were valued at $291,819; 20,812,747 and all other products produced of ei'
gallons of molasses or syrup were valued at cane or beet was $5,958,381.
III. TEXTILES.
Rugs and Carpets. 2,473,103 dozen combinations, with
During the year 1909 there were 57,176,729 of $14,853,536; sweaters, cardigan j
etc., to the value of $22,430,817; and
square yards of carpets, with a value of and mittens
$48,475,889, manufactured in the United the productionto ofthethevalue of $7,296.
hosiery and knit
States. During the samo period there were of the United States there
24.042,152 square yards of rugs, valued at cards used; 736,774 spindles;were 2,681 sets
1 12.200 knitting
$18,490,449, woven in the United States. machines of all classes, and 43,885 sewing
machines of all classes.
Cordage axd Twine and Jute and
Linen Goods. Cotton Goods.
The total value of the cordage and_ twine of The total cost of the 2,335,344.906 pounds
and jute and linen goods produced in the of cotton material consumed in the production
cotton goods during the year 1909 was
United States during the year 1909 was $274,724,210.
$61,019,986. The total value of the ropo goods producedTin-from total value of the cotton
these materials was
and binder twine for the same year was $628,391,813, divided as follows:
133.930,306; of the twine not including s'liiaiv vanls of woven goods,6,348,508,593 valued at
binder, $8,934,352; of the yarns . for sale,
•456,089.401; 23,700,957 pounds of thread,
$5,434,037; of the 0,530,503 pounds of linen values!
thread used, $3,407,008; of the 69,311,288 of twine, at S2I1,510.269: nnd 13.715,771 pounds
square yards of gunny-bagging. $3,507,482; valued at $2,417,391. There
and of the 2,206,114 square yards of jute 27*425,608 producing spindles used du
carpets and rugs, $549,221. year, and 065.049 looms of all < "
Felt Goods.
The aggregate cost of the material required
in the production of the felt goods of the
United States during the year 1909 was
$6,907,206, and the total value of these
products for the same period was $11,852,626.
There were 3,764,468 square yards of felt
cloths, valued at $1,381,854, produced in that
year.
Hats, Fur-Felt and Wool-Felt.
The value of the 2,989,252 dozens of fur-
felt hats produced during the year 1909 was
$43,442,400, and the value of the 366,370 UNITED KINGDOM U.S. A GERMANY
dozen of fur-felt hat bodies and hats in the 54,000,000 24,000,000 9.000.000
rough for the same period was $2,703,738.
Tne total value of the 590.957 dozen wool-
felt hats produced in the United States during
the year 1909 was $3,646,787.
Hosiery and Knit Goods.
There were, during the year 1909, 62,825,-
069 dozen pair of Hosiery produced in the RUSSIA FRANCE lilDIA
United States and they were valued at
$68,721,825. During the same period there 8,000,000 6,000,000 5,800,000
were 25,337.779 dozen shirts and drawers CHIEF MANUFACTURING COUNTRIES.
produced, with a total value of $69,592,817; (Number of Spindles).
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . 109
CONCURS
direnen D SSASWE
kar 250MCA 20 SS
A CONTINUE AHOR A
TASD TENS EADORGLAD
Ny. So , 15 Misa u SADE.
WP001
NOIR
ROMERO
square yards, value $ 1,257,271; blankets , value $ 1,776 ,721 ; flannels for underwear,
5,137 ,903 square yards, value $ 3 ,228,797 ; 7 ,063,572 square yards, value $ 1,308,369 ;
borse blankets, 247,395 square yards, value blankets, 1,717,758 square yards, value
$ 185 ,430 ; woven shawls, 704 ,153 square $650 ,714 ; all other union , or cotton mixed ,
yards, value $ 104 ,583 ; and all other all -wool woven goods, 1 , 153 , 265 square yards, value
woven goods, 463,179 square yards, value $ 447. 934 ; all cotton -warp woven goods ,
$ 167 ,194 ; union, or cotton mixed , woven 210 ,346 ,081 square yards, value $62,265,854 ;
goods, 37 , 453, 351 square yards, value all upholstering goods and sundries , value
$ 14 ,327, 973 ; unions, tweeds, cheviots, cassi $ 1 ,986,330 ; all partially manufactured prod
meres, etc ., 18,917,478 square yards, value ucts for sale, value $ 115 ,032,285 ; all other
$ 1 ,780 ,854 ; overcoatings and cloakings , products, value $ 3,250,857. During the year
4 ,251,739 square yards, value $ 2 ,363, 381; there were 4 ,287,640 spindles, producing and
sackings, tricots, dress goods and opera and doubling and twisting ; also , 72,532 looms,
similar flannels, 4 ,319,539 square yards, | all classes.
1909 . 1909
The total cost of the materials used in the 660.210 pounds of glucose, including all
manufacture of Glucose and Starch was $36,- sirups, valued at $17,922,514 ; 159.060,478
898,771. The total value of the manufactured pounds grape sugar, vnlued at $3,620,816:
products was $48,799,31 1 ; 677.535,647 pounds 8,164.175 gallons corn oil, valued at
of starch were valued at $17,514,823; 769,- $2,802,763.
SCIENTIFIO AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . 115
1909 . 1909
WIRE .
The value of the metal used in the production of wire . amounted to $ 115 ,655 .427 . while
total value of the products was $ 180,083,522. There were produced 2,471,858 tons of
and iron wire , having a value of $ 120 .585 .637. There were also produced 13 ,926 . 861
sof wire Dails and spikes , allowing 100 pounds to each keg, the total value being $ 27 ,575 ,774 .
we were also produced 28 , 125 tons of wire brads, tacks and staples , having a value of
124, 170. The quantity of barbed wire manufactured was 323,565 tons, valued at $ 13 ,881.517 :
e wire , fencing , and poultry netting, had a tonnage of 422 , 127 , valued at $21,419 , 170 ;
rope and strands had a tonnage of 45 , 303, the value being $ 6 ,683 ,771; other manu
stre of iron and steel wire, such as springs, bale ties, flat wire , etc ., weighed 129,945 tons,
cost $ 10 .856 , 154 .
There were produced in the United States in 1909, 154,231 tons of copper wire, valued
$ 47. 184 ,164 . The equipment consisted of 43,697 wire drawing blocks, having an annual
Keity of 3 .213,574 tons; 4 ,428 wire nail machines, having an annual capacity of 18,756 ,995
of 100 pounds each . There were 446 woven -wire fence machines, having an annual
acity , in tons, of 481 , 373 .
The total value of the steel and iron wire products, 1909, was $ 120 ,585 ,637 ; the wire
ka vere valued at $47.934,204 ; the wire departments of rolling mills produced 1,649,929
valued at $72,651,433.
PRODUCTION OF SOAP.
The total cost of the materials used in the ( 2,000 pounds) caustic soda , costing $ 2 ,212,
buiature of this product in the United 232 ; 121,016 tons ( 2 ,000 pounds) soda ash ,
tes in 1909 was $ 72 , 179,418 . Of tallow , costing $ 2,281,787.
sue , and other fats, 413 ,969,787 pounds
e consumed , costing $ 23,341,905 ; 11,856 , The total value of the soap products of the
gallons of cocoanut and palm -kernel oil, United States in 1909 was $ 111,357 ,777.
ting $ 5 ,875 ,294 ; 24 , 221 ,712 gallons cotton 1 , 736 ,740 ,466 pounds of hard soap were made,
doil, costing $ 9 ,718 , 988 ; 207 , 296 ,447 valued at $88,550 ,830 ; 44 .052,615 pounds of
unds of rosin , costing $ 4 , 362,412 ; 94 ,050 , 892 soft soap , valued at $943,676 ; 39,689,300
inds hoofs, costing $ 2 ,453,609; 52,172 tons 1 pounds of glycerin , valued at $5 ,713,558.
no SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
V. TRANSPORTATION.
Railroad Cabs. Shipbuilding, Including Boat
The total value of all railroad care con Building.
structed in all establishments throughout the The total value of work done on the dil
United States, in 1909, was S102.137.396. ferent classes of water craft, not in Govern
The value of the steam-railroad cars was mcnt establishments, the value of the repoi
$94,874,287: Of these for passenger servico work, and all other products of the snip
were built 1,819 cars, valued at $15,120,961; building industry, in 1909, was $73,360,315
for freight service, 96,648 care, valued at Work done during the year on vessels an*
$79,753,326. Of street-railroad cars, which boats, amounted to $42,310,925; ■»
were chieflv electric, there were built 2,772 5 gross tons and over, $37,718,018; _
cars, valued at $7,263,109. less than 5 gross tons, $4,592,907;
work, $26,678,643.
Steam-Railroad Cars. Bicycles, Motorcycles, and
The total value of the products of this in The total value of bicycles and
dustry in the United States, in 1909, was cycles,
$123,729,627. Of steam-railroad cars for the Suites and parte, manufactured in the L'n
passenger service there were constructed bicycles in were 1909, was $10,698,567. 168.
manufactured, valued
1,601 cars, valued at $13,829,607: of this
class there were built 216 baggage and ex $2,436,996;
their value
18,628 motorcycles
being $3,015,988.
press cars, valued at $1,105,779; 95 mail cars,
valued at $600,912; 957 passenger cars, AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY.
valued at $7,209,425; the chair, dining and
buffet, parlor, sleeping, and all other cars,
amounted to 333, valued at $4,913,491. For
the freight service the number of cars con
structed, totaled 73,177, valued at $61,691,-
825; Of these there were 29,728 box cars,
valued at $23,982,446; 11,473 coal and coke,
valued at $9,419,655; 3,232 flat cars, valued
at $2,033,801; 900 fruit cars, valued at Total value.
$784,476 ; 90 furniture cars, valued at Automobiles. . 12*. 593
$70,515; 19,607 gondola or ore, valued at Gasoline.. 130.383
$18,128,186: 2,618 refrigerator cars, valued at Electric... 3.836
$2,747,957; 2,349 stock cars, valued at Steam 2 371
$1,586,008 ; 537 caboose, valued at $525,605;
2,643 other cars, valued at $2,413,176. There Passtnjtt r^(cZM(pleasure.fam
ily, and public conveyances). . 123.338
Gasoline
were also built 603 street-railroad cars, valued Electric 117.633
at $2,023,022: Of these 558 were passenger Steam 3.331
2,374
cars, valued at $1,903,317; 45 other cars, Buggies 4.552
valued at $120,605. Gasoline 4,314
Electric
Runabouts 268
Cars and General Shop Construc Gasoline 36.204
Electric 35.347
tion and Repairs by Steam Steamcars 4M
361
Railroad Companies. Touring
Gasoline 76.114
The cars and general shop construction and Electric 73,883
Steam 243
1,988
repairs made by the steam railroad companies Closed (limousine, cabs, eto.). . ■ 5.205
in 1909, reached a total of $405,600,727. The Gasoline 3.290
value of the car department was $199,768,939. Electric 1.915
The value of the cars built was $13,326,171: All other (omnibuses, sigh(-see
Of these there were 218 passenger cars, valued ing wagons, ambulances, pa
at $1,291,354; 13,972 freight cars, valued at trolGasoline
wagons, etc.) 1,233
$11,767,664; the number of all other cars Electric 7!>9
*»
manufactured was 359, valued at $267,153. Steam
Repairs to cars of all kinds amounted to Busineu vthieles (merchandise). 3,255is
$147,194,065. Gasoline 2, 7«1
Electric... 495
Cars, Street-Railroad. Steam
Delivery wagons
Gasoline 1.645 1.918,8
The total value of the products of this in
dustry in the United States, in 1909, was Electric
Steam 217 1.474 0!
$7,809,866. There were constructed 1.922 Trucks 3.165.51!
electric-railroad cars, valued at $4,602,435: Gasoline 1.090
Of these there were 1,323 closed cars, valued All Electric
other 276 2,3S4,T03
ISO,**
at $3,500,781; 369 combination cars, valued rcwollno 27
25 145.65S
at $704,309 ; 95open care, valued at $141,008; Electric. 2 140 65!
92 freight, express, and mail cars, valued at ' 5.0M
$179,293; of all other varieties, 43. valued Allandother
partsproducts, including bodies
'78,984,751
at $77,044. There were steam-railroad cars Amount received for custom work
built for freight service, 167, all and repairing 6.3I7.99S
valued at $111,813.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 117
118 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
SEESSSSSSSS
SEBESCHERAS
COOTE
SOOSSE
SEREBESS
tata
.alene
Esben
SERIUS
STYL
SEES
15
A
al
I
JOOO
7. 50C0.O00
NO0MI
CK
TEL
Hea
45000 SA 900,000
BACRRELSE
EMENT
BRICK
EN Bangalore
SUPORT
200.000
uppright, Munn & Co., Inc.
A MAMMOTH OFFICE BUILDING DISSECTED .
THE WHITEHALL BUILDING .
120 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
1909
IX . ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY .
PRODUCT . 1909 PRODUCT. 1909
DOM 9
TOON
IZ TUWS
FINE ARTS & 0319CS
BUSINESS 227
227 iss
GENERAL MORE AGRICULTURE 240
CYCLOP BED
DOMESTIC RURAL PHILOSSY
| EDUCATION 300
FH has
NEW 428 MISTORY 442 PHILOSOPHY 014
TWINILE
FICTION
REN 399 REUGION + THEOLOGY 012
kw 2001 ANERAL LITERATURE .EAY 0 13
LITERATURE ChiLetto Wars
W 239 1024
ww so FICTION
PUBLICATIONS.
PUBLICATIONS BY STATES.
Showing the number of newspapers and periodicals of all issues published in the United States ,
Territories , and Dominion or Canada , the number of towas to which Uewspapers are pab .
published
lished , and the number of towns which are county seats .
chichar
Towns
,Pupers
which
Towns
Miscellaneous
are
No
No
.of
is
.of
ISSUES.
. ightly
.-MSonthly
County
Seats
.so erly
-Weekly
-Bonthly
emi
.Semi
-Weekly
Monthly
Fortn
,(Suce
,
Quart
Total
STATES ,TERRITORIES AND
.Bi
.Tri
. y
-all
CANADIAN PROVINCES.
Weekl
. ily
.
Da
NEW ENGLAND STATES
Connecticut....... . 158
3333
00
M i ne .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Massachusetts ... .. . .. .. . ..
. 135
New Hampshire 114
Ta
Rhode Island ........
a
Vermont .. . .. .. ... .. ...
- -
101
496 73 624 770 716 7898 84
NEW YORK .
New York ... 504 61 207 7 46 1031 10 42 591 15 40 5 1994
MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES
Delaware 19 28
District of Columbia .. .
Rico
Maryland ...... .. 112 163
New Jersey ... . ... . . . 275
ON
Pennsylvania .......
299999999
839 1399
to
SOUTHERN STATES, 690 48 12766 19334 12 2047
Alabama .. 136 191
Arkansas .. . . . 167 235
Florida .. . . . . .. . . . ** * * * * * * 157
100
Georgia . ... .. .. 203 257
-
Kentucky . . . .. ... . 155 216
Louisiana . . . 108
Mississippi
170
145 201
North Carolina 164 20:3
South Carolina .... 113
Tennessee .. . . .. 146
0 22
Texas
613 S16 TV21
Virginia ... ... .. .. .. . .. .
252 19
136 173 92
West Virginia . .. . . . . . 93 174
MIDDLE WESTERN STATES . 2251 8 50 131:35T
150
Illinois . . 650 102 175 36 1056 279
Iodiana .. . .. .. ... . 352 525
Michigan .. .. .. .. 395 23 530
Ohio . .. .. . .. .. . . . 417 44 720
Wisconsin .. .. . . 849 71 os 16 538
WESTERN STATES. 21631 il 647 1 42 3369 14 313135
Colorado ...... 193 7
low & . * * *** 778
Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Minnesota . . . .. 632
637 743
Missouri. .. .. ... ... 733
Montana
Nebraska .. .. .. . 160 133
400 543
New Mexico 75 100
North Dakota . ..
119
268 334 553
Oklahoma .. . . ... .. 391 507 646
South Dakota .......... 312 408 445
Wyoming ............. 66 80
PACIFIC SLOPE STATES , 3752 16 52879 55 357 10 14 T 6301
Arizona .. . . . 34 46
California . .. 340 540
Idaho . 134
109 157
Nevada . .....
16
Oregon ........ 285
Utah .
09
Washington .... 218 301 $93
OUTLYING TERRITORIES . 931 218 | 276 68 150316
Alaska ........
Hawaii ..
Philippines .... .. . ... .. ...
Porto Rico .. . .. . . . . .
CANADIAN PROVINCES
Alberta ... .
00
Il-
99 118
British Columbia .. 72
Manitoba .. .. .. .
Saskatchewan .. . . . . 104
153
Yukon . .. . ... . .
Now Brunswick .. .. .. ..
09
Nova Scotia .. . .
Ontario
Prince Edward Island 15
Quebec .. .
152
Newfoundland ... 18
7146 1053 7221 27 1528
Ayer's Newspaper Annual.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . 129
129
25,331 26 ,906 27,606 28 ,378 28, 886 28 ,703 30,073 30 ,317 31,051 31 ,281
13,053 12,199 12, 264 12, 139 12 ,416 10 ,898 10 ,785 11,073 13 , 185 12 ,615
wat Britain . . . . 6 ,044 7 , 381 8 , 381 8 ,334 8 ,252 8,603 9,914 9 ,821 10,725 10,804
6 ,822 7 ,040 6,918 6 ,833 6 ,788
nitzerland . . . . . 1,766 1,655 2 ,452 2 ,739 3 . 316 3,249 3,085 4 ,256 4 ,390 4,290
2 ,837 2,917 3,005 3 ,403 3 ,290 3 ,346 3 ,408 3 ,258 3 ,652 3 ,777
2 ,613 2 ,499 2 ,639 2 ,734 2 ,624 2 ,410 2,763 2 ,697 | 2,588
ited States . . . . 8 , 141 7 ,833 7 ,865 8 , 291 | 8 , 122 7,139 9,620 9 ,254 10 ,901 13 ,470
Publishers ' Weekly.
New New
Publica By Origin Publica By Origin
American
tions
American
tions
Authors
Authors
EW noa
Editions
Editions
| English
and Other
American
Author English
New
New
and Other
Books
ISTERNATIONAL
Books
Foreign Foreign
American
unAmerican
New
wwwn
Authors
Imported
.val
New
Authors
:
CLASSIFICATION
Manuf
AManuf
Total
Total
N con
Music . . . . . 93 86
Games , Sports , Amusements , 132 IO3
General Literature, Essays . . 524 919
Naefeundland
STATISTICSRELATIVE TO NEWSPAPERS IN THE UNITED STATE
Territories
Outlying
Adanci
Puerto
Terrideries
.&ouchera
Stara
ddle
Slater
Unitesd
Slope
England
Western
Staten
.and
State
Middle
Water
Staire
and
.
New
Canada
Tbial
.States
States
for
.
York
Na
.
Mad
.
TOWN AND POUNTY FLATL
No. of Towns ID vbich Papers are 1913 1912 1913 1912 113 112 113 112 เทร 1913 1912
published 15
No. of Town which are Counts SEISTI
.
W WETAPA
Tri- Weekly
Bem -Weekly
Weekly
Fortnigbuy .
*. .
Semi- lonthly
Monthly
B -Monthly
Quarterly
Miscellation
E|-
Decoes NOTE
Ayer 's Newspaper Annual.
SOS
OS
RSS
AGES, 18 - 24 25 - 29 30 -34 38 - 39 ] 40 - 44 50 - 3 + 1 55 - 59
100 107 IOS 106 107 107 107
5 feet O inches 120 128 131
SO 161 161
157 197
98 10 ! 103 10 $ 107 109 109 109 IOT
122 126 129 136 134
146 ISI SS 163 163 163
99 102 JOS 106 110 110 Ito Ito
128 131 138 137
149 154 197 166 166
TOS 105 I13 ! 12
10
105 116 116 I
Cooperage and wooden goods, not elsewhere specified 29 ,717 65 , 108 60,248. 000
Copper, tin and sheet- iron products . . . 86 , 934 62,366 199, 824 ,000
Cordage and twine, jute and linen goods. 27 .214 78 ,549 61,020 ,000
Cordials and syrups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,638 1 , 154 9 ,662,000
Cork , cutting . .. .. . . . . . 3 ,376 3 ,746 5 ,940 ,000
Corsets . . . . 19 .611 4,581 33 ,257,000
Cotton goods, including cotton small wares. . . 387 .771 1,296 ,517 628 ,392,000
Crucibles . . . 398 816 1. 849.000
Cutlery and tools, not elsewhere specified . . . . . . 37 , 161 68 ,294 53,266,000
Dairymen 's, poulterers ', and apiarists ' supplies. . 6 ,431 6 ,898 15 , 463,000
Dentists ' materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 982 865 10 .836 .000
Drug grinding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 1 . 152 3 , 322 6 ,007 ,000
Dyeing and finishing textiles. .. . . 47 ,303 107 .746 83,556 ,000
Dyestuffs and extracts. ... .. . 3 ,015 22,213 15 ,955.000
Electrical machinery , apparatus and supplies. 105 ,600 158,768 221,309,000
Electroplating . ... . . . . . . . 3 ,558 4 ,461 4 ,510 ,000
Emery and other abrasive wheels . . . 2 ,446 4 ,005 6 ,711,000
Enameling and japanning . .. . 2 ,418 1 .695 3 ,316 ,000
Engravers' materials . 189 549 921.000
Engraving and dyesinking . . .. . . . . . . . 1 .782 768 2 , 250 ,000
g, wood . ..
Engravines 480 39 711,000
Explosiv . ... . . . . .. . . . . . .. 7 ,058 28 ,601 40 ,140,000
Fancy articles, not elsewhere specified . . .
Fertilizers 14 , 194 8 , 310 22.632.000
.. .. .. . . . 21.950 64,711 103,960,000
Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 ,521 7,383 5 .691, 000
Firearms and ammunition . ... 16 ,042 17 ,840 34. 112 .000
Fire extinguishers, chemical... 300 215 754.000
Fireworks. .. . . . . . 1,567 517 2 , 269,000
Flags , banners, regalia , society badges and emblems 4 ,522 1 , 173 8 , 114 .000
Flavoring extracts ., . . .. . 8 ,828 .000
Flax and hemp, dressed . .. .. 2 ,634 1 ,060
216 1. 147 467 ,000
Four-mill and gristmill products .. . . . .
preparations 66 ,054 853 ,584 883 ,584,000
Food .....
20 . 965 55 , 166 125 ,331,000
Foundry and machine-shop products . 615 ,485 869 ,305 1, 228 ,425 ,000
Foundry supplies . ... . 710 4 , 995 2 , 298 ,000
Fuel, manufactured . . . . . . . . 112 1 ,290 311,000
Fur goods . . . . . .
Furnishing goods, men 's . . . 16 , 152 2 , 120 55 , 938 ,000
Furniture and refrigerators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 , 935 12, 116 87 ,710 ,000
Furs, dressed . . . . . 144 , 140 221,451 239 .886 ,000
Galvanizing . .. . . 1,472 2 , 103 2 . 391,000
Gas and electric fixtures and lamps and reflectors 1 ,689 1 .367 7 .338 .000
Gas, illuminating and heating . . . . 22, 906 15 ,862 45,057, 000
Glass . . . . . . . . . . 51,007 128,350 166 ,814 .000
Glass, cutting , staining, and ornamenting . . . 72 ,573 128 ,532 92 ,095 ,000
Gloves and mittens, leather. .. 11,090 4 ,897 16 , 101,000
Glucose and starch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 ,950 2,889 23 ,631.000)
Glue . . . . . . 5 , 827 28 ,257 45 ,799 ,000
Gold and silver, leaf and foil. 3 ,840 15 .596
259
13 ,718,000
Gold and silver, reducing and refining 1 ,553 2,630,000
the ore . . . . . . . : : : : 690 1,735 23,612 ,000
Graphite and graphite refining . 262 1,472 1 . 140 ,000
Grease and tallow . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 5 ,504 14 ,613 23 ,419 , 000
Grindstones . . . . . 1 .485 5 .700 1 ,688 .000
Haircloth . . . . . . 621 995 2 , 230 .000
Hairwork . . . . . . 4 ,383 218 5 , 135 , 000
Hammocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 157 578,000
Hand stamps and stencils and brands . . 2 ,539 903 3 ,673 .000
Hat and cap materials . . . 2 ,618 2 ,922 8, 236 ,000
Hats and caps , other than felt , straw , and wool. . . 7 ,609 990 13 ,689 ,000
Hats, fur felt . 27,091 19 , 245 47,865 ,000
Hats , straw . . . . . . . 9 ,704 3 ,482 21,424 ,00€
R
Hones and whetstones . . . . 173 677 268 , 00€
Horseshoes, not made in steel works or rolling mills 360 1 .045 1,015 ,000
Hosiery and knit goods . . . 136 , 130 103 .709 200, 143 ,00%
House- furnishing goods, not elsewhere specified . . . 5 ,916 9 ,328 18 ,509, 00
Ice, manufactured . . . . 21. 107 317 ,789 42,953 ,000
Ink , printing . . . . . . . . . . . 1 .854 5 ,857 8,865 ,000
Ink , writing . . . . . . 824 169 2 ,505 ,00
Instruments , professional and scientific . . 6 , 175 4 ,856 10 ,504 ,00%
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . 135
Pulp K good
TUI 000 s.. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 882 3 , 125 1 ,770 ,000
Pumps, not including steam pumps . . . 2 .623 4 , 214 5 , 583.000
Rice, cleaning and polishing . . . 1 .777 19,519 22,371,000
Roofing materials , . . . . 3 .530 9 ,431 19, 204.000
Rubber goods, not elsewhere specified . 31,284 79, 062 128 , 436 ,000
Rules, ivory and wood . . . . . 127 167 144 ,000
Safes and vaults . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ,060 5 ,546 8 ,491,000
Salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ,580 27 , 263 11,328 000
Sand and emery paper and cloth ... ... 779 3 , 351 4 , 358 ,000
Saws . . . .
i 5 ,757 11,852 11, 536 ,000
Scales and balances . . . . 4 , 275 6 , 183 8 ,786 .000
Screws,machine ... . 1 .863 3 ,319 3 ,014 ,000
Screws, wood . . . 3 .758 5 .618 6 , 199.000
Sewing machines, cases and attachments . . . 20 ,556 19 .426 28 , 262.000
Shipbuilding, including boatbuilding . . 44,949 88 ,063 73 ,360 ,000
Shoddy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 , 320 13 .820 7 ,446 , 000
Show cases . . . . . : : : : 3 ,943 4,746 7 . 167,000
Signs and advertising novelties. . . 7 . 277 3 ,790 13 .546 .000
Silk and silk goods, including throwsters .. 105 , 238 97 . 947 196 . 912 ,000
Silverware and plated ware. . . 18 ,774 15 . 183 12, 229. 000
Slaughtering and meat packing . . 108 ,716 208 ,707 1 . 370 ,568,000
Smelting and refining , copper . . . . 16 ,832 158 , 126 378 ,806 ,000
Smelting and refining, lead ... 8 ,059 26 , 954 167 , 406 ,000
Smelting and refining, zinc . .. 7 , 156 21 ,457 34 , 206 , 000
Smelting and refining, not from the ore . 2 .596 10 .705 28 .072.000
Soap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 ,393 28 , 360 111,358 ,000
Soda -water apparatus. . . . 2 ,399 2 ,894 6 , 556 ,000
Sporting and athletic goods . 5 . 993 3 , 243 11.052.000
Springs, steel, car and carriage . . 3 ,573 7 ,349 9 .005.000
Stationery goods, not elsewhere specified 7 ,938 6 ,842 16 ,647.000
Statuary and art goods . . . . . . . . . 2 , 172 462 3 ,442 ,000
Steam packing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 , 968 11. 129 12 . 160 .000
Stereotyping and electrotyping . . . 3 ,661 4 .076 6 , 384,000
Stoves and furnaces, including gas and oil stoves 42,921 45 ,524 78 ,853.000
Sugar and molasses, not including beet sugar 15 ,658 160 ,603 279 249 ,000
Sulphuric, nitric and mixed acids. . . . . 2 ,582 6 ,494 9 , 881. 000
Surgical appliances and artificial limbs . 5 ,805 5 ,752 12 ,399.000
Tin plate and terneplate . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ,846 8 , 154 47, 970 .000
Tin foil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762 1 ,699 3 ,419 ,000
Tobacco manufactures . . . 197 ,637 28 ,514 416 .695 .000
Toys and games . . . . . . . . . 6 ,072 5 , 323 8 , 264 ,000
Turpentine and resin . . . . 44 .524 4 , 129 25, 295,000
Type-founding and printing materials 2 ,597 1. 948 4 ,703,000
Typewriters and supplies . 12 , 101 6 , 845 19 .719,000
Umbrellas and canes . . 6 ,505 2 ,413 15 .864,000
Upholstering materials . . . . . . 4 ,777 17 ,456 13 , 054,000
Vault lights and ventilators . . 453 234 957.000
Vinegar and cider . . . . . . . . . . 3 ,073 16 ,681 8 ,448,000
Wall paper . . . . 4 ,746 5 .680 14 ,449,000
Wall plaster . . . . . . . . . . 5 ,624 25 ,892 12 ,804 ,00X1
Washing machines and clothes wringers 2 , 294 3,351 - 5 .825 ,000
Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 , 129 4 , 286 11,398,
Wheelbarrows. . . . 775 1 ,486 1 .525 .000
W hips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,946 1 ,321 3 ,949 ,000
Windmills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ,742 3 , 301 6 .677.000
Window shades and fixtures . . . 4 .770 5 , 737 18 ,571,000
Wire . . . . . . . 19 ,945 71. 959 84,486 ,00
Wirework , including wire rope and cable . 14 , 994 20 . 131 41.938,000
Wood distillation , not including turpentine and resin 3 , 095 9 , 854 9 ,737,000
Wood carpet. . . . . . . . 221 269 490 , 00% )
Wood preserving . . . . . . 2 ,875 10 .647 14 .699 ,000
Wood , turned and carved . . . . . . 16 ,243 48 ,447 22 . 199 ,00% )
Wood pulling . . . . . . . . . . . . 759 1 . 366 5 , 181,000
Wool scouring . . . . . . . . . 1 , 262 6 ,785 3 ,289,000
Woolen , worsted , and felt goods, and wool hats.. . 175 , 176 362, 209 435 .979 ,000)
All other industries* .. . . 132 136 390 ,000
Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17,678,578 | 18 ,680 ,776 $ 20 ,672,052,000
Includes the following industries : Millstones ; ordnance and accessories; pulp , from
fibre other than wood ; straw goods, not elsewhere specified : and whalebone cutting .
CHAPTER V .
COMMERCE
N
AADA L .
QUEENSTOWN OO
LIVEREGOLA
LOGO
KOSTOL N
CW VAAK
ACI
OCE
E
A
F
VALPARAISO
CAPETOWA
VEMOSTRES ampeonat o
137
138
AND
STATISTICS
FINANCIAL
COMMERCIAL
WORLD
COUNTRIES
PRINCIPAL
THE
OF
.
commerce
1.Foreign
Population Popula
Co 1911
in
on
or per
tion
. untry .Aros avail
.latest square Imports
of United
from
Imports of
Exports to
Exports
date
.able .
mile .
Year United
.merchandise Stat
. es .merchandise Sta
. tes
m.Sg
iles Doll
. ars .Dollars Per
cent
. .
Dollars .
Dollars .Per
cent
.Argentina 39
1, 96 72
0,7100 6.30 1911 0,9353
72
00 0,55000
21 .
314 ,0313
33300 ,023
45000 7.5
:
Australasia
Australia
2Commonwealth
3,.of ,52974
81 02
,04600 .51 5 1911 0,8325
97
00 0,73700 06 .
611 0370
,800 53 ,07 00
03 1.9
Zealand
,.?New 7,104 51 0,1 6300 10
.15 1911 0,19520
00 ,018 00
86 .68 ,092
60002 ,02100
15 2.3
-Hungary
.Austria 0,261
33 06
0,51
100 .7195
8 1911 0,9647
0017 0,85800
21 19. ,0488
00
74 011
,800
66
iHerze
Bosnia
and
Austria
( ncluding
).
govina 6,.196 35 0,26320 000 222
.68
1911
.
Hungary ,46125
27 ,082086
00 .5166
2
1911
5.
Belgium ,31173 ,07400 90 .5658
8
1911 0,4832
00
06 0,86500
95 7.6 0682
,400
18 ,021
90099
,elgiaon
BKong 1,913
27 0,2000 .9210
1911 ,039 00
86 ,0217
00 3.2 ,010
43200
?.Bolivia ,1708
95 68
,02200 3.20
1911 ,02357 00 0,83 97
00 .916 ,032
60039 ,0277
00 8.
.Brazil 4,3216 91 115
0,21 00 1911
6.23 ,07256 00
71 0,8$2800
54 .211 ,0324
90020 ,0115
70031 .6
35
0
5,1Bulga ria 37
,199 29
0,4300 116
1910
3. 7 ,023430
00 165
,000 .5 ,024
90007 ,0216
00
Canada 29
6,3765 05
0,7200 1.93
1912
11 0,4521 48
00 ,03356 00
54 .
463 ,0290
22400 ,0102
00
41 .2
35
Ameri
Centr
:
States can
al
Rica
.Costa ,61891 0,388
00 .720
|16911 0,838
00 0,400
93 .
346 ,08 00
90 ,04900
02 1.
55
.Guatemala ,24890 31
0,2 00 1911
42
.06 0,56 00
14 0,62 9600 .
441 010
,900 82 03,200 97 .030
Honduras 46
,250 0,566
00 12
.23
1912
12 0,13 78
00 ,032 93
00 .
375 ,03 67
00 ,02730 00 .0
89
.Nicaragua 49
,532 0,600
00 12
.11
1910 0,82 00
64 85
5,0100 .
355 04,500 56 ,01500 57 .2
34
1
.Panama 32
,350 0,387
00 .911
5
1911 0,89 00
97 0,15 23
00 .
851 ,02800
63 ,02576 00 .090
.
Salvador 8,170 07
0,1700 1911
208
.94 0,25 00
84 ,091 25 00 .
436 ,08400
06 ,02900 25 .8
34
3.Chile ,4292 20 15
0,3400 11
.68
1911 0,3127
00
81 0,71576
00 .
412 ,0123
80084 ,019
60009 .815
.China 1,4277
70 42
0,336
00 .578
7
1911 0,8306
00
12 0,52664
00 78. 0245
,500 38 ,022
10002 9.0
.
Colombia 2,435
78 32
0,5 00 11
.56
1911 ,011809
00 0,295
20
00 .
828 ,022
37600 ,0$9800
94 .2
44
.Cuba
,15 45
,831 0,2 20
00 48
.39
19
1912 0,9118 00
37 04,62
00
29 .
552 0146
,600 76 0122
,800 47 .8
83
Denmark ,5
1586 57
0,2700 184
3. 4
1911 ,0180 00
74 0,1700
02 09. ,0143
82100 ,0860
00
.Ecuador 6,118
27 0,1500
00 12
.64
1910 0,8 00 18 0,22 00
53 .
128 ,013
60057 ,04 00
87 29
9.
Egypt
,15 8353
, 99 287
,011 00 29 4. 0
1911 ,05134
00
84 0,51 00
90 21. 0141
,300
65 ,010
238 00 .27
Sudan 0,950
00 0,260000 2.74
1911 0,21100
40 11
,000 ,0680006 ,0240
00 .53
.
France 1,207
29 02
,039
600 191
.19
1911 0,71500 56
05 ,05159
85
00 .
310 ,081 00
34
72 ,073
278 00 6.3
.
Algeria
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
6,343
29 0,8564
00 16
.19
1911 ,02110
96
00 0,1 00
68 .01 ,098
30053 ,0534
00 .5
Tunis
. 6,61
33 0,1920
00 29
.85
1911 0,42300
35 ,0506
00 2. ,027
70027 03. 00
Indo
French
C
- hina 2,256
53 0,16
90090 66
.30
1911 0,93600
31 ,0473
00 1,3 523
,000
colonies
,n.e3French 34
1,3395 150
,025
00 7.84
1911 0,9610091 03, 00
71 .75 060,,048100
451000 0734
,00
German
.Empire 7,208
94 20
0,6400 310
.90
1911
50
00
0,72309 0,310
700
83 00
,041919
28 0,152
200
81
,0M140
00 .73
310 1011 ,000
271 , 00
024 00 ,000
735
Union
Cust an
Germoms ,70
%300 6
.134 1010 800
,030 70
, ,01 22
20 90093
,013 0,800
30 84 ,000
813 ,02700
02 2,000 34
colo
Ger nies
man ,62484 ,02 00 7. 9
100 1910 800
,01854 ,000
1813
.,9 ce
1Gree ,03500 1911 ,097 48 00 0,•8
600
56 .7
83
0
. 72
11 ,925 0,17
100
64 3.8 0300
34
,719 0,50
500
67
88
,01773 355
,0314
00 3
6.177 1912 82
00
0,8419
B, ritia sh
Indi
88
,6110 00
06,3487 3. 8
313 1911 34
00
0,1654 0,80
100
40 .3
12 0125
00
,425 00
0,17
715 .2
11
Italy ,000
279 3.35 1910 00
,30160 0,2 00 00
40,105
.)Eritrea
(Massaua 62
,182 1
excluding
b ut
Pescadores
iJapan
,( ncluding 0400
,255 45 00
0,40
444 12
00
0,6220 0,70
900
79 ,2
32
).
Sakhalin
and ,0147
90 500
,051
17 9. 0
312 1911 .8
15
Formosa 4 1911 00
,052640 ,000
883 3. ,213
032 00 ,29000
01 9.3
.
Formosa ,839
13 ,03300
94 ,2245
) ea ( orosen
KCh ,103
84 ,01436
00 3
1.167 1911 ,0900
26 36 ,21000
22 91
,09300 ,000
475 15.
in
.
Domingo
Santo
.
Servia ,650
18 ,02900
57 .55
158 1911 0200
77
,22 ,000
412 1.9 565
,022
00 0697
, 00
2,8
.Siam ,0105
00 ,07 00 .90 u1912
35 0300
54
,27 ,OCO
599 .2 600
,031
53 ,03800
,794
194 600
,019
11 .6s
100 1911 00
82
0,178 00
0,23
202 .0
13 0779
00
,174 ,010
330 00
?,.Spain .17 0900
98
,179 00
0,14
116 7.8 88
00
0,8158 ,6000
52
214
.Sweden ,920
172 ,05500
62 32 1910
,91555 53
0,73 00 .23
235 1911 0855
00
,347 ,014
40091 4.2 600
,0242 61 ,027
400
50 .3
11
.
Switzerland 51. ,09589
00 04,30044
).Samos
(including
Turkey ,51 00
53 300
,024 67 .56
21 1911
27 0,2183 73
00 0,2700 91 .64
3, 27 ,000
314 .40
103 1910 25
,03800 0,1500 ,03200
38 ,000
73 2.3
.
28
Crete 00
62
0,170 63
0,13
700 .18 206
,0267
00 0,2 00
34 .8
Africa
of
South
.Union ,184
473 05,973
00 .62
12 1911
,3121
16 366
,045 00 .94
373 1911 00
,093 87
09 00
0,597
125 .0
18 72
00
,20909 00
,0135
42 6.1
.
Kingdom
United 0352
00
,471 0947
00
,443 0,43
200
03
n.cs,British
colonies ,22 92
71 500
,041
00 .27
18 1910 72
0,30
500 6.5 9.7
,Alaska
H awaii
(including
States
United
).Porto
Rico
and ,53657
27 ,827
096 00 .69
1912
16
26 65
,160200
53 20
,210300
70
,0115
26 ,0840060 165
1912
.573 50
0,55400 0,20
600
04 300
,050
20 0,21
500
18 .8
42
!Islands
Philippine
,435
63 152
,061
00 .37912
|1335
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
.
Rico
Porto 0600
38
,46 00
0,5953 800
,043
77 ,0150089 .63
8,30
.Uruguay ,172
72 ,01100
78 .31911
162 8.12
.
Venezuela 9393
, 76 ,02700
14 6.97
1912
16 0300
96
,20 ,62000
36 ,025
730 32
.600 00
,83068 .5
32
,14965
37 ,051688
00
29 .15
33 98
0,118
500
70 00
0,12351
88 0,716
900
36 84
,21357
55
.Total
comm
the
of
,eTotal erce
ofxclusive 43
0,91600
16 ,012300 88
51 0,471400
.116
66
4 ,2.91384
55
57 9.2
the
Unite
.Statesd
139
-Continued
World
COUNTRIES
PRINCIPAL
THE
OF
STATISTICS
FINANCIAL
AND
.COMMERCIAL
140
.
railways
of
Length .
Telegraphs orders
Foreign
postal
and
money
Domestic
of
Miles ,
sent
orders ,
sent
Post or
Miles
Cou mail
: ntry .
offices postal service
of
Miles of
Miles .
routes .
performed
.
Date ,
Miles .
Date .
line
.
Nunber ,
Value .
Number .
Value
,
wire
.
Dollars .
Dollars
.Argentina 1911 ,620
19 1910 ,905
37 ,330
100 2,995 ,372
45 867
,217
49 ,864
238 ,95286
64 ,473
23 ,822
391
:Australasia
Aus
of
Commonwealth
tralia
. 1911 ,012
18 1910 ,14400 7 25
,896 34 ,242
132 ,93562
60 ,17304 886
,337
13 ,33878
06 ,705
622 10
.
Zealand
New 1111912 2,827 1911 ,316
11 212
,337
1322 ,314
413 ,09639
57 ,343
156 ,32 62
13
H
Austr iary
.- unga 1911 028
, 38
Bos
(i
Austria
ncluding
nia
Herzekov
.)and ina 1910 ,723
31 ,203
154 ,21072 ,201
144 987
,583
88 ,583
231 50 618
,2308
55 ,85783
57 , 60
966 46
Hun
. gary 1910 ,576
15 ,654
89 6,152 ,96374 983
,251
39 404
,021
04 881
,2227
28 ,34572
49 000
,253
71
.Belgiun 1912 5,303 1912 4,965 ,382
27 1,658
22 ,65 14 301
,268
19 70
23,417 474
,679
51 ,629
747 ,317
81020
,Belgian
.Kongo 1912 770 1912 1,367 66 ,919
13 , 72
6887 891 ,002
26 ,54 67 ,310
146
Bo
. livia 1911 635 1909 3,111 1,4 53 200
.Brazil 1911 ,71300 1909 ,199
36 ,17324 ,246
333
Bulgaria
. 1911 1,198 1911 4,052 9,457 2,220 4.1534 ,8516031 ,323
412 216 86
,038164
08
25
62
94
.Canada 16
1911 ,400
25 1911 ,312
42
34 ,546
173 ,859
3513 065
,252
74 ,3353701
54 252053 56
,431 59
68
33
97
23
2
:
States
American
Central
.Costa
Rica 1911 1911 1,514 199
Guatemalo
. 1911 422 1911 8,3 28 311
Honduras
. 1910 106 1910 3.220 264
Nicaragua 1910 171 1910
*3,637 135
Panama
. 1912 202 96
.
Salvador 1910 97 1911 2,673 96 1,848 ,601
36
Ch
. ile 1911 3,61909
06 ,62401 1,13204 28
7, 52 ,57418
64 ,32564
66 ,5926
01 ,284
146 ,248
850
.China 1911 04
5,41910 ,327
29 161
, 66 2*6, 01 ,1*2595
01
.Colombia 1911 621
1909 ,676
10
.Cuba 1910 2,123 1910 ,05 65 1,6 84 487 5,32924 2545
,838
28
Denmark 1911 2,1194 2
101 2,265 8,052 1,574 6,437 .89,703
15 ,24323
00 ,04883
03 ,882
242 ,93168
59
.Ecuador 1910 350
1912 3,318 81
.
Egypt 1911 30
3,61911 ,604
278 ,759
23 ,72101 86, 99 ,26057
55 ,279
819 844
,021
73 ,9151 34 ,03154
38
.Free 1911 1910
,231
23 ,5113 83 ,140
429 ,016
14 91
,9368 830
,3332
58 409
,2GO
64 107
,5619
24 ,21917
14 637
,02062
Algeria 1911 42
2,11910 9,444 , 39
624 661 ,08104
42 ,12 59
80 825
,37564 738
, 92 ,7547 51
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
Tunis
. 1911 1,080 1911 2,831 ,21081 419 5,182 ,42789
61 ,528860 ,04 07
47 17
,9227 ,62770
47
-China
Indo
.French 1911 1,186 1911 ,78 38 18
8, 05 315 20
,840 ,66888
66 ,802
174 ,34074
35 ,69929 ,32050
51
colonies
,n.French
e 1912 1,7190
3181 ,556
16 ,82197 617 ,717
37 ,86 15
86 ,433
120 ,03904
31 ,60929 ,92125
14
Empiro
German
. 1012 ,63954 1911 142
0
, 20 550
, 63 90
5
, 341 ,2230180
89800
01
40
42 650 57
72
8,451043
.
colonies
German 1911 82, 82 1909 6,089 189 469
12207
,34095 (**)
Greece
. 1911 1.000 1910 0
,5 52 01, 82 2,57 207
,83222 38
16 98
$6,4483
1,78
.
Haiti 1011 84 1910 124 80 ,o162m
,BIndia 1911 832
, 39 11
1911 ,9207
37 6,1967 ,0158
48 0116
20
,00 76
80
4,0*1224
370
81 7,03*1430201482
.Italy
Eritros
,i1ncluding
912 10
,84071 1910 ,6434
55 ,4182
05 111
, 24 ,742a 062
,678
17 3,496
2,02439
0301
64 47,1476
,37475
77
Pescadore
Japan
i( ncluding s
excluding
but
1911
11
.)Formosn 3,8 85 1011
11 ,5«2395 ,6104
64 7237
, 17 ,87060 ,177
001 87 95
17
,517
9116
041
35 .7328
21
,71451
Formora
. .11911
1 291 11
1911 1,613 .82 43 135
K(Chosen
orea 1912
11 767 11
1912 3,451 8,451 465 ,62167 ,74880 00 174
79,4500
67
42 1,925
,738
35
Lux
. emburg 1911 326 1011 436 1,281 124 ,7100
54 81
Mex ico ,42252 ,458252 02
28 56
08,1399
459
62
. 1912 ,11603 1911 ,446 37 842
, 58 ,25547 ,522
89329 0,26
1528 01
22
72 93,4131
050 35
00
.Netherlands 1911 2,010 1911 4,728 23
,529 6
21, 11 9,966 ,321
07182 635 51
2,76181
10
79
Dutch
Indies
.East 1910 11, 95 7 49
,486 ,03949
73
1910 9,430 13
,968 71, 03 ,31645
21 ,67176
12 8,67509
000 57
42 73
66
,4889
503
Dutch
possessions
.America 1910 117 4,751 189
, 76 ,7253
,053
10
90
.Norway 1911 1,917 1911 6,843 ,11328 43, 96 ,16571 ,31215
18 ,6817
94 ,312
47366 63
62,289
,212
26
Paraguay
. 1911 1911 ,42 85 385
.
Persia 1910 1910 6,630 9,737 7,456 ,81552
65
.
Peru 1,650 282 850
1911 1911 7,950 714 ,4966
87
34
,668 5,274 ,59474
.Portugal 1911 1,798 1908 5,795 ,41384 04, 44 ,32033 112
,375 07 ,510
47
8767
350
62 ,651
08
Portuguese ,0499
68
.colonies 1010 ,01 02 1910 5,841 7,143 773 ,82642 ,6280779 1661
,4268
828 ,52975 408
,068
.Roumanis 1912 2,293 1911 4.549 ,912
50 92, 79 ,66497 ,017
25510 91
,01659
51313
75 ,2389
43 64,253 03
Russig
. 1911 46 ,038 1910 ,6126
4659 ,7443
95 715
, 01 ,8209
91 ,492
20368
.Finland ,651039
777 10
81
29
63 663
,799 ,110
836 42
1911 2, 38 )(67 12, 38
San
Dom
. toingo 1911 175 1911 1,269 81
Serv
. ia 1911 590 1911 ,72 03 5,150 51, 29 2,107 ,3835
50 ,5466
61 80 ,54862 9**7,4113
Siam
.
2,7057
1911 677 1911 4,627 ,66 04 179 ,94 54 ,0474
88 4,796 ,9310
86 2,424 ,42937
.Spain 1911 9,199 1911 ,42641 58
,056 65, 74 37
,091
.Sweden 1911 8,682 1910 ,02020 04, 56 ,44003 ,228
35864 ,67304
14 ,967
79058 ,7386
32 03,504
62
.Switzerland 1911 3,176 1911 ,22 21 16
,316 24, 30 7,153 ,420
10266 36, 07
49
Turkey
,9119
13491 ,71603
10 ,715
63036
. 1910 4,138 1910 28
,251 ,64783 929 ,92938 ,95551
92 ,048
1 9891 15
618
,995 63
Crete 16
,64368 ,4156
33
,. 1909 229 2
08 ,21940
80 ,319587
71 7,328
Sou
of
.Afri
Unith
on
ca 1911 8.092 ,91420 102
,54900
1911 , 33
954 52, 87 ,2484
07 ,712
997 81
Uni
Kin gdom
. ted 1911 ,42317 1911
11 61
60
.296 0,5039
1295 224
, 45
British ,7139
30932 ,8438
57096 852
,760 ,514
78688
s,n.ecolonies 1911 86, 28 1911 32, 92
States
.United 1911
16 254
,75132 1912 ,9220
5328 3,21517 58
753
, 29 ,4436
70 ,2578
16765 ,284
51239
.
Islan
Phili ds
ppine 0583
,304 37 ,94 55
41 ,097
62560
16
1912 1912
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
.Total ,9065
64 6,31 65
94 98
5,6393 7313
,76 37
93
7),4219385
41
8 70
96
5,69682
158
92
05 136
,075
46 5470
,065
03
141
STATISTICS
FINANCIAL
AND
COMMERCIAL
COUNTRIES
PRINCIPAL
THE
OF
-Continued
WORLD
.OF
142
Revenue
.
expenditure
and ,
Debt
Country .
Funded ncluding
foating
i,Unfunded
interest
,etc
bearing
.non in
Total Rates Interest
.
Year Revenue
. Expendi Year
. United of
in other
and
.4
ture States annual
.terest
Currency Amount
. Currency
. Amount
. .
currency charg
. es
Dollars
. Dollars
. Doll
. ars .
ct
Per Dollars
.
1912 Pesos
,gold 47 594
04, 00
.
Argentins 1912 0825
,140
00 40088
0,134 ppe s
soer
., ap 30018
,024 ,0670
40028 50028
0,32
,paper
.Pesos 0300
,476
30
:
Australasta
Commonwealth
of 0,$62,033
6636
40000
1
-100
1910 1912 sterling
.Lbs ,048
10
00 900
,048
01
Australia
,States
.Australia 2181
,0618100
40
81910
-1741 1911 ,sterling
.Lbs o
04.1d91
,25300 13
36
,6000 ,091275
99
00 43- ,450
089
00
.New
Zealand 66609
0,6563 03
45
31910
-100
1 1911 .do 000
,81
78 500
,0394
67 3-4 90064
0,11
-Hungary
.Austria 1911 0,9925400
00 1912 Kronen
. 90
00
0,51Kronen
.78 ,964
000 ,031 00
51
46 53- 600
0,42 95
Aust
. ris 1912 1592
,0582 87
49
00 1912 .do ,0267.d95 11
00
o 300
,0350
33 ,051433
00
11 53
,1045
00
Hu
. ngary 1912 376 97
,01376
00
08
00 1910 .do ,035.d76 00
75o 50017
,0957 ,061200
24
77 3-5 400
,060 23
Be
. lgium 71912
,0136 51
00 1911 Francs
. 03
04
,0437Francs
.00 136
,200400 , 00
0741
44 2-3 567
0,29
00
., elgiaon
BKong 1912 0,13
38700 09
56
00 1912 .do ,0238
4.d85 00 o 10050
,045 700
,05441 90
,14000
Bolivi
. a ,0671912
00
11
57 1912 Lbs
s. terling ,02735
00 311
,013
00 3-10 48
,13000
.do ,•809200
03
.
Brazil 1912 92
5167
0,177
00
320 1912 Francs
. 000
,300
00 600
,0663
67 +5 637
0,29
00
Milreis
,p
. aper 0500
,620
26
.
Bulgaria 1912 470023
63
0,36 1912 Francs
. 600
.,04Francs
69
00 100
,500067 300
,0135
00 -848 49
,77000
.
Canada 117
758,019115
80
700
74 1911 Dollars
. ,0275
00
8Dollars
.46 05
,0199
00 900
,0474
41 10010
0,14
American
Central
States
:
.
Rica
Costa -13
1912 ,14027 1912 sLbs
. terling ,01617
00
04,100
39 00 Fra 0,3500 ,600
014 24 706
,000
. ncs
.
Guatemala 1911 700
,0563 23 4100
0,6550 1912 Pe ds
g, olso .600
,011
58 Peso
.,papesr 129
,0103
00 846
,017
00 4-8 ,01761
00
Honduras
. -13
1912 ,02126
00 ,21026
00 1912 sterling
.Lbs 0800
,23
61 .,sPeso
ilvesr ,05458
00 300
,0118 01 3-10 ,0252 00
LL
Nicaragua
. 1910 518
,0651
00 20005
0,661 1912 .do ,01200
09 .,pPeso
apesr 417
,059
00 ,0960041 394
,000
.
Panama 1911 3553
,066
00 3$6
,060 3
00 1912 .U8dollars ,000
51 ,000
51 4,000
.
Balvador 1911 05391
,06
00 10077
0,185 1911 d.SU ollars ,08 00
39 .do 2,6027
00 149
,013
00 54
,41000
.,sColon
ilveres 00
06,3 20 ilver
s.,Colones ,02500
87
.sLbs
terling 34
,0"2900
.
Chile 1911 0,2-7200
27 600 75
0,8572 1912 .,gPesos
old ,06 08
00 ,paper
.Pesos 800
,0150
64 136
,0210
00 ,82012
00
(Posos
.,p aper 29
,0700 30
.
China 1912 0200
,193
61 10047
0,375 1911
.sLbs
terling 500
,0111 84 800
,0636
22 5-4 60600
0,33
.Francs 000
,486
.
Colombia 1912 11
,0100 15 115
0,11
00 1912 .sLbs
terling ,04255
00 Doll
, ars 57
,02700 400
,023
65 44
,25000
Cuba 1911 ,01-4164
00 01
0,4400 1911 .Dollars 0,3610019 310
,061
00
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
. 28
,46000
Denmark -12
11911 500
,025
92 30020
,031 1011 .Kroner 0800
,335
60 10
0,9000 31 0,360
00
1913 1,00 001912
21
00
9921 0
,2 16
1200 520
0, 03
001 000
Ecu
. ador ,019200
sterling
1012
94
00
6Los
,078 94
,022
00 0,440070
00 6022 82
,,1100
Exy
. pt ,0ses 07
Frunca
1913
00 1912 62
100
,31
0 01 31, 05
0 00
08 20 6 83
,6 75
00 0185
,100 75
0,100
1BAS 78
.1012
.Fanoo a 1909
.d
0
,28 o
00
15
37
00
1919 300
53
,0 13 ,280
010 00 ,03200
01
Algeri 1912 ,010 .d15
351912 00
o
10
00 ,182
035700 936
,068 00 ,02980 00
Tuni
, s 1912
128
,03354
00
.d
54o 900
,0245
13 400
,047 61 ,02183 00
C-. hin
Indo
Fre a
nch 1911
s.n0,colonios ,31912
025 00
13
026
13
00
.11911 .d. o 180
,0308
00 833
,059
00 ,02300 35
Fr 0686 1011 Mark
. s ,064557
23
00 ,0600
00 ,01230
19
00 128
,057
00
.
Empi
Germ re
an ,91912 3
-100
s
.Statoan ,05143111911
26
53
00
09 1911 .d
.o 800
,0614
79
54 712
,0600
00 ,073 05
54
00 726
,0154
00
Germ 500
,084
80 100
,020
30 ,0140064
.,German
colonios 015 04
62
00
2191
,30 3 02
-1191 .d. o
,027
68191200
6200
15 .s/Lterling
bs 300
,033
43 900
,0177
10 07,00
89
Grece
. 1912 .
Drachmas 200
,088
34
.
Francs 286
,0119
00 .1}USdollars 07, 00
77 ,0$2800
63 ,0298400
.
Haiti ,0621912
-100
443 ,06200
44 1912 .USdollars 700
,012
63
,British
.India .Lbs
s,039631910
382
11911 00
66
83
00
-1terling
2 ,0261
00
35
3Rupoes 900
,0237
74 ,091392
48
00 576
,047
00
Italy 1911
6Lire
,0507 23
-100
1912
3
.0510
77
00 0,31078
00
65 Lire ,053777
12
00 0,72600 69
48 , 00
097 74
. 0,7120071
45
.
Japan 1912
0288
,8286 37
37
00
-1003 .Yen ,072500 63
05 800
,070 77
.
Formosa ,02272
51912
-100
3 0,18000
.)Chosen
(Korea 1912
,026
3026 40
40
00
31912
-100
3 .Yen 255
,029
00 500
,014
69
.
Liberia
Luxemburg
.
-11
1910 53
0490
, 00
08
00
00
82
,036,0391912 1910
,0$41912
.Francs
00
U.8d90
ollars ,01700
800
,010
35 ၄ + + + Tumor
,01700
00
,02 00
91
,08500
,000
261
.Mexico 83551910
60
,065
-11911 149
12
5
. 00
Pesos 700
,0439
04 ,000
483 200
,0219
13 ,400
014 18
မှ
.
Netherlands ,08900
51
Florins
2,081
21912
31
00
1912 ,041 00
56
63 700
,0467
09 200
,015
13
.
Indies
Dutch
East 877
00
1912
0,19106
00
53
4
possessions
Dutch 32
00
56
00
,027,0321912
in.America 500
,098
31
.
Norway 1911
32
,065 03
.00
4-31910
1Kroner
373
1 600
,0367
53 04,100
20
75 ,g|Pold
esos 08,335 00 .Pasos
,gold ,0583 00 ,07600
43 ,000
835
.
Paraguay ,0351912
00
64 0,400 1912 405
,012
00 .pPesos
, aper 600
,016 18
Pesos
p
., aper
Peru
. ,016
8,01626
00
26
00
81912
s1911
.Lbs
terling ,0380043 .Lbs
sterling ,01500
52 253
,026
00 ,000
542
,08900
61
s ob 1
.
Portugal 88161912
,085 63
-11912
Milreis
. 00
302 0500
35
,807 .
Milreis ,300
0968 24 900
,037
99
.
colonies
Portugues e 00912
,666
31910
12
-100
45
1
.Roumapia 096
,697 1911
51912
-1F 300
90
.106rancs ,061500
23
34 ,029461
00 500
,017
82
.
Russia 661
621913 1912
,03541
.3000
37
59
52
Rubles 0,68900
41 45
04
0,94600 400
,0207
97
.Finland Francs
0,5*3941911
191011
43
.3200 ,0178 29
00 300
,034 60 ,01 3500
.
Domingo
Banto 354
60
00
481911
,0A806
1912
.00
Dollars 646
,01400 600
,014
46 01,800 44
Servia
. 5425
21912
,0625
.00 38
Francs 600
,0663
17 ,0128
00
78 ,06269
00
tobob o
Siam
. 349
,01-201523
100
1911
80
00
2 1911 sterling
.Lbs ,02 00
83 ,100
010 35 ,0456 00
.Spain 1912
5Pesetas
202
55
,02511911
87
31
10
. 00 ,079407
25
00 ,061891 15
00 ,07300
74
.
Sweden 1911
41913
,070 Kronor
. 00
91 400
,0537
26 ,0144 00
30 ,08100 30
.Switzerland 1912
9Francs
617
,018
. 00 03
40 700
,0116 Francs ,05600
51 600
,023 14 ,0130084
.
Turkey 1912
2-.Lbs
1134
,0152
T98urkish
300
62 , 00
0126
09 400
,0554 41 200
,064 71
Africa
.of
South
Union s,060
.Lbs 41912
78
-11910 399
70
0000581
terling 382
,0110 00 Lbs
s. terling ,05950
00 100
,0566 29 800
,015 62
.Kingdom
United 1912
71911
,08555900
-1.d00 268
42
00
90 o 306
,0685 00 .do ,500
039 00 ,023500 70
27 200
,0119
29
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
D.es,Br
colonies 1910
455100
92
,056
6-1.d00 117
03 o 200
,038 59 100
,0186 90 ,06556
00
.States
United -1200
2%91911
965
,055
74
92
49 1912 .
Dollars 700
,0963
77 Doll
. ars 700
,063
98 ,051 00 27
75 ,600
022 16
Isla nds ne
. ippi ,1851911
015
-.1912 04
93
00
d400
2o ,125
016 00 125
,016 00 ,000
713
tsbos tusb pobco
Phil
Uru
. guay 1911
671912
,034
-1Pesos
.02 00
76
2 800
,013158 300
,0136
41 ,08500
93
.Venezuela -13
1912 133
,01000 1911 Bolivares
. 400
,0195
89 Boli
. vares ,02300
19 700
,037
29 ,01200
75
.
Total ,076(111518774140043 ,07413600
01 ,071600
86
63
143
.CWORLD
-OF
THE
COUNTRI
PRINCIP
STATISTI
FINANCI
AND d
ES
AL
CS
AL
ontinueCIAL
COMMER
144
.capita
Per .Railroads .Telegraph
Post
offices
Length
Length
per
Coun
, try Per Per 0,wite
10
of00
line
of
.01000 1,000 .0inhablt
1000
, 00
per
.R evenue
xports
EImports .
Debt .
Interest inhabit
.
ture . square nhabit
i.inhabit
ants
.
ants .miles ante
.
ants .
,Dollars Dollars .
Dollar .
Dolidts .
Dollars .|Dollata .
Miles Miles
. .Miles Miles
. N
| umber
.Argentina 349
.6 .0439 .6194 .7185 .4939 4.51 .
427 .2
17 .9
62 .9
139 4.2
.Australasia .2
39 .995 .5210 .0
17
.of
Australia
Commonwealth 870
.2 .5809 9
.314 .9131 .6103 16.
New
.Zealand 4
.5
89 1
.187 1
.364 .8695 .27
371 8
.211 .7
26 .0
27 .7
16 .0
350 .7
21
Austria
H
.- ungary .8
012 9.55 8
.1 2 1.82 .67
20 5.6 .7
109
Aus
. tris .9201 .91
20 .62
50 2.11 .5
54 3.4
Hun
. gary 18
.01 .01
18 .04
58 7.5 .9
42 .29
Belgium
. 1ul
.4 1
.191 9
.118 .1189 .5988 3.93 .3
466 .4
36
.Kongo
,Belgian 17 5. 2 6. 6 72. 4 .07 8. •7
.03
610
.1 .39
14 2.96 .928 8.5 7 .69 7.
13 .318
Bolivis
. .51
Brazil
. 112
.6 .39
15 .792 8.41 3
.431 .41 0 6.5 .24 .1
17 .6
34
9
7. 1 .75 5 8.48 .48 2 5
.231 1.79 .832 .4
32 9.4 .8
21 5.1
.Bulgarla .1
245 19
.2
.Canada 372
.7 .28
40 .0163 .2129 .0676 1.99 90. 6.8 .7
59
:States
American
Central
Costa 722
.8 .9221 .6107 .8104 6. 9
37 1.82 .0
11 .1
23 .1
39 5.1
Rica
.
.
Guatemal a 23. 1 .45 1 1.83 2.04 8. 9
7 21. 87. .818 1.5
05. 1 5.42 .73 6 3.76 .01
209 1.9 23 .9
56 4.7
.Honduras 3.5 .2
: :
.
Nicaragua 4.77 7.59 2.53 2.01 016.7
57
.25 7.40 .780 8.68 .13 .26 2.5
Panama
. 7. 0 .1
12 .1
15 .6
ON
.
Salvador 3.10 4.92 3.10 8.03 .85
.,Chile 337
.0 .2368 .0218 4
.221 .6613 .0
10 :3
12 .2
72
.China 9. 1 .73 .58 1.12 1.90 1.3 1.5 2
.Colombia 63. 0 4. 5 2. 1 2.21 1.2 1.4 .2
21 1.0
5$3. 8 .0667 .8197 .8192 .62
27 69. .4
46 .8
22 .927 2.
.Cuba 4.1
Denmark 568
.8 152
.6 .29 8 6
.311 .6325 1.1 1 .38 .8
153 8.2 .2
29
.Ecuador 36. 6 9.10 4.40 7.15 .79
13 .73 2.3 3.0 .1
22
.Egypt 911
.2 122
.5 6.96 6.74 0
.840 2.01 3.2 9.5 7. .1
21 1.5
.Sudan 34. 2 2.62
Franc
. e 3
.1
89 .0292 219. 2 212
.9 15867 4.89 7.91 8,
150 7.
28 4. 8
10 3.6
Algorie
. 19
8. 2 .6178 5.04 .05 4 .81 5 .216 .0
17 .21
Tunis 112
.7 .37
14 5.48 .74
36 8.7 .2
15 .3
63 2.1
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
.
.-China
French
Indo 12.7 2.83 51. 0 1.00 !2.70
,n.os
colonies
French 42. 6 1.06 1.01 2.371 .5 8.71
.
Empi
Germ re
an :4"336 .88
20 .58
10 .88
10 .78
18 .1
18 .6
67
Uni
. st
Cu
Ge onom
rm ans .57
21
. rm
Sta
Ge tes
an 7*1:2 2.310 057
.8
col
. rm
Ge es
onian 1.Os 2.16 3.0 2.8
Cre00
. 0 .62
11 .47
10 .43
10 .38
10 .73
06 26. 5 3.8 .2
40 .0
19 .3
36
.
Haiti 3.18 .47 2 2.50 2.50 .15
17 1.19 5.8
,BIndia
r 1.43 29 1.26 1.22 24. 8 1.0 .618 2.4 53.
Italy
. .8186 .26
12 .72
14 .6144 .976
7 8.2 0 3.1 .3
98 .0
10 .6
52
(Massous
).Eritrea .33
11 5.04
and
excluding
.Formosa
Pescadores
iSak ut
( ncluding
,bJapan
balin
). 4.96 .248 .65 5 6.5 5 .06
25 1.40 .3
36 4.6 6.20
.
Formosa 7.82 9.49 6.65 6.65 .1
21 4.8 8.4
(Korea
).Chosen 1.92 1.34 1.87 .81 7 0,1 4 0
.9 2.5 6.0
Liberla
., 7. 0 3. 3 .33 1.13 .08
Luxemburg
. 13
.88 .32
15 8.04 1.00 .0
326 .81
116 .3
49 84.
Mexico
. 0.6 2 9.82 3,66 4.02 .50
14 .95 .0
21 .9
14 .730 1.9
.
Morocco 3.64 3.23
.
Netherlands .58
154 .14
181 .4139 .82
14 .67
77 2.53 3. .6
152 7.9 .1
39 2.5
.
Indies
East
Dutch 3.66 74.9 2.48 .82 2 2.0 .52 .73
America
.in
possessio
Dutch ns .82
29 .0281 .46
18 .00
22 7.9 2.3 1.
Norway
. 52
.5 1 .34
32 .83
13 .55
13 .19
41 1.72 .315 .628 .6
14
.
Paraguay 7.88 5.88 4. 5 5.09 9.55 1.04 2.9 2.4 .1
31 4.8
,.
Persis 4.41 3.25 .06 7.0 .2
10
.
Peru .76 3 7.83 3.65 3.65 7
5. 0 .42 .2
17 1.4
ncluding
(iMadeira
).Portugal
Azores
and .76
13 .64
14 .10
14 6
.5178 .850 .7
10 9.24 7.5
.
colonies
Portuguese 3.71 3.3 2 1.44 1.47 1.2 6.8 .38
.
Roumania .16
11 .79
16 .7137 .63
13 .49
41 2.48 .2
45 4.6 .3
18 4.2
.Russis .63 0 4.93 9.86 9.45 .72
27 21. 5 5. 7.6 26
.7
.Finland .53
27 .67
19 .57
10 .7107 .03
11 .2
16 .96
.
Domingo
Santo 9.82 .54
15 6.SB 6.79 .69
20 62. 0 6.3 .9
17 1.
.
Servia 7.53 7.63 .58 4 .58 4 .31
43 .6
31 1.9 .4
17 5.2
.
Siam .93 1 42
.5 7.3 1 3.71 3.0 6.5 9.4 .3
irici -
.
States
United .07
17 2.4) 2 .25
10 9.97 10
6 .1 2
.6
26 .3
70 .1
23 .6
158 6.1
.
Islands
Philippine 6.45 8.55 1.54 1.65 1.95 .7 5.3 5.2 8.0
.
Rico
Porto 3.0 .0
99 5.3 .5
12
Uruguay
. 5
.9
39 ,2375 4.6
29 4.29 .74
115 .3
13 .7
21 .2
41 8.
.
Venezuela 7.43 9.38 3.69 3.69 .75
13 12. 5.1 .2
17 .01
145
The
worstand
code
only
sin
perial
,atrade
nd Governmen
notincluded
stores
,bimports
areut
inPostal
figures
calendar t
,you
w herwotato
ufor
1910
yearnless
other
.Aexports
re
population
and
feudatory
include
States
stated
wise
Bottom
incode
species
and commerce
of
P* lasses
include
with
trade
.Japan »Calendar
1911
146
Tay included
not
Commits .year
exclu through
of mports
offices
post
included
Bot
figures
*Fin igures
fiscal
for
ending
,1year
30
June
Is 908
i
tracie
Min commerce Includes
lines
.cable
Tow ers
total
include
imports
exports
sed commerce
of
Piguses
include
imports
exports
and
for
Year
35
Mar
.,13ending
1
912
1907
.for E.Governmen
Tto xports
otal
nclude
»F"iAmerica
igures t
sinctada
Imports
for
consumption “f0883
or
00
".orders Includes
37
length
inthe
line
of
.Sudan
returns
Original
Curacao
for
show
not
do
trade
total
*Included
domestic
with
.money
orders
grund
in
ofres
titels
population
,and by
,a
countries
of nd
figures
the
with
trade
*PUnited
States
for
data
Mar ostal
ending
year
3
1
,
. 910
1
1 e
m s
marchandis
includes
only
.E x e have
taken
been
United
from
returns
States
combined
and
Includes
10
miles
.47
Eritrea
in
Stade
Town with
Surinam
show
to
reports
trade
Includes
United
the
of
1,041
miles
74
.inEritrea
not
in
included
commerce
of
.figures Slates
the
Dwith
possessions
utch
America
".in «Including
miles
507
and
line
erOneturnat
ports
from
United
the ending miles
646
of
in
wire
2Y
"0ear
.Mar Japanese
,Sakhalin
nd
into
fromSV
insports
United
the
t,States
aSAhe transit
nclude
figures
trade
Macao
.Fof
- ncluded
Japan
&Iof
,with igures
for trade
United
with
9)a(sStates
note
calen
the re
4Pee
for
data
June
ending
1year
,30911
ostal 1.912
restito
foreign
and
bullion
.cofns dar
.year
1908 of
local
of
milesxclusive
1,6*E32
.railways
ending
1 1ear
y.,2Mar r commerce
of
Figures
include
Bangkok
of
trade
Includes
4only
#sending
,July
31 eo d ,arpolice
266ailway
lines
.privatend
ending
127Year
Mar
Included
17
T
official
Russia
with
com
of 3he
.figures
Comments
AC
Zone
.notanal
included merce
include
not
do
,actobacco
igars
cigarettes
im Postal
48
for
data
Feb
ending
Vins
commerce
of
total
include .,12year
8nd
911
and
imports
do ported
exported
or
control
under
Postal
45
Imperial
the
of
for
data
Tobacco
Aug
ending
,1.3year
910
1
motion ,oRégie
wine
r
exported
salt
and
under
Includes
10
the
of
control
.telephones
commerce
of
gold
Include
bullion
silver
,and Public
Debt
Exclusive
31
.TAdministrat
hese
railway
of
amounted
to
(4mileage
inAlaska
)amiles 04nd ion
minin
,in 58
$1Imports
2and
81
.,0exports
5400
)#Yading
,Tone ),(1Hawaii
a miles
mileage
76nd
switching
of
and
ter
of
withigures
trade
States
United
are
the
for
F»companies
.minal
of
in
areeW ve
,tvs uchu
figures
which he year
been calendar
,n1908
data
later
ADhaving
oata
published
Western
for
Telegraph
oUnion
.Co nly
ed
the
true
I.Chinese
1910
inn
trade
this
amounted commerce
of
dataigures
include
bullion
>Fostal
wPand
specie
United
the
.04,3e616
rta
16
1100
xports
ma14
00 for
are
States
fiscal
tho
articles
Governmen
.for t 1912
,dyear
Porto
forata
included
with
Trhide
United
the
not
Bustes
separately
,stated F>.Rico
commerce
of
are igures
special
of
those
,itrade nclud
Budget
64
unless
law
.otherwise
stated
ciuded
trat
otal
,"Twith
America ing
,b
bullion
.notut
coin Actual
65
revenue
expenditure
,and
Estimates
36
submitted
legislature
the
.to
.
AND
IMPORT
EXPOR S
TS
The
domestic
exports
of
United
the EXPORTS
GRAND
IMPORTS
AND
BY Turning
exports
,tto
he
figures
of
COUNTRI
.AND
DIVISIONES
S the
value
merchan
of
out
sent dise
Staten
the
for
second
time
crossed the
United
States
show
larger
totals
billion
two
dollar
the
the
at
mark Imports
valued
Europe
from
were the
exports
practically
in
to
all
im
fiscal
1912
end
the
,tyear
total
ofhe year
fiscal
the
million
81912
in
at portant
and
world
countries
the
of
to
domesti
merchan
value
the
of odise 1912
pre
the
in
million
a.the
Europe
of
divisions
grand
all
, ogainst
T768
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENC
being
exporte19
28
1w,$28370
hile d North
Amer
rom
fiscal
year
fceding
;the
total
the
for
year
was
1912
E
exporte
merchan
foreign
the ddise 1912
dollars
million
,1in
3ica 34
4194
gainst
a08
atshowed
,50$3of
m otal
02
481
aking f1911
million
;in
1911
30542
against
trom
North
America
,5o1044
3 22
exports
,$2 04
total
of
the
2grand in illion
dollars
1912
gainst
457
America
million
South
,am215
409
$1,6amounte
,to .I53
mports d preceding
against
million
18242
the
in million
in
the
;precedin
tyear
o g
BOOK .
204
,034
the
in
immedia
preced tely ;from
,year
2Asia
million
2512
against South
1America
32
a,million
gainst
the
foreign earlier
21342
in
million
year
;the 11911
in
tmillion
109
,;o1712
Asia
m
year
total
aking
,ing million
,a
85gainst
T
357
commerc
8.,5
$3ex43
he 30
amillion
Oceania
,3gainst
612
from in
pre
the
87 e million
year
,ceding
t7Oceania
; o2
of
cess
exports
over
imports
was in21
2from
Africa
;million
,1911
and 1911
66
against
Africa
,t;million
ino
8551
4
a
,$5
0 57
gainst
75
94
22
94 million
in
fiscal
the
year
1912
,amillion
1912
mil
,24gainst
.in
2312
$11911
,20and
1910
.in 88
90
37 27
million
the
in
preceding
year
,in
the
prior
.|lion
In
E
La
raur
-st ge
de
ng
oc ean W
Bruke
eic
-53
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min -Se
H
O mi
2
-: 14
kopia
ll ua tonio
Zannwag
1 e
ami
mito
limit
La
wa ngsi
hu c gesFMillion
.2
- innish
Centr
d ricaal
-)Mengobnan
.mil
.:-50 gieges
Lor
Norwegian Swedish Esthonian Lang Berbe r
,Tuareg
9
.- 0million
English manchu Aanguage
. lllil
vc Wax the
of Wokoj
Dutch Pulto Di
dee
Tarhem
1
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Tarlarid Somali
F olata
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His eli
hme nt
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Lang c
c) laviuage Cauc
)(8 asian
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Lang co
omanuage
ic s
S: s .M guages
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:Langted
: .132
million mill
10
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mi
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amion Polish :-39L0asque
M.B
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ang
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Mil
50
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the
of
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t enian Lith
C
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affir
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nal
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Languages
.
mil
943 Telinga Zulu
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Serre La
Creation malyo :- ng
2),Iranic Ya
-P
or
,Per
olBu
sia
ynlg
es
n a
ian 57
A
Fm,-L unguuges
d) arsi
fgh un 3. ian
Oce
r:Lan ani
g c Japanese
yil 16
M' .35
Million Vill
m
.\M! in
Armenian
Pertagena nurdish
omit Slovanice ,dayar
Million
.:-h63 wendic
Languages
Indic
,tushmirian Million
360 JKOoMrea
n
,
Panchabi
Hindu .eic
hafir
mil
30 Polyne
)M
Papu a ,Ianamite
,(Hindustani Bengali Camb
, odia
.
Mil
50 Barmanic Ton kin ese
)Urdu Moetc
.nosyllabic
million
140 Asia
Lang
E)(m tic es
-:.(10Mast
m ylıg
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
mill
707 ion
mi
,S Tiberary
dhi
1ssama T). inl
ahrati 6(si
.
WORLD
THE
OF
LANGUAGES
147
148 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
In cars and
By sea .
Year Per cent
other land carried in
vehicles. American
In American In foreign Total. vessels.
vessels. vessels.
Comparison of the area of all states of the world in English square miles.
Austria German EUROPE - 3,952,846 square miles.
Russia Hungary Empire Franca Spain Sweden Norway Great
2 ,217,929 261,035 208,780 207 .054 101.963 172,876 Britain Italy Turkey Rumania
124,130 121.510 110 .659 65 .350
square miles IAH H 50 , 790
severo minas nema
115 .903 AHW 125.430
Bo 19,702 Switzer. Denmark Nether
O O O O
Liechten
S . Martina
Bulgaria Pogugal Greece Seguia tang 15,582 lands Belgium Montenegro Crete Luxemburg Andorra
38,080 35,490 25,014 18,650 15,976 with Iceland
65,33 8 12,648 11,373 8,630 3,366 098 175
Russian ASIA = 16 ,905 ,821 square miles.
Dominions. French Possessions
China and Dependencies
Siberia, Turkestan, Persla Possess .
Annem , Tonking .
Cochenina
Khiva and Bokhara with its
British Aslatic
6 ,536 ,728 Dependencies Possessions Turkey 628.000 584,610 Cambodia and LEON Afghanistan
310 , 176
square miles 4 , 277,170 Ondia ete ) 693, 780
1.928 ,002
11.573 790
Siam Japan Philippine ts . Korea Nepal and Egypt Arabia German
Possessions
(Unit Seat of Amer ) ( RO ) Portug
Oman Bhutan (Sinar Peninsula Possess C aucho
N 240,000 175,540 ( 127,853 O 86,000 82,000 74,000 22,780 8 ,972
AFRICA = 11,952,211 square miles. AUSTRALASIA and OCEANIA
French = 3 ,458,542
Possessions
British Egypt German Belgian Portug . British square mises.
Colonies Possess Congo
Possessions Possess Possessions Dutch German
and Protectorates 377,2201
KSahara and Sudan Colonies with Angl
o Possess Possas
4,421,934 nd Protectorated $ 31,460 909 , 654 3 ,190 ,168 151,789
793.980
square miles 2 ,206 ,181 1, 357,220 squaro mies
Chile
emala Du tch Rep. Dom 10 .204
292 580 Paraguay Ecuador Uruguay Nic
ra guaa G Guatente Dutch French
171 204 116 . 000 72210 49200 atemala Possess. Honduras Cuba Possess Panama Costa Rica Danish
48 . 290 46 .463 46 .250 44 200 35 022 31,500 18 .400 Salvador POSSES
• 7 ,2254 139
9
INDIA
zainst 16 %
ding year .
CEYLON
A
BADE WITH
179,834,462
248 ,020,398
83 million in
YEAR 'S
In
THE
#11; to Hawaii, 24 %
TERRITORIES
1910 .
TEA .
lbs.)
JAPAN
UNITED STATES.
60 , 455, 913
PRODUCTION ,
OF THE
CHINA
Bion in 1910 , and 894 million in 1909.
JAVA
dlon , against 34 %4 million in 1911; from
4 million in 1912, against 3472 million in
million , against 22
Elhon in 1911 ; to the Philippine Islands,
26 ,127 , 110
:VNFALUE
IMPORTED
OMERCHANDISE
CENT
PER
,IAND
VALUE
.'TOTAL
YEARS
SPECIFIED
.
GROUPS
GREAT
BY
1911
To
1821
Foodstuffs
crude
in materials
for
Foodstuffs
Crude
or
partly Manufactures
for Total
wholly
manufac
in
use
manufac further
in
use ready
Manufactures .
Miscellaneous
Year food
,a
condition
nd .
value
.
animals :
tured manufacturing .for
consumption
ended .
turing
.
30
June alue
PVValue
er
.ct .
Value .
ct
Per .
Value .
ct
Per .
Value .
ct
Per
.
Value .
ct
Per
.
Dollars .
Dollars .
Dollars ,
Dollars .
Dollars .
Dollars .Dollars
.
1821 6041
,6 81 .111 5 1,9
7.36506
19
10
8 4
83
20
14 4 79
,0 64 4
7. 8 , 98
30
9 00 .86
56 ,709
556 1.02 534
54
,8 20
1830
. 7374
,2 82 .77
11 9684215
,9 .36714 25
53
71
92 45,186 52 8.22 737
35
,8 34 .97
56 ,563
582 9
. 3 756
,962 20
1840
. 273
15
,3 21 .54
15 .7
11 ,815
1,211 5
.445
15 1
88
45
10
6 396
,11156 .5116 300
44
,0 05 45
.0 9 0
630
, 94 .64 206
98
,7 58
1850 ,011
18
6 59 310
.8 ,721
46.123,211 776 66
11
5765 2663
,1 52 .08
15 399
95
,4 12 .93
54 ,1845 74 .49 173
,5 26
09
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
.
.1860 726
35
,8 43 .11
10 37
,0 4
10
7
253
15. 673 8
22
67
71 695
23
,3 13 6.67 890
,6199
78 .52
56 ,13519
36 10
.0 619
,1353
16
1870
. 938
53
,8 81 .38
12 12
.122 20
96
.0,553 22
18818
53
61 ,506
354 45 .51
12 047
173
,8 34 .69
39 ,85034
24 1.16 ,908
443558
1880
. 297
100
,0 40 .01
15 16
,2118|19
8
131.7716 4
25
17
9
61 716
110
,5 79 .59
16 505
,4196
87 .43
29 352
10
,9 03 1.54 946
667
,7 54
1890
. 442
128
,1 80 .28
16 .6
170
2
,0
3 37
133
850
1632
9
31 6
.212 980
116
,0 24 .81
14 ,685
230
5 81 .23
29 9,225
3 51 1.17 310
789
,409
1900 916
,297
93 .52
11 ,01276
.31332
|32
.6 52
41
27
0
5574
5 245
134
,0 22 .79
15 3 41
, 26
1203 .90
23 5407
,9 79 .64 984
,1849
41
.
.
1910 ,776
144
.6 36 9.30 ,7566
211 181370
36
.6,5 7
666
72 138
285
,3 73 3
18
.1 ,767
3367 23 23
.6 2 412
11
,7 71 .74 ,491547
56
30
.
1911 ,194
181
8 03 .87
11 0,13|511
172
,5 40
62
611
.206
01 43.83 .785
289
,6 52 .84
18 .480
,1361
22 .67
23 454
13
,769 ,121505
26
27
1912 830
,2280
58 913
.3 ,911
10565
6196.800 686
08 41 784
,1298
39 .77
17 018
,9360
63 7.218 068
,917
61 ,921.684
64
65
.
149
SPECIFIED
MANUFACTURI
IN
USE
FOR
ARTICLES
CRUDE
PRINCIPAL
OF
STATES
UNITED
THE
INTO
IMPORTS
, 870
.–1YEARS
912
manufactu
.)for
in
use
imported
materials
crudo
value
the
of
three
-embrace
about
fgroups
hoso ring
[Tourths
ten
India
rub
Fi
, bers ,gutta
.ber and
Furs ,
Chemicals ,
Wood ,
inbars
Tin
ENDING
YEARS ,raw
.Silk ,and Hides
and ,fur
skins ,and
drugs ool
| aw
.,rW ,
Cotton .upmanu
30 unmanu percha .
skins .
aw ,etc
.blocks
JUNE .factured substitutes .
undressed .
dyes .
factured
.
for
.Dollars Dollars
.Dollars .
Dollars .Dollars .
Dollars .|
Dollars Dollars
.Dollars Doll
. ars
.
IS0 ,160023 34
,6
017
8 69
8 ,239
11 2 69
),2 1ST
,211 ,613 573
,1331
670
31 1,929
.
15 4,203 ,40,អ375
90 362
,018 ,73 ,11
T21 0
,211
591 51895
,8
40888 ,322 12
.. 9392
,8 8 9
890237
,61309 002
,90 22,196
77 9662
,17 ,
2372 ,
91 2,879 ,16276
2
1. 302
,112
98 9,o
256
912s
312 2,3863
4 1,22 ,512
027 *8879
,9 2 អ,7,356081 ,42836
.
S90 7,410 67
1 ,8
111 4
3231
821
67 ,82186
81 22,113
8 8,15
169
4 284
,015
83 ,742
,71389
92
28 98
4 ,9៤809
S9
. 2805
,721 0
,018
0194761
81 72,9359 2822
,1 6 087
5
,18 ,231
318 72 825
6,20
264
884 ,7971
.
89 104
,019
2 ,019
8.,3
090
25
3359
s 850
,226
18 3,2429 612
.211 688
,119
08 ,63,1 17
5621
26
3 ,8670
67
S 371
,21 ,9
6un07
S36
923S4 ,nS28o 14,0739 4
,19
5384 06
,121 ,764 98
05
9 ,912
358
S. 13
,+812 ,3ls
116 62
233
82
4 752
,116
8 ,4)2 1
4 8,45S34 ,16 38
01 03
,830(0 88
10
2 2,0770
.
SS 881
,013
2 318
,4626 79
,0:2282
5 22 2
20
,9 33a8
,0 ១,15
3៣A ,12521
56 1,37771
O S4 ,6787
.
18 ,0 9
12 ,516
1,22873381
863 0, 3,#5700 ,217
759
4 A2
32
,2 i ,1s32679856
12 ,7|0 16
01
.
SS ,3318
412 11
1
,5218
983 8183 ,02883
26 2369
,9 ,A
314
10 1 ,132A3
91 25 28
,985
8029 8|0,552 35
.
IS9S 480
,11346 5
,325
191
03210
666 032
,937
68 .03,8332 2,16
10 ,192
616 8 6465003
,0
31
191 ,i8776
sI
.
S3 ,093 0
,632 1
4226
79 ,9653
0 5,731 7,17
2989 ,8| 97
22 1012
95,8
46
139 83
,111
I. 35
25
,8 3 ,631
77392
45 97
290 ,
57 9698 6407
,8 ,2489
20 236
,9200 97 656
,450 451 ,1001
319
9L ,02932
G s
,128
00
,3
78s6
1 ,013
48 6,228
8 ,22056 51 29 I
12
,8 28
,86T|0181
23 ,
1980
2. 312
,59 ,29
25 1
53sI
42 ,oil
58
i s ,0១787
13 ,822
26I
16 ,188
ii
in ,0915| 831
212 67
01 ,S9461
0
.
93 ,5H162
13 អ31
,050
050អ
11 313
,658 1 ,18s08
is ,425
196 83 ,961
12
|22 |,3
69383
38211 2615
,8 2
g. 614
,237 n
,#Gi04149 ,05270 06 ,90s 0,25
683
88 ,54891
13 |,28,3១018
381 480
,321 I
.. ,03118 |Gi 93
,07 ,16746 4 007
,910
2 3
8,277 ,66zSs 62A
010
,7
T880
660 3178
,123
0. 3090
,2539 80អ08A70
,346 882
,183
67 ,6710
13 67
1,28
882 068
,339
72 ,12
31
89s319 ,91098
32
,o 2 398
,3 ,8it
i,S0lii
9l9 3,ads 9ii
,12 S,29
1093 ,028
31 3
,2as,Sll
1as
71 J59
,13S
it
9O8
. ,3083 2
8,00ម,6903 ,1|T70 P,323 ,0243400 ,692338 ,714
11
6412
534
87
0 ,20L
25
O
.... ..:: ,3
278 03
,163879
967 6 WS4
18
,3 ,3580
11 ,23
833 ,95119 ,813
22
02
64il
355 016
,226
01
9I
. 0 ,889
32 ,T103
86112 3
,8ea
03 236r
,812 sS98
,2 9,32426 ,1220 316
15
,6137685
00 832
,530 09
.ol 0,122 T,៣០៩
១|19 ,090
82 r0 53511
,0 1
,2 26 ,005
228 76
,327|iII20
9ns ,937378
9i
. 2 ,ad
|BE p| 12102al
,16
69 T6
,102 398
,117
39 ,229|22 0428
|,333 262681
,111i11 298
,120
11
.
SPEED
OF
COMPARISON
In
one
sec
. In
one
.sec
In
seo
.one
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
.Sna |o.1I…-sncean
teamer ,
yde
10 .
Swall ow _yds
Pedestrian
. T
.I,• Skor .
Sound .360
Horse
walking
. .
train
Luggage .13 rin
loading
Breech • 7, 0
quickly
walking
“Pederlan
.…68soun ១ .
ball
Cannon 9. 0
•
. •••
Horse
trotting
. .Parliamentary
traln at
axi
Its
on
ear
the
ofvo
Re th
s lution
Orntle Carri
pigeo n equator
the • 9
breeze
. EST
.LEWEer !.1
ro
thsu
th
eart nm
eun
evo d tion
hlu
.
Crncing
Velocipede
Reof9
Pallo
Horsenine *- -. I
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . 151
PANAMA FORCE
35,000 MEN
ESTIMATED TOTAL EXCAVATION FROM PANAMA CANAL MATERIAL EXCAVATED FROM THE AMBROSI
20 MILLION CUBIC YARDS CHANNEL 70 MILLION CUBIC YARDS
WORD
AMBROSE FORCE
236 MEN 2000FT
NA
.
EXPORTS .
IMPORTS
.Dollars .Dollars
849
,2565
71 .07
26 Coff
. ee 826
,5117
43 1.7 3
u nmanufactured
C.,1 otton 579
,0115
15 .96 9
,manufactures
steel
and
.Iron
of 154
,2268 62 .312 6 .Sugar
276
,8156 60 7.20 Indi
rub
gutt
-pand
.,cerch
rudber
aaoa , 01
910241 6.23
.
products
dairy
and
Meat Hid
ski
,oand
skin
fur
.than
ther
ns
es
s 427
,3102
76 2.6 0
.
Breadstuffs 979
,7123 15 5.71
of 082
,711784 5.39 dyes
dChe
.,arugs
ndmicals 029
,692
25 ,56
manufactures
Copper
. nd
,a ,572
669 41 .24 1
.
oils
Mineral 400
,1112 72 .158 .Silk
,unmanufactured
of
manufactures 786
,196 82 4.46 .,mCott
of
anuon
factures 152
,765
85 93. 4
Wood
. nd
,a ,eof
. tc
vmFibeegetfac 59
,6
of ,76056 72 82. 0 anursabletures 869
43
manufactures
Leather
. nd
,a ,531
152
02
.
Coal 650
,752 48 2.43 Woo
,a
.man
ofndufa d ctures
m
Cotton
. anufactures
,of 769
,550
11 32. 4 bars
in
.,opTin
bto igs
locks 298
,146 14
of
manufactures
Tobacco
. nd
,a 305
,048
42 2.23 11 nut
.and
Fruists 369
,245 77
ctc
.,eCars
arriages 603
,342
33 .91 6 othe
and
prec
.ston
Diamon
ious
es
r ds ,297
741 59
.
implements
Agricultural
13 605
,035
40 1.64 Toba
,a
.man
olnd ufa
ccoctures ,33776
89
Saem gà 9 MH
.
nuts
and
Fruits
14 938
,630
63 1.43 .Art
works 095
,536
02
-cake
oil
and
cake
Oil
meal ,228
728 05 1.30 m. anu
Cop
,of per
factures 837
,535
43
.Vegetable
oil ,92608
31 1.24 u
v,. tc
eget
eFibe nuf
nmarsable
actured ,462
834 66
.
stores
Naval 787
,926
54 1.23 .,uWoo
nmalnufactured 042
,333
78
medicines
yes
nd
.,arugs
dChemicals ,117
225 .16 .Oils ,348
631 02
ojciccininiaisiaisiais
450
,019 58 ,m
.Silk
ofanufactures 264
,327
04 .61 5
of
manufactures
Paper
. nd
,a .90 20 stee
and
,aIron
.man
ofnd ufa 1.61
Animals
,. 487
,915
47 7. 1 l ctures ,656
026 76
. ,949
414 75 .69 ,aFur
.man
ofndsufactures ,227
825 72 1.56
skins
fur
and
Furs 672
,125
41 1.55
.
purposes
scientific
for
Instruments 502
,813 26 See
. ds
,and
rubber
.India
of
manufactures 818
,912 22 ,59 u
Cott
,. nmaon
nufactured 217
,520
81 1,22
Fertilizers
. 808
,910 73 6. 0 ,awSpir
mal
.liqu
ine
nd its
tors
s 305
,619
34 11. 7
vtc
.,meFibers
of
egetable
anufactures ,59898
28 .46 .Vegetables 573
,818
44 ,11 2
,49 45 46 4. 4 .Breadstuffs ,564
718
29 1.2
.
goods
Photographic grow
Arti Stat
Uni
tc
,t.oethe es
th
fhe ted
of
manufactures
Brass
.,and ,98842
80 4
.1 cles
matte
nd
.oxide
,aickel
nNickel 68,749
75 4. 0 .
retumed 532
,218 01 1.2
Fish
. ,98638 40 .39 .
Tea ,207
118 41 .11 0
,98250
07 3.0 3 ,and
.Paper
of
manufactures 300
,817 49 1.05
molasses
Sugar
.,a
confectionery
nd of
manufactures 166
,716 06 .98
.
effects
personal
and
Household 48,270 30 Leather
. nd
,a
.
wax
paraffin
and
Paraffin ,48186
23 .37 orrude
cCocoa
.,acacao
of
shells
nd 958
,515 31 .96
polors
.,acPaints
varnishes
igments
nd ,87072
17 .33
,manufactures
.Wool
of 919
,614 12
,green
.Coffee 66,864 68 Fish
. 617
,314
53 .88
gtc
,eCrease
.scraps
rease ,06632 79 .
products
dairy
and
Meat 760
,513 74
Fertilizers
. 029
,710
46 6
.1
.Vegetables ,16518
44 69,999 97 6. 0
,5058
50 china
ware
.,a
stone
nd
Eartben
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
.
Explosives bonnets
,aHats
.hoods
for
materials
nd ,49686
64 3
.9
.
Soap 04,536 23 ,10382
63 5. 7
.Coke ,12991
38 P
mnd
oro
.,aCopper
ropulus
atte
,82 98
02 An
. imal. s . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,87580
55
.
Seeds a
ma
co
,ofnd
Me
m mp
et
ta os
nnal
ls
fait
ctio
articles
other
All 193
,2101
01 B.4 C es
urns
05,96467 .30
328
,8170
19 .00
100 art
ot
Al
. lhe
ielres 538
,6170
03 .31
10
.
Total
Total ,021653
34
64 .00
100
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . 153
EUROPE .
United Kingdom : Dollars. Dollars. Dollars.
London .. 1911 1 , 119, 238, 957 672,618 ,68 1 , 791, 857 ,641
Liverpool. . . 1911 778, 229 , 287 859, 051, 189 1 ,637 , 280 , 476
Hall . 1911 199 , 926 , 677 147, 799,722 347, 726 , 399
Manchester 3 1911 158, 175 ,626 105 , 313, 585 263 , 489, 211
Southampton . 1911 101, 052, 736 128 , 728, 445 229, 781, 181
Glasgow 1911 76 , 068 , 987 153 ,318, 323 229, 387 , 310
Harwich . . 1911 109, 192,590 38, 221, 199 147, 413, 789
Grimsby 1911 65, 912 , 484 98, 540, 279 164, 452, 763
Leith . . . 1911 73, 261, 366 35 , 393, 539 108, 654 , 905
Type port 1911 47,616 ,717 50 . 083, 799 97 , 700 ,516
Cardiff 1911 29, 280, 621 61,648, 009 90, 928 ,630
Bristol . . 1911 75 , 710 , 603 19, 548 , 419 95, 259, 022
Bellast. 1911 39,620 ,551 6 , 250 , 986
Germany:
45, 871,537
Hamburg 1911 962,925 ,352 711, 261, 824 1 ,674, 187, 176
Bremen . . . . . 1911 323 , 090 ,469 178, 056 , 071
Belgium : Antwerp . .
501, 146 , 540
1911 594,472 ,069 527 , 182, 730 1,121,654,799
France :
Marseille . . . . 1911 363,669, 100 314 , 762, 200 678 , 431, 300
Havre . . . . . . . * 1911 316 , 944 , 400 214 , 152, 200 531, 096, 600
Dunkirk
WIDU .. .. . . . . . . . . . 1911 182, SOS , 600 30 , 280, 200 213 , 088, 800
Bordeaux . . . . . 1911 95 , 918, 900 92, 404 , 200 188,323, 100
Italy : Genos . . . . . . 1910 174,837,600 86, 249,414 261, 087 ,014
Austria - Dungary :
Trieste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1911
Fiume . . . . . . . . . .
141, 795 , 166 124 710. 102 266 , 505 , 268
1910 25 , 387, 000 28, 439, 500 53 ,826,500
Russia :
St . Petersburg . . 1910 77,154 ,500 58, 783, 218 135 , 937 ,718
Rigs . . . . . . . . . . 1910 46 ,575, 482 91, 715, 878 138 , 291, 360
Odessa . . . . . 1910 28 , 562, 305 41, 390 , 953 69 , 953 , 258
Reval . 1910 34, 086.511 12, 899 , 359 46, 985 , 870
Novorossisk . . 1910 5 , 684 , 472 35, 522 . 800 41, 207, 272
Vladivostok . 1910 24 ,664,556 896 , 292 25 ,560, 848
Spain ;
Harcelong . . . . 1910 57, 688, 833 26 , 774 , 964 84 , 463, 797
Bilbao . . . . . . .. 1910 15 , 561, 498 10, 901, 903 25, 463, 401
AMERICA.
United States: -
New York . . . . 1912 976 , 744 , 320 817, 945 , 803
New Orleans. . . 1912
1,793,690 ,123
75 , 089 , 887 149 , 160 , 910 224 , 250,797
Galveston . . . 1912 4 , 309, 758 218 , 146 ,097 222, 455 , 855
Bostons 1912 129, 293,016 69, 692 , 171 198, 985 , 187
Philadelphia 1912 85 , 038 , 185 69, 069 , 730 154, 107 . 915
Baltimore. . . . 1912 26 , 438 , 400 92 , 210 . 877 118, 649. 277
San Francisco . 1912 59, 235, 471 49 , 249, 734 108 , 485 , 205
Savannah . . 1912 5 , 129, 979 104, 286 , 925 109, 416 , 904
Puget Sound . 1912 39, 011, 250 63, 745 ,572 102, 756 . 822
Canada : Montreal 1 . 1912 138, 291, 851 74 , 944, 869 213, 236 , 720
Mexico :
Tampico . . . . . . 1912 19 , 037, 493 46 . 192, 692 65, 230, 185
Vera Cruz. . . . . . 1912 36 , 309, 552 43.614 ,581 79, 924, 133
Cuba : Habang .. 1911 71, 219, 293 43 . 996 . 135 115 , 215 , 428
Argentina : Buenos Aires . . 1932 304, 131,043 175, 405 , 198 479, 536 , 241
Santos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1911 160 .589. 521
64, 353. 972 224 . 943,493
Rio Janeiro . 1910 87, 237 , 063 38 ,066 ,876 125 , 325, 939
Chile :
Valparaiso . 1911 59, 377, 274 5 , 547, 320 64 ,924 . 594
Iquique . . . . 1911 10 , 209 , 782 23, 669. 957 33 , 879 ,739
Uruguay : Mon 1911 43 , 587, 073 31,430 ,794 75 ,017 , 867
Country and Year ! Entered . Cleared . Country and Year. Entered . Cleared.
port . port.
Dollars
Million
Amoudt
201
Serture
in
1600 19lbCentury
8
The accompanying chart shows graphically
the world 's production of gold , from the dis
covery of America to the close of the year
1911. The horizontal divisions of the chart
measure the lapse of time by ten -year periods .
The vertical divisions represent the value of
the production in American money, each divi
sion representing ten million dollars. The pro
duction of silver until its demonetization in
1873 is also shown , superimposed on the gold
production ,
Semonetized
Silver
Isilver
ITOO 18th century
434,000 ,000
( $ 170 ,000 ,000 )
BILVER
GAL
HO
The figures relate to coin and bullion only prior to 1895 ; subsequently they include ore also .
Gold and silver cannot be separately stated in domestic exports prior to 1864, but it is
probable that the greater portion of the exports was gold , under which head the silver in question
is included .
(
,7
2
44 NCIJA
,90JA29
610030
00
00
69
61
810
5747
910
61
34
96619
33
86
557594
7,317
.317
.618
,2
27
,149
.0
,0
,2
,3
10
5
18
. 32
64
,2
,0
,9GERMAN
9,018
PORTUGUESE
,3TURKISH
JAPANESE
POSSESSIONS
EMPIAI
EMPIRE
PORTUGAL
EMPIRE
24
GERMANY
023
HOLLAND
838 , 442
00
77
00
2
262
414
.
BELGIAN
BELGIUM
35
38
ITALIAN
67
14791
,4
TURKEY
,40
DUTCM
,5
ITALY
SPAIN
JAPAN
contract
.2,rWheat
Henry Heinzer, statistician, New York Produce Exchangc.)
prime
rime
,pTallow
bushel
mess
Nixed
.winter
Nixed
xtra
,pBeef
,Lard
egs
,pPork
eer
Corn
bar
standard
,centrifu
o
,.2mOats
er
Ned
mer
Coffee. Suger,
changé
. hel
,per
. hel
pound
prime
pound
Brazil
stand
,.2m
pound
pound
,per
.Java
barrel
bus
A,Soft
,fair
bus
per
,per
per
x
,per
pound
Raw
No
.ard
.gals
. d
per
,per
to
poun
.7,E
per
.
.1 ound
rel
Calendar
.
year,
p
Noin
agorna
Dolls. Cents. Cents . Cents. | Dolls. Dolls. Cente . Conts. Cents . Cente . Cente. Cents. O
osoC
1891 . 1. 094 70 . 4 46 . 0 6 . 59 8 . 36 11. 38 4 . 81 17 . 80 | 16 . 40 98123214 21
1892 . . 908 54 . 0 36 . 3 17. 69 6 . 86 11. 52 4 . 62 15. 83
1893 . 739 49 . 9 35 . 9 18 . 35 5 . 44 | 18 . 82 17. 42 4 . 72
1891. . 50 . 9 37. 2 8 . 16 14. 13 4 . 81 17 . 81 | 16 . 41 4 . 00
1895 . 47. 7 28 . 9 8 . 09 11. 91 4 . 33 | 17. 80 15 . 80 4 . 00
1896 . 84 . 0 7 .51 8. 95 15 . 05
1897 . 31. 9 23 . 2 7 . 71 8 . 85 11.
4 . 38
1898 37 . 6 29 .7 9 . 16 9 . 82 8 . 56 & 00
4 . 84
1899 41. 3 80 . 7 9 . 26 9 . 85 42 4 . 80
1900 . . 804 45 . 3 27. 3 9 .73 12. 48 5 . 12
1901. 803 56 . 7 36 . 6 9 . 32 15. 62 1 . 5 . 25 8 . 60 14. 856
1902. . 836 68 . 4 44. 9 11. 75 17 . 94 6 81 6 . 75 4 . 27
rios
1903 . . 863 57 . 2 41. 1 9 . 03 16 . 50 6 . 75 4 . 49
osSc
ܧ
ܗܗܩ
Wid
1904. 1 . 107 59. 4 42. 0 8 . 82 14 .01 8 . 80 15 .00
1905 . 1 . 028 59 . 3 35 . 0 10 .02 14 . 43 4 . 50 9 . 15 15 . 00 5 . 11
4
.
1906 . . . . 865 56. 0 38 . 0 8 . 85 17. 55 5 . 31 9. 25 14 .50
1907 . . . . . 963 64. 0 49 . 6 9. 20 9 . 83 17 . 61 6 . 25 8 . 85 16 . 50 8 . 76
1908 . . 1 . 041 78 . 6 54. 5 9 . 08 13 . 20 5 . 50 7 . 85 6 . 25 18 . 50 4. 07
1909 . 1. 263 76 . 7 61. 4 11. 68 11. 09 6 . 00 8 . 75 18. 00 4 . 00 4 . 56
1910 . 1. 118 66 . 8 12. 52 14 . 64 7 . 25 9. 60 18 . 00 4 . 19
1911 . . . . 963 71 . 1 % 45 . 7 9. 11 12. 92 19. 12 6 . 50 14 .85 13. 25 18. 75 4 . 453 5 . 145 6 .
1912 . . . 1 . 091 56. 4 10 .51 80 6 . 13 15. 60 14 . 45 18.75 4 . 162 4. 891 5.
1 No. 3, Exchange standard . ? No. 2 wbite oats, a Nominal.
EN
LA
ND
VILAN
A
I
PA
NT
AASA RE
V
E!
ON
SL
SO
LOS
LC
SAN
O
DOLEANS
GULF ON
MEXICO
PRANAMA CANAL
PRINCIPAL STEAMSHIP ROUTES FROM NORTH AMERICA .
North America. . . . Mount McKinley, Alaska . . . . . . . 20, 300 Death Valley , California . . .
South America . Mount Aconcagua, Chile- Argentina . 23,080 Sea level . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Europe . . Mont Blanc, France. .. . . .. . 15,789 Caspian Sea, Russia .. . .
Asia . . .. . . . Mount Everest, India-China . . .. . . . 29, 002 Dead Sea, Palestine .. . . . .
Africa . . . . . Kibo Peak, German East Africa . . . . 19, 320 Desert of Babars - - - -
Australia Mount Kosciusko, New South Wales 7,328 Lake Torrens, South Australia -
U . S . Geological Survey
*QESEBAL
Moses
or
sua TREASUGY
&PIaHAN ULKOULATION
IN
MONEY
UNITATA TH
TENNENT
1, 913
.July 1, 013
.August 1, 913
.July 1, 913
August 1,.913
July 1,018
August 1,August
914 1,879
.January
Treasury
bullion
768
coin 00
ncludiug
).$1,8in(iGold ,08173
84
99 776
,68174
25 8908
79
6,998 ,60$ 00
16
13 77040
3,8608 250
,8896
62
.
Cortiſoateso
Gold ,180
.478
94 665
,791
91 7,6100849
32 ,461060
00
14 118
8,940
89 189
,221
80
.
Dollara
Silver
Standard 620
,0865
18 62033
0,665 ,69059
91 ,59 89
90 076
,372
61 131
,472
73 608 37
,7|70 ,78 21
90
360
,813
08 290
,813
83 ,1470
89
92 517
,1470
78 747
3,472
27 ,360
413
.
Silver
Subsidiary 410
,3175
71 56482
6,175 765
,520
11 174
20
,5 19 799
,6184
05 445
,1155
08 149
,145
878 982
67
,6 01
.
1890
of
Notes
Treasury ,02600
60 45
,26000 3,219 4,361 ,72681
56 ,62 40
39 98
,28427
.
Notes
States
United 616
346
,0 81 61631
0,346 ,38710
57 ,28053
57 906
,7337
23 663
,7338
23 13983 211
,5C310
88
2,338
.
Notes
Bank
National 106
,2753
67 29193
1,759 885
,942
95 490
,148
02 801
710
.091 ,1702
993
60 ,3314
98
39
.
Total ,033712
18
79 22
3,8795
49 ,0347
05
53 926
,2305
37 3 36
30
,1823
26
71
91
073 72
7,53286
98 266
,7816
21
Population
continenta
United
of
States
11
at
ceAugust
97
;0
capita
per
.4,9 stimated
913
irculation
00
34
478 l
money
Government
money
credit
Ato of
atatement
inhis
the
held
axsets
as
Treasury
include
not
does
public
of
deposits
Depositaries
Bank
National
in
the
States
United
ofmounting
aT.1,28$5Treasurer
734
51
7
afull
For
sce
assets
statement
.of
Debt
Public
outstanding
of
redemption
For
certificates
the
amount
in
equivalent
exact
an
Treasury
the
held
of
kinds
,a
included
not
is
asnd
beld
money
of
account
the
in
Government
assets
.appropriate
Currency
June ncludes
00
,ACertificates
ct
01$3eI.8 390
872
LIABILITIES
RESOURCES
,S
SAVINGS
OF
TATE
AND
AND
BANKS
PRIVATE
COMPANIES
TRUST
LOAN
THE
FOR
YEAR
,1912
30
JUNE
.ENDED
1,922
The
Banks
Savings
end
the
at
States
United
the
in
resources
had
1912
year
fiscal
of
to
amounting
liabilities
and
of
total
grand
F6
3
13
period
same
and
resources
had
Banks
24926
$3the
to 90
22
23
or
3
81
liabilities
amounting
8State
;.7 97
70
1
tPrivate
1,0he
91
year
that
for
amount
the
to
liabilities
and
resources
$ 96
of
;a.39Banks
1,4the40
97
nd
2
Companies
Trust
and
Loan10
liabilities
total
had
amounting
resources
$51707
2,34to
.and
44
82
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
OF
PEOPLE
RACE
DISTINCTIVE
NO
western
in
Basques
Spain
France
of
Pyrenees
0The
,p60
ahedescendants
the
of robably
00
bout
Iberians
old
remnants
and
;tDravidians
Hindustan
in
millions
60
about
t
Deccan
the
presumed
w
India
of
race he
nd
primitive
K
the
atc ith
Gondas
Tribes
.poors
;,eT elugas
ola
amils
Arctic
the
of
inhabitants
the
America
North
and
Asia
regions
Y
Kamtchadales
E
T
,A ukagirs
leutians
chooktchees
skimo
Hottentots
.;the
Bushmen
(Kntc
Gand
;t.)ieN oraza
ricqua
amaqua
Africa
apsouthwest
Gipsies
eculiar
he
nomadic
the
over
scattered
,tribe
Europe
of
whole
.
Africa
and
Asia
west
163
1911
—M
1913
AY
JAN
SYSTEM
SAVINGS
POSTAL
THE
OF
TRANSACTIONS
OF
.SUMMARY
164
POffice
Department
.):(Sost
ource
of
Number .
stamps
and
cards
Savings
at
offices Balance
to re
cash
Net Ba
on lance
.
MONTH close
of .
Deposits With of
credit |Converted
Outstand close
to
ceipts in
deposit
.
month drawals
. depositors
. .
Sold close
into
at
ing .
month
of .banks
Deposits
.of
month
.
Dollars .
Dollars .
Dollars .Dollars .Dollars .Dollars .
Dollars .
Dollars
Janu
. ary 48 61
,8 05 1,704 ,101
60 .40
980 .00
429 .40
551 ,6052
.460
Febr
. uary 48 ,758
81 7,990 ,869
133 .50
822 .00
402 .90
971 ,9022
.9134 ,88
110
.3 44
Marc
. h 48 ,701
80 12
,6 09 201
,9 61 .80
652 .00
498 0
7.1,126 .0
,2
203
0 87 ,8778
191
.9
.
April 48 ,646
82 ,11665 ,442
268 .3398 0 .0338
0 0.1,187 0 . 14
,8
269
0 0 ,52
264
.3 08
93 ,505
154 ,016
28 ,931
394 .10
735 .00
581 .11,3041 ,4040
.1396 , 077
.9381
.May
June
. 400 316
,7 14 ,500
34 ,145
677 1,236
.6 0 .00
690 .1,87087 ,310
679
.4 0 ,6070
.9571
1,000 ,817
578 ,907
73 1155
,0 82 .92,9011 1,8051
.0 6
.2,948 0 1189
,3
.7 84
3 ,390
973
.7 3
..July ,6 18 184
8
. 19 ,82154
72 .37,6089 3,936
.00 .96,7001 2184
,5
.9142 .5,11 037
35
.August 1,280 1175
.September 1 73
,9 ,4 38
2185 ,645
282 4,075
647 ,80
12
.7 91 .0
6,7
0 20 6
.120
,873 40668
.6,7 95 .7,029718
93
.October 3,148 37
,29818 ,304
473 6461
,2 40 216
17
.5 0 ,330
11
.0 0 .118
,7060 6499
,3
.865
4 54439
.2,7 13
.November 4,185 4,9 11
2 76 .763
671 ,98674 79 ,139
18
.4 0 ,8044
.012 .0
5
,0
24 55 ,28749
.414
4 8 47
,8
.026
8
.December 5,185 ,8 19
2972 ,170
985 , 76
10
.6 14 ,4029
.214 ,7025
.014 7.23
, 059 0736
.7,211
73 96201
.5,368
.
1912
January
. 6,167 7 03
1,3 09 12
7 72
,985
638
07 ,7093
.217 ,8059
.013 .927
,8073 .1
8
12
,5
2 973
1140
34
70
21
February
. 6,666 0
9 51
,3 32 14
,3 60
1457
66
11 ,5087
.016 ,2013
.014 930
,2. 047 14
,3
.0
08 91
1
490
14
2 64
2
17
March
. 7,163 0
,4 52
3 65 ,013,70 58
78
18
1| 640 17
03
., 086 0315
., 56
0 .932
,2077 ,115
.6
851 1645 51
4
39
8
13
April
. 7,866 980
,2563 32
766
29
,915,4|112 ,0093
.815 ,9068
.013 7
.33
,4003 6
,2
.8
5648
17
(184 86
91
25
88
May
. 8,865 72
,2903 23
59
801580
18
,3 09 ,4094
.313 ,8087
.012 0.34
, 011 1
,0
.(69 2
85
19811
7 45
92
1
June
. 9,907 61
,26946 ,8
16071
204
2037
84 ,6066
.712 ,60
12
.0 57 7.34
,0020 ,0
51.(43 42
2
220886
75
02
8
July
. 11
,0 37 3,296 71 1 95
4
,7
21
9 36
85
71 ,8093
.812 ,756
12
.0 0 5.34
,1058 .3
2
20
8,0 22
5497
86
69
18
1
.
August ,111
12 60
,93536 7
22
,4
2 45
5 17
28
63 ,8055
.416 . 36
,8
13
0 0 .937
,1077 9
21
,1
.4 79
3
0729
23
15 29
73
.
September ,134
12 323
,37 33 24
8 01
,1,31956
60
12 ,70
12
.8 87 ,9099
.011 7.37
,9066 7,123
4.8 82
24725
87
49
October
. 12
1
, 30 475
,33 49 55
25
,6
2094 19
11
57 . 098
,7
313 ,70
12
.0 38 .039
, 027 4,324
002
9.225646
15
90
.
November ,166
12 9 85
,63 16 20
,5165
27 89
22
77 ,4027
.913 ,8050
.012 9.39
,6004 4
26
,3
0
.92778661
7
28
45
December ,177
12 ,03296 50 15
,12302814
57
59 ,4005
.511 ,5005
.013 4.37
,5005 6
.3
,9 3
44
41
287
2
126
61
51
..
.
1913
,174
12 ,4 51
3637 32
233 843
,|15 62
67 ,0. 055
816 ,7002
.013 2.39
,8059 5,31.128
2430 49
90
7891
13
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
January
.
February
. ,167
12 ,441
35 60 ,330 26
0,31925
66
59 ,8028
.613 ,5. 017
012 8.41
1070 6
.7,329
83006822
07
69
1
March
. ,160
12 62
,3714 ,6
243172
264
76
15 ,5096
.814 ,4007
.014 .641
3060 4,830
.9331 39
12
0634
57
.April ,158
12 4
6 51
,3 58 73
54
,725,332
112
61 ,175
13
.6 0 ,9083
.012 2,41
5053 .0
31
,5
4 5
14
7416
932
80
31
May
. ,158
12 86
,32593 0 57
62
,3|527378
09 , 066
.911 ,6043
.012 1.40
,8077 7,831
.10 71
66192
33 13
43
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 165
Ocean Marine Insurance. The first savings banks in the United States
Twenty-nine marino insurance companies were established at Boston and Philadelphia
porting to the New York State Insurance in 1816 and in New York in 1819. The postal
apartment had on January 1, 1913 assets savings bank system was established by an
' $37,742,590. Burplus of $17,634,538, and Act of Congress June 25, 1910, and on Jan. 3,
remimns earned in preceding year $15,849,- 1911 one city in each state was selected for
82, losses incurred $8,496,570, risks written
> policy holders $12,226,276,614. the opening of the first postal savings banks.
166 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . :
A. D . A . D. A. D.
279 Baltimore 1862 St. Petersburg 1897 London
1797 Seutari 1862 Marseilles 1897 Paris
1738 Wilmington 1862 Constantinople 1898 Nijni-Novgorod
1799 Pery 1863 Monastir 1899 Philadelphia
1199 Constantinople 1864 Georgetown 1900 Hoboken
1799 Manila 1864 Hankow 1900 Bayonne
1809 Liverpool 1865 Port -au - Prince 1900 Ottawa- Hull, Canada
1863 Bombay 1865 New York 1901 Jacksonville
1906 St. Thomas 1865 Constantinople 1901 Antwerp
18 Spanish T'n , Trinidad 1865 Manila 1901 Montreal
I $ 11 Smyrna 1866 London 1902 Paterson
: 1812 Moscow 1866 Portland , Me. 1902 Waterbury
784 Rangoon 1866 Quebec 1904 Baltimore
5415 Constantinople 1866 Yokahama 1904 Aesland , Norway
1417 Pt. Louis , Mauritius 1868 Charleston , S. C. 1904 Toronto
1418 Coostantinople 1868 Albany, N . Y . 1904 Halifax
1509 Canton 1869 Philadelphia 1904 Rochester
1690 Savannah , Ga . 1870 Constantinople 1905 New Orleans
1839 Paris 1870 Pera , Turkey 1906 San Francisco
139 Port -au -Prince 1870 Sam -Sun , Turkey 1906 Valparaiso , Chile
10 Paramaribo 1870 Chicago 1906 Wellington , N . Z .
i la Canton 1871 Chicago 1907 Iquique, Chile
2824 Cairo 1872 Constantinople 1907 Hakodate , Japan
1995 New Brunswick 1872 Boston 1907 Kingston , Jamaica
TO St. John ' s , N. F. 1873 Alexandra Palace , Lon 1908 Chelsea , Mass.
10% Coastantinople don 1908 Noda Soy, Japan
3 Abo , Finland 1873 Havana 1908 Niigata , Japan
* Constantinople 1874 Constantinople 1908 Chisholm , Minn .
41 Bristol 1874 Pimlico , London 1908 Port -au - Prince, Hayti
! 1 St. Thomas, W . I. 1874 Chicago 1908 Paris, France
* * * Manila 1875 Oshkosh 1908 El Oro , Mexico
10. Constantinople 1875 Virginia City 1908 Rostov-on - Don , Russia
1834 Houses of Parliament, 1875 Iquique 1909 Acapulco , Mexico
London 1876 St. John ' s 1909 Osaka, Japan
R $ New York 1876 Soderhamn, Sweden 1909 Valdivia , Chile
3 Constantinople 1876 Quebec 1909 London , England
1881 Surat 1876 St. Hyacinth 1910 Campbellton, N . B .
IST St. Petersburg 1877 St. John, N . B . 1910 Wajima, Japan
167 Naples 1877 Pittsburgh 1910 Brussels , Belgium
2108 Charlestown 1879 Irkutsk , Siberia 1910 U. S. and Canada for
New York 1873 New York est fires
1841 Smyrna 1879 Boston 1911 Santiago , Chile
220 Hamburg 1882 Kingston , Jamaica 1911 Aux Cayes , Hayti
R Liverpool 1882 Leadville , Colorado 1911 Tokio , Japan
845 Quebec 1882 Wood Street , London 1911 Yamagata , Japan
144 Snyrna 1883 Vienna 1911 Bangor , Me.
145 New York 1884 Bayswater, London 1911 N . Y ., " Triangle "
1946 St. John ' s , N . F . 1885 Aspinwall
1911 Albany , N . Y .
1848 Albany 1887 Paris
248 Orel, Russia 1887 Exeter, England 1911 Kirin , Manchuria
1848 Constantinople 1888 Sundsvall 1911 Constantinople
146 Albany, N . Y . 1889 Seattle 1911 Hankow , China
1249 St. Louis 1889 New York 1911 Nanking , China
1861 San Francisco 1889 Spokane 1912 Peking , China
2053 Sontreal 1889 Boston 1912 Osaka , Japan
1862 Sacramento City 1889 Lynn 1912 N. Y ., " Equitable "
13 Constantinople 1890 Fort de France , 1912 Valdivia , Chile
1654 Gatesbead Martinique 1912 Tien - Tsin , China
13 Astrakan 1890 Sydney 1912 Pao Ting Fu , China
& Valparaiso 1892 New Orleans 1912 Tokio , Japan
165 Auckland 1892 New Orleans 1912 Damascus, Syria
1893 Key West 1892 Tokio 1912 Constantinople
105 St. Louis 1892 Milwaukee
4659 Constantinople 1913 Castellon , Spain
1892 St. John ' s , N . F . 1912 Chorlu , Turkey
The Barba does
1 - 1 Mendoza, S. A . 1893 Boston 1912 Adrianople , Turkey
155 Limoges 1894 Shanghai 1912 Houston , Texas
18 ) London 1894 Canton , China 1913 Tokio, Japan
1061 Charleston 1896 Guayaquil 1913 Numadza , Japan
* Enschede, Holland 1897 Melbourne 1913 Scutari , Turkey
16 Troy 1897 London 1913 Adrianople , Turkey
05.
168
VBA
N
N
TA
A
E
RO
W
D
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TECH S PT ETERSBURG
Ver
Moscow
ISVE
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LIQUVEEERPNSOOTOLWN
LALODINESDON Pn
BURSA IG
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BERLIN
HLEAON
AST
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HORDEAUX
SP
I
FRANCE ནས་ཨེ་
AN
SENDERS
ve
I
COWSTANTS SEA
BLACK
SEA
SPAIN PO ONES
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
10 CONSTANTINOPLE
SALON
/
R013
. TURKEY
B
TUoAna
AFRICA SAGTE TISA
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . 169
tre loss :
Brick ,etc., buildings Dollars . Dollars. Dollars.
Buildings . . . . 19, 816 , 474 11, 276 , 213 31, 092, 687
Contents . . . . . 29 , 092, 270 8 , 240 , 310 37,332,580
Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 908, 744 19 ,516 ,523 68, 425, 267
rame buildings
Buildings . . . . 47, 707 , 056 78 , 064, 207
Contents . . . . .
27,827,151 40, 767 , 847 68 ,595 ,235
Total . . . 58 , 184 ,539 88, 474 , 903 146 , 659,442
AXXCAL FIRE LOSSES IN THE CNITED STATES FOR THIRTY -EIGHT YEARS ,
1875-1912
From “ The Insurance Year Book, " reprinted by permission of " The Specator Company,"
New York and Chicago .
1875 . . $ 78 . 102 . 285 $ 39 .327 .400 1894 . . $ 140 . 006 ,484 $ 89.57 4,699
1876 . . 64 ,630 .600 34 , 374 , 500 1895 . . 142 . 110 . 233 84 ,689,030
1877 . . 68 . 265 .800 37 ,398 .900 1896 . . 118 , 737 ,420 73 .903.800
1878 . . . 64 ,315 , 900 36 ,575 . 900 1897 . . 116 , 354 ,575 66 .722, 145
1879 . . 77 .703 .700 44 ,464 .700 1898 . 130 ,593, 905 73 .796 ,080
1880 . . 74 .643, 400 12 ,525 .000 1899 . . . 153 .597 , 830 92 ,683 .715
1881. 81. 280 .900 4 .641. 900 1900 . . 160 . 929 ,805 95 ,403 .650
1882 84 .505 .024 48 ,875 . 131 | 1901. 165 ,817 .810 100 .798 ,645
1883 . . 100 . 149 .228 54 .808 .664 1902 . . . . . 161 .488 . 355 94 .775 .045
1884 . . 110 ,008 .611 60 ,679,818 1903 145 . 302. 155 * 104 . 000 .000
1885 . . 102 ,818 ,796 57 , 430 ,709 1904 . +229 . 198 .050 * 144 .000 .000
1886 .. 104 . 924 ,750 60 .506 ,564 1905 . 0165 , 221.650 * 116 . 000 .009
1887 .. 120 . 283 ,055 69 ,659 .508 1906 . 1518 ,611.800 * 292.000 .000
1888 .. 110 .885 .665 63. 965 .724 1907 t215 ,084 ,709 127 . 000 .000
1889 .. 123 .046 .833 73 .679.465 1908 . . . 1217 .885 .850 * 157 . 000 . 000
1890 108 .993 .792 65.015 .465 1909 188 . 705 . 150 * 143 .000 .000
1891 . . 143 .764 . 967 90 ,576 .918 1910 . . + 214 .003 .300 * 175 . 000 .000
1892 . . 151,516 ,098 93,511.936 1911 . 1217 . 004 ,575 * 190 .000 .000
1893 . . 167 ,544 .370 105 , 994 ,577 1912 . + 206 , 438 ,900 * 194 .000 . 000
At the end of the calendar year 1911 ther The first steam fire engine was invented by
were 6 ,113 Building and Loan Associations Braithwaite , 1829 ; Ericsson , in New York
in the United States having assets to the produced a similar one in 1840 . They wery
muin of $ 1 ,040 , 307 ,713 and a membership of l not generally used until 1860 . Fire engine
2 , 355 ,066 .
driven by motor power first used in 1905 .
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . 171
Table Showing Rate of Income on Stocks Quick Method for Calculating Interest
Where the Time is for Days Only
123MHEEFT
Purchased at the following Prices (Par Value Being $ 100 and Rule - To find the interest on any given sum for any number of
Bearing Interest at the Following Rates
baltiply the principal by the sumber of days, and divide as follow
5 % . divide by 72; at 6 % , divide by 60 ; at 7 % , divide by 52. 4
dívide by 45 ; at 9 % , divide by 40.
Pald 5% 6% 7% 8% 0% 10 %
Table of Days for Computing Interest
To Find the Number of Days from any Day of any one Me
๒๖-
9 . 47 10 . 52
Marcb
April
108 9 . 52
Sept
June
July
May
110 7 . 27
Oct
3 . 63 8 . 18
Jan
9 . 09
Nov
Feb
From
116
.
3 . 47 8 .69
ny
.
.
.
120 3 . 83 6 . 66 8 . 33
125 20 6 . 40 7 .2 8. To January 365 334 308 275 245 214 184 183 123
బలులులు
120 3 . 17 6 . 34 7 .93
జబలు
127 3 . 14 3 . 93 6 . 29 7 . 08 7 .87 February 31 365 337 306 276 245 215 184 153 123
128 6 . 25 7 . 0% 7 . 81
కుల
129 6 . 20 6 . 07 7.75 March . . . 89 28 365 334 304 273 243 912 181 151
130 6 . 18 6 . 92 7 . 69
131 6 . 10 6 . 87 7 .63 April. . . 365 335 304 274 243 212 18
132 6 . 06 6 .81 7.87
133 6 . 01 6 . 76 7 .51 May.. . . 365 si 04 273 242 212 181
134 5 . 97 6 .71 7.40
185 5 . 92 6 .68 7 . 40 June .. . 31 365 335 204 273 245
120 5 . 89 6 . 81 7 . 38
137 3 .63 8.83 6 . 66 7. 29 July .. . .. 181 150 122 91 30 365 834 303 278
139 6 . 79 6 . 52 7 . 24
130
140
5 . 76 0 . 47 7 . 19
August 212 181 183 132 031 31 365 234 504 273
5 . 71 6 . 42 7 . 14
101 5 . 67 6 . 38 7 . 00 Septem 'r 243 212 184 153 123 31 385, 20
5 . 63 6 . 33 7 . 04
143 5 . 80 6 . 20 6 . 09 October... 273 242 214 183 180 122 42 611 30 300
140 13 17 8 . 56 8 .94
6 .25 Nove'ber 304
304 273
148 6 . 20 6 . 89 245 214 184 183 123 123 02 61 31 ans
140 342 6 . 10 6 . 84
147 6 . 12 6 . 80 Dece"ber 334 303 214 183 153 122 al so
148
100
6 .08 6 . 78
6 . 71
180 6 . 66 N .B . -- Ia leap year, il the last day of February Comes between
185 one day to the number in the table.
160
8 .80 6 . 45
6 . 26 EXAMPLE. - How many days from May 10th to Sept. 13th ? From
103 0 . 08
170 8. above table we get 123; add 3 far diferenc between 10 and 13, AN
8 . 88 ret L20, the number of dayt required.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 173
* The premium rates for 1860 and 1870 are compiled from the Reports of the New York Insurance De
partment of 1861 and 1869, respectively. The rates for 1880 and 1890 are compiled from the Spectator
Year Books of 1881 and 1891, and the rates for 1900 and 1910 are from the Spectator Handy Guides for
Insur
Total Ordinary Industrial Total ance in
State. Population Insurance in Insurance in Insurance in Force per
1910 . Force. Force. Force. Capita .
Alabama.. . . 2, 138 ,093 $ 160 , 000 , 997 • $ 8 ,953, 990 $ 168 , 954 , 987 $ 79
Arizona 204 , 354 17, 706 , 369 17 , 706 , 369 87
Arkansas . . . 1 .574 , 449 91, 092 , 866 2 , 927, 661 94 , 020 , 527 60
California . . . . 2 , 377 ,549 391 , 875 , 291) 40, 040 , 942 431, 916 , 233 182
Colorado . . . . . 799 , 024 131, 533, 563 8 , 216 , 272 139 , 749, 835 175
Connecticut. . . 1, 114 , 756 168 , 463, 959 84, 541, 832 253 , 005 , 791 227
Delaware . 202, 322 24 , 247, 892 17 , 225 , 939 41, 473 , 831 205
District ofColumbia 331, 069 79 , 258 , 009 33 , 152, 206 112 ,410 , 215 340
Florida . . . 752 ,619 79, 091, 347 79 , 091, 347 105
Georgia . . . 2 ,609, 121 282 ,704,932 24 ,019, 716 306 ,724 ,648 118
Idaho . . .. . 325 ,594 27 , 892,642 27 ,892, 642 86
Illinois . . . . 5 ,638 , 591 1,007,271, 561 103 ,774 ,012 1, 111 , 045 ,573 197
Indiana . . . 2 ,700 , 876 321, 111 ,088 95 , 803,745 416 , 914 , 833 154
low 2,224 ,771 221, 095 , 9101 16 , 620 , 410 226 , 031, 9731 102
Kansas . . . . 1 , 690 , 949 146 , 186 , 246 19, 962 ,756 166 , 149. 002 98
Kentucky... 2 , 289 , 905 223 , 247, 521 63, 297, 260 286 , 544 , 781 125
Louisiana . . 1. 656 , 388 149, 288 , 555 29 , 971, 837 ) 179, 260 ,392 108
Maine . . . . . . . 742, 371 97 , 241,628 16 , 509,020 113 , 750 , 648 153
Maryland. .. 1 , 295 , 346 177 , 268,672 95 , 915 ,434 273 , 184 , 106 211
Massachusetts. 3 , 366 , 416 635 ,619 , 342 257 , 300 , 837 892, 920 , 179 265
Michigan . . 2 , 810 , 173 304 , 015 , 961 47, 802, 235 351, 818 , 196 125
Minnesota . . 2 , 075 , 708 240 , 918 , 006 16 ,825 , 506 257 , 743 , 512 124
Mississippi. . . 1 , 797 , 114 116 , 706 , 215 116 , 706 , 215
Missouri. . . . 3 , 293 , 335 423, 090 , 516 122 .423 , 104 545 ,513 ,620 166
Montana . . . . . 376 , 053 54 , 149, 564 1 , 765 , 045 55 , 914 , 609 149
Nebraska 1 , 192, 214 124 , 556 , 740 7 ,452, 286 132 ,009 ,026 111
Nevada .. . . 81 , 875 11 . 983, 559 11, 983 ,559 146
New Hampshire 430 , 572 53 , 151, 854 14 ,359,926 67,511 , 780 157
New Jersey . . . . 2 , 537 , 167 394 , 358 , 783 278, 891 , 717 673, 250 , 500 265
New Mexico ... 327 , 301 22 , 159 , 552 22 , 159, 552 68
New York . . . . . . . 9 . 113 ,614 1,859 ,488,827 705, 260,714 2 ,564, 749,541 281
North Carolina . . . 2 , 206 , 287 156, 137 , 868 9,079,925 165 , 217 ,793 15
North Dakota . 577 ,056 55 , 203 , 241 55 , 203, 241 96
Ohio . . . . . 4 , 767, 121 691, 213 ,034 197,072,487 888,285,521 186
Oregon. . . . . . .. 672, 765 76 , 010 , 451 3,611, 500 79 , 621, 951 118
Pennsylvania . . 7 , 665 , 111 1, 241 ,865 , 748 465 , 104 ,712 706 , 970 , 460 223
Rhode Island . 542,610 85 , 064,017 52 .623 . 684 137,687, 701 254
South Carolina, 1,515 ,400 114 , 622 , 829 15 , 116 ,654 129,739, 483 86
South Dakots 583,888 63 , 579 ,694 63, 579 ,694 109
Tennessee . 2, 184, 789 171,632, 371 37 ,495 , 347 209, 127 ,718 96
Texas. . . . . . 3 , 896 , 542 262, 708 , 661 976 , 536 263,685 , 197 68
Utah . 373 , 351 42 ,606 ,638 4 , 334 ,810 46 , 941,448 126
Vermont. . . 355 , 956 57, 606 , 582 7 ,044 , 595 64 ,651, 177 182
Virginia . . . .. . 2 , 061, 612 180 , 205 , 741 39 , 269, 190 219 ,474 , 931 106
Washington . . . 1 , 141, 990 126 , 583 , 116 8 , 802, 412 135 , 385 ,528 119
West Virginis . . . 1 . 221, 119 94 , 853, 455 14 , 561, 149 109 , 414 , 604 90
Wisconsin 224 , 237 , 069 259. 825 , 952 111
2 , 333 , 860 35,588,883
Wyoming. . . 145, 965 16 , 871, 048 16 , 871, 048 116
LOGO
E
CK
AR
AB
!
-0.CEAW
H
2
R
SCA
AGA
MAD
N.
4
N D
Il
1
le bye 20 30 40 50
PRINCIPAL STEAMSHIP ROUTES FROM AFRICA .
Miles .
length of the Meri
Equator. . ..
dian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24 .900
5 24 . 858
Tropic . . . . . . . 22, 853
Polar Circle . . 9 ,940
the Great Axis (diameter of the Equator) 7 . 926
Little Axis (diameter through the Poles ) 7 ,400
+ Parallel Degree on the Equator . . . . . 69 . 2
in the Tropics . . . . . . . 63 . 5
in the Polar Circle . . . . . . . . . . 27 . 7
4 at the Pole . . . . . . . ..
The solid contents of the Globe amounts to 260, 000 , 000 , 000 cubic miles .
176 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
Sliver Ap roximateinEquivalentMoney.
Coins U.S. .06 121. .243 .486 .608 973. 1.216 .020 .040 .100 .201 .402 1.005
S •fill $
and
Florin 2s.or i
Crown 6d.2s.or Crown
5s.or
£ 3d. 6d. Is. 4s. gs'ss
— ^>
2.43 4.866
Coins Ap roximatein
Gold EquivalentU.
Money.
S. S M Q»9Q0 m $ $
-i m » °. °.
and
Half Sov'gn 10s.= Sov'gn 20s.= 8c 400 Francs. 10 20 d
3 —n -§
- « O
_
fa a
COP5 tOCO MCO Wd U5CO CCO CN"3 ifi© 9.65 19.30 96.50 193.0
Notes Ap roximatein
Bank EquivalentMoney.
S.U. s
and CN S) Jlj 00
Francs. 50 100 500 1.000 Francs. 20 50 100 500 1,000 Gulden. 10 25 40 5060 100 200 300 500 1,000
Vinalue
S.
U.
Standard MonetaryandUnit, Ap roximate
Gold. Gold. Pound Sterlin$g:4.8661 Gold. Gold. Gold.
$Fr0a,n1c9:3 $Fr0a,n1c9:3 Gulden:
$0,402
BRITAIN.
GREAT NETHERLANDS.
COUNTRY. THAOBNLEY. E LGIUM.
FRANCE. (HOL AND.)
FC1100ernat—nimce.s FC1100ernat—nicme.s
PF14aenny.r—things S1Penceh12il=ing. G1
Ccnte
u100
ld-e.n.
Note,page
(See
25.)
S£1.20hi-l ings
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 177
.002 .005 .012 .024 .002 .004 .020 .040 .0 96 .0193 .0386 .0482
f S
a Q sec
S- i a £ > ■ cop er, nickel. bronze, nickel. cop er. nickel.
a'5« V
USE <^ lp.2p. 10 lh. 2h. lOh. 20h. Sc. 10c. 20c 25c.
il
Coins Ap roximateinEquivalentU.
Silver S.Money. .119 .238.476 .714 1.19 n © »o
s °v*.°.r-i . ™ *
anil
s 0U l1ira. l2ira. l5ira. hV
aSSBSS O -'Na5 £
M
00 « 1.62 2.03 3.24 4.06 .965 1.93 3.86 1.34 2.68 5.36 2.24
. s.s» S S S
.9 3i §
lOkr.or 20kr.or Kroner. 5 10 20 Ducat.
■as o o f5l 8fl. lOfl. .^•o o o
1.19 4.76 1 .90 23.80 238.0 2.03 4.06 10.15 20.30 203.0 .965 1.93 9.65 19.30 96.50 193.0 0.268 1.34 268 13.40 26.80 134.0 268.0
Notes Ap roximateEinquivalentMoney.
Bank S.
U. s $
and
Kronen. 10 20 50 100 1,000
1 "Sggg
a 3 ri
Ap roximateinU.S.Value
Standard MonetaryUnit,
and Krone:
203
SO. 268Krone:
JO.
Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold. Gold.
$0,238
Mark: 193
$0.
Lira:
DAND
SNEWOEMRADWREAKYN.,
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
Y
NTH
CCU TMAOBNUE:Y
GERMANY. MP1001fark.en=ige LC1100eira.nte—simi
KH1001relo=ner.s ITALY.
Ore100K1ro=ne.
.COUNT
EUROP
OF EAN
NCY
CURRERIES
176
Standard
Copper
and
Monetary Notes
Bank Coins
Gold Coins
Sliver Coins
Nickel
.COUNTRY
,Unit
a nd and and and and
Approximate Approximate Approximate Approximate Approximate
U.S
in
Valu e in
Equivalent in
Equivalent in
Equivalent in
Equivalent
.
TABL
MONE EY US.Money U.SMoney U.SMoney
.Gold .USMoney
.BRITAIN
GREAT 3
.d 0
.6
.Gold 3.2432 .
6d 1
. 21 Far
enny
.=1P4Farthings 10
.64865 Half Is
. .243 .thing .005
20 .3973 'gn
Sov 2.433 Florin
50 3 25
.243 .=10s ..486
2s
or Half
Pound 100 5
6.486 Crown .Penny
hilling
.-1S12
Pence 6
.or08
2sd
:Sterling 200 .3 73
|90 Sov
'g n
4.8$ 661 500 5
2.2433 .=20s 4.866 .49 973 Pe
. nny .02
1
=£.20
Shillings 1,000 0
5.4866 .or
58
216
Crown
.11
.Francs .Francs
.PELGIUM .Gold 20 8.3 6 .0964 .Ic .0019
6
.9 5 10 1.93 1. 93 2
.c .0038
50
100 3 0
.19 .386 .
5c .0096
0.1$Franc
: 93 500 .5960 20 3.86 .965 .10c .0193
ranc
.=1F100
Centimes .
20c . 386
0
1,000 0
0.193
.Gulden .Gulden .copper
10 0
.4 2
.NETHERLANDS . ld
Go 25 .0105
.020
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
.0 8
1640 2.01 5. c
).(HOLLAND 0. 40
0
1.20 .10c
60 1.242 .125c 00 0
, 02
0
2.40
100 10 |4.02 5
. 00 201 . 04
0
G1-. uld
Cen
130 taen 4$0.: 02 en
Guld .0
80
4
200 ul
.4.1G02 .240 .010
0
.6120
300 Gul
24 05
..011
0
.500
|2001
L'ILEVISA LII . A
Standard and
Copper
CCUNTRY Monetary Notes
Bank Coins
Gold Coins
Silver Nickel
Coins
,and
Unit and and and and
Approximate Approximate Approximate Approximate Approximate
TABLE
MONEY U.S
in
Value Equivalent
in Equivalent
in in
Equivalent Equivalent
in
.
Gold .USMoney U.SMoney .USMoney U.SMoney
.
Marks .
Marks .
copper
o.p50r .lp 0
. 02
.
GERMANY .
Gold 1.19 .
im .119 .
2p .005
20 .74 6 10 2.38 im
. . 38
2
50 911
.0 .
2m 4
. 76 .
nickel
=1Mark
Pfennige
.100 :$0.238
Mark 100 .80
23 20 4.76 7
3m
.| 14 0
. 12
1,000 .00
238 1.1
5m9 10 .024
-HUNGARY
.AUSTRIA .
Gold .Kronen .
bronze
Go
.
Lire .
Lire .
copper
IT
. ALY .
Gold .965 965 .1lira 1
. 93 .
5c .0096
10 1.93 .10c .0193
50 9.65 .91 3 .2l|ira .386 .
nickel
=1Lira
Centesimi
.100 :$0.193
Lira 100 .30
19 .
20c .0386
500 960
.5 20 3.86 |5l.ira .965 2
. 5c .0482
1,000 .00
193
.
Kroner .
Kroner .
Ore bro
. nze
.
Ore
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
DENMA
.AND
S RK
, WEDEN
NORWA Y .
Gold 0.268 14
.3 10
1.34 10 2.68 0
. 025
10 28
.6 20 5.36 50 12 0. 05
50 .40
13 .125
CAN
=1Krone
Üre
.100 :$0.268
Krone 100 .80
26 2. 4 Kron
. er
500 134
.0 0 .
Ducat 2
. 49
1,000 .00
268 4
. 99
177
.-CCOUNT
EUROP
OF
CURRE d
ontinueRIES
EAN
NCY
178
Standard and
Copper
.COUNTRY Monetary Notes
Bank Coins
Gold Coins
Silver Coins
Nickel
a
, nd
Unit and and and and
Approximate Approximate Approximate Approximate Approximate
U.SValue
in in
Equivalent in
Equivalent in
Equivalent in
Equivalent
.TABLE
MONEY U.SMoney .s,U oney
M
.Gold U.S oney
M U.S oney
M
.Peseta 'n
Doubl .Peseta .bronze
-
100 3 0
.19 Peset
. a
500 5
.960 9
. 65 Centimo 0. 035
1,000 .0 0
193 10 1.93 50 0
. 87 .00875
Ou
20 3.86
25 4.825
same
.names
the
coins
also
bearing
,iof
France
that
as
same
is
SWITZE
system
monetary
—Ttshe RLAND
coins
silver
Greek
and
Belgian
Spieces
gold
Servian
,ABand
IR,S.—Fwiss
panish
talian
ussian
ustrian
wiss
elgian
RANCE
NOTE
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
low
of
silver
Italian
not
,b
also
are ut
current
pieces
Italian
Lire
.F ive
France
in
current
are
.in
France
circulate
not
do
countries
foreign
of
coins
Copper
money
any
.bad
-D o
take
not
CAUTION by
change
cabmen
in
tourist
offered
frequentl
worth re
,avalue
metaltheir
only
nd
France
uncurren
are
which
coins
following
The yt
F
of
value
the
below
coins
silver
.such
and os
rench
iz
,vreject
5received
change
silver
examine
will
to
well
do
T.
:othersourists
denomina
.of
Sregardles
coins
silver
Papal
and
outh
American
a nd
,Spanish
prior
1803
minted
to stion
179
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
VI
VR
MAPAN
AB
T
ti
JO
HI
LI
I
PPP
N
PI
A
D
NE
LUN
N
DVAN
VENEZUELA
Lutes 68,900,000 BRAZIL
2,414 ,500 ,000
WEST COAST
BRAZIL OF AFRICA
PHAITI
34,900 14 , 800 Li 59,800,000
DUTCH EINDIES
101,800 , 000
lo
Value Valne
la
COUNTRY ,
standard
Legal of
terms COUNTRY .
standard
Legal .
unit
Monetary of
terns
.
unit
Monetary U.S U.S
.
money .
money
Republic
Argentino Gol
- d -Peso .90$ 647 .
Denmark Gold Cr
-. own .268
Ecuador
.- -Gold -Sucro 4. 87
Austr
H
- ungaiary Gold Crown 203 -
Egypt Gold (100
)-Pound
piasters 4.943
Belgi
. um Gold
silver
.and Franc 2193
Finland Gold Mark .193
.
Bolivia Gold -
Boliviano 3. 89 Fra
- nce silver
and
Gold Franc 1. 93
1
Brazil
. Gold Milreis 6. 46 Emp
Gerire
man Gold
- Mark .238
.Brit
Great ain Gold Pound
sterling
- 4.8665
.Gold
Aus
in
Colonies
British .
sterling
Pound 4.8665 Gre
- ece silver
and
Gold -
Drachma .193
1
.
Africa
and
tralasia .Haiti Gold .
Gourde .965
Gold 1.000
1
Canada
. .
Dollar
.States
Aruer
:Central (British
)India Gold Rupee 3). 244
Costa
Rica
. Gold Colon
- 4. 65 -
Italy .
silver
and
Gold Lira
- .193
.
Japan Gold Yen 4
. 98
-
Honduras
British -
Gold .
Dollar 0.1 00 Liberia Gold .Dollar 1.000
.-
Guatemala
-Honduras Silver Pe 4. 36
Me
. xico Gold -Peso 4. 98
Nicaragua - so Netherlands Gold .Florin 4
. 02
1
Salva
- dor .Newfoundland Gold- - --
Dolla
- r 1.014
.
Chile .
Gold -- -- Pes
- o .365 No
- rway Gold
- -Crown 2
. 68
1
Pa
- nama -
Gold Balboa .01 00
!
-Anoy
:715 -Paraguay -
Silver Peso
. .436
.Canton .713 .Persia silver
and
Gold Kran
. 1. 704
Ch
- eeloo .683
Ch
Ki
- in
nng .698
-Peru Gold Libra 4.8665
Fu
- chau .661
Haikwa .727 Islande
Philippine Gold Peso 5
. 00
n -
Portugal Gold Milreis 1.080
).(Custom
Hankow
- 6
. 69
Ch Kiaochow 6. 92 -
Roumanie Gold Le
. u 193
. ina Silver .
Tael -
Gold Ru
Nankin .707 Russia - blo .515
Niuchwang 6. 70 Domingo
Santo -
Gold .Dollar 1.000
Ningpo
.- 6. 87 .
Servia Gold
- Dinar .193
Peking .697 .Siam Gold
. .Tical .3708
..
Shanghai .653 -
Spain silver
and
Gold Pe
. sets 1. 93
Swatow .660
Takau
- 7. 10 .
Settlements
Straits Gold .Dollar .5677
Tientsin
. 1692 Sweden Gold Orown .268
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
Dollar
. .
Yuan .520 Switzerland Gold Franc .193
H
(- ongkong .470 .
Turkey Gold .Plaster .044
Dol
. lar British
- 4
. 70 Uruguay Gold Peso ,01 34
Mexican 473 Venezuela Gold .
Bolivar 193
Gold Dollar 1.000
Colombia
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . 181
Sex Jersey High Point 1, 909 Atlantic Ocean - - -- Sea level 250
New Mexico North Truchas leak 13, 306 Red Blufi 2, 876 5 , 700
New York Mount Marcy . . . . . 5 , 344 Atlantic Ocean -- - - Sea level 900
Borth Carolina Mount Mitchell 6 , 711 Tud o - - Sea level 700
Sorth Dakota Summit of county . 3 , 500 Pembina 1, 900
Near Mansfield 1, 479 Ohio River 425 850
Oxlabows - - West end of county 4 , 750 Red River 300 1, 300
Mount Hool 11,225 Pacific Ocean Sea level 3, 300
Pearylvania Blue Knob -- - 3, 136 Delaware River. Sea level 1, 100
Philippine Islands. Mount Apo - 9, 610 Pacific Ocean . . . Sea level
Parts Bico . . . Loquillo Mountains .. ... 3,532 Atlantic Ocean . . . sea level
Rhode Island Durlee Hill - -- - - - 805 Atlantic Ocean Sea level 200
Beeth Carolina Sassafras Montntain - - 3,548 - - - do -- - - sea level 350
Eeath Dakota Harney Peak . .. 7 , 242 - Big Stone Lakr . . .. . 962 2, 200
Thensee MountGuyot. . . 6 , 636 Mississippi River 182 900
El Capitan - - - 9 ,020 Gull ofMexico . . Sea level 1, 700
Uu Kinga Peaks -- -- -- 13, 998 Beaverdam Creek - 2, 000 6, 100
Vermont MountMansfield Lake Champlain . 95 1, 000
Virginia Mount Rogers 5 , 719 Atlantic Ocean . . . . Sea level 950
Mount Rainier 14, 363 - Pacific Ocean . . . Sea level 1,700
West Virginia Spruce knob 4 ,860 - Potomac River - 240 1, 500
Rib Hill - 1, 940 Lake Michigan . . . 582 1, 050
yoning - Gannett Peak - 13, 785 Belle Fourche River 3, 100 6 , 700
Taited States (exclusive MountWhitney -- 14,501 Death Valley . d
276
el)
2, 500
of Alaska ),
U . S . Geological Survey .
182 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
per capita, in the principal countries of the world, Dec. 31, 1911.
Stock of silver. Per capita.
Uncovered
Limited paper.
Fall tender. tender. Gold. Paper. Total.
States.
Total. . . .. 1 , 040 ,600 5, 167 , 600
NOTE . - The blank spaces in this table signify that no satisfactory information is available .
1 Estimates for the United Kingdom prior to that for 1910 were fot coin only ; these figures include
$100 , 000, 000 for bullion in the Bank of England ; also $ 12,200 , 000 gold belonging to Indian gold -standard
reserve .
This is the amount in the currency reserves. Fred . J. Atkinson , accountant general of India , in 1908,
estimated the active rupee circulation at 2 ,040 ,000 ,000 rupees; small silver coin at 140 ,000 ,000 rupees.
3 Includes Straits Settlements, the Malay States, and Johore.
• This estimate is based upon a calculation made by Messrs . P . Arminjon and B . Michel in 1908 , who
estimated the stock of gold in the country at from 33,000,000 to 41, 000 ,000 Egyptian pounds. The mean
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . 185
per capita, in the principal countries of the world, Dec. 31, 1911.
Stock of silver. Per capita.
Uncovered
paper .
Limited Total. Gold . Silver . Paper. Total.
Full tender . tender .
NIL . 20 , 000 8 . 38 2 . 56 10 . 94
Ni 19,000 7 , 500 4 . 25 11. 8 20 . 81
NU 2 , 400 2 .71 3 . 24
NI .
4 , 300 8, 000 13. 82 3 . 90 25 . 00
0 . 800 800 1 . 19 4. 15 5 . 65
Nil . 258 , 800 76, 000 10 . 82 13. 04 27 . 71
NIL 8 , 600 8 . 600 34, 700 4 . 81 1 . 59 6 . 43 12. 83
Nil. 13 . 500 27 , 900 19. 91 4 . 09 8 . 45 32 . 45
Nil. 26 , 400 5 . 93 1 . 10 7 . 03
26 , 400
NIL . 9 , 200 9, 200 89, 900 . 26 1.74 16 . 96 18. 96
NIL
INTEREST TABLES.
STAPLE INTEREST.
days
days
6 ays
ACROSTICO
.8days
,d5 ays
.1year
d.3 ays
.7days
.4days
,9days
.2daya
.3mos
.4mos
2. os
.6mon
6mos
20
10
d1. ay
ONQORACCOON
.
.d
.1mo
Time,
RE
Amt.
ANNO
AUN SNN
COCA
COCONNNNNN
COAC
ccer
3
TA
09
16000
-6.600
CNCO
ONO
$ 5 . . . ..
DONN
'NNN
$ 10 . . .
COCO
JC00-AEToco
CON
NN
ISIC 200200009.0
-104
co
2
00
ర- ాజులు
$ 25 . . . .
ons
aera
RACOON
Aరానేలుు
20960
cce
28జ
NA
$ 50 . . 181 10
CON
83 / 1. 0 1 . 251
COD
NON
1 . 00 1 . 25 1 . 501
1. 171 1 .46 1. 751
E
1. 25 l 1 .671 2. 50 3 .
NOORA
01
COS
2 .331 3 . 5017
2 .93
GURO
581
SSMEO
Invest Amt. in Invest Amount in Invest. 1 Per Amt. in Inrest. Per Amorint la
ment. Cent. 100 yrs. ment. Cent. 100 years. ment. Cent.) 100 yrs. ment. Cent 100 years.
TABLES OF WAGE.
MONTHLY WAGE TABLE.
Days $10 $ 11 $ 12 $ 13 $ 15 / $ 16 $ 17 $ 18 $ 19 $ 20
Rocco
.50 .58 . 65 .77
85 1 . 00 1. 15 1.31 1 . 46 1 .54
R
micidcon
1. 92 2 . 12 2 . 50 2 .88 3 . 08 3 . 27 3 . 46 3 .85
2 . 31 2 . 54 3 . 00 3 .46 3 .69 3 .92 4 . 15 4 .38 4 .62
2 .69 3 .50 4 .04 4 . 31 4 .58 4 . 85 5 . 12 6 . 38
6 . 85
vidia
eo
293
6 .50 5 .92 6 .35 6 . 77 7 . 19 7 .62 8 . 04 8 .46
4 .62 6 . 00 6 .46 6 .92 7.38 7 . 85 8 . 31 8 . 77 9 .23
6 .50 7 .00 7.50 8 . 00 8 .50 9 . 00 9.50 10 . 00
7 .00 7 .54 8 .08 8 .62 9 . 15 9 .69 10. 23 10 . 77
7 .50 8 .08 8 .65 9 . 23 9 .81 10 . 38 10 . 96 11 .54
8 . 18 8. 77 8 .00 8 .62 9 .23 9 . 85 10 .46 11. 08 11 . 69 12 . 31
8 .50 9 . 15 9 .81 10. 46 11 . 12 11.77 12 .42 13 . 08
8 .92 1.62 9 . 00 9 .69 10 . 38 11.08 11. 77 12 . 46 13 . 15 13 . 85
8. 04 9 .50 10 . 23 10 . 96 11.89 12 .42 13 . 15 13 . 88 14 .62
7 .69 8. 46 10. 00 10.77 11. 54 12.31 13 .03 13. 85 14 .62 13 .38
8 . 08 8 . 88 10.50 11. 3i 12 . 12 12. 92 13. 73 14 .54 15 . 35 16 . 15
9 . 31 10 . 15 11.00 11. 85 12 .69 13.54 14. 38 15 . 23 16 . 08 16 . 94
dia
$2.00 $3.00 54.00 $5.00 $0.00 $7.00 $8.00 $0.00 $10.00 $11.00 $12.00 $13.00 $14.00
tas
. 13 %
. 23 . 263 . 30 . 33 % . 36 % 40 .463
.35 .40 .45 .50 " . 55 00 . 65 . 70
*
40 .60 . 70 . 80 . 90 1. 00 1 . 10 1 . 20 1 . 30 1 .40
502 . 70 .813 . 9324 1 . 05 1 . 16 % 1 . 2835 1 . 40 1.52 1. 834
.62 % .80 1 .93 % 1.062 1. 20 1 . 33 141 .46 % 1 . 60 1 .73 % ) 1. 86 %
.869 1 .33 % 2. 68 % 3. 33 % 1 .00 4 .68 % 5 .334 16 .00 8 .66 % 7 . 334 | 8 .00 8 .68 8.83
89 12 11 . 68 % 3 .89 % 4 . 16 % 5 . 00 5 .834 6 .66 % 17.50 8 .33 % 9 . 16 % 10. 00 10 .85 11.88 %
DO 12 . 00 14 . 00 5 . 00 16. 00 17 . 00 8 . 00 9 . 00 10 . 00 11 . 00 12 . 00 13. 00 14 . 00
188 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
N:
3 , 10, and 3 . . . . 1660 . 8340 27 and 5 . . 3113 . 6887
. 1872 .8128 27 , S , and 2 . 3285 . 6715
2 , 10, 5, and 2 ) . .
:
21. 10 , and 10 . . . . . 2103 7897 27 , S , and S . . . . 3457 . 6543
. 0500 . 9500 27 and 7 } .. . . . 3294 .6706
3 and 24:: .0738 . 9262 27 , 7 ) , and 2 ) . 3462 . 6538
. 0975 . 9025 27 . 7 , and 3 . . . 3629 . 6371
S and 5 . . . .6203
5 , 5 , and 2 ) . . .. . 1201 . 8799 27 . 7 , and 7 ) . . 3797
S , S , and s . . . . 1426 . 8574 27 and 10 . . 3475 . 6525
S , 5 , 5 , and 27 : . 1640 . 8360 27 , 10, and . 3638 .6362
10 . . . . : : : : . . 1000 9000 27 . 10 , and S . . 3801 .6199
10 and 21. . . . 1225 . 8775 27 , 10 , and . 3964 . 6036
. 1450 . 8550 27 , 10 , and 10 . . . 4128 . 5872
10 and 5 . . . .
10 , 5 , and 2j.. . . 1664 . 8336 30 . . . 3000 .7000
10 , S , and s . . . . 1878 .8122 30 and 2 . 3175 .6825
10, 5, 5 , and 21 2081 . 7919 30, 2 , ar . 3346 .6654
10 and 10 . . : : : . 1900 .8100 30 and 5 . . 3350 . 6650
O , and 23 . 2103 . 7897 30, S, and 2 ) . . . . . 3516 .6484
1108 , 10, and 5 . . 2305 7695 30, 5 , and s . . . . 3683 . 6317
10, 10 , 3 , and 27 : . 2497 .7503 30 and 7 ) . . . . . . 3525 . 6475
. 7290 30, 7 } . and 2 ) . . 3687 6313
10, 10, and 10. . 2710
.6151
. 1500 . 8500 30, 71, and 5 . 3849
19 and 2j ... .. .. . 1713 . 8287 30 , 74, and 7 4011 . 5989
.6300
15 and 5 d. . . : . 1925 . 8075 30 and 10 . . . . . 3700
15, 5, an 2 ; .: : . 2127 . 7873 30 , 10 , and 27 . 3858 .6142
. 2329 . 7671 30 , 10 , and 5 . . 4015 . 5985
15, 5, and 5 30 , 10 , and 7 . 4173 . 5827
15, 5, 5 . and 21 . 2521 7479 . 5670
15 and 10 . . . 2350 . 7650 30 , 10 , and 10 . . 4330
15, 10 , and 2 ). . 2541 . 7459 32 . . . . 3250 .6750
5 , 10 , and 5 . . . . . . 2733 . 7267 32 and 21 . . . : . 3419 .6581
7085 324, 24, and 21 . 3584 .6415
15, 10, 5 , and 2 ) . . . . 2915
321 and 5 . . . . . .6412
15, 10, and 10 . . . . . 3115 .6885 . 3588
20 . . . . . . . . . .2000 .8000 32 , 5 , and 21 . 3748 .6252
20 and . 2200 .7800 321, 5 , and 5 . . 3909 .6091
. 7600 32 and 7 ) . . 3756 . 6244
20 and 5 . . 2400
32 , 71, and 21 . 3912 6088
20 , 5 , and 2 . 2590 . 7410
5932
20 , 5 , and 5 . . . .
20 , 5 , 5 , and 2 . .
. 2780
. 2962
. 7220
. 7038
321
321, 71, and
and 571
. 4068
. 4224 . 5776
2800 .7200 32 ] and 10 . . : : . . . 3925 . 6075
20 and 10 . . . . 5923
20. 10, and 21. . 2980 7020 32 , 10 , and 21. . 4077
20, 10 , and 5 . . . 3160 . 6840 32 , 10, and 5 .. . 4229 5771
20, 10, 5 , and 2 ).. . 3331 .6669 32 . 10 , and 71 . 4381 . 5619
20, 10 and 10 . . 3520 . 6480 321, io, and io . . 4533 3467
. 2500 . 7500 35 . . . 3500 . 3500
25 and . 2688 . 7312 35 and 27::: . 3663 .6337
25. 26 , and 2 } ... . . 2871 . 7129 35, 2 ), and 21 . 3821 .6179
25 and 5 . . . 2875 .7125 35 and 5 . . : : . 3825 . 6175
25, 5, and 21 . 3053 .6947 35, 5 , and 2j. . 3979 .6021
25, 5, and 3. . 3231 .6769 35, 5, and 5. . 4134 . 5866
25 and 71 . 3063 . 6937 35 and 7 } . . . . 3988 . 6012
25 , 71 and 2 ) . . 3236 .6764 35, 7 }, and 21. .4138 . 5862
25, 7 . and S . . . . 3410 .6590 35, 7 , and s . . . 4288 . 5712
25, 76, and 7 | . . . . 3583 .6417 35, 71, and 7 ) . . . . . 4439 S561
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . 189
NON
37 , 71, and 23 . 4364 . 5636 45 and 10 . 5050 . 4950
37 . 7 . and S . . . . 4508 . 8492 45 , 10 , and . 5174 . 4826
375, 7 , and 71 . 4654 . 5346 45 , 10 , and . 5298 . 4702
37 and 10 . . . . . 4375 . 5625 45, 10 , and 7 ) . 5421 . 4579
37 , 10 , and 2 .4516 . 5484 45, 10, and 10 .. . 5545 . 4455
37 . 10 , and 5 . . 4656 . 5344 47 . . . . : : : .4750 . 5250
37 . 10 , and 71 . 4797 . 5203 47 and 2 . . : : .4881 . 5119
37 , 10, and 10 . . 4938 . 5062 47 , 24, and 21. . 5009 .4991
40 . . . . . . . . . . . . 4000 . 6000 47 and 5 . . . . . . 5013 . 4987
40 and 21 .:: .: . 4150 . 5850 47 , 5 , and 23.. . 5138 . 4862
40, 21, and 2 ) . .4296 . 5704 47 , 5 and 5 . .. . 5262 . 4738
40 and S.. .. . . 4300 . 5700 47 and 7 . . . . 5144 . 4856
40, S, and 2 , . 4443 . 5557 47 , 71 , and 21 . . 5265 .4735
40, 3 , end 5 . . 4585 5415 477 . and 5 . . . .. . 5387 . 4613
40 and 7 | . . . ,4450 5550 47 , 7 , and 7 . 5509 . 4491
40, 74, and 21 . .4589 . 5411 47 and 10 . . 3275 . 4725
40, 7 , and 5 . . .4728 . 5272 471, 10, and 2 . 5393 . 4607
40, 7 . and 7 ). .4866 . 5134 47 ) , 10 , and 5 . . . . 5511 .4489
40 and 10 .. .. . 4600 . 5400 47 , 10 , and 7 . 5629 .4371
40, 10, and 21 . . 4735 . 5265 471, 10, and 10 . . 5748 . 4252
40 , 10 , and 5 . . . . 4870 . 5130 50 . . . : : : : : . . . . . 5000 . 5000
40, 10 , and 71 .. . 5005 . 4995 50 and 23.. . 5125 . 4875
40 , 10 , and 10 . . . 5140 . 4860 50, 21, and 27. . 5247 . 4753
12 ) . .d. . . .. . 4250 . 5750 50 and 5 . . . . . 5250 . 4750
Sen 23
2 and 2j; . 4394 . 5606 50, 5, and 24. . . 5369 . 4631
13and S ..
. 4534
. 4538
. 5466
. 5462
50, 5 , and 5. . 5488
. 5375
. 4512
50 and 71. . . 4625
42 . 5, and 27. : . 4675 . 5325 50, 71, and . 5491 . 4509
12 , 5, and 3 ": . 4811 . 5189 50 , 7 , and 5 . 5606 .4394
12 and 71 . . . . . . 4681 . 5319 50, 71, and 71 . 5722 .4278
27 . id 2 . 4814 . 5186 50 and 10 . . . . . 5500 . 4500
42 , 2 , and . . 4947 . 5053 50, 10 , and 21. 5613 . 4387
13 : 1 : and ;;:: :: :
12 and 10 . . . .
. 5080
. 4825
. 4920
. 5175
50 , 10 , and 5.
50 , 10 , and 7 ) . .
. 5725
. 5838
. 4275
. 4162
23. 10, and 21: ::: :
ar
. 4954
5084
, 5046
. 4916
50, 10 , and 10 .. 5950 .4050
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
The Secretary of Agriculture exercises per BUREAU OF BOILS.
sonal supervision of public business relating The Bureau of Soils has for its object the
to the agricultural industry. He appoints all investigation
the officers and employees of the department the mapping of soilsof in their relation to crops,
soils, and the investigation,
with the exception of the Assistant Secretary mapping, and reclamation of alkali lands.
and the Chief of the Weather Bureau, who are
appointed by the President, and directs the BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.
management of all the bureaus, divisions, and
offices embraced in the department. He exer lifeThe Bureau of Plant Industry studies plant
in all its relations to agriculture. It in
cises advisory supervision over agricultura 1 cludes vegetable, pathological and physiologi
experiment stations which receive aid front cal, botanical, pomological and grass and
the National Treasury- forage plant investigations.
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY
The Bureau of Animal Industry conducts BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.
the inspection of animals, meats, and meat- The Bureau of Entomology obtains and dis
food products under the act of Congress of seminates information regarding injurious in
June MO. 1906, and has charge of the inspection sects affecting
of import and export animals. It makes special and truck crops,fieldforests
crops, fruits, small fruits,
and forest product*,
investigations in regard to dairy subjects. and stored products.
FOREST SERVICE. BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY.
The Bureau of Forestry gives practical ad The Bureau of Biological Survey investi
vice; in the conservative handling of forest gates the economic relation of birds and mam
lands; investigates methods of forest planting, mals and
and gives practical advice to tree planters; vation ofrecommends measures for the preser
beneficial and the destruction of
investigates the control and prevention of injurious species. ± It also studies the geo
forest fires, and other forest problems. graphical distribution of animals and plant*
BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. and maps the natural life aones of the country.
The Bureau of Chemistry makes such inves OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS.
tigations and analyses as pertain in general to
the interests of agriculture, dealing with fertil The Office of Experiment Stations repre
izers and agricultural products. It inspects sents the department in its relations with the
the conditions of manufacture, transportation, agricultural colleges and experiment stations
and sale of food and drug products for the which are now in operation in all the States,
purpose of determining whether such products and directly manages the experiment stations
are adulterated or misbranded within the in Alaska, Hawaii. Porto Rico, and Guam.
meaning of the Pure Food and Drugs Act of It seeks to promote the interest of asrieultura
June 30, 1906. Also inspects imported and education and investigation throughout the
'.ported food products. United States.
CHAPTER VI.
MERCHANT MARINE.
Number and Net and Gross Tonnage of Steam and Sailing Vessels of
Over 100 Tons, of the Several Countries of the World, as Recorded
in Lloyd's Register for 1913-14.
Flag. Steam. Sail. Total.
British Number. Net tons. Gross ions. Number. AVf tons. Number. Tonnage.
United King'm 8.514 11.109.560 18.273.944 700 422.293 9,214 18.696.237
Colonies 1.495 915.950 | 1.575.223 578 160.083 2.073 1.735.300
Total 10,009 12.025,510 19,849.107 1.278 5BSi.376 11.287 20.431.543
a^i1t«Pstates) :
Sea 1.209 1.280.958 1.971.903 1.487 1.026.554 2,696 2.998.457
Northern Lakes 59a 1.724.566 2.285.836 34 96,854 627 2,382.690
Philippine
Islands 69 27.080 44.555 8 1.934 77 46.489
Total 1.871 3.032.C04 4.302.294 1.529 1425.342 3,400 5,427,636
Argentinian 236 107,172 180.570 72 34.259 308 214.835
Austro-
Hungarian 419 629.444 1.010,347 8 1,067 427 1.011.414
Belgian 164 186.581 290.196 8,190 172 304,386
Brazilian 402 18K.645 313.416 578 16.221 459 329.637
Chilian 95 68.834 108.491 36 31.301 131 139.792
Chinese 66 65.375 86.690 66 86.690
Cuban 55 37.902 00.895 4 041 59 01.530
Danish 552 415.880 711.094 259 50.960 811 762,054
Dutch 662 794.840 1.286,742 97 23.107 759 1.309,849
French 987 1.029.113 1.793,310 565 407.S54 1.552 2.201.104
2,019 2.877.887 4,743.046 302 339.015 2.321 5,082,001
365 443.771 705.897 77 16.885 442 722.782
Haitian 5 2.017 3,387 3.387
Italian 591 773.848 1.274.127 523 247,815 1.1145 1.521,942
Japanese 1,037 956.702 1.500.014 1.037 1.500.014
43 22.838 37,920 9 2.129 52 40,049
Norwegian 1.597 1,122.577 1,870.793 594 .187.097 2.191 2,457.890
Peruvian 20 13.352 25,814 40 19,700 60 45.514
Portuguese 105 55,903 92.630 103 27.943 208 120.579
Roumanian 32 25.01 1 45.123 1 285 33 45.408
Russian 716 463.022 790.075 500 184.103 1.216 974.178
Siamese 12 7,955 12.936 12 12.936
Spanish 547 506.073 826.201 60 14.734 607 840.995
Swedish 1.043 551.904 043.926 393 103.344 1,436 1.0-17.270
Turkish 135 65.402 111.848 137 46.450 272 157.298
SO 38.300 62,215 15 13.310 05 75,531
V enezuelan 8 2.420 4.232 079 13 4,911
Other countries:
Bulgaria, Co-
Io~nbia. Costa
Rica, Ecuador,
Egypt. Hon
duras. Liberia,
Montenegro,
Nicaragua,
Oman.Panama,
Persia.Salvador
Samoa Sarawak
Tunis. Zanz-
54 16.027 29.709 22 7.123 76 36,832
Total 23,897 26.517.02!) 43. 070,177 6.604 3,890.930 30.591 46.970,113
For valuable Information relative to ocean travel the reader is referred to "Scientific
American Handbook of Travel," published by Munn ft Co., Inc.. and compiled and
edited by Albert A. Hopkins. It is the standard book on the subject, and the tables
He., In this Chapter bring it up to date.
193
192 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE .
The Secretary of Agriculture exercises per BUREAU OF SOILS .
sonal supervision of public business relating The Bureau of Soils has for its object the
to the agricultural industry . He appoints all investigation of soils in their relation to crops,
the officers and employees of the department
with the exception of the Assistant Secretary the mapping of soils, and the investigation ,
and the Chief of the Weather Bureau , who are mapping , and reclamation of alkali lands.
appointed by the President, and directs the BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY.
management of all the bureaus , divisions, and
offices embraced in the department. He exer The Bureau of Plant Industry studies plant
cises advisory supervision over agricultural life in all its relations to agriculture . It in
experiment stations which receive aid from cludes vegetable, pathological and physiologi
the National Treasury . cal, botanical, pomological and grass and
forage plant investigations .
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.
The Bureau of Animal Industry conducts BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY .
the inspection of animals, meats , and meat The Bureau of Entomology obtains and dis
food products under the act of Congress of seminates information regarding injurious in
June 30 , 1906 , and has charge of the inspection sectstruck
affecting crops, fruits
fieldforests , small fruits ,
of import and exportanimals . Itmakes special and crops, and forest products,
investigations in regard to dairy subjects. and stored products .
FOREST SERVICE .
BUREAU OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY.
· The Bureau of Forestry gives practical ad The Bureau of Biological Survey investi
vice in the conservative handling of forest
lands ; investigates methods of forest planting , gates the economic relation of birds and mam
and gives practical advice to tree planters : mals and recommendsmeasures for the preser
investigates the control and prevention of vation of beneficial and the destruction of
forest fires, and other forest problems. injurious species. It also studies the geo
graphical distribution of animals and plants
BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY. and maps the natural life zones of the country .
The Bureau of Chemistry makes such inves
tigations and analyses as pertain in general to OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS .
the interests of agriculture , dealing with fertil The Office of Experiment Stations repre
izers and agricultural products. It inspects sents the department in its relations with the
the conditions of manufacture , transportation , agricultural colleges and experiment stations,
and sale of food and drug products for the which are now in operation in all the States,
purpose of determining whether such products and directly manages the experiment stations
are adulterated or misbranded within the in Alaska, Hawaii , Porto Rico , and Gunm .
meaning of the Pure Food and Drugs Act of It seeks to promote the interest of agricultura
June 30 , 1906 . Also inspects imported and education and investigation throughout the
exported food products. United States .
CHAPTER VI.
MERCHANT MARINE.
NUMBER AND NET AND GROSS TONNAGE OF STEAM AND SAILING VESSELS OF
OVER 100 TONS, OF THE SEVERAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD , AS RECORDED
IN LLOYD ' S REGISTER FOR 1913- 14 .
Flag . Steam . Sail. Total
British Number . Net tons. Gross tons. Number. Net tons. Number. Tonnage .
United King'm 8 ,514 11, 109,560 18 . 273, 944 700 422 , 293 9 ,214 18 ,696 ,237
Colonies 1 ,495 9 15 .950 1, 575 , 223 578 160 ,083 2 ,073 1 .735 ,306
For valuable information relative to ocean travel the reader is referred to " Scientific
American Handbock of Travel, " published by Munn & Co., Inc . , and compiled and
edited by Albert A . Hopkins. It is the standard book on the subject , and the tables,
c ., in this Chapter bring it up to date .
193
194 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
WHO
20 knots
Country. & above. 19 knots. 181 kts. 18 knots, 274 kts. 17 knots. 16 knots. Total
Argentine . . ... . .
Austria
W:- uai
Belgium ... ...
air
Denmark
o
France
Germany ...
Great Britain
Greece . . .. .. .. .
NWUO
Holland ,
Italy .....
Japan
Peru .....
Russia
Spain .
Sweden . .. .. .
United States . .. . .... ... . ..
55
31 23 15 42 23 41 III
• P . & O., 28 ; British India , 14 ; White Star, 13 ; Union Castle , 13 ; Can . Pacific R . , II : Cunard , 9 : Orient 9 ;
Union of N . Z ., 6 ; Allan, 4 ; Atlantic Transport, 4 ; Anchor, 3 : Huddart Parker, 3 ; Canadian Northem 8 .8 . 00..
Grand Trunk Pacific Coast 8 . 8 . Co ., Howard Smith & Co., 2 eacb ; Adelaide S . S . Co ., Anglo -Algerian 8 . 8 . Co.
"Bermuda Atlantic B . S. Co., International Nav. Co., Ltd ., KhedirialMail 8 .8 . Co., Quebec S . S. Co., Royal Mail, and
Wilson Line , I eaoh .
N . B . - There were on June 30 , 1912, about 2 ,785 steamers in the world capable of a sea -speed of at least 12 knots
per hour, of which about 1,573 were British . Of the total number about two-thirds are ocean -going steamers
Mawi
MERCANTILE FLEETS - BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
amen
lavyon
:WISA
a
nominiran
wa
KNOTS . Under
MN
Tota
Tonnagle.12
kn0
wew
Head Office,
NEW
LISES. ots Total.
w
15 14 13 12 knots.
in
MMM
la
cow
:ü
!NW
:Mo
Hamburg
a
51548
18
Hamburg - American 943,000 108
Borddeutscher Lloyd .... Bremen 775,000
A!wanaodai
A B
P . & 0 . SteamN . Co . .. ... .. .... London 543,000
NANNINA
NANINIW
British India Steam N . Co.... London .
490 ,000
NIM
wawi
AINWA
... Liverpool
White Star .. .. ... .. .. ...... . .. ...... 479, 000
: AM
Cleveland
IAN
Pittsburgh S . S . Co . , 464,000
:6W
" Blue Funnel ” Line ...... . Liverpool
N
. . .
450,000
W
Furness, Withy & Co., Ltd.... West Hartlepool . 420 ,000
-:A
... .... Liverpool
V
Ellerman Lines , Ltd .
L
406, 000
Panss Bremen 362,000
Nippon Yusen Kaisha ... Tokio 330 ,000
Compagnie Générale Trans. . . Paris . .. . .. . 321,000
Union -Castle Line London 309 , 000
Leyland ..... Liverpool
a
301, 000
Messageries Maritimes ... Paris.. . 300 ,000
wa
Harrison Liverpool 285,000
www
VIVAMU
Cunard Liverpool 259,000
Ender , Dempster & Co., Ltd. Liverpool 258,000
Hamburg-South American ... Hamburg 251, 000
Cisn . . . . . .. .. Glasgow 238 ,000
Poyal Mail S . P . Co .. ...... .. .. London 238,000
Nederland Line Amsterdam ... 225 ,000
Austrian Lloyd....... Trieste. .. ... . 221,000
Deutsche-Australische Hamburg 220 ,000
Canadian Pacific Railway ..... Montreal 219,000
Allan .. . " Glasgow 200 , 000 26
Wilson .... Hull 199 ,000 02
Vim . Ruys & Sons ... ... ... ... ... Rotterdam .. . . . 144,000
New Zealand Shipping Co . ... London ......
N
143, 000
-O
!:I
Chargeurs Réunis . .. .. . ..
Deutsche Levante Linie ... ... Hamburg ....... 130 ,000
Edward Lain & Son ................ St. Ives . ..... 129 ,000
Holland -American Rotterdam 126 ,000
W .Wilhelmsen ... . Tonsburg 125,000
American -Hawaiian S . S . Co . New York 124 , 000
Anchor .. . Glasgow .. 123,000
China Nam. Co., Ltd . London 122 ,000
Moor Line.. ..... Newcastle -on . Tyne 122 ,000
Russian Steam Nav, Co, . ..... Odessa 120 , 000
Booth .. . Liverpool 114 ,000
Anglo -Saxon Petroleum Co . London 114 , 000
Engh & W . Nelson , Ltd . ...... Liverpool 113,000
Woermann Linie ... .. Hamburg T12 ,000
Deutsche Amerikanische Ham
Petroleum Co. .. . . . . burg ...... ... 109,000
Deutsche Ost Afrika ... Hamburg 109,000
8 . A . Tomlinson ... ... ...... ..... Duluth 106 , 000
Thomas (Evan ) Radcliffe & Co .lCardiff 105 , 000 27
Houlders Bros. ; Great Lakes Steamship Co. ; Russian Volunteer Fleet ; Soc. Gen . de Transport Maritimes a
Vapeur , each 104,000 tons : Lloyd Brazileiro, 102,000 tons ; 0 . T . Bowring & Co. ; Nav, Gen . Italiana ; and Pacific
Msil S . S . Co ., each 100 . 000 tons.
196 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
THE "IMPERATOR."
The '* Imperator, " the largest ship in the life boats, including two motor boats equipped
world, was built for the Hamburg-American with wireless apparatus. The trucks of tbe
Line by the Vulcan Shipbuilding Company. masts rise to a height of 246 ft. above the keel,
The vessel is 919 ft. in length, 98 ft. in beam, exceeding those of the loftiest vessel built.
and has a tonnage of .50,000. She has nine The funnels measure 09 ft. in length, and the
decks above the water line, and carries 83 oval openings measure 26'6" x 18'. The rud
der alone weighs 90 tons, the diameter of the
rudder's stock being 2H ft. The ship is
driven by quadruple turbines developing
62,000 H. P. One of the immense roters con
tains 50,000 blades, weighs 135 tons, and is
capable of developing 22,000 H. P. Tbe pro
pellers arc made of turbadium bronze, measure
16' 6" in diameter, and may be driven at 185
revolutions per minute. The vessel has
averaged over 23 knots throughout a day's
run. The construction of the " Impe*ytor%*
has been carried out under the supervision of
the Germanic Lloyds and the Immigrr.tion
authority. The ship is divided by 16 bulk
heads extending two decks above the water
line. These bulk-heads aie further nub-
divided, forming in all 36 separate water
tight compartments. Tbe " imperator ** im
constructed with an inner skin, making her
a ship within a ship.
The most careful attention has been given
to the Navigating Department of the "Im
perator. " The vessel is commanded by ft
Commodore, assisted by four Captains, one
of whom is constantly on duty on the bridge.
The " Imperator" is equipped with every
known safe device, and their efficiency is as
sured by frequent drills and rigid discipline.
The vessel carries 3,600 passengers, and a
crew of 1 ,180. The "Imperator" will be
followed by two sister ships of even greater
dimensions. The first of these, the S. S.
Vaderland, will enter the North Atlantic
LARGEST VESSEL AFLOAT. service in the spring of 1914.
THE WORLD 'S FASTEST MERCHANT TIME AND WATCH ON BOARD SHIP,
Ships Now IN SERVICE . WATCH . For purposes of discipline, and
(Vessels of 22 Knots and over) to divide the work fairly , the crew is muis
tered in two divisions -- the Starboard (right
Tons Speed side, looking forward ) and the Port (leit .
Bullt gross knots The day commences at noon , and is thus
divided :
BRITISH (24 Ships) : Afternoon Watch . . . . noon to 4 p . m .
Ben -My-Chree (turbine) . 1908 2,651 25.34 First Dog 4 p . m . to 6 p .m .
Brighton ( turbine) . . . . . 1 , 129 22 Second Dog 6 p . m . to 8 p . m .
Campania . . . . . . . 1893 12,950 22 First 8 p . m . to midnight.
Connaught . . . . . . . 1897 2 ,641 23 .55 Middle . . 12 p . m , to 4 a . m .
Dieppe (turbine) . 1905 1 ,216 22 Morning . . 4 a . m . to 8 a . in .
Empress (turbine) . . 1907 1,695 22 Forenoon . . . . 8 a .m . to noon .
Empress Queen (pad .) . . . 1897 2 , 140 22 This makes seven WATCHES , which enables
Invicta (turbine) . . .
Leinster
1905 1,680 22. 9 the crew to keep them alternatively , as the
. . . .. . . . , 1897 2 ,641 23.5 Watch which is on duty in the forenoon one
Londonderry (turbine ) . . 1904 1 , 950 22. 3 day has the afternoon next day , and the mea
Lusitania (turbine) . . . . . 1907 31, 550 25 . 88 who have only four hours' rest one night have
Manxman (turbine ). . . . . 1904 2 , 174 23. 14
Mauretania ( turbine ) . . . . 1907 31,937 26 .06
eight hours the next. This is the reason for
having Dog Watches, which are made by di
Olympic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1911 45,324 22 .5
viding the hours between 4 p . m , and 8 p .m .
Onward ( turbine). . . . 1905 1 ,671 22 . 9 into two Watches .
Riviera (turbine) . . .. 1911
1.750123 .07
St. Andrew (turbine) . . . 19081 2 ,528 22. 50 Time. - Time is kept by means of " Bella "
St. David (turbine) . . . . . 1906 2 ,529 22 .50 although there is but one bell on the ship , and
St. George (turbine) . . 2 ,456 22.50 to strike the clapper properly against the
St. Patrick (turbine ) . . . 1906 2 ,531 22.50 bell requires some skill.
The Queen ( turbine ) . . 1903 1,676 22.25 First, two strokes of the clapper at the in
Victoria (turbine) . . . 1907 1 ,689 22 terval of a second , then an interval of tot
Viking ( turbine ) . . . . . . . . 1905 1 , 951 23.53 seconds ; then two more strokes with a ser
Viper (turbine ) . . . . 19061 1 ,713 22 ond ' s interval a part, then a rest of two sec
onds, thus :
BELGIAN (6 Ships) : BELL, ONE SECOND; B .,_ TWO SECS .; B . B .
Jan Breydel (turbine).. . 1909 1,750 24 B . ss .; B . s .; B . ss .; B .
Leopold II. (pad ,) . . .. . 1892 1,367 22 1. Bell is struck at 12.30 , and again at 4.34
Marie Henriette (pad .) . . 1893 1 ,451 22 6 . 30 , 8 . 30 p . m . ; 12 .30 , 4 . 30 , and 8 .30 a . m . ;
Pieter de Coninck (turb .) 1910 1,750 24 2 Bells at 1 (struck with an interval of 1
Princesse Clementine second between each - B . S . B . ) , the 88mn
(pad . ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1896 1 ,474 22 again at 5 , 7 , and 9 p . m . ; 1 , 5 , and 9 a . m . !
Princesse Elisabeth 3 Bells at 1 .30 ( B . 8 , B . ss, B . ) 5 .30 , 7 , 30
( turbine ) . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1905 1 ,747 24 and 9. 30 p . m . ; 1, 30 , 5 .30 , and 9 . 30 a .m .
Durch ( 3 Ships ) :
4 Bells at 2 ( B . 8 , B . ss, B . S , B . ) 6 and 1
p . m . ; 2 , 6 , and 10 a . m .
Mecklenburg .. . . . . . . . .. 1909
Oranje Nassau
2,885 22 .50 5 Bells at 2 . 30 ( B . s , B . ss, B . 8 , B , 84, B .
. . . . . . . . . 1909 2 ,885 22 .50
Prinses Juliana . . . . . . . . . 1909 and 10 .30 p .m . ; 2.30 , 6 .30 , and 10 .30 4 .m .
2 ,885 22 .50 6 Bells at 3 ( B . s , B . ss , B . s , B . ss , B . & , B .
and 11 p . m . ; 3 , 7 , and 11 a . m .
FRENCH ( 3 Ships): 7 Bells at 3 .30 ( B . s . B . ss , B . s, B . ss , B .
France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1910 27,000 24
La Provence . . . . . . . . . . , 1906 13 ,753 22
B . ss. B ) and 11. 30 p . m . ; 3 .30, 7 . 30 , ani
11.30 a . m .
Newhaven (turbine) . . . . 1911 23 8 Bells ( B . 8 , B . ss. B . $, B . ss, B . 3 , B . ss
B , s. B .) every 4 hours, at noon , at 4 pm
GERMAN (5 Ships) : 8 p .m ., midnight, 4 a . m ., and 8 a . m .
Deutschland . . . . . . . . . . . 1900 16 ,502 23
Kaiser Wilhelm II . . . .. . 1902 19 ,361 23.25
Kaiser Wilhelm
Grosse . . .
der DEPTH OF THE SEA .
. . . . 1897 14 ,349 22.50
Kronprinzessin Cecilie , . 1907 19 ,503 23 .50 Yards depth
Kronprinz Wilhelm . . . . . 19011 14 ,908 23 Average, Mai
Atlantic . . . . . 4 ,026 10 . 12
Courtesy of " Shipping World Year Book. " Pacific . . . 4 ,252 10 .09
Indian . . . . . 3 ,658 7 ,56
A HUMILIATING News ITEM . Arctic . . . 1 .690
Antarctic , . . . 3 ,000 3 . 95
NO U . S . FLAG ON THE THAMES. Mediterranean . . . . 1 .476
Irish 71
.. 240
NOT A VESSEL FLYING IT ENTERED THE PORT English Channel . . . .. 110
OF LONDON LAST YEAR . German . . . . 96
By Marconi Transatlantic Wireless Telegraph Levant . . . . . . . . . . .
72
Libau*The minimum
Secondfirst class
farefare fromNewNewYork
York
to toRotterdam
Rotterdamis isS45.O0
$05.00 and
and to
$75 00. class from to
Libau $50.00. The minimum first class fare from Libau to New York Is $75.00 and
second class fare $62.50.
The above are the lowest or minimum rates from port to port. Through rates to
London or Paris should be made by adding to the above rates the following railroad
rates of class and from desired port:
From Liverpool to London: 1st Class, $7.00. In connection with 2d Class
°"c*n tickets a 3d Class railroad ticket is furnished for $2.50. Fishguard to London,
1st Class. $8.25. and 3d Class, $2.50, in connection with 2d Class ocean tickets.
FromwithLiverpool
nection 2d Classtoocean
Paris:tickets,
1st class $21.00: Fishguard
transportation to Paris
is provided from$22.25. In con
Liverpool and
fisheuard on payment of $7.50.
From Plymouth to London: 1st Class, $7.50: 2d Class. $4.75; 3d Class, $3.75.
From Dover to London: 1st Class. $4.75; 2d (Mass. $3.15.
From Southampton to London : 1st Class, $2.75; 2d Class, $1.75; 3d Class, $1.40.
From Cherbourg to Paris: 1st Class. $8.75; 2d Class. $6.25; 3d Class. $3.60.
From Havre to Paris- 1st Class, $5.60; 2d Class, $4.00; 3d Class, $2.50.
From Boulogne-sur-Mer to Paris: 1st Class, $5.50: 2d Class, $3.70.
From Marseilles to Paris. 1st Class, $18.85; 2d Class $12.80.
PACIFIC MAIL STEAMSHIP COMPANY.—PANAMA LINE.
tr°9. Champerico, Francisco
Between San San Jose and Mazatlan, San
de Guatemala, Bias, Manzanillo,
Acajutla, La Libcrtad,Acupulco,
La Union,Salina Cruz,
Amapala,
' oniHo, San .lose del Sue, Punta Arenas, Ballx>a (Panama).
San York,
francisco
$120.andSteerage,
Panama.$65.$120.SanRound Trip.and$216. Steerage.$120.
$60. First
San class
Francisco
ar'd New Francisco New Orleans, only.
Jiily atSan Pedro (Los Angeles) en route. San Francisco to Panama, $85. Round Trip,calling
New express, passenger and freight service direct for Panama and New York, $150.
New York, $120. To New Orleans, $120.
202 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
Gross Indic .
Steamships. Year Tonnage H .- P . Length
New York (Rebuilt 1903 ) . 1888 10 ,798 16 , 000 576
St. Louis . . . . . . . . 1895 11 ,629 17 ,500 554
St. Paul. . . . . 1895 11,629 17 ,000 554
Philadelphia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1899 10 ,786 16 ,800 576
ANCHOR LINE .
Columbia . . . . . 1901 8 ,400 8 , 400 503
Caledonia . . . . 1904 9 .400 10 , 200 515
California . . . 1907 9 ,000 7 .000 485
Cameronia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1910 10 ,500 12 ,000 532
COMPANIA TRANSATLANTICA ,
Cadiz and Barcelona Service.)
Antonio Lopez . . . . . . 1891 6 , 300 5 ,000 430
Manuel Calvo . . . . . . 1892 6 ,000 6 ,000 419 . 8
Buenos Ayres . . . . . 1887 5 ,500 4 ,800 410 . 6
Monte - Video . . . 1889 5 .500 5 ,000 410
Montserrat . . . ..... ... 1889 4 .500 4 ,500 371
CUNARD LINE .
CUNARD LINE .
FRENCH LINE.
La Touraine . . . . 1890 9 , 161 12 .000 536
L Lorraine . . . . . . 1899 11,874 22,000 580
La Savoie . . . . . . . 1900 11,889 22,000 580
La Provence . . . . . . 1906 14 ,744 30 .000 624
Chicago . . . . . . . 1906 11, 112 9 . 200 520
is gara . . . . . . . . 1908 9 ,614 8 ,250 504
Rochambeau . . 1911 12 .678 13 ,000 543
. 1912 23,666 40 .000 720
ITALIA LINE
(Società di Navigazione a Vapore . Naples ,Genoa, New York Service.)
Napoli 1899 9 ,203 7 ,000 470
. . . . . . . .
Ancona . . . . . . . . 1908 10 ,000 7:600 T
7 ,600 420
520
LA VELOCE LINE ,
(Navigazione Italiana a Vapore )
Stampolia . . . .
3 . . . . . . . . . . | 1908/ 9] 12,000
12,000 9 ,000
000 1
8,9 ,000 525
Europa . . . . . : 1906 8 ,000 525
425
ALLAN LINE.
Parisian . . . . . . . . . 1881 5 ,395 774 440
Nomidian . . . . . 1891 4 ,836 582 400
Voogolian . . . . . 1891 4 ,838 582 400
Carthaginian . . . . 1884 4 ,444 475 386
Siberian . . . . . . . . . . 1884 3 . 846 463 372
Hungarian . . . . . . . . 1902 4 . 508 446 388
Hibernian . . . . . 1902 4 , 505 446 385
Ontarian . . . . . 1900 4 , 309 359 385
Orcadian , . . . 1893 3 ,546 328 361
LEYLAND LINE .
Devonian . . . . . . . 1900
TO 10 .435 4 ,702 571
Winifredian . 1899 10 ,422 4 ,505 571
Canadian . . . . . 1900 9 , 309 4 ,120 549
Bohernian . . . . . 1900 8 ,555 4 ,019 529
ALLAN LINE .
(Montreal Services .)
Victorian .. .. . 1904 10 ,629 520
Virginisa ... . ... 1905 10 ,754 520
Tunisian . . . . . . 1900 10 ,576 849 500
Corsican . . . . . . 1907 11.419 917 500
Hesperian . . . . . 1908 10 ,920 803 485
Grampian 1907 10 ,947 825 485
Ionian . . . 1901 8 ,268 604 470
Pretorian . . 1901 6 ,508 800 436
Corinthian . 1899 6 , 229 447 430
Sicilian . . . . 1899 6 . 229 447 430
Sardinian . . . 1875 4 , 349 316 400
Pomeranian . .. 1882 4 , 207 550 381
Alsatian (Building 1913 17 ,000 18 ,000 560
Albynian (Building 1913 17 ,000 18 ,000 560
206 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
TRANSATLANTIC PASSENGER STEAMERS FROM PORTS OTHER THAN
NEW YORK—Continued.
CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY CO.
Gross Indie.
Steamships. Year. Tonnage. H.-P. Length.
1906 14,500 1 3.168 548.8
1906 14,500 3.168 548.9
Royal Mail Steamers "Empress of Britain" and "Empress of Ireland" leave Quebec in
SummeiNind St. John in Winter. Other vessels of the line carry second only, second and
steerage only, and steerage only. Their names are therefore omitted here.
WHITE STAR-DOMINION.
1909 14,892 484
Megantic 1909 15,000 550
1896 9,413 6,641 514
1S94 7,036 3.514 456
1889 9,984 16,000 582
DONALDSON LINE.
(Montreal to Glasgow.)
• 1904 . 8,668 5,600 478
1906 8,135 5,555 455
Building ....
MONTREAL SERVICES—THOMSON LINE.
(Mediterranean Service.)
Tortona I 1909 | 7,907 | 5,400 | 450.6
PHILADELPHIA STEAMSHIP SERVICES AMERICAN LINE.
1901 1 11,635 4,157 547
1902 ! 11,621 3.953 547
RED STAR LINE.
1898 7,058 3,700 502
Menomirjee 1S97 6,018 3.700 490
1898 6,848 3,700 490
CONARD LINE.
(Montreal—London.)
1911 9,111 482
1909 7,907 465
1913 13,404
1913 13.300 K8
FRENCH LINE.
(Quebec—Havre Service.)
1908 9,614 8.250
Floride 1908 7,029 3,400
1908 7,220 4,200 8? .
(New Orleans—Havre Service.)
1908 5,399 3,000 403
1905 5,455 3,000 417
1907 5,579 2.300
1907 5,276 3,000
These tables Include the principal lines engaged in European trade. There are other line*,
however, carrying passengers, but which are omitted on account of Infrequent or lrregular
servlces, or failure to respond to copies of proof sheets sent out for correction. The Editor
takes no responsibility for the list as printed, though more than ordinary care has been used
in Its compilation and correction. It should also be borne In mind that "Lowest Ocean
Rates" means only the lowest fares at any season of the year. During the rush or "high"
season these fares usually apply only to a very few Inside rooms, and plans should not be based
on this schedule without consulting the steamship company or a reputable tourist agency to
find if any minimum accommodations are available. In the fall and winter seasons superior room?
can usually be obtained at minimum rates without difficulty. If you live out of town do not
wait until reaching New York, Boston or Philadelphia before attempting to secure passage.
If you are going In July engage your passage In January if possible. There will be ltttla
difficulty in canceling accommodations If plans have to be changed, provided ample notice la given tr
enable steamship company to resell.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 207
From
Fest Second
First Second Third Cabia Cuban
SAN FRANCISCO , CAL , Cabin Cabin Cabia
Four Four
TO Months Montes
REDARE
Other than Asistie AKCE
Asistic
VANCOUVER , B . C., Cabin Other Steerage . Four Twelve
than Asiatic . Months. Montbs . Four Twel
To Asiatie. Months. Months
YOKOHAMA, Japan. . .. . . . $ 100 .00 $ 85.00 $ 12 . 50 $43.50 $ 150 .00 $ 175 . 00 $ 127.50 $ 150 .00
КОВЕ, Japan.. .. 104. 00 87.50 48 .50 48.50 166 . 00 182. 00 132 . 56 151.59
MOJI, Japan . . . . .. .. . 106 .50 90 .00 42 50 43.50 159 . 75 186.40 135.00 157. 50
NAGASAKI, Japan , vis Kobe . 110 .00 95 .00 49.50 43.60 165 .00 199.50 145 . 00 167 50
SHANGHAI, China . . . . 116 .00 100 .00 12.50 47 .50 178.50 201. 95 150 . 00 175 00
HONG KONG ... 115.00 105 . 00 49.50 47.50 172.50 20125 157.50 185 . 00
MANILA , Philippine Islands. . . . . . 115 . 00 105 . 00 19 .50 47 .50 172.50 301. 25 157 .se 185 10
ONE-WA
From
- PARES
SEATTLE OR TACOMA, WASH ., OR VANCOUVER , B . C ..
338838
A
To Bracer
YOKOHAMA, Japan. . . ..
KOBE , Japan . . . . . . . .
MOJI, Japan .. . . .. .. .
NAGASAKI, Japan . . . . . .
SHANGHAI, China .. . . .
HONG KONG .. . . .. . .
MANILA, Philippine Islands....
MATSON NAVIGATION CO .
BOUND - TE
From ONE-WAY FARES. FAST
SAN FRANCISCO , CAL .
First Servants Mixed
To Class Accompanying Class. Butrage
Families Bir Maata
HONOLULU , Hawaiian Islands. . . . . $80 00 1 10
$ 65 . 00 $50.00
SUVA, Diji Islands, via Honolulu and Canadian - Australasian Royal Mail Line . . . . . . 180.00 5149 50
AUCKLAND, New Zealand , vis Honolulu and Canadian -Australasiaa Royal Mail Lide 200 .00 3145. 00
SYDNEY , New South Wales via Honolulu and Canadise - Australasian Royal Mail Line 209. 00 145.00
BRISBANE , Queensland , vis Sydney and rail . . .. . . . 818 . 90 3153.55
MELBOURNE , Victoria, via Sydney and tail.. .. . . . 213 . 15 154. 75
ADELAIDE, Bout Australia , via Sydney and rail . . . . . . . 919 .50 157 30
HONOLULU , Hawaiisa lelaads, via Pacific Mail Steausbip Co. oply... 3 $75 .00 $ 50 .00 530 . 00 $85 .00 @ $ 30 . 00 530 .00
@ 65.00
TEORIMA , Jepss . . . 200 . 00 183 . 35 50 . 00 150 . 00 70. 00 51.00
ROLL Japan 207 . 60 123 .85 50. 00 157 .50 74 .00 51 .00
NASASAKI, Japas. . ... 222 50 148 35 50. 00 171 00 80 .00 51.00
SEASGEM , China . . . . . . 225 00 150. 00 50 00 175. 00 85.00 61. 00
CRONG KONG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995 .00 150 . 00 50 .00 175.00 85 .00 51 . 00
ATLA. Passpise d ands. via Nassaki direct or Hong Kong 236 . 00 150 . 00 50 . 00 I 1775 . 00 85 .00 $ 1 .00
la costrueting through fares via San Francisco and Pacifc Mall Steamship Co . or Toyo Kisen Kalsha , the following deductions
Seade fross the Go -way aad round - trip bacing fares of the Steamabip lines named to all pointa , except Honolulu , sa shown above :
sa as when one-way first- class limited or 30 day railway tickets and $ 2 .20 when excursion railway tickets are issued from New York
to San Francisco
a one-way mized -class railway tickets are isgued from New York to San Francisco
ose- way first - class limited or 30 day railway tickets and $ 2 . 20 when excursion railway tickets are issued from Philadel
biste San Francisco
- way mixed -elnas railway tickets are issued from Philadelphis to San Francisco
tvia Cincinnati and Chicago ) and $ 1 .80 via Cineinnati and Chicago when one -way first- class limited or 30 day railway
when excursion railway tickets are issued from Baltimore to San Francisco
Dedert 89 cents ( e reept vis Cincinnati aud Chicago ) and 70 cents via Cincinnati and Chiesgo when one-way miked -class railway tickets
created from Baltimore to San Francisco .
Detact 1 .69wbes ese-way first - elass limited or 30 day railway tickets and $ 1 .45 when cicurtiog railway tickets are issued from Washington
San Francisco .
when one-way mixed - class railway tickets are issued from Washington to San Francisco
o deductions will be made on variable route eseursion rallway tickets to San Francisco in one direction either golog or return
nd , Seattle , Tacoma, Vancouver , or Vietoria .
Fes apply only via steamships Korea , Manchuria , Nongolia , or Siberin
for iaside rooms, aaloon deck , vis steamsbips Korea , Manchuria , Mongolia , or Siberia
vis steamship China
via stensships China , Nile, or Persis of Pscide Mail S . S . Co . or Vippon Maru of Toyo Kisen Kaisba
Srst-class vis etestships Korea , Manchuria , Mangolia , or Siberia of Pacife Mail S . S . Co or Chiyo Varu , Shinya Maru ,
e Mars Toyo kisen Kaisha , sad returning intermediate via steamships China , Mile, or Persia of Pacibe Mail S . S . Co. or Nippon Marts of
sists, or vice versa.
OCEANIC STEAMSHIP CO .
ONE - WAY FARES . ROUND - TRIP FARES .
From
First Class Second
First Second Third
SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.. Class . Claas
Twelyo Twelve
To Montes Montb . Months
From SERVANTS
ACCOMPANTING
VANCOUVER , B . C ., First FAMILIES Inter Asiatis Asiatic
Class medinte. Second Steenage .
To Olber Cissa
Than Asistie
Asiatie .
HEER
YOKOHAMA, Japsa . . . . . $300 00 $ 350. 00 $900 00 $233 35 $100.00 $ 187 50 5275 00 $
KOBE , Japan . . . 319.50 365 00 208 35 343 35 100 00 188. 75 738
0
MOJI, Japan . . . . . . . . . 100 00 819.00 857 75 78. a
NAGASAKI, Japan 334 00 1 893 75 982 70 362 50 100 . 00 259. 75
SHANGHAI, Chins . . > 337 50 393 75 262 50 285 . 00 283 50
HONG KONG 337 54 $93 75 235 .00 262 50 100 00 235 00 16250156
MANILA , Philippise islands, vis Hong Kung 337 50 393 75 225 00 262 59 100 00 225 . 00
1945 Great Britain . . . . (3) Great Western S.N .Co. . | 1st Atlantic iron screw steamer .
- 1850 ' City of Glasgow . . . . . Inman Line. . . , 1st to carry steerage passengers.
1958 GREAT EASTERN . . . Paddle wheels and propeller .
ING8 Italy . . . . . . . . . . . National Line. . . . . . . .
1st Atlantic ss. with comp. engines .
199 City of Brussels . . . Inman " Ist " " steam steering gear.
1871 Oceanic (1st ) . White Star Line 1st with ’midship saloon , & c.
1873 Pennsylvania , . American | 1st sailing of Line to Liverpool.
1874 Britannic . . White Star | 1st to exceed 5 ,000 tons, Great Eastern
1875 ' City of Berlin . . . Inman 1st with electric light. (excepted .
1879 Arizona . . . . . . . . Guion . . Watertight compartments floated her.
1582 Alaska . . . . 1st " ocean greyhound . "
Sunk outside New York ; every one
- 1883, Oregon . . . . Cunard saved by N . D . Lloyd ss . Fulda.
159 Buenos Ayrean . . (4) Allan Line. . . 1st Atlantic steel steamer.
1 . Servia . . . . . . . . . . Cunard “ 1st Cunard .
** Inman ( 1 ) Line
City of Rome. . . .. . . 1 Anchor( Fitted with three funnels.
2) "
1884. America. . . . . . ... National Ist and last express ss, of Line.
** Umbria . . . . . . . .
11Etruria . . . . . Cunard " .. Ist with 20 knots speed .
1886 Aller . . . . Norddeutscher Lloyd . . .. . 1st triple-expansion express ss.
txas City of New York (5 ) Inman & International( 1) ! 1st twin -screw ocean expresses .
City of Paris. . . American Line (2) . . . . . 1 Ist to exceed 10 ,000 tons,G .E .excepted
Teutonic. . . . .
Majestic .. . . . . White Star Line. . . . . . . . . Designed as mercantile cruisers .
1800) Fürst Bismarck . . . .. 1st under 64 days from Southampton .
1992 la Touraine . . . . . . . Compagnie Générale Trans. Record Havre to New York reco, r64
1 3 Campania . . . . . . . Cunard Line . . .
day's's run
Lucania : highestst day ds bdays.
562
uilt in.
knots
Lucania . . . . Liverpool to New York records.
St. Paul. . . . American . . . . Largest express steamers ever built in
St. Louis .. . . . . America .
1897 KaiserWilhelm d .Gr. Norddeutscher Lloyd . .. Record day's run , 580 knots . [tons .
09 Oceanic . . . . . . .White Star Line . . . : : : : Balanced engines, Ist to exceed 15 .000
1900 Deutschland .. . . . . . . Hamburg -American Line.. Fastest ocean steamer in the world .
191 CELTIC . . . . . . . . . . . White Star Line . . . . . Ist to exceed 20 ,000 tons .
1902 KRON PRINZWILHELM Norddeutscher Lloyd .
1903 , Kaiser Wilhelm II . . Norddeutscher Lloyd . . Largest express steamer in the world .
1904 Baltic . . . . . . . . . . White Star Line . . . . . Largest as , in the world - 726x76x49 .
* Victorian . .. . Allan Line . . . . . . . . . Ist fitted with turbine engines.
I Lusitania . . . . . . . . Fastest in the world . Fitted with
Cunard Line.. . . . . . . turbine engines. Record day's run ,
Mauretania ....
Mauretania , 676 kpots .
1911 Olympic . . .. . . White Star Line
1913 Imperator . . . . . . . . Hamburg -American Line . This is the largest vessel in the world .
IFIC CAN ENCE
214 SCIENT AMERI REFER BOOK .
No COMMUNICATION
1450 A .D.
6 20 30
(PAYS )
1650
5 12 3
1912
AMERICA EUROPE
Courtesy of " The Sphere. "
IF ONLY WE COULD FLY THE ATLANTIC .
ONE WAY BY WHICH THE ICEBERG DANGER WOULD BE AVOIDED
This diagram tells its own story of how we have conquered time and space . The problem
of flying to America is now well within the bounds of possibility ,
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . 215
215
STEAMSHIP RECORDS .
Compiled and Revised by A . W . Lewis, Chief of the Ship News of the “ Associated Press.”
QUEENSTOWN RECORDS SINCE 1880. RECORD OF S . S . MAURETANIA .
WESTWARD . (Cunard Line .)
Date . Steamer. Line . d. h . m . WESTWARD ,
Guion 7 10 47 Date . d. h. m
16 Arizona 1907, Dec. From Queenstown
2 Alaska Guion 7 6 43 5 0 55
6 1909, July From Queenstown 4 15 55
Oregon Cunard 9 42 1909, Sept. From Queenstown 4 10 51
Etruria Cunard 6 5 51
Cunard 4 42 1910, Sept. From Queenstown 4 10 * 41
Umbria
38 . Etruria Cunard 1 55 Record .
City of Paris Inman 1918 EASTWARD .
8 1907 , Dec. To Queenstown 4 2229
Vajestic White Star 5 18
White Star 5 16 31 1909, June To Queenstown 4 17 21
1997 Teutonie 1909, Sept. To Queenstown 4 13
City of Pris American 5 14 24
44 Campania Cunard 5 9 27 RECORD OF S . S . LUSITANIA .
104 Lucania Cunard 5 7 23 ( Cunard Line. )
6 Campania Cunard
WESTWARD .
Etruria Cunard 5 20 55 1907 , Nov. From Queenstown 4 18 40
7 Lusitania Cunard 4 18 40 1908, Aug. From Queenstown 4 15
Cunard 5 0 55 0
19 Mauretania 1909 , Sept. From Queenstown
INS Lusitania Cunard 4 150 4 11 + 42
Cunard 4 15 55 * Record .
999 Mauretania EASTWARD .
Lusitania Cunard 4 11 + 42
Cunard 4 10 51 1907, Nov . To Queenstown 4 22 50
a Mauretania 1908 , Oct. To Queenstown 4 22 43
to Mauretania Cunard 4 10 * 41 1909, Oct . To Queenstown
1911 , Jan . To Queenstown 4 15 * 50
QUEENSTOWN RECORDS SINCE 1882.
EASTWARD. RECORD OF
Alassa Guion 6 18 37 S . S . KRONPRINZESSIN CECILIE .
America National 6 14 3 ( North German Lloyd Line .)
Oregon Cunard 6 11 3 WESTWARD .
Euraria Cunard 6 4 36 1908, Jan . From Cherbourg 16
City of Paris Inman 5 23 38 1908 , Aug . From Cherbourg 5 11 9
ooren
EASTWARD .
.
Teutonic White Star 21 3
of
or
er
New Orleans to
Liverpool (Landing Stage)... . . . . . . . .. . 4 ,465 4 ,465 4 ,465 | 4.465
London ( Tilbury Docks ). . . . . . ! 4 ,676 4 .676 4 ,676 | 4 ,676
MARINE DISASTERS.
Among the marine disasters on record in 1878, Nov. 25.—Steamer Pomcrauia sunk
midnight collision with a bark in the
that have resulted in tbc loss of life are: English Channel; 47 lives lost.
1860. Feb. 19.—American ship Luna 1878, Dec. 18.—French steamer Byzantin
wrecked off Barfleur; about 100 lives lost. sunk in collision in the Dardanelles with the
19C0. Sept. 8. —Steamer Lady Elgin sunk
by collision on Lake Michigan; 287 lives lost. British 1879,
steamer Rinaldo; 210 lives lost.
Dec. 2.—Steamer Borusia sunk off
1863. Feb. 7. —British steamer Orpheus
wrecked off coast of New Zealand; about 200 coast of Spain; 174 lives lost.
lost. April 27.— Steamer Anglo-Saxon lanta, left Bermuda with 290 men ship
lives1S63, 1880, Jan. 31.—British training
and was
At
wrecked never heard from.
■237 lives inlost.fog off Cape Race, N. F. ; about 1880, Nov. 24.—French steamer Oncle
1865, Aug. 24.—Emigrant ship Eagle Speed Joseph Uves
sank by colUsion off Spezzia; 250
lost.May 24.—Steamer Victoria capsized . ,
foundered near Calcutta; 265 lives lost. 1881,
1866, Jan. 11.—Steamer London, on her
way to Melbourne, foundered in the Bay of in 1881, Thames River, Canada; 200 lives lost.
Aug. 30.—Steamer Teuton wrecked
Biscay; 220 lives lost.
1866, Oct. 3.—Steamer Evening Star from off1883, the Cape of Good Hope; 200 lives lost.
July 3.—Steamer Daphne turned tur
New York to New Orleans, foundered; about tle in the Clyde; 124 lives lost.
2501867,
livesOct.
lost.29—Royal Mail Steamers Rhone 1884. Jan. 18.—American steamer City ot
Columbus
and Wye and about fifty other vessels driven 99 lives lost. wrecked off Gay Head Light, Mass.;
ashore and wrecked at St. Thomas. West In
dies, by a hurricane; about 1,000 lives lost. 1884, April 3.—Steamer Daniel, Steinman .
1868, April 9.—Steamer Sea Bird burned lost. wrecked off Sambro Head, N. S.; 131 lives
on Lake Michigan; 100 lives lost. 1884, April 19.—Bark Ponema and , steam
,
1869, Oct. 27.—Steamer Stonewall burned ship State of Florida sank in midocean after
below Cairo. 111.; 200 lives lost.
1870, Jan. 28.—Inman Line steamer City of collision; 1SK4, July 145 23.—Spanish
lives lost. steamer Gijon and
Boston, left New York with 117 passengers British steamer Lux in collision off Finistere;
and was never heard from.
1870. Sept. 7. — British warship Cnptain 1501886, lives March
lost. 14.—Steamship . Oregon,
„ I u-
foundered off Finisterre; 472 lives lost.
1870, Oct. 19.—Steamer Cambria lost off nnrd eighteen
Line, run into by unknown steamer,
miles east of Long Island, sank eight
Inishtrabul; about 170 Uves lost.
1871, July 30.—Staten Island ferryboat hours afterward; no lives lost.
1887, Jan. 29.—Steamer Kapunda in col
, . ,
Westfield exploded in New York Harbor; 100 lision with bark Ada Meloreoff coast of Brazil;
liveai
1873,lost.Jan. 22.—British steamer Northfieet, 300 lives lost. „. .
sunk in collision off Dungeness; 300 lives lost. Y'oung 1887, Nov. 15.—British steamer Wah
caught
1873, Nov. 23.—White Star liner Atlantic kong; 400 lives lost. fire between Canton and Hong
wrecked off Nova Scotia; 547 lives lost. 1887, Nov. 19.—Steamer W. A. Scholtcn
1873, Nov. 23.—French Line steamer Ville
*lu Havre, from New York to Havre, in col sunk 134
by colUsion in the English Channel;
lives Aug.
lost. 14.—Steamship Goiscr sunk by
lision with ship Loch Earn, sank in sixteen 1888,
minutes; 110 Uves lost. collision with the Thingvalla; 105 lives loBt.
1874, Dec. 26.—Immigrant vessel Cospat- 1888, Sept. 13.—Italian steamship Sud
riek took fire and sank off Auckland ; 476 lives America
lost.1875, May 7.—Hamburg mail steamer near the Canary Islands;La89France
and steamship in collision
lives lost.
1889, March 10.—United
Schiller wrecked in fog on Scilly Isles; 200 Trenton, Vundalin, and Nipsic and German States warship
Uves lost.
1875, Nov. 4.—American steamer Pacific in ships Adler and Eber wrecked on Samoan
collision thirty miles southwest of Cape Flat Islands; 1890, Jan.147 Uves lost. Persia
2.—Steamer , wrecked off
tery;
1875,236 Uvea
Dec. lost.0.—Steamer Doutsthlnnd Corsica; 130 lives lost.
wrecked at mouth of the Thames; 157 lives wrecked 1890, Feb. 17.—British steamer Duburg
lost. in China sea; 400 Uves lost.
1877, July 15.—British steamer Eten 1890, March 1.—British steamship Quetia
wrecked off Valparaiso; about 100 lives lost. foundered in Torres Straits; 124 lives lost.
1890, Sept. 19.—Turkish frigate Ertogrul
1877, Nov.—Steamer Atacama wrecked off foundered off Japan; 540 Uves lost. ,
Caldera, Chile; 105 Uves lost. 1890, Dec. 27.—British steamer Shanghai
1877, Nov. 24.—United States Sloop of War burned in China Sea; 101 lives lost.
Huron wrecked off North Carolina coast; 110 1891, March 17.—Anchor liner Utopia in
lives lost. collision with British steamer Anson off Gi
1878, Jan. 3 1 .—Steamer Metropolis wrecked braltar and sunk; 574 hves lost.
off North Carolina ; 104 lives lost. 1891, April 10.—British ship St. Cathans
1878. March 24.—British training ship wrecked off Caroline Island; 90 Uves lost.
Euryd' e, a frigate, foundered near the Isle of 1892, Jan. 13.—Steamer Namehow wrecked
Wight; 300 Uves lost in China Sea; 414 Uves lost.
1878, Sept. 3.—British iron steamer Prin 1892, Oct. 28.—Anchor liner Romania
cess Alice sunk in collision in the Thames; 700 wrecked off Corsica; 113 Uves lost.
lives lost.
220 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
MARINE DISAS
1893, Feb. 8.—Anchor Line Trinnlria 1908, April 25.—British cruiser Gladiator I
wrecked off Spain; 115 lives lost. rammed bv American liner St. Paul off Isle of '
1893, Feb. 11—Steamer Nnronie, White Wight; 30 lives lost.
Star Line, lost on the Atlantic ami never 190S. July.—Chinese warship Ying King
heard from; 74 lives lost. foundered; 300 lives lost.
1893, June 22.—British battleship Victoria 1908, Aug. 9.—Steamship Prudentia lost on
sunk in collision with the Campcrdown off voyage to Argentina.
Syria; 357 lives lost. 1908, Aug. 23. — Norwegian steamship Fol-
1894, Nov. 1.—Steamer Wairaro wrecked gefouden .sunk; many lives lost.
off New Zealand; 134 lives lost. 1908, Nov. 5.—Steamship Archimedes lo*t
1895, Jan. 30.—German steamer Elbe sunk in Baltic Sea; 10 drowned.
in collision with British steamer Crathie in 1908. Nov. 26.—Steamship Finance sunk
North Sea; 335 lives lost. by steamship Georgic off Sandy Hook; 4 lives
1895, March 11.—Spanish cruiser Reina Re- lost.
genta foundered in Atlantic at entrance to 1908, Nov. 6.—Steamship Taish sunk in
Mediterranean; 400 lives lost. storm off Etoro Island; 150 lives lost.
1895, May 28. —French steamer Dom 1908. Nov. 27.—Steamship San Pablo sunk
Pedro wrecked off coast of Galacia; about off Philippine Islands; 100 lives lost.
100 lives lost. 1908, Dec. 13.—Steamship Ginsci Mam
1896, June 17.—Steamer Drummond Castle wrecked off Wei-Hai-Wai and crew and pas
wrecked off Brest, France; about 250 lives sengers drowned.
lost. 1908, Dec. 4.—Steamship Soo City found
1897, March 7.—Steamship VUle de St. ered off Newfoundland; crew lost.
Nazaire, French Line, burned in a storm off 1909, Jan. 24.—Steamship Republic ram
Cape Hatteras; 40 lives lost. med off Nantucket by steamship Florida; H
1898, July 2.—Steamship La Bourgoyne lives lost in collision; vessel sank; help re
rammed British steel sailing vessel Cromarty ceived by wireless.
shire and sank rapidly; 584 lives lost. 1911, Feb. 2.—Steamship Aben ton wrecked
1904, June 15.—Gen. Slocum, excursion 70 lives lost.
steamboat, with 1,400 persons al>oard; took 1911, April 23.—Steamship Asia ran
fire going through Hell Gate, East River; aground; 40 lives lost.
more than 1,000 lives lost. 191 1 , Sept 5.—Steamship Tuscapel wrecked
1904, July 3.—Steamship Norge foundered 81 lives lost.
at sea; 519 lives lost. 1911, Oct. 2.—Steamship Hatfield in col
1905, Sept. 12.—Japanese warship Mikasa lision and sunk; 20 lives lost.
sunk after explosion in Sasebo Harbor; 599 1911, April 2. —Steamship Koombuna
lives lost. wrecked; 150 lives lost.
1907, Feb. 12.—Steamship Larchmont in 1912, Jan. 18.—Wistow Hall, British
collision with Harry Hamilton in Long Island steamer, foundered off coast of Aberdeenshire.
Sound; 183 lives lost. Scotland; 53 drowned.
1907, Feb. 21.—English mail steamship 1912, Feb. 13.—Ryoha Mam and Mori
Berlin wrecked off the Hook of Holland; 142 Mam, Japanese steamers, sunk in collision
lives lost. off Nagasaki; 40 lives lost.
1907, Feb. 24.—Austrian Lloyd steamship 1912, March 21.—Steamship Cachcpol sunk-
Imperatrix, from Trieste to Bombay, wreeked after an explosion of her boilers, off the west
on Cape of Crete and sunk; 137 lives lost. coast of Peru; 70 lives lost.
1907, January.—British steamship Pen- 1912, April 8.— Nile excursion steamer sunk
gwern foundercu in the North Sea; crew and in collision near Cairo, Egypt; 200 lives lost.
24 men lost. 1912, April 15.—Steamship Titanic. White
1907, January.—Prinz Waldemar, Hani- Star Line, struck an iceberg and sank; 1,517
burg-American Line, aground at Kingston, lives lost.
.Jamaica after earthquake; 3 lives lost. 1912, April 30.—Coasting boat Texas.
1907. February.—French warship Jean Bart Archipelago Steamship Company, sunk by a
sunk off coast of Morocco. submarine mine at the entrance to Smyrna
1907, March.—Steamship Congo sunk at Bay; 69 lives lost.
mouth of Ems River by German ster.mship 1912, Sept. 23.—Russian steamer Obnevka
Nerissa; 7 lives lost. sunk in Dvina River; 115 lives lost.
1907, March.—French warship Jena blown 1913, Jan. 8.—Steamer Rosecrans sunk with
up at Toulon; 120 lives lost. 33 men on Paeific Coast.
1913, May 22.—French Messageries Mori-
1907, June.—Steamship Aden sunk off So- times liner Senegal blown up by a mine in
cotra, on the cast coast of Airica; 78 lives lost. the Port of Smyrna; about 200 lives lost.
1907, July.—Steamship Columbia sunk off 1913, May 20,—Steamship Nevada blown
Shelton Cove, Cat., in collision with steamship up by a mine in the Port of Smyrna; about
San Pedro; 50 lives lost. 245 lives lost.
1908, Feb. 3.—Steamship St. Cuthbert. 1913, Aug. 18.—State of California, steamer
bound from Antwerp to New York, burned at struck rock in Alaskan Sea and sank almost
fjea off Nova Scotia; 15 lives lost. immediately; 32 perished.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 221
Operations of the United States that for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1912,
Life-Saving Service. the number of annual certificates of inspection
issued to domestic steam, motor, sailing
During the year ending June 30, 1912, a vessels and barges, was 7,398; number of
total of 1,730 vessels were reported by keepers certificates issued to foreign passenger steam
of life-saving stations as having sustained vessels 438, making a total of 7,836. The
casualties, more or less serious, within the number of new life preservers inspected was
field of service operations. Of these vessels, 244,565, of which number 2,750 were rejected,
455 were documented and 1,275 undocu i 3,786 marine boiler plates were tested at the
mented, the latter class comprising launches, i mills by assistant inspectors. There were
sailboats, rnwboats, etc. 7,616 applicants for original and renewal of
Of the 455 documented vessels, 4t) were lost; licenses examined for color-blindness, 206
of the 3,731 persons on board, 6 were lost; of whom were found color blind and rejected.
290 persons were succored nt stations und During the year there were 3 accidents caused
612 days' succor was afforded. The value by fire, resulting in the loss of 4 lives; 17
of the vessels involved was $9,306,480; value collisions in which 31 lives were lost; 8 ex
of cargoes, $2,499,725; total value of property plosions or accidental escape of steam, result
involved, $11,890,206; value of property ing in the loss of 14 lives; 32 killed as a cause
mvwI, $9,860,995; value of property lost, of 1 1 accidents from striking snags, wrecks and
$2,035,210. sinking; 139 cases of accidental drowning and
Of the 1,275 undocumented vessels, 13 44 deaths by miscellaneous accidents. During
were totally lost; of the 3,462 persons on the fiscal year 307,692,494 passengers were
board, 10 perished. 1 tV4 persons were succored carried on steam vessels that are required by
at stations and &2 days' succor was afforded. law to report the number of passengers
The value of the vessels involved was carried. Taking the total number of lives
11.314,420; value of cargoes, $37,680; total lost as 264, it is seen that 1,165,501 passen
value of property involved. $1,352, 100; value gers were carried for each life lost, whether of
'if property saved, $1,294,175; value of proper passengers or crew, and from all causes.
ty lost, $57,925.
Of course these figures do not represent
the entire amount saved by the service. A United States Revenue Cttter
considerable portion was saved by salvage Service.
companies, wrecking tugs and other instru
mentalities, often working in conjunction with The United States Revenue Cutter Service,
the seamen. It is equally impossible to give organized in 1790, is a military arm of the
an approximate estimate of the number of Government attached to and under tho
lives saved. Often a vessel with a long direction of the Treasury Department. It
passenger list and a large cargo was s'nved is charged with the enforcement of the navi
unly by the warning signals of the patrolman, gation and customs laws of the United States,
while in many cases, either where vessels the assistance of vessels in distress, the pro
suffered actual loss or where they were warned tection of the scaling industry in Alaska,
of danger, no loss of life would have resulted, the enforcement of quarantine laws, the
even though no aid had been rendered. destruction of derelicts and other dangers
to navigation and numerous other duties.
General Summary of Operations There are in the service 228 commissioned
officers and cadets and 1,500 petty officers
Since the Introduction of the and enlisted men. 43 vessels, including 2
prese nt llfk-sa vino syste m , tug-boats and 6 launches, are used in the
1871-1912. service.
Since the introduction of the present life-
saving system, the disasters at sea have Coal Consumption of Ocean
totaled 24,441, and the number of persons Steamers.
involved 159,332, this number including per
sons rescued not connected with vessels in The amount of coal consumed by a steam
volved in disaster. The number of lives lost ship increases much faster than the rate of
was 1,330. Eighty-five of these were lost at increase of speed. This is shown in the fol
the disaster to the steamer " Metropolis" in lowing table, which applies to a "typical ves
1S77-78, when service was impeded by dis sel" of 10,000 gross tons.
tance, and fourteen others in the same year
owing to similar causes. The number of Tons of Number
persons succored at stations, inclusive of those Coal Con of Mileage
not connected with vessels involved in dis sumed Firemen per
aster, was 24,201, and the days' succor Knots. per Day. Required. Year.
afforded was 54,516. 44 15 42,000
The total value of the vessels involved in 10 IS
disaster was $231,360,845, of which amount 11 5;f 40,200
$86,909,229 represented the value of cargoes 12 or, 22 50,400
involved. $256,228,037 was saved and l:t 79 2D 54.ua)
$62,042,037 was lost. M 90 ' 32 58,SO()
15 117 39 63,000
United States Steamboat Inspec ID 144 4S 67.20(1
17 ira 5s 71,400
tion Service. is 20(1 711 75.IKX)
This service is now under the jurisdiction 1!) 254 s;, 79.SOO
f>I the Department of Commerce and Labor. 211 102 S4.IXX)
The Supervising-Inspector General reported 21 H71 127 88,200
222 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
Tons
33
fretta
2083
GOD
Egge
Milk
So
175
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
15*00 .OT
yang
Xotinim
.C o
&1902
Munn
by
Conyrleht
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 227
. ight
Height
Height
Height
Height
He
Distance i Distance Distance Distance Distance
.
to to to to
Horizon
Horto
izon
Horizon Horizon Horizon
6101
-
640
5 26 8 . 36 185 15 .62 345 21.33 650 29 . 28
350
-
By this Table also the distance can be ascertained at which an object can be seen according
to its elevation and the elevation of the eye of the observer .
EXAMPLE . - A tower 200 feet high will be visible at 20 % miles to an observer whose eye
is elevated 15 feet above the water. Thus :
15 feet elevation , distance visible 4 .45 nautical miles } = 20 .69 nautical miles .
200 16 . 24
RAILROADS.
CARS
FREIGHT
OF
NUMBER
TOTAL
234
FRANCE
RUSSIA
/ 00
15
,000
200
0
,. 00
SERNAVY
447
.,0 00
00
597
,0 00
STATES
USTED
000
000
1533
4,FRANCE
66
.378 RUSSIA
43
./3 37
ERMANY
491
.5
, 74
ta ,599
771
KINGDOM
.UNITED
UNITED
,21STATES
00
.7 84
RUSSIA
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
USA 740
0 00
,. 00
STATES
UNITED ,437
18 FRANCE
.
39993 ,0das
090
00
GERMANY
KINGDOM
UNITED ,255
48 899
STATES
.,0UNITED
00
,846
.51
GERM
09
0
, 00
00 ANY
KING
*0UNITED
,000
00 DOr4
CARS
PAUSENGER
OF
NUMBER
TOTAL
NON
CARRI
PATI
OF
TOTALED
ON E
EWE
,Mo
1911
Copyright
.&C unn
N
ATOA
COMPARISONANTIEDOTEINA
CRAPHICAL
DOA
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . 235
Opened 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1889 1899 19101 19127
STATISTICS OF
Miles Capitalization
Covered or Cost of Passenger Freight Otber
Country Year by Capi- Construction Revenue Revenue Revenues
talization (c )
United Kingdom . . . 1911 23,417 $6 ,447, 969, 598 $215, 168, 940 $308,197 ,950 $ 96, 197 , 110
German Empire ... 1910 36,740 4,163,615 ,519 198 ,737,378 452,969,934 69,765,822
France . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1909 25 ,017 3 ,593 ,660 , 000 152,566, 693 184 ,394 ,516 5,284,147
Russian Empire.... 1908 41, 888 3 , 378 , 839,810 80,787 ,020 306 ,014 ,545 39 ,811 ,500
Austria . . .. . 1910 14,038 1 ,654, 207 ,119 48,520,000 135 ,360 ,000 12,500 ,000
Hungary . . . . . . . . . . .
1910 12,821 858 ,732, 000 25,009,200 65,460 , 200 4 ,265,800
Italy (a)...... ...... 1910 - 11 8 ,908 1, 131,300 ,000 36 ,060,084 60, 247,652 5,264,517
Spain (a ).... ...... 1905 8 ,810 649,919,610 16 ,215 ,866 34,694,555 6 , 190 ,271
Portugal . . . . . . . . . . 1908 1 , 465 162 , 385 , 280 4,039 ,350 5 ,715 ,150 351,750
Sweden .. .. ...... 1909 8 ,366 277, 952,716 12,226, 160 20, 762, 228 992,672
Norway . . 1911 1 ,891 81,467, 176 2 ,667 ,672 3,437 ,904 359,656
Denmark (a) .... 1911 1 ,215 70,277 , 640 5 , 429, 948 5 ,942 , 900 796 , 496
Belgium (a ) . 1910 2.685 504, 210,184 19 ,750 , 243 38,275, 374 1 ,672,173
Holland (a ) . . . . 1910 1 . 978 d 163,798 , 304 12 , 374 , 800 12 ,094 ,800 1 , 272,400
Switzerland . . . 1910 2 .924 341,208, 367 18,542, 282 22 ,577 ,912 1,809,944
Roumania..... .... 1911 2, 153 186,670 ,372
Total Europe....... 194,316 $23, 666,213 ,495 $848,095,636 $ 1,656,145 ,620 $246 ,534,663
AUSTRALIA 3. p.c.
AMERICA AFR
IN
ICA 3.3c.
NCE
CANADA
TA
FRA
G
ASIA RUSSIA
87
MI
,33
GER
MI
31,109
MANY
37. 255 MI
FOREIGN RAILWAYS.
From 1908 to 1910 the rate per Switzerland, 2.S0 cents. No recent
ton mile in the United Kingdom ton mile statistics for Italy are
was 2.3.3 cents ; in France. 1.30 available, though taking the aver
cents; in Germany. 1.41; Russia. age haul as under 70 miles, the
•05 ; Austria, 1.30 ; . Sweden. 1.00 : average receipts per ton mile were
Norway. 1.77: Denmark. 2.IKI; Hol probably in the neighborhood of
land, 1.35 ; Belgium, 1.17 ; and in 2.25 cents.
fllBTANCEB ACE0B8 MEW TOBK CRT.
Prom Pier 1. North Hirer, via Battery place and Whitehall street to East River, one-half mile; from
foot of Dey street. North Rlrer, to foot of Fulton street. East Hirer, three-quarters of a mile; from foot
of Chambers street. North Rlrer. via Chambers. New Chambers and James slip to Bast Rlrer, one mile;
from foot of Canal street. Nortb River, to Broadway, three-quarters of a mile; from foot of Canal street.
North Rlrer. to Bowery, one mile and an eighth; from foot of Canal street. North Rlrer, to foot of Grand
■treat, Raat Hirer, two and an eighth mllea; from foot of -Weat Houston afreet to foot of East Houston
■treat, two and an eighth mllea; from foot of West Fourteenth street to Broadway, one and sn eighth mllea;
from foot of West Fourteenth street to foot of Esat Fourteenth street, two and three-eighths miles; from
foot of West Twenty-tbird street to Sixth avenue, one mile; from West Twenty-third street to foot of Raet
Twenty-third street, two and three-eighths mllea. North of Twenty-third street the average width of tt
Ulaad of Manhattan la from two to two snrt a half miles.
238 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
SUMMARY OF THE WORLD'S RAILWAYS AND RATIO OF MILEAGE TO ARELA
AND POPULATION IN EACH COUNTRY IN 1910.
Mileage in 1910 Miles of Inhabitants
Countries State Total Line per 100 per Mile
Railways Railways Sq. Miles of Line
I. EUROPE
Germany 34,625 37,996 17.9
Austria-Hungary (including Bosnia and Herze
govina) 22,047 27,571 10.6
Great Britain and Ireland 23,351 IS.3
France 5,511 30,687 14.8
Russia in Europe (including Finland 2,246
milea) 21,659 37,008 1.8
Italy 8,830 10,538 9.5
Belgium 2,686 5,288 46 3
Luxemburg 119 318 81.7
Netherlands 1,663 1,984 16.6
Switzerland 1,701 2,921 18.3
Spain 9,317 4.8
Portugal 671 1,808 5.1
Denmark 1,217 2,192 14.8
Norway 1,557 1,921 1 6
Sweden 2,717 8,688 50
Scrvia 357 494 S.6
Roumania 1,980 2,238 4.3
Greece 981 3.9
Bulgaria 987 1,106 20
Turkey in Europe 1.4
Malta, Jersey, Isle of Man ■ 10 1
Total for Europe, 1910. 107,727 207,447 55
■ a 1909 204,864 55
m m 1(108 201,619 6.3
m a 1907 199,345 6.3
a ■ looe 196,437 6.1
■ a 1906 192,507 1.1
m u 190) 189,806 6.0
■ u 1903 186,685 5.0
M 1902 183,989 4.8
- u 1901 180,817 4.8
■ u 1900 176,396 4.7
u a 1899 172,953 4.6
u u 1898 167,614 4.4
u m 1897 163,550 4.3
- I 1896 100,030 4.1
Increase in fourteen years. 47.417
RELATION OF RAILWAYS TO AREA AND POPULATION (Sec page 241.)
Although this table Is favored by railway statisticians In comparing railway
conditions relatively to area and population. It Is doubtful whether it conveys an
adequate Impression of the exceptionally favorable transportation facilities enjoyed
by the inhabitants of this continent, and especlaly those of the United States
and Canada. For instance, the figures mean that the United States with SO0.OO0
square miloR less territory and not one-quarter the population, has 36.000 more
miles of railway than all Europe, while Canada, having a territory In which the
United Kingdom could be lost thirty times, and only one-sixth the population,
has actually more railway mileage than the parent kingdom.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . 239
Mileage in 1910
Miles of Inbabitants
Countries State Total Line per 100 per Mile
Railways | Railways | Sq.Miles of Line
II. AMERICA
Canada .. ... ... .. 1 ,718 24,726 0.8 263
Cnited States of America (inclusive of Alaska
420 miles ) . . . . . . . . 241,203 6 .8 369
Newfoundland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666 1.6 359
Merico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 , 260 1. 9 952
Central America (Guatemala , 594 miles ; Hon
duras, 90 miles ; Salvador, 122 miles; Nicara
gua, 200 miles; Costa Rica, 547 miles; Pan
ama, 47 miles)..... ..... 1,599
Greater Antilles (Cuba, 2,331 miles; Dominica ,
195 miles; Haiti, 139 miles; Jamaica, 185 miles ;
Porto Rico , 200 miles ) . . .. . ... . . . ... 42 3,031
Lesser Antilles (Martinique, 139 miles ; Bar
badoes, 108 miles ; Trinity , 88 miles). . .. . 336 . . . . . . . . .
III. ASIA
CentralRussia in Asia . ... 6,181 4 ,066 1. 9 2 ,325
Siberia and Manchuria . . . 6 ,739 0 . 14 1 ,032
China . . .. . . . . . 5 ,420 0 . 13 83,300
Japan ( including Corea )... ... .. .. . 4 ,542 6,093 2.4 10, 000
British India . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 ,460 32 ,092 1.6 9,091
Ceylon . .. . .. . . . . . . 577 2.3 7, 143
Persia . .. . . . . . . . . 34 0 . 005 280,000
Asia Minor, Syria , Arabia , including Cyprus.. . 912 3 ,130 0.5 6 ,250
Portuguese Indies. .... .......... . 51 3 .5 11, 110
Malay Archipelago 757 2 .3 9 ,434
Dutch Indies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,551 0 .6 20,000
Sian .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637 637 0 . 32 14 ,278
Corbin Ching 2, 178
RECAPITULATION
1. Europe ....... . 107 ,727 207,447 5 .5 2,180
II. America . . . . . 12,197 327,084
III. Aeia . . . . . . 36,733 63 , 329
IV . Africa . . . . . 13 , 674 22,900
V. Australia . . . . 18,035 19,272 0 .6 311
Total
Single Second Third Fourth Yard | Mileage
Year Track Track Track Track Track and Operated
Sidings (all Tracks )
1912 Bureau, 95 % .. . ... 236,444 24 ,944 2 ,528 1,763 90,693 356,372
1911 Official. . . *246 ,124 23,452 2 ,414 1, 747 88,973 362 ,710
1910 * 240,831 21,659 2,206 1,489 85,581 351,767
1909 * 235 ,402 20, 949 2 , 169 1, 453 342,351
82, 376
1908 * 230 , 494 20 ,209 2 ,081 1,409 79 ,452 333 ,646
1907 227 ,455 19 ,421 1 ,960 1 , 390 77 ,749 327 ,975
1906
222,340 17, 396 1, 766 1 ,279 73 ,760 317,083
1905 17 ,056
216 , 973 1,609 1,215 69 . 941 306 ,796
1004
212 ,243 15 ,824 1, 467 1,046 66 ,492 297,073
1903 205 ,313 14,681 1,303 963 61,560
1902 200, 154 13 ,720 1 ,204 895 58, 220 274,195
1901 195 ,561 12 ,845 1 , 153
1900 876 54,914 265,352
192,556 12, 151 1 ,094 829 52 , 153 258 ,784
1899 187,543 11,546 1 ,047
1998
790 49,223 250 .142
184 ,648 11,293 1 , 009 793 47,589 245 ,323
1897 183 ,284 11,018 995
1896
780 45 ,934 242,013
182 ,428 10,685 990 764 44,912 240, 129
1895
180 ,657 10 ,639 975 733
43 ,888 236,804
1894 178,708 10 ,499
1893
953 710
42,661 233 ,533
176 ,461 10 , 051 912 668 42,043 230 ,137
1892 171,563 9, 367
1891
852 626 39 ,941 222,351
168 ,402 8 ,865 813 599 37 ,318 215 ,999
1890 163 ,597 8 ,437 561 760 208,613 35 . 255
* Since 1908 the offici al mileage is exclusive of switching and terminal companies. In 1908 these
had 1,624 miles ofmain track and 2,085 of yard tracks and sidings; in 1909 they reported 1,623 miles
of main track and 2,384 of yard tracks and sidings and in 1910 they reported 1,614 and 2,270 milea
respectively .
SUMMARY CLASSIFICATION OF LOCOMOTIVES AND THEIR PRIN
CIPAL CHARACTERISTICS : 1910 .
The above table does not include locomotives in the service of terminal companies.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . 243
This tinge locomotive was enlarged at the Santa Fc shops from an existing locomotive by
adalng the superheater and feed-water sections. The engine weighs 308 tons, the tender 117
tons, making the total weight 425 tons. Its length over all Is 120 feet 7 Vj Inches. The H.P.
blinders are 28 Inches dta; the L.P. are 38 Inches dla. : the common strode Is 32 Inches.
miles max. drawbar
overpull
a 1.5Is per
111.000
cent pounds,
grade. and this level
locomotive
it couldhashaulhauled 1.911so tons
per hour On the a train long atIhutV!
side tracks could not take It In. At a speed of 10 miles an hour, estimated In the usuai
banner. It would develop about 3.000 horse-power, which at h'gher speeds, would be still
''eater. The fire-box has 204 square feet of heating Burface. and the tubes 3,625 square feet
^e gases next pass through the tubes of a superheater of 2,318.4 square feet surface and
files through a feed-water heater of 2.659.5 square feet. The steam passes from the steam
-sine to the superheater: through the high-pressure cylinders; back to the low-pressure
^terheater: through the low-pressure cylinders, and to the exhaust stack.
SANTA FE MALLET FREIGHT I/>OOMOTIVE, THE
LARGEST IN EXISTENCE.
246 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
SUMMARY OF RAILWAY EMPLOYEES, COMPENSATION AND RATES OF PAY
PER DAY BY CLASSES IN 1911, AGGREGATES FROM 1899 TO 1912.
Compensation
1912 Per 100 Average Per Cent
(236 ,444 Miles Represented ) Number Miles Total Pay of Gross
Class of Line Per Day Revenues
General Officers .. .. 3 ,622 1. 5 $ 18 , 111 , 992 $ 15 . 22
Other Officers .... ...... . 9,866 4 .2 21,702,497 6 .45
General Office Clerks.. . 77,722 32 . 9 64 ,047 ,042 2 50 2 .3
Station Agents 36,862 15 . 6 29,018 ,678 2. 23 1.0
Other Station Men . .... .. . 161,275 68 . 2 97,758, 363 1 . 90
Enginemen . . . . . . . . . . . 63,260 26 . 8 101,449,397 5.02
Firemen . . . . . . . . . 66,423 28 . 1 61,309,898 3 .03
Conductors . . . . . . . . . . 48,792 20 . 6 67,372,682 4 . 29
Other Trainmen . . . . . . . 135 ,508 57 . 3 127 ,285 ,178 3 .02
Machinists . . . . . . 54,467 23.0 52,194,886 3 .27
Carpenters. . . . . . 69 ,210 29 . 3 52,027 ,465 2 . 57 1. 9
Other Shopmen .... ...... .... 248,440 105 . 1 167,095 ,651 2 . 25
Section Foremen . . . . 43, 113 18 . 2 30,835 ,624 2 .09 1. 1
Other Trackmen ... ....... . 347,433 147 . 0 133,320 ,207 1.60
Switch Tenders,Crossing Tend
ers and Watchmen . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,783 16. 4 23,095, 345 1.73
Telegraph Operators and Des
patchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,557 18 . 0 34,701, 160 2 .46 1. 2
Employes acct . Floating Equpt. 11,918 5.1 8 ,968,119 2.32 0.3
97 . 9 149,131 ,100 2 .13 5.3
All other Employes & Laborers 231,457
PASSENGER TRAFFIC.
A summary of the passenger traffic age number of passengers in a train
fur the year 1911 shows that there 55 ; the average journey per passen
were 997,409,882 passengers carried ; ger was 33.48 miles ; and the average
that there were 33,201,094,099 passen revenue per passenger per mile was
gers carried one mile ; and that the 1.974 cents. The passenger revenue
mileage of revenue passenger trains amounted to $057,638,291.
amounted to 572,929,421. The aver
FREIGHT TRAFFIC.
At the end of the fiscal year 1911 sand, and other like articles, 99,352,-
the grand total of freight traffic for 583 ; other products of mines, 20,848,-
the United States amounted to 1,718,- 929 tons.
014.118 tons, plus 03,023,830 tons— The products of the forests, divided
the latter amount being unassigned into lumber, 125,185,647 tons, and
freight, while the former was assigned. other products of the forest, 01,770,-
The products of agriculture, having a 233 tons, amounted to 186,955,880
tutal freight tonnage of 10(5,804.072, tons for the year 1911.
were divided as follows : Grain, 71,- The manufactures of the United
126,786 tons: flour. 19,557,510; other States, making a total freight tonnage
mill products, 15,475.503 ; hay, 12,- of 207,776,334, were divided accord
033,156; tobacco, 1,706,044; cotton, ing to freight traffic as follows: Pe
7.228.879; fruit and vegetables, 29,- troleum and other oils, 17,596,449 ;
108,043 ; other products of agricul sugar., 6,923,808; naval stores, 1,553,-
ture, 10,628,085 tons. 271; iron, pig and bloom, 22,713,623;
The products of animals, totaling iron and steel rails, 8,920,596 ; other
41.214,057 tons, were divided as fol castings and machinery, 23,052,502 ;
lows: Live stock, 20,410.150; bar and sheet metal, 29,899,867; ce
dressed meats. 5.637,409; other pack ment, brick and lime, 61.082,645; agri
inghouse products, 4,809,181 : poultry, cultural implements, 3,264,739; wag
game and tish, 1.587.942; wool, 1,023,- ons, carriages, tools, etc., 3,008,857 ;
M4; hides and leather, 2,653,507; wines, liquors and beers, 0.829,700 ;
"tlier products of animals, 5,085,894 household goods and furniture, 3,820,-
tons. 113 ; other manufactures, 79,110,164
From the products of the mines the tons."
tutal freight traffic amounted to 921,- The freight traffic for merchandise
1211,439 tons and was divided as fol amounted to 60,976,778 tons and mis
lows: Anthracite coal, 127,402,004 ;
bituminous coal, 479,638,745 ; coke, cellaneous—other commodities, to 73,-
60,804,241 ; ores, 133,082,878 ; stone, 097,558 tons.
GOWE FANCE
M
poo 0856
boy
1911
&cwpyright
,auna MA GNITUDS
11
12
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 249
PASSENGER AND FREIGHT REVENUES.
Analyzing tho revenues of the pas- revenue per ton of freight carried
stager service for the fiscal year 1890, $0.99373 ; revenue per train-mile,
we find that the revenue per passenger freight trains, $2.00042 ; freight
per mile was 2.107 cents ; the rev earnings per mile of road $5,400.47.
enue per passenger carried. $0.50818 ; Thus the revenue per train-mile for
the revenue per train-mile, passenger all trains amounted to $1.05721 and
trains, $1.08041 : and the passenger the cost of running a train one mile
earnings per mile of road, $1,978.19. $1.07288.
For the freight service for the same The passenger revenues for the year
year the revenue per ton per mile 1911 were divided into revenue per
amounted to 0.927 cents ; the revenue passenger per mile, 1.974 cents : rev
per ton of freight carried $1.08781 ; enue per passenger carried, $0.05798 ;
tin- revenue per train-mile, freight revenue per train-mile, passenger
trains, $1.65434 ; freight earnings per trains, $1.30921 ; and passenger
mile of road, $4,588.82. Thus the earnings per mile of road, $3,312.00.
total revenue per train-mile for all On the freight service the revenue
trains amounted to $1.44231, and the per ton per mile amounted to 0.757
cost of running a train one mile cents; the revenue per ton of freight
■■wteooo. carried $1.07944 ; the revenue per
In 1900 the passenger revenues train-mile, freight trains, $2.89548 ;
were as follows : revenue per passen
ger per mile 2.003 cents ; revenue per the freight earnings per mile of road,
$7,895.00. Thus the revenue per
passenger carried $0.50459 ; revenue train-mile for all trains amounted to
per train-mile, passenger trains,
* 1.01075; passenger earnings per $2.24824 and the cost of running a
mile of road $2,007.17. The freight train one mile $1.54338. The term
revenues for the same year were : "ton" generally signifies the short
revenue per ton per mile 0.729 cents ; ton of 2,000 pounds.
Tow Boat
RAIL ROAD LINE FROM NEW YORK TO BUFFALO ,
River,
Canal,
Dollars for thepafsage or
, l
Bayra
Cana
,
Rrer
jare
York
fare
,Nee
One hundred poundsof baggage free for each full pajunger on the
hundr
baccorz
Month , Railroad . From . To . Dist . Time,
miles
dav , year. zabovezano Miles. h . m . S. per H .
Number of
Railway Railway Postal
Year Mail Mail Revenues
Revenues Clerks
EMPOYCES EQUIPPED
PASSENGERS 99.75
SAFELY SAFELY
KILLED - INJURED KILLEOLINJURED NON - EQUIPPED
Olpc
WORKING CARRIED
RAILROAD ACCIDENTS,
During the year 1900 there wore nnd of those injured 50,320, and in
employees of the railroads killed 1909 total of those killed was 8,722
aod 39,643 injured, or for every 399 and of those injured 95,020.
men employed one was killed and for During the year 1912 there were
every 26 men employed one was in 270 passengers killed in railway ac
jured. In 1909 the total number of cidents ; 3,283 employees, 5.424 tres
employees killed was 2.010 and of passers and 1,198 other persons, not
those injured 75.006, or for each 571! trespassers, making the total for the
men employed one man was killed and year 10,185, as compared with 9,957
for each 20 men employed one was in 1911 and 9,682 in 1910.
injured. During the year 1912 the railroads
The total number of passengers paid to persons on account of injur
killed during the year l!»0O was 24!) ies a total amount of $27,040,851,
and of those injured 4,128, or for or 0.80 per cent of earnings. Of this
every 2,316,591 passengers carried
one was kill. . I and for every 139,736 amount, $2,034,485 was paid as a re
sult of maintenance of way ; $1,844.-
i-arried one was injured. In 1909 039 as maintenance of equipment ;
-V! passengers were killed and 10,311
injured, or for every 3,523,606 car- $23,702,327 as transportation.
ried_ one was killed and for every byAnother loss of $34,197,285 incurred
the railroads was divided as fol
Mi.458 carried one was injured. lows: Loss and damage to freight,
The number of other persons killed $24,953,843
for the year 1900 was 5.000 and dur : to baggage, $304,925 ; to
ing 1909. 5.85!): while those injured property, $4.840.105 ; to live stock,
in 1900 numbered 0,549 and in 1909, 1.13 etc., $4,092,352. This amount was
10,309. The total number of per per cent of the net earnings of
sons killed during 1900 was 7,8(55 the railroads.
SAFETY APPLIANCES.
In the mater of safety appliances, trains and employees, train brakes
American railroads are far more com- and automatic couplers, their equip-
pletely equipped than the railways | ment is practically complete—the pro-
of any other country. With those portion being 98% and 99.7%, re-
twin devices for the protection of I spectively.
BLOCK SIGNALS.
At the end of the. year 1912, 22,230 tions, the cost of installing and main
miles of track were equipped with taining the block signal system, was
automatic block signals; 55,719 with reported as follows : Cost of installa
uon-automatic block signals and 270 tion of automatic block signals on
miles not classified, thus making a railway mileage not equipped, $286,-
total of 78.231 miles having a block 492,976; annual cost for maintenance,
signal system of some sort. The total depreciation and interest charge, $73,-
number of miles having a block signal 751.012. The estimated cost of instal
system in 1911 was 70.408, thus mak lation was $1,232 per mile, and for
ing an increase in 1912 of 1.823 miles maintenance, $109 per mile of track
if line. After elaborate investiga- per year.
TRAIN SERVICE.
During the year ending March 31, ing for trains on other divisions, 32.6
1909, the steam railroads of the State per cent. ; train work at stations,
of New York ran 650,592 trains or 14.3 per cent. ; waiting for train con
an average of 54,216 each month. nections with other railroads, 13 per
During 1910 they report 703,816 cent. ; trains ahead, 7.5 per cent. ;
trains, or 58,651 a month; and (lur engine failures, 7.1 per cent. ; meet
ing 1911, 758.833, or 63,236 a month. ing and passing trains, 6.3 per cent. ;
For this period of three years an and wrecks, 5.7 per cent.
average of 83.4 per cent, of the trains
were on time. For each train the
average delay was 25.96 minutes. The There art* 47 steamships engage*' in cable-
principal causes of delay were: wait- laying and repairing.
256 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
1912 1911
Other Persons:
Not Trespassing - .
In Train Accidents . . .. .. .. . . . .. .. 13 277 175
Other Causes . . . . . . . 1 , 185 4 , 746 1 , 143 4 ,898
Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 , 198 5 ,023 1 , 154 5 ,073
Trespassers :
SU
In Train Accidents . . . . . . 91 151 141
Other Causes . . . . . . . . 5 ,343 5 ,536 5 . 203 5 ,473
Total. . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ,434 5 ,687 5 ,284 5 ,614
TotalAccidents Involving Train Operation . 10 , 185 77, 175 9 , 957 70,923
Industrial Accidents to Employes :
Not Involving Train Operation .... . . 400 92,363 439 79,237
Grand Total 10 , 585 169, 538 10 ,396 150 , 159
1910 . 9 ,632 119, 507
1909 .. . . . . . . .
IV0Y ... .... ... ... .... .. .. ... 8 ,722 05, 626
1908 . 10 ,188 104 ,230
1907. . . . . 11,839 111,016
906 . . . . . 10,618 97 ,706
1905 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 ,703 86,008
1904 . . . . . 10,046 84 , 155
1903. . . . 9 ,840 76,553
1902 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 558 64 ,662
1901. . . . . .
2 . . .
8.455 53,339
1900 . 7 ,865 50,320
1899 . . . . . . 7 , 123 44 ,620
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 257
DENSITY OF POPULATION.
Egypt proper 13 the most densely populated country, having 931 per square mile. Belgium
comes next with 660, then Holland. The United Kingdom has 3/3, Japan 336, after which
come the other European Countries down to Russia with 63.7 and Sweden with 31.8. The
I'oited States has only 30.9, and the South American Republics all less. Australia contains only
1.38 persons per square mile. In England there is an average of just about 1 person per acre.
Lord Rayleigh has recently made some What appears to be the intrinsic color of the
interesting experiments to determine the colors sea he finds is often due to the color of the
of the sea and sky. Other experimenters sky or is affected by the color of the bottom.
sueh as Davy, Bunsen. and Spring, were all With carefully distilled water he, got the same
sate6ed that the color of water was blue, but blue color of water as the water from Capri
Lord Rayleigh's experiments have supplied and Suez, while that from Seven Stones Light
only limited confirmation of that view. ship, off the Cornish coast, gave a full green.
OPERATING STATISTICS.
Total number of revenue passengers - berth . . . 12 , 435 ,404
Total number of revenue passengers - seat. . . 9 , 219 ,648
Average revenue per passenger - berth .. $2.53
Average revenue per passenger seat. . . $0.61
Total number of car-miles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625 ,589,998
Total number of car-days . . . . 1,567,916
Average number of revenue passengers per car per day ... 14
Operating revenues per car-mile (cents) . 5 .706
Operating revenues per car-day. . . .. $ 22. 76753
Operating expenses per car-mile (cents ) 4 . 143
Operating expenses per car-day . . . 16 .52929
Net operating revenue per car-mile ( 1. 563
Net operating revenue per car- day . . . $ 6 . 23823
Average number of car-miles per car-day.. . . .. .. 399
EQUIPMENT (OWNED OR LEASED ) IN SERVICE ON JUNE 30 , 1911.
Standard sleeping cars... 4 . 155
Tourist sleeping cars . . . 744
Parlor cars . . . . . S07
Dining cars . . . . . . . .
Composite cars . . .
Private cars . . . . . .
Miscellaneous cars .
Total. . . . . . .. . . 5, 912
JAIAI
OBRAS
EXPRESS COMPANIES.
In its Twenty-sixth Annual Report the Interstate Commerce Commission
publishes a statement of the income account of express companies as reported
to it for the years endin , June 30, 1910, 1911 and 1912, the salient features of
which are as follows :
13 13
Number of Companies.. .. ... .. 12
Railway Miles Operated . .. ... .. ... .. . 248,618 243,472 237,868
Esprers Operations:
Gross Receipts from Operation ...... .. . $ 160,121, 932 $152,612 ,880 $146,116 ,315
Less Express Privileges ..... ... 78 ,576,274 73 ,936,018 69,917,562
(a) Deficit.
ancen
State. of com
panies, track of cars . outstanding . outstanding .
mileage.
Dollars. Dollars .
DAS
SCR
Alabama . . . . 299 . 66 606 18, 232 , 000 16, 025, 000
Arizona . . . . . 57 . 50 41 2, 550, 000 50, 000
Arkansas . . . 106 . 80 247 5 ,859, 600 6 ,919 ,500
California . . . ,250.59 4 , 241 331,642, 300 143,601, 600
Colorado . . . 449. 85 135 19, 429 , 400 29 ,671,000
Connecticut . 1 , 264. 72 60, 137, 800 38 , 884, 000
Delaware . . 55 . 25 87 8 , 870, 000 4,979. 000
Distriet of Co imbia . . 312. 04 1, 514 30,492,800 33, 618 ,019
Florida . . . . . 128 . 10 233 5 , 266 , 000 4 ,482 .500
Georgia . . 410 . 21 702
54
50.989,600 26 , 412, 500
Idaho . . . . . 88. 00 4,784,000 1 , 413, 000
Illinois . 3 , 264. 08 8 . 104 153, 991,500 266 , 020 . 303
Indians . 2, 245 . 71 2,138 83, 216 ,630 84 , 071 , 650
Iowa . 751. 06 1 , 436 37, 256, 925 36 , 538 ,500
Kansas . . . 258 . 95 370 5,683, 220 6 ,013 , 000
Kentucky . . 459 . 36 958 22, 824, 300 2819 , 800
Louisiana . . 265 . 86 728 81, 380, 000 34 , 321 ,500
Maine . . . . . . 514 . 50 781 16 . 016 , 500 14 . 925 . 225
025
Maryland . . 713.68 22, 731,550 70 , 437, 800
Massachusetts . . . . . 3 , 449. 22 10 . 909 108,569, 900 76 , 054 , 200
Michigan . . . . 494 . 05 2 , 663 45,410, 200 72 , 631, 000
Minnesota . . . 505. 97 1 , 000 25 , 589, 000 23 , 261, 000
Mississippi 116 . 10 186 6 ,332,670 6 , 441, 000
Missouri . . . . . 1 . 080 . 59 2 , 594 82, 771, 480 114 , 696 , 700
Montana . . . 154. 68 166 3 , 179 , 615 1, 890 , 000
Nebraska . . . . 242 . 50 660 12.647, 500 11, 449, 000
Nevada . . . . . . 10 . 30 12 1,042,000 100
orothe
New Mexico . . . 10. 50 11 400, 000
New York . . . 4 , 749. 83 17, 342 408 ,845 , 674 546 , 213 , 437
North Carolina . 181. 23 251 23 ,483, 800 0 , 867 , 400
North Dakota . . . 23 . 50 59 *440, 000 200 , 000
Ohio . . . . . . . 4 , 048 . 93 5 , 909 204,279, 875 128, 761, 940
Oklahoma . . . 231. 86 281 10, 046 , 300 7 , 241, 000
Oregon . . . . 399. 89 1, 223 40, 740 , 000 47, 960, 000
Pennsylvania . 4 , 325 . 33 9 , 359 248 , 705 , 799 220 , 602, 646
Rhode Island . . 438. 50 1, 269 22, 285 , 100 16 , 191, 118
South Carolina , 118 . 20 178 8, 379, 950 5, 474, 000
South Dakota . . . 20 . 00 32 600. 000 200, 000
Tennessee 364. 88 868 1, 508 , 000 27 , 297, 000
Texas . . 642. 72 1, 048 2, 454, 700 3 . 433 . 000
Utah 241. 30 341 877 , 725 6 , 996 , 00
Vermont . . 101. 75 124 2 . 880 . 800 SO . O
RAILWAYS OF CANADA,
STATISTICS OF THE RAILWAYS OF THE DOMINION FOR THE YEARS ENDING
JUNE 30, 1908, 1911 AND 1912 .
CANADIAN RAILWAYS.
ACCIDENTS. ELECTRIC RAILWAY'S —In 1911 the killed numbered II passenger-
8 employees, 83 others; total 102. Injured, 1,784 passengers, 300 employees, 586 others; tots
2,670.
ACCIDENTS, STEAM RAILWAYS, 1911.—Passengers, 28 killed, 288 injured; employee?
202 and 1,314; trespassers, 185 and 154; non-trespassers, 48 and 135; postal clerks, 2 and 15
total killed 465; injured, 1906.
CAPITAL INVESTED IN CANADIAN STEAM RAILWAYS—In 1911 the total capi
tal invested in Steam Railways was $1,528,689,201, composed of shares, $749,207,687, an:
funded debt, $779,481,514; in Electric Railways, $111,532,347, including shares $62,251.-^
and funded debt, $49,281,144.
EARNINGS OF STEAM RAILWAYS.—Net earnings for all railways in 191 1. $57,698,709
operating expenses, $131,034,785.
ELECTRIC RAILWAY STATISTICS.—In 1911. paid-up capital invested. $111,532,347
mileage, 1,224; gross earnings, $20,356,951; operating expenses. $12,096,134; net earning*
$9,944,153. Passengers carried, 426,296,792. Freight carried, 2,496,072 tons.
EXPRESS AND TELEGRAPH COMPANIES.—The Dominion Express Co. and th
C. P. R. Telegraph operate along the lines of the Canadian Pacific Ry. The Canadian Northen
Express Co. and the Canadian Northern Telegraph Co. along the lines of the Canadian Northen
Ry., and the Canadian Express Co. (Pres., Chas. M. Hays; Viee-Pres., James Bryce), with tie
Great North-Western Telegraph Co., operates along the lines of the G. T. Ry. This, the firs
Express Co. in Canada, was founded as the British N. American Co. in 1854, and reorganize
in 1865.
GRAND TRUNK PACIFIC—The main line, Moncton, N. B., to Prince Rupert, B. C
with 3,560 miles, will be entirely on Canadian soil, forming a link on the proposed All- Re*
Route. The line between Winnipeg and Edson, 923 miles, also between Westfort and L:iki
Superior Junction, 189 miles, is completed. The section between Winnipeg and Lake Supcrio
Junction is also nearing completion. This will give a continuous track from Port Arthur am
Ft. William to Edson, 1,370 miles. Construction easterly from Prince Rupert was begun earl;
in 1908, and Bteel has been laid on 100 miles of completed grade, and will be laid a distance o
140 miles more before the close of 1911. Commercial telegraph service of G. T. P. Tel. Co
now in operation between Winnipeg and Edmonton, Alta., 792 miles. Branch lines conlcn]
plated aggregate 5,000 miles. The G. T. P. will operate Atlantic, Pacific and Lake fleets o
steamers. A new daily passenger service was inaugurated between Winnipeg and Edmonton
in July, 1910, with standard sleeping cars, parlor-library, cafe car, and modern day coaches.
HUDSON BAY ROUTE. —From varied expert opinions, optimistic and the reverse, i'
may be fairly concluded that the route is open for navigation from about 15th July to aboui
15th October. The Canadian Northern Railway have built a line from Winnipeg to The Pat
on the Saskatchewan River. From there to Fort Churchill the distance is 465 miles; to Pom
Nelson, 397 miles. This route will effect an average shortening of the distance from the Western
wheat fields to the Atlantic seaboard of 970 miles. The distance to Liverpool from Churchii
is 2,946 miles, from Montreal via Belle Isle 2,701, and via Cape Race, 2,927 miles, from Nc*
York 3,079 miles. The freight upon grain from the wheat bolt to Hudson Bay would approxi
mate 10 cents a bushel, a saving of 15 cents on carriage to the Atlantic seaboard, or $3,000.'.'"'
annually on an export trade of 20 million bushels via this route. On cattle shipments from Cal
gary there would be effected a saving in freight of 60 cents per 100 lbs., as well aa a savinp in
deterioration. The entrance to the harbor at Fort Churchill is about 2,000 ft. wide, with a
minimum depth of 10 fathoms. More dredging would have to be done at Port Nelson (hui
Ft. Churchill, but reports of the Hudson's Bay Co., 1824 to 1894. show that on an averaze
Ft. Churchill harbor is open 5 months, and Port Nelson 7 months in the year.
MILEAGE STEAM RAILWAYS IN OPERATION.—16 miles in 1836. date of fint
railway; 16 in 1846; 1,414 in 1856; 2,278 in 1866; 5,218 in 1876; 11,793 in 1S86; 16,270 in 189*;
21,353 in 1906; 22,452 in 1907; 22,906 in 1908; 24,104 in 1909; 24,731 in 1910; 25,400 in 1911
TRAFFIC STEAM RAILWAYS.—In 1875 there were carried 5.190.416 passengers awl
5.670,837 tons of freight (2,000 lbs.). In 1885, 9,672.599 and 14,659.271; in 1895. 13.W7.>»
and 21,524.421; in 1906, 27,989,782 and 57.966,713; in 1907. 32,137,319 and 63.S66.1S5; in
1908, 34,044.992 and 63,071,167; in 1909, 32,688,309 and 66,842.258; in 1910. 35,895.575 pa** >
gera and 74,482,866 tons of freight, and in 1911, 37,097,718 passengers and 79.884,282 tons ol
freight.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 263
NATIONAL TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILWAY.—Under agreements dated 29th
July 1903, and 18th February, 1904, ratified by Parliament the Grand Trunk Pacific Co. agreed
in respect of the construction of a railway between Moncton, N. B., and Port Simpson, or some
other port in B. C.—the eastern division, from Winnipeg to Moncton, to be constructed by the
nonunion Government under four Commissioners, and leased for 50 years at a rental of 3 per
cent, on cost of construction, the first 7 years to be free; the western division, from Winnipeg
to Prince Rupert, B. C.. to be constructed by the company. The Government to guarantee the
company's bonds sufficient to meet cost of construction, such not to exceed $13,000 per mile on
the prairie section. The entire line between Winnipeg and Moncton, 1,804.84 miles, is under
contract. The work between Winnipeg and Moncton, N. B., is well under way, and the section
between Winnipeg and Lake Superior Junction is open for operation. The total expenditure
by the Commission up to 31st March, 1911, amounted to $95,406,697.61.
QUEBEC BRIDGE.—It is expected that the new bridge on the I. C. R. across the St.
Lawrence River near Quebec will he ready for traffic in 1915. The contract has been let to the
St. Lawrence Bridge Co., a Canadian concern. Total estimated cost, $12,000,000. The length
of the central span is to be 1,800 ft., 90 ft. longer than the span of the Forth bridge, total length
3,228 ft., width 88 ft. The bridge will accommodate a double-track railway, and has a 4 ft.
footpath on each side. This is the largest cantilever bridge in the world.
LONG RAILWAY TUNNELS. Mis. Yds.
12 458
9 564
7 1730
404
Hoosa, U. S. A .... 4 1320
4 624
3 950
5
62
3 17
1 1320
The Office of Public Roads estimates the total mileage of all public roads in the United
States in 1909 at 2,199,388 and the miles of road per square mile of area at 0.74 miles. The
population per mile of road, basing the road mileage of 1909 on the pooulation of 1910, was 41.
Of all the roads in the United States only 8.66 per cent were improved in 1909.
The total estimated expenditures for public roads for the year 1911 is $142,144,191, making
a total of $64.63 per mile of public road and of $1.55 per inhabitant.
SUEZ CANAL
MEDITERRANEAN
SEA
272 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
THE CANAL ZONE. culverts. Near Miraflores, a tunnel 736 fet*t
The Canal Zone contains about 436 square long has been built through a hill. Total
miles. It begins at a i>oint three marine cost of new line has been $8,866,392.02.
miles from mean low water mark in each THE EQUIPMENT FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF
ocean, and extends for five miles on each side THE CANAL.
of the center line of the route of the Canal. The Equipment consists of the latest and
It includes the group of islands in the Bay of most efficien t appliances, the quality of
Panama named Perico. Naos, Culcbra, and which has been demonstrated by the re
Flamenco. The cities of Panama and Colon markable totals of excavation which have
are excluded from the Zone, but the United been recorded during the progress of the
States has the right to enforce sanitary- work. It includes 100 steam shovels, most of
ordinances in those cities, and to maintain which are of from 70 to 105 tons weight and
public order in them in case the Republic of 3 to 5 cubic yards bucket capacity; 161
Panama should not be able, in the judgment American locomotives of from 106 to 117 tons
of the United States, to do so. weight; 104 small French locomotives of 20 to
Of the 436 square miles of Zone territory, 30 tons; 42 narrow gauge and electric loco
the United States owns about 363, and 73 are motives; 553 drills; 4,572 cars; 79 spreaders,
held in private ownership. Under the treaty track-shifters, unloaders, etc., 20 dredges: 47
with Panama, the United States has the right cranes; 11 tugs; 72 barges, scows, etc. and
to acquire by purchase, or by the exercise of 24 launches. The Panama Railroad has 62
the right of eminent domain, any lands, build locomotives; 57 coaches and 1,434 freight cars.
ings, water rights, or other properties neces
sary and convenient for the construction, CANAL STATISTICS
maintenance, operation, sanitation, and pro Length from deep water to deep
tection of the Canal ,and it can, therefore,at any water (miles) 50
time acquire the lands within the Zone bound Length from shore-line to shore
aries which are owned by private persons. line (miles) 40
RELOCATED PANAMA RAILROAD. Bottom width of channel, maxi
The new, or relocated line of the Panama mum (feet) 1,000
Railroad is 47.1 miles long, or 739 feet longer Bottom width of channel, mini
than the old line. From Colon to Mindi, 4.17 mum^ miles, Culebra Cut (ft.) 300
miles, andJ from Corozal to Panama, 2.83 Locks, in pairs 12
miles, the old location is used, but the re Locks, usable length (feet) .... 1,000
maining 40 miles are new road. From Mindi Locks, usable width (leet) ..... 1 10
to Gatun the railroad runs, in general, parallel Gatun Lake, area (square miles) 164
to the Canal, and ascends from a few feet Gatun Lake, channel depth (feet ) 85 to 45
above tide water elevation to nearly 95 feet Culebra Cut, channel depth (ft.) 45
above. At Gatun the road leaves the vicinity Excavation, Canal Proper, esti
of the Canal and turns east along Gatun Ridge mated total (cubic yards) 203,710,000
to a point about 4V<J miles from the center Excavation, permanent struc
line of the Canal, where it turns southward tures, estimated (cubic yards) 8,794,000
again and crosses the low Gatun Valley to Excavation, grand total, esti
Monte Lirio, from which point it skirts the mated (cubic yards) 212,504,000
east shore of Gatun Lake to the beginning Excavation, due to slides and
of Culebra Cut, at Bas Obispo. In this sec breaks, estimated (cubic
tion there are several largo fills, occurring yards), about 22,000.000
where the line crosses the Gatun Valley and Excavation accomplished Janu
near the north end of Culebra Cut, where the ary 1. 1913 (cubic yards) 188.280,312
line was located so as to furnish waste dumps Excavation, remaining, Canal
for the dirt from the Canal. Originally it was Proper, January 1, 1913 (cubic
intended to carry the railroad through yards) 23,426,713
Culebra Cut on a 40-foot benn, 10 feet above Excavation by the French,
the water level, but the numerous slides have (cubic yards) 78,146,900
made this plan impracticable and a line is Excavation by French, useful to
now being constructed around the Cut, present Canal (cubic yards) . . 29,908.000
known locnllyas the Gold Hill Line. leaving Excavation by French, esti
the berm of the Canal at Bas Obispo, the Gold mated value to Canal $25,389,240
Hill Line gradually works into the foot hills, Value of all French property. . . . $42,799,826
reaching a distance from the center line of the Concrete, total estamated for
Canal of two miles opposite Culebra* thence Canal (cubic yards) 5,000,000
it runs down the> Pedro Miguel Valley to Time of transit through com
Paraiso, where it is only 800 feet from the pleted Canal (hours) 10 to 12
center line of the Canal. This section of the Time of passage through locks
line is located on maximum grade of 1.25 (hours) 3
per cent, compensated, and has a total length Relocated Panama Railroad,
of 9H miles. The sharpest curve on the total cost $8,866,392
whole line is 7°. From the south end of Relocated Panama Railroad,
Culebra Cut to Paraiso, the railroad runs length (miles) 47.1
practically parallel with the Canal to Panama, Canal Zone, area (square miles) 436
with maximum grade of 0.45 per cent. Where Canal and Panama Railroad
the railroad crosses the Gatun River, a force actually at work (about) 36.000
bascule steel bridge is to be erected, and a Canal and Panama Railroad
steel girder bridge, K mile long, with 200-foot force, Americans (about) 5,000
through truss channel span, is in use across Cost of Canal, estimated total . . $375,000,000
the Chagres River at Gamboa. Smull Work begun by Americans May 4. 1904
streams are crossed on reinforced concrete Date of completion Jan. 1, 1915
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. . 273
.)routes
in ar
miles
instatute
WHDepartment
;lOffice
,Department
ydrographic
avy
Nroutes
nautical
ater
:[Sand
ources
.
CITIES
FOREIGN
Ade
: n .Hamburg 3,652 25, 43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
Canal
Suez
Via ,8657 70
32 Yor
.Newk
Via ,826851
4316
.
Hope
Good
of
Cape
Via 908
,410
11 85 .
Habana 597
York
and
New
Canal
Suez
.Via Orleans
New
Via
.:9,7% 31
23
24,033
79
06
York
New
and
Hope
.of
Good
Cape
Via Tehuantepec
Via
,1:314
76
.484 3,9292
19
.
Tehuantepec
and
Suez
Via 5,900 ,3Via
10
00
Panama
. 5,14312
37
.
Panama
and
Suez
Via 10
,811
,600
00 Ha
. vre
3,169 4,760
Strait
.
Magellan
Suez
and
Via ,915
10Vi
Ne
7.Yo
00srk
w ,326
36
60
68
Singapore
Via
. 11
,511
,3.|H00ongkong 5,86086
.
.
Port
Townsend
Singapore
and
Via 21,4. 47999 .
Townsend
Port
Via 0: 65
8,829 85
.
.
Francisco
San
and
Singapore
Via 96214 91
,-1382 .
Francisco
San
Via 277
29
,5|2 68
8
Antwerp
. 834, 53 25 .
Tehuantepec
Via 517
9,31072
.
.
York
New
Via :6,5•Via
16
Panama
. 24 430
,8|111 031
.
Via
Tehuantepec
. Suez
,3758Via
29
.,54 610
,811
12
92
.
Via
Panama
. Hope
Good
of
Cape
Via 39
.9,028014 590
,813 63
Stra
.
it an
. ell 8718
,3|11668
.
Mag
Via Strait
Magellan
Via
.14
64671
,413
.
2.370
.
00
onolulu 2.097
.
Bat
J avia
(). ava 7,8H6.|00
.
35
,224,588
79
.
.
Tehuantepec
Via 31175
,012
23 .
Francisco
San
Via
Via
Panama
. 166
,513
12 67 Port
Townsend
.Via 352,: 69
49
.
11 6,686
!
.
Canal
Suez
Via ,510,198 82 .
Panama
Via 0,6 85
.
Hope
Good
of
Cape
Via 55
,211
12
878 .
Tehuantepec
Via .
82
54,5806
:
Bombay .
Strait
Magellan
Via ,213
769
1319
.
Canal
Suez
Via 9,58136
20 ,Jamaica
.Kingston 1.1,46573
.
.Vls
Hope
Good
of
Cape ,8250
11
48 .of
m, outh
River
Kongo 5,680 62
.
York
New
and
Suez
Via Orleans
New
Via 19
.,3?1$ 111 062 559
Ne
and
Hope
Good
of
Cape
Vis Via
New
York 441
.,421: 449 8,859
.Vla
Tehuantepec
and
Suez iverpool
85
,810
L1.|12 3,053 5
.5 3
.
York
New
,2Via
13
.1212
587 ,250
16
ooo N
.
Panama
and
Suez
Via
and
Tehuantepec
Good
.Hope
Cape
of
Via Tehuantep
.Via
1500
,8108 ec 1,7 69 7,944
.
Panama
and
Hope
Good
of
Cape
Via 00
Via
5Panama
,214
15
. 70 0,838 8. 13
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK ,
.Via
Strait
Magellan Strait
Magellan
Via
.15 39
,8064 13
,503 ,278
14
.
Singapore
Via 8080
9,59,7London
. 3.233 4,507
.
Townsend
Port
and
Singapore
Vis 5731271
,. 60
12 .
York
New
Vla
,3224
.476
36
.
Francisco
San
and
Singapore
Via ,2-19• 271
62
2 Tehuante
.Via pec 37, 49 ,124
18
.
Tehuantepec
and
Singapore
Via ,713
91245
93 Vls
Pan
. ama 93
,82018
.
Panama
and
Singapore
Vio 2|114
,843736 .
Stralt
Magellan
Vla 683
,413
14
58
:Manila
.Brest 2,0341 .Strait
Bernardin
San
and
Honolulu o
Via 96, 43 7.213
,France
.Via
York
New Yokohama
29
.54
,071Vis 20, 89 9,5 93
.Via
Tebuantepoo ,Francisco
San
and
Yokoham
Via 19
867.840 a 71
80
,7428
29
.Via
Panama 13
,913Port
and
Yokohama
Via
84
09
2.Townsend 01 9218
72
,19
.Strait
Magellan
Via .Tehuantep ec 35
9,171080
.Buenos
Aires 5,868 3,6 Via
Strait 11
,287586 Via
Panama
. 46
10,951193
.Magellan
Via ,9512
1146 56
.Vis
York
New Via
,010
1967
Suez
. 59
1,648
6761 .of
Hope
Good
Cape
Via ,95
1386 3613
.Bermuda ,82375
67
3.and 714
, 47 7*1,455
York
New
Via York
New
Suez
Via 1,72635
and
New
Hope
Good
of
Cape
Via 7,*1627
:
Calcutta .Strait
Magellan
Via ,171736
1645
Via
.Suez 3011
2,9839
38
,812
180 .Marseille 76
5,283,66 *7,073
.Good
Hope
of
Cape
Via 67
0,27
.New
York
and
Suez
Via York
.Via
New 21213
,C113
029
315Tehuantep
71
. 579
,3:1Via ec 87, 30 78, 05
New
York
and
Hope
Good
of
Cape
Via 07
38,9,132
Via
Singapore
. Via
Panama
90
.8,8996
262
41,-2 181 Strait
Magel
.Via lan ,014
3139924
Francisco
.and
San
Singapore
Via 11
07,340
.and
Tehuantep
Singapore ec
Via 81
,112
405
13 Melbo
. urne
,61394
230
14 .Franc
San isco
Via 29
,52210 31
22
.and
Panama
Singapore
Via ,4901027 28
Via
Panama
.
:
Callao 8,689 04 52
.Via
Tehuantepec 91
,024246 .Teh
Via uantepec
2,73392 64 .Strait
Magellan
Via 13 80
,181243
.Via
Panama 912
, 81 314
, 03
Strait
.Via
Magellan 10
,169 42 03 .Canal
Suez
Via
.of
Hope
Good
Cape
Via 96 7012
,1233
Dir
. ect 0,4 12 99
72
1,3:122 12
1, 42 :2,917
e
Capwn
:To .City
Mexico 26
.598
8112
,41 512
,42 49
,313
.Direct 15
,376874
72
5,14,62
.York
New
Via ,0310 014
06
*1.Naples 3*7,63 3,1769
Via
Tehuantep
. ec
York
New 75
.Via,7910400
98
,6109876 New 7
1, 41 4,2+82 ,979
12
Via
Panama
. Orleans
. 310
, 71
.Strait
Magellan
Via ,41054 ,229
11 13, 91 ,93 66
)3.Canal
Panama
of
end
(castern
Colon 81
1.31.980 Vin
Tehuantep
. ec
90
Panama
. 24
,3340Vis 7,404 4,579
.and
Panama
Canal
Vla
:
Colombo .New
York 113
, 91 ,11399
.Via
Canal
Suez ,110 10
8646 ,1590
.Good
Hope
of
Cape
Via ,6
1184
130 Via
Tehuantep
. ec ,415
Via
Panama 109
01
..821211
35, 05 ,06 80
.New
York
and
Suez
Via 72, 05 2,356
New
York
and
Hope
Good
of
Cape
Via ,3%12Nome
.A429 laska
421
Via Francisco
San
8,7Via
.8,900
00 ,1852 8796
.Singapore 55
35
5,3516
:
Copenhage n .Townsend
Port
Via
43
3,843, 52 Via
Tehuantep
. ec 02
,9157 30
.
Direct 7,408 10
.Via
York
New 43
Panams
:7,017
Via
.51
5,3.276
07 .Stra
Magell
Via it an 28
,1549 4016
Gibraltar 14
York
.Via
New la
.Glbraltar
16
,vOdessa
3,3606
498 60
35,6770
Panama
end)of estern
15
(w8042
7,2Canal 23, 77 4,052
Via
Tehuantep
. ec 28
1,40227
.and
Colon42
8,47617
canal
Vla
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
Via
Panana
. 60
.Strait
Magellan
Via 1309
.,BPernambu
34
512
7razil co ,963 96
York
New
4,9Via ,826 95
26 87
Guam
. 54
.5,008
,9496 51
,527
45
236
18 Orleans
.Via
New 26 48
.Via
Francisco
San 91
,3576 66
.Townsend
Port
Via 87
07
7,8:128 Tehuantep
.Via ec
otherwise
stated
as
except
water
by
are
given
1Distances andPanama
to
miles
Colon
from
Dcanal
,47istance
.by
water
•Bland y .land
By
275
276
DISTANCES
SFROM
N
YORK
New
ORLEANS
AN
ew
TOWNSEND
,A
FRANCISCO
Port
ND
PORTS
PRINCIPAL
THE
TO
WORLD
THE
OF
-Continued
STATES
UNITED
OF
CITIES
PRINCIPAL
THE
.AND
-Continued
CITIES
.FOREIGN
New Port
San New New San Port
New .
route
and
Port
.l'ort
route
and OrY |T own
.Iran Or Fran Town
l k
orns
..I ea cisco
.send .York
.
leans .
cisco .
send
,Brazi
Pernambuco
.-C ontinued .
Shan ghai 5, 50 5,290
Via
.Panul
30 isco
ia
7,3|.San
V005
Franc ,0732
18
41
Vis
Strait
.,gellan Townsend
Port
Via
.10
,27439
14 469
,218 89
Port
E, gypi
.Said 6,509
12 Via
Tehuante
. pec 8.79965
41
Vla
York
.New 18
.3|1 27
21
8
,Panama
.Via .81054
,210 53
Vis
Tehuante
. p ,919
Suez
9,135
.Via
00 .360
,712
13
50
Via
Pana
. ma Hope
Good
of
Cape
Via
.10
,39037
2 ,8500
14 93
.Port
Townsend 79
992
2,9.31775 :Tehuantepec
Via
.,Tehuantepec 3,95190
00 :.of
railroad
end
Western 2,189 2,964
Vis
.Panarna 6,050 ,45 79 3.
railroad
of
end
Eastern 2,036 812
Punt
(MAren
).Strai
agell
a
as
t an 99
0,96173Tutuila
.6,853
4090 1,4 50 C
.4 O7
Janei
Rio ro
.de 4.778 5,218 .
Francisco
San
Via ,632
16
.
York
New
Via ,9169
1777
7
.Valparaiso 5,140 5,902
.
Orleans
New
Via ,71700
197
.18
Francisco
San
Via ,6837 22
31
Via
Tehuantepec
. 7,758 05 30 Via
.Tehuantepec 4,25480 56
Via
Panama
. 48,7.633
78 Panama
1 ia
.V 4,035
37
.
Strait
Magellan
Vla Strait
Magellan
Via
.19,S.314
39 78,460
33
San
Francisco
. 182
:2,423
91 775 .iVladivostok 7,4 06 43, 57
Tehuante
.Via pec 44, 15 13, 91 Via
Francisco
.San 88977
,117
Via
Pang
. ina 4,7
5305 04 .
Townsend
Port
Via ,3566
17
36
PSt
:. etersburg Via
Francisco
San
Tehuante
.and pec ,889122
74
Direc
. t 6,24 33
32 .
Panama
and
Francisco
San
Via 9,410
,010
01
York
Ne
Viaw 17 23
,817Via
. 29
Strait
Magellan 17
,4017
,4536
LUKOILUU
U . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sann
,P.RJua 1,5439
28 ,New
.Wellington
Zealand 4
,5 15
.
.
York
New
Via Via 14
.,6|127
19
Francisco
San 4 ,191
3190018
.
Orleans
New
Via 14
Tehuantepec
18
.14,0Via
521 44
7,038 96
Via
Tehuantepec
. 14, 82 Panama
4,9Via
. 57 8,57,940 39
Via
Panama
. 4,3Via
.5,145
Strait
Magellan
20
.
11
,511700
73
.
.12
Suez
Via
.
.
Stralt
Magellan
Via ,1999
74 .614
15
,230 20
,01413
,758
.
.
Singapore . 02
Hope
Good
of
Capo
,672Via
06 10
,684
9110
9319 Yoko
.
.Via
Francisco
San . harna
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK ,
Port
Via
Towasend
. 110
405
,1-085 *. olulu
Hon
Via 55, 00 5,770
.
Suez
Vis 100
,510
11 70 .
Francisco
San
Via 727
,017
17
18
.
Hope
Good
of
Cape
Via ,9314
12
55 .
Townsend
Port
Via ,2:7.439
17
19
.
Panama
and
Yokohamna
Via ,5|11303
204 Honolulu
Via
Tehuante
.and pec ,297 9543
.
Tehuantepec
and
Yokobama
Via ,912
21009
61 Via
Francisco
San
Tehuante
.and pec 7,8986
02
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . 277
Wellington
Yokohama
Melbourne
Francisco
( In Nautical Miles .)
Townsend
Yokohama
(Prepared expressly for The American Almanac by Captain W . H . H . Sutherland, Hydrographer, U . S . Navy. )
Manila
Tahiti
Tahiti
Fran
Yokohama
San
and
v,Toia San
Port
San
,via
,via
.To
Sydney
,via
Tahiti
To
To
cisco
To
,and
Francisco
,v
Francisco
via
Guayaquil
,To
Shanghai
Valparaiso
via
Francisco
Sydney
San
To
San
Iquique
Coronel
.
and
To
.
From
Callao
To
.
.
To
To
.
To
.
.
To
New York . . . . . 14,019113 ,244 10 ,4231 9 , 7021 9 ,2211 8 ,4617,860 17 ,780 / 18 ,910 19,530 (14,560 15 , 135 13,600
Nodok . . . . . . 13 , 945 13, 170 10 .3491 9 ,628 9 , 147 8 , 387 7 , 786 17 , 706 18 , 836 19, 456 14 , 486 15 .061 13 .526
Carleston . . . . . 13 ,954 13 , 179 10 , 358 9 , 156 8,396 7 ,795 9 ,637 17 ,715 18 .845 19 , 465 14 ,495 15 ,070 13, 5 :35
Pert Tampa 14 ,119 13 ,344 10 ,523 9 ,3211 8 ,561 7 ,960 9 ,802 17 , 880 19,010 19 ,630 14 ,660 15 , 235 13 .700
leg Orleans 114 .419 13,644 10 , 823 10 . 1021 9 .621 8 .861 8 . 200 18 , 180 | 19 ,310 | 19 ,930 | 14 ,960 15 .535 14. 000
Galveston 14 ,601 13 ,826 11,005 10 , 284 9 ,803 9 ,043 8 ,142 18 , 362 19 ,492 20, 112 ( 15 ,142 15 ,717 14 , 182
Liverpool 14 .619 13 ,844 11.023 10 . 302 9 ,821 9 ,061 8 , 460 18, 380 19,510 20 , 130 15 , 160 15 ,735 ) 14 ,200
Basburg . 15 ,019 14 , 24 + 11,423 10 ,702 10 , 221 9 .461 S ,S60 18 .780 | 19 ,910 20.530 15 . 560 | 16 . 135 14 .000
Aatser 14 . 75413 ,979 11. 158 / 10 ,437 9 ,9501 9 , 196 8,595 18 ,515 19 ,615 20 , 265 15 , 295 15 ,870 14 ,335
14 ,47413 .691 10 . 868 10 , 157 9 . 676 8 ,916 8 . 315 18 . 235 19 , 365 19 , 985 15 ,015 15 ,590 14,055
113,518 12. 743 9 , 922 9 . 211 8 .7201 7 ,960 7 . 350 17.009 18, 409 19 . 030 14 ,059 14 ,634 13 ,099
DISTAXCES FROM ATLANTIC PORTS TO PACIFIC PORTS, VIA THE PANAMA CANAL, WHEN CON .
Yokohama
Shanghai
STRUCTED .
Wellington
e
vManila
Melbourn
(From a special report by the United States Treasury Department. )
hama
Yokohama
Fran
Fran
Fran
Townsend
San
Tahiti
Tahiti
San
San
via
ia
ia
,via
,To
To
v,To
ia ey
i
Yoko
ia
Tahit
,via
cisco
Cisco
:,vTo
.$To
Sydn
and
,"and
Francisco
Trancisco
.,vTo
Guayaquil
.
Valparaiso
,
Sydney
San
To
Coronel
Iquiquc
.
.
and
From
To
To
.1
Callao
,
Port
To
To
.
CISCO
To
.
San
TO
New York . . 16 .0741 5 , 299 ) 2 ,864 ] 3 , 359 4 ,021 4 ,630 / 4 ,SS 9 , 835 10 . 885 11, 585 ) 9 , 852 10, 4271 8 , 892
Sarlak . . . . . . . 5 .872 5 .0971 2 ,6621 3 , 157 3 , 819! 4 ,423 4,636 9 ,634 10 , 684 / 11 ,3841 9 ,650 9 ,858 8 .690
Charleston . . . . 5 .6731 4 .8981 2 .4031 2. 958 3 .0381 4 ,229 1 ,437 9,344 10 ,367 / 10 ,8091 9 ,45110 ,006 8 ,491
Port Tanpa . . 5 , 328 4 .5531 2 ,098 2 ,593 3 , 255 3 ,864 4 ,072 9 ,069 10 , 119 10 ,819 ) 9 ,086 ) 9 ,661 8 , 126
New Orleans . 5 ,477 1 ,698 2 , 2631 2. 7581 3 ,420 4 .029 1 . 237 9 , 234 ( 10, 284 10 , 9841 9 , 2511 9 . 826 8 , 291
Galveston . . . . 5 ,574 4 . 799 2 , 364 2 .838 3 ,5201 4 , 129 1, 339 9 .335 10 ,385 11,085 9 , 352 9 ,927 | 8 ,892
Liverpool . . . 8 . 8i31 8 ,038 5 ,603 6 ,098 6 ,760 7 .369 7 ,577 12 ,574 13 ,624 14 , 324 12 ,591 13 . 166 11, 631
9 , 242 8 ,407 6 ,032 0 ,527 7 ,189 7 , 79818 ,000 13 ,003 14 ,053 ( 14 , 753 13 ,020 13 ,595 12 ,060
Astrer . . . 8 . 963 8 .188 5 ,753 6 .248 6 ,910 7519 7 .727 12,724 13 ,774 14 ,474 12,741 13,316 11. 781
Bundan 8 . 713 7 .938 5 ,503 5 ,998 6 ,660 7 ,269 7 ,477 12,474 / 13 ,524 14 , 224 12 ,491 13 ,066 11 ,471
Gibraltar . . . . . . 8 .4471 7 .672 5 ,2371 5 ,723 6 ,3911 7 .003 7 . 211112 , 208 13 , 258113 ,358 / 12 ,221 | 11 ,168 11,265
Via Honolulu , add 252 miles.
1 Omitting Tabiti reduces voyage from Brito by 52 miles .
1 Voyage from Brito. to Sydney by way of Wellington is 232 miles less than by way of Tahiti; from
Pinama it is 405 inlles less.
Voyage from Brito to Wellington direct is 185 miles sliorter than via Tahiti, and from Panama it is
35% bllea sborter .
Nit
1
HL SERIE DI I
CABIBU HII
IT I
IS NTIT
IT
UBR IF IT
E
IF TIS
UDEN
H EN
I ETT
D
1 1 1 IT E N
S ud
H
TUTTON IIT
IRUT 0 1
1 1 0
Olli
Examples :
ORA
ANT
STONES
€88.
INTERNAL
REVENUE
251,311,000
ORCE
1979,000
PENSIONS
$ 32000
MISCELLANEOUS
116 .363,000
NAVY
DEPT
60,037,000
GOO
America (United
States of ) - . ..
Commercial Cable
Co . . . . . . . 27,921 183 28,104 202,850 10,031 212,881 11 ,066
Western Union
Tel. Co . . . . . . . . 207,520 446 207 ,966 1 ,459, 160 57 .178 1,496 ,338 . . .
Argentine Republic . 13 ,596 20 13 ,616 32 ,779 8 0 32,859 . .
Austria 28 , 872 184 29.056 141,918 4 ,265 146 ,183 95,534
Belgium . 4 .694 19 4 ,713 24 ,451 1 .074 25 ,525 1 ,032
Bolivia . . . . . 1 .795 1 ,795
Brazil . . 20 , 241 141
20 :255 * 37. 166 . 94 * * * 37, 260 23,73i
British East Africa . . 11,039 1 ,039 2 .284 . . . . . . . . ! 2 ,284 50
British Guiana . . . . . . 350 . . . . . . . 350 2 ,051' . 2 .051 . . . 4 . . .
British India , . . . . . . 1 72,553 72 ,746 284, 067 3 , 199, 287 , 266 . . . .
800 900 . . . . . . . 900 . . . .
British North Borneo 800
: : :
Bulgaria . . . . 4 ,043 4 .045 9 , 436 9 ,503 . .
Canada Gt. N - w :
Tel. Co. . . 10 ,818 .. . . . 10 ,818 52, 199 . . . . . . . . 52,199
Canadian Pacific
:
Telegraphs. . . . . 12,255 12, 257 75 ,872 886 76 ,758
Government Tel.
:
Service . . 8 ,383 .. . .. 8,383 7 ,900 7, 900 . . .
!
Western Union Tel.
Co ... 2 ,707 2 ,718 13 , 979 44 14 ,023 '.
Ceylon . . . . . . 1 .830 1 .832 4 , 940 50 4 ,990 . . .
( nili . . . . 7 ,473 7 , 473 13 ,408 . . . . . . . . 13 ,408 . .
China . . 25 , 308 25 ,314 41,805 41,907
Colombia . . 6201 620
Costa Rica . . . 835 . 835 .
Caba . . 7 ,119, . . 7 , 119 7 . 119 . . . 7 . 119 . . . . . . .
Denmark .". . 3 . 242 64 3 , 306 7 , 339 230 7 ,569
Dominican Republic 1 ,728 . 1,728 1 ,728 . . . . 1 ,728 ,. . . ,
East African Pro
tectorate . . . . . , 1 ,016 . . 1 ,016 2 , 261 . . 2 , 261
Ecuador , . . . . . . . . . . 3 .754 3 ,758 ' .
Egypt , . , 3 .871 . 3 .871 12 .762 . . . * 12,762
France and Corsica . . ' 86 , 214 4 , 315 90 , 529 329,525 25,517 355 ,042 354,987
Preneb Guiana
in na
Cayenne ) . . . . . . . a 195 . . . . . . . 195 195 . . . . 195 . . . . . . .
Presch
g Ind8o1-aChi
en 760 -China ,
Br(Cochin
Cambodgia , An
nan . Tonkin and
8 ,417 8 ,425 14 , 231 108 14 . 339 . . . . . . .
French Guinea . . . . . 1 ,430 . . . . . . 1 ,430 1 ,430 . . 1 .430
French Ivory Coast . 1 ,584 , 1 .584 1 , 584 . . 1 ,584 . . . .
French Dahomey . . . 1 , 143 , 1 , 143 1 , 143 , 1 , 143 ,
French Congo and
Dependencies . . . . 1 .600 1 ,600 1 ,600 1 ,600
Germany . . . . . . . . . . 139 .450 4 ,045 143 ,495401.716 ' 29,706 431,422 287 ,627
teleg 'ph )
Great Britain and 171,534 129,743
Ireland . . . .. . . 56 ,0394 6 ,300S, 62,239 telep 'ne, 1,661,232 2 ,688 ,537 ' 175 ,194
726 ,028)
Greece 5 .029 . . . . . . . . 5,029
Carried forward . . 775 ,484 15 ,818 791,202 4.087, 360 1,923,606 5 ,990 , 966 949,221
Inclusive ot 388 miles of submarine cable , with 45 conductors .
Exclusive of 206 miles of river cables and 526 miles of conductors.
"Including inter -urban telephone lines .
No distinction can be made between telegraph and telephone line mileages, as the
lines largely carry both telegraph and telephone conductors .
Miles of single pipe,
282 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK
Brought forward . 775 .484 15 ,818 791, 202 4 .087 ,360 1, 923 ,606 5 , 990 .966 949 ,221
Holland . . . . . . . . . . . 6 , 312 301 6 ,613 67 ,608 1 ,413 69,021
Hungary . . . . . . . .. 15 ,825 78 15 , 903 15 , 902 1 ,593 17 ,495
30 . . . .
Indo - European Per
sian Gulf Systen
(Mekran Coast ) . . 1 , 122 . . . 1 , 122 2, 195 . . . . . . . . 2 . 195 . . . . . . .
Indo - European
Teheran , Bushire
and Central Lines 1,605 1 ,605 4 ,799 . .
Italy . . . . . . . 31. 994 32 ,031 193,2081 ,335 1944 .799
, 543
. ....
Jamaica . . . 992 992 . . . .
2Japan . . . . . . . .
Luxemburg . . . .
23. 008
455
23 ,035 110, 159 1 .723 111 ,822
* * 715
2,507
455 715 .
Madagascar . . . . 2,380 2,380 2 ,380 2 ,380
Malay States (Fed
erated ) . . . 1 ,632 519 1,63742 5 , 135 5 , 135
Mauritius . . . 184 209 463 100 563
Mexico . . . . 22,771 22,774 50 . 344 50 ,347
Netherlands India . 6 ,114 155 6 , 269 10 ,635 182 10 ,817
New Caledonia 632 632 966 . 966
New South Wales. . . 18 .045 257 18 ,302 111 .578 26 ,549 138 , 127 1 .485
New Zealand . . . . . 13 .343 1214 1335519 77 , 242 5 ,682 82 . 924 .
a Nicaragua . . . . . 3 ,4713 3 ,4713
Norway . . . 11. 254 91
11,345 64 .876 39 ,589 104 ,465
Peru . . . . . . 8 .666 . 8 .666 10 ,092 . . 10 ,092
Portugal. . 5 ,708 . 5 , 708 12 ,564 12 ,564
Portuguese Colonies . 2 ,055 2 , 055 2 , 155 2 . 155
Queensland . . 10 ,568 10 .647 23 ,525 174 23,699
Roumania . 4 ,517 4 ,533 11, 707 196 11 ,903
Russia . . . . . 108 , 106 108, 268 385 .612 1 ,087 386 ,699
Senegal : -
Sénégal 1 . 357 1, 361 1,897 1 ,901
H . L . Sénég a
Niger . . . . . . 3 ,337 . . 3 . 337 4 ,023 4 , 023
Servia . . . . . . . . . . 4 ,349 3
4 ,352 8 , 289 8 ,363 .
South Australia . 6 ,491 43 6 ,534 23 , 169 18 .716 41, 885
Spain . . 21.738 70 ,010 21, 808 49, 148 340 49, 488
Straits Settlements . 1, 2924 1 ,292 1 . 292 1 . 292
Sudan . . . . . . . . . . 4 .777 . . . . . . . . 4 , 777 9 .896 9 .896
Sweden . . . . . 5 . 976 6 ,017 19 ,397 768 19 , 865
Switzerland 54 . 217 54 ,489 43 ,547 2 ,785 16 ,332
Tasmania . . . 2 , 137 2 . 145 4 .320 1 ,271 5 .591
Tunis . . . . . . 2 ,077 2 .082 5 . 905 60 5 , 965
Turkey . . . 27 ,560 27 .560 46
40 ,,0 876
0 . . . . . . . . 46 ,876
Uganda Protectorate 859 859 1 ,017 . . . . . . . . 1 ,017 . . . . . . .
Union of South
Africa . . . . . . . . . 17 ,216 17 ,227 62 ,531 546 63 .077
Uruguay . . . . . . . . . 4 .898 4 .898 4 ,898 4 , 898 . . . . . .
Victoria
Postal Dept. 1.011 4 ,054 11, 810 6 12,420 3 .967
Railway Dept 3 . 215 3 . 220 5 , 851 108 5 ,959 . . . . . .
Western Australia -
Postal Dept. 7 .010 16 .498 5 . 498 22.996 23
Railway Dept . 2 . 595 2 ,598 7 ,022 7 , 022 . . . . . .
Total. ... .. 1,251,359 $ 7,511 1268830 5 ,578 ,606 2,034 ,014 7 .563, 258 959 ,061
" Inclusive of 193 nautical miles of river cables and 504 miles of conductors .
2Exclusive of 23.611 nautical miles of river cables and 45 , 321 miles of conductors .
Exclusive of 1 % miles of submarine cable.
( Including telephone lines. - From Electric Trades Directory .
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . 283
Day rate 40 – 3, means 40 cents for ten words and 3 cents for each additional word ;
Night rate 30 - 2 , means 30 cents for ten words and 2 cents for each additional word , etc.
Address and signature are free. Western Union and Postal Rates are uniform .
RATE . RATE .
PLACES . PLACES
Day. Night. Day . Night.
ALABAMA . 60 - 4 50 - 3 MISSOURI:
ALASKA : St. Louis . . . . . 50 - 3 40 - 3
Eagle City . . . . . . . 3 . 80 – 35 3 . 80 - 35 All other places . 60 - 4 50 - 3
Juneau . . . . 2 . 60 - 23 2 .60 - 23 MONTANA . . 75 - 5 60 - 4
Nome . . . 4 . 80 -45 4 . 80 -45 NEBRASKA . . . . . . . 60 - 4 50 - 3
St. Michael . 4 . 30 - 40 4 . 30 - 40 NEVADA . . . 1 . 00 - 7 1 . 00 - 7
Sitka . . . . . . 2 . 40 - 21 2 . 40 - 21 NEW BRUNSWICK . 503 - 40 - 3
Skagway . . 2 . 90 - 26 2 . 90 - 26 NEWFOUNDLAND : St. John 's . . 1 . 10 - 9 1 .00 - 9
Valdez . . . . 3 . 40 - 31 3 . 40 - 31 30 - 2
1 . 007 - 75 - 5 NEW HAMPSHIRE . . to 25 - 1
ALBERTA . . . . . . . . . - to I to 35 - 2
1 . 25 - 8 ) 1 . 00 - 7 | |NEW JERSEY . . . 25 - 2 25 - 1
ARIZONA . . . . 1 . 00 - 7 1 . 00 - 7 NEW MEXICO . . 75 - 5 60 - 4
ARKANSAS . . . . 604 - 50 - 3 NEW YORK :
BRITISH COLUMBIA : Grand New York City .. .. 20 - 1 20 - 1
Forks, Nelson , New West 25 - 2
minster , Rossland , Van All other places ... . . to 25 - 1
couver, Victoria . . . . . . . . . 1 . 00 - 7 ) 1 . 00 - 7 | | 35 - 2
Atlin . . . . . . . . . . 3 . 25 - 24 3 . 25 - 24 NORTH CAROLINA . . 50 - 3 40 - 3
Port Simpson . 2 . 75 - 19 2 . 75 - 19 NORTH DAKOTA . . . 75 - 5 60 - 4
CALIFORNIA . . . 1 . 00 -71. 00 - 7 Nova SCOTIA . . . . . 50 - 3 40 - 3
COLORADO . . . . . 75 - 5 60 – 4 OHIO . 40 - 3 30 - 2
CONNECTICUT . . . 25 - 2 25 - 1 | OKLAHOMA . . . 75 - 5 60 - 4
DELAWARE . . . . . . . 30 - 2 25 - 1 ONTARIO :
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA : Niagara Falls . 40 - 3 30 - 2
Washington . . . 30 - 2 25 - 1 Sault Ste . Marie . . 60 - 4 50 - 3
All other places . . . 40 - 3 30 - 2 50 - 3 40 - 3
FLORIDA . . . . . . . . . . 60 - 4 50 - 3 All other places... .. . . . 3 to to
GEORGIA . . . 60 - 4 50 - 31 1 . 00 - 7 75 - 5
IDAHO . . . . . 1 . 00 - 7 1 . 00 - 7 OREGON . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 00 - 7 1 . 00 - 7
ILLINOIS . . . 50 - 3 40 - 3 25 2 - 25 - 1
INDIANA . . 50 - 3 40 - 3 PENNSYLVANIA . . . . . tot to
low . . . . . . 60 - 4 50 - 3 403 - 30 - 2
KANSAS . . . . 60 - 4 50 - 3 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND :
KENTUCKY . 50 - 3 40 - 3 Charlottetown . . . . . . . . . . 75 - 5 65 - 5
LOUISIANA . . . 60 - 4 50 - 3 QUEBEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 - 3 40 - 3
MAINE : Portland . . . . 35 - 2 25 - 1 RHODE ISLAND , . . . . . . . 30 - 2 25 - 1
40 - 3 ) 30 - 2 1 . 00 - 7 75 - 5
Other places . . . . . . . to to SASKATCHEWAN . . . to to
50 - 3 ) 40 - 3 1 . 25 - 8 1 . 00 - 7
MANITOBA : Winnipeg .. . . . . 75 - 5 SOUTH CAROLINA . . 60 - 4 50 - 3
MARYLAND : Annapolis , Bal SOUTH DAKOTA . . . . . 75 - 5 60 - 4
timore, Frederick , Ha TENNESSEE 50 - 3 40 - 3
gerstown ... 30 - 2 25 - 1 TEXAS . . 75 - 5 60 - 4
Cumberland . . . . 35 - 21 25 - 1 UTAH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 - 5 60 - 4
30 - 2 ) 25 - 1 30 - 2
All other places . . . .. to to VERMONT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to 25 - 1
403 - 30 - 2 35 - 2
25 - 2 40 -31 30 - 2
MASSACHUSETTS . . . .. . to 15 25 - 1 VIRGINI to to
30 - 2 503 - 40 - 3
MICHIGAN : Detroit, Mount WASHINGTON . . . . . . . . 1 .00 - 7 1 . 00 – 7
Clemens, Port Huron . . . . 403 - 30 - 2 WEST VIRGINIA . . . . 403 - 30 - 2
50 - 3 ( 40 - 3 WISCONSIN : Milwaukee . . . .. 50 - 3 40 - 3
All other places.. .. . . 3 to to All other places . . . . . . . . 60 - 4 50 - 3
60 - 4 50 - 3 WYOMING . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 - 5 60 - 4
MINNESOTA . . . . 60 - 4 50 - 3 YUKON :
MISSISSIPPI . . . . . . . . . 60 - 4 50 - 3 Dawson City . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . 00 - 27 4 . 00 - 27
284 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
$ 0 . 25 $ 0 . 38 $ 0 . 30 $ 0 . 45 $ 0 . 35 $ 0 . 53 $ 0 . 40 $ 0 . 60
. 36 .72
61 70
100
IN 110
120
111
121 1 . 37 1 . 04
131 1 . 47 1 . 12
NNNN
113 1 . 20
141 1 . 05 1 .58
151 1 . 20
102
1 . 12 1 .68 1 . 28
161 170 128 1 . 19 1 .79 1 . 36
171 180 135 1 . 08 1 . 26 1 . 89 1 . 44
181 190 143 1 . 14 1 . 33 2 . 00 1 .52
191 « 200 1 . 00 150 1 . 20 1 . 40 2 . 10 1 . 60
onC
incirinisiais
$ 0 .75 $ 0 .60 80 . 90 $ 0 . 75 $ 1 . 13 $ 1 . 00 $ 1 . 50
MA
WU
WNNNNN
. 90 .72 1 . 08 1 . 35 1 . 80
riniaisiaisiais
1 . 05 . 84 1 . 26 1 . 58 2 . 10
Awwww
1 . 20 . 96
iniciaisiais
1 . 44 2 . 40
. 90 1 . 35 1 . 08 1 . 62 2 .70
100 1 . 00 1 . 50 1 . 20 1 . 80 2 . 00 3 . 00
101 110 1 . 10 1 . 65 1 . 32 1 . 98 2 . 20 3 . 30
111 120 3 . 60
1 . 20 1 . 80 1 . 44 2 . 16
121 2 . 34
13
130 1 . 30 1 . 56 2 .60 3 . 90
140 1 . 40 1 .68
141 " 150 1 . 80
151 1 .60 . 80
1 . 92
161 5 .2 2 . 04 5 . 10
171 180 1 . 80 2 . 16 5 .40
181 · 190 1 . 90 2 . 85 3 . 80 5 . 70
* * *
2 . 28
191 « 200 2 .00 3 . 00 2 .40 3 .60 4 . 00 6 .00
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 285
No. of Rate | Rate Rate Rate Rate Rate | Rate | Rate Rate | Rate
Words. 20 - 1 25 - 1 25 - 2 30 - 2 35 -2 40 - 3 50 -360 4- 75 - 5 100 -7
100
107
114
121
123
100 135
105 142
110 149
115 156
120 163
100 125
104 130
108
112 140
116 145
L
NEW
ZEA
USTRAL
3
WORLD
CABLE
LINES
THE
OF
.
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288 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
SUBMARINE CABLES.
SUMMARY OF CABLES OWNED BY GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATIONS
In 1866 tho Western Union Telegraph Co. miles of line, 1,532,161.40 miles of wire a
had only 37,380 mile's of line, and 75,686 25.392 offices. There were 84,901.657 mes
miles of wire. The same year they had only sages sent, not including those over leased
2,250 offices. The next year the number of wires or under railroad contracts. The re
offices had increased to 2.565, and 5,879.282 ceipts amounted to 842,987,807.15 and the
messages were transmitted. For the year expenses were $36,063,836.10. The profits
ending June 30, 1912, there were 235,807 were $0,923,971.05.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 289
Number Length
of Cables of Cables
with one in
or more Nautical
cores. Miles.
African Direct Telegraph Company 0 :i.02G
Amazon Telegraph Company 19 1 .304
Anglo-American Telegraph Company 18 9.548
1 anadian Pacific Railroad Company 10 102 M
i 'ralrai and South American Telegraph Company 21 11,793
I 'ommercial Cable Company 15 17.274
Commercial Pacific 6 10.010
ommercial Cable Company of Cuba 1 1,285
I .impagnie Francaise ties Cables Teiegraphiques 24 11.430
' aba Submarine Telegraph Company 12 1 1,540
Iwutsch Atlantischc Telegraphen-Gesellschaft 5 9,661
Deutsch-Niederlandische Telegraphen-Gesellschaft 3 3,416
Deutsch Sudaraerikanische Telegraphen-Gesellschaft 3 5.811
Kircct Spanish Telegraph Company 3 710
Direct United States Cable Company 3 3.171
Direct West India Cable Company 2 1.276
Eastern Telegraph Company . ... . .... •■• 137 43.012
Eastern Extension. Australasia and China Telegraph Company 31 24,783
Eastern and South African Telegraph Company 18 10.517
Europe and Azores Telegraph Company 2 1,057
threat Northern Telegraph Company 29 8,039
Halifax and Bermudas Cable Company 1 851
Indo-European Telegraph Company 3 21
Mexican Telegraph Company 3 ' 2,188
Osteuropalsohe Telegraphen-Gesellschaft 1 185
River Plate Telegraph Company 4 220
*jutb American Cable Company 5 3,916
United States and Haytl Telegraph and Cable Company 1 1.415
Wat African Telegraph Company 8 1,471
West Coast of America Telegraph Company 7 1.973
West India and Panama Telegraph Company 22 4.355
Western Telegraph Company1 45 23,837
Wi-stwn Union Telegraph Company 9 10.796
Total 4SIJ 230,053 X
A new Western Union cable, 4,200 miles long, was laid in 1911, and is not included
in above.
GENERAL SUMMARY.
Number Length
of Cables of Cables
with one in
or more Nautical
cores. Miles.
Partly extracted from the Official Documents issued by the Internationa Bureau of
TVlfgraphic Administrations, Berne.—Electrical Trades Directory.
This table and that showing "Land Lines of tho World" are the best obtainable, but
arc not believed to be free from error.
290 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
York
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TELEGRAPH SYSTEM IN
ALASKA
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 291
The cut above shows the Morse Code as recorded by a syphon recorder. Syphon recorder?
are used for receiving cable messages. It will be observed thnt the spaces are represented by
horizontal lines, dots by loops above the space lines, and dashes by loops below the space lines.
CARIBBEAN Ma
caour
AT
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TRI
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Via
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AFRICA AND
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CABLES TO INDIA
AND SO .AMERICA
Popayan
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Roberra Leone
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Pernambuco
4
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BRAZIL
Timbuctos
x
St. Thomas
Cachoeira
TOT
merrin
dalagos
Cu Detalii
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SLOVO
Coyez
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Laan
Jandaria
Bonny
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Dela
Bengucky
Pst.Relena Mousamedes
Principe
Swakopmund 's
tondan BOLIVIA
Arica
Poole
Saya
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Cape Town
Cotagaita
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Salisbury
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Vis a
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Port Elizabeth
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SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
Bijunga
E
Blancas
Bahia Rocochea
A
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Anion
Negro
Rio
Ouren
SAIPIDA
X
s
Seychelles
SOUTH
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Mauritius
INDIAN
65
Chubut
harga
297
298 . SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
- - -
WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY.
s
Wireless telegraphy is, in theory, closely are now ordinarily produced by a dynamo and
ilfied to heliography, or signaling with flashes a step-up transformer except for telegraphing
electricallyThe
"flight. andlight used, however,
to the isnaked
produced over short distances. But even with these
Ls invisible eye, changes we would not be able to telegraph
:*ing to the fact that it is made up of very over any appreciable distance if dependent
Sag waves, called Hertzian waves, which vi upon the Hertz resonator for receiving a mes
brate too slowly to affect the retina. The eye sage, for, owing to the fact that the waves
'an onlv discern waves which make from spread out in all directions from the trans
1.000 billions to 7,000 billions vibrations per mitting antenna, the receiving antenna is
nmrate. However, the Hertzian ray resem-
'■tes light in that it can be reflected by a acted upon by a very small proportion of the
power expended by the transmitter, and this
metallic plate and can be refracted by a prism proportion decreases very rapidly as the dis
of pitch, can be brought to a focus with a tance between the transmitter and the receiver
^iteh lens, and may be polarized. Owing to increases. In order then to detect the rays
the great length of the Hertzian waves, almost at long distances, a very sensitive instrument
nil tubstances are transparent to them. The called the "coherer" has been invented. The
Hertzian waves were discovered by Professor coherer in its usual form consists of a glass
rleiprich Hertz, a young German philosopher, tube with two metal pistons fitted therein be
Siring hU experiments with the spark dis- tween which a quantity of nickel filings is
harge
■il in of
1884!Leyden jars and of the Ruhmkorff placed. The latter forms an imperfect elec
and 1887. trical contact between the pistons, and takes
He found that when a spark leaped the gap the place of the spark gap in the receiving
jftween the terminals, electric oscillations antenna. When the oscillations are set up in
took place in these terminals which set up the antenna by the Hertzian waves, due to
magnetic w:iv»m in the surrounding space, their high pressure or voltage, they break
^pable in turn of setting up similar oseilla- through the imperfect contact of the coherer,
'nas in any adjacent conductor lying at an causing the filings therein to cohere or. string
ogle to them. The waves were detected by together and thus produce a much better
i-inga " resonator," which was merely a circle electric path through the coherer. The action
Of ft rectangle of copper wire formed with a is microscopic anil cannot be detected with
zap in one side. When the induction coil was the naked eye. However, the coherer, aside
■n Operation and the resonator coil was held from being a part of the antenna circuit, is
near the coil, a tiny stream of sparks would also made a part of a local battery circuit,
l**p across the resonator gap. To better which contains a telegraph receiver, and when
• mderstand
sample twothis phenomenon
vertical rods in atake
poolasofa water
crude ever the electric oscillations open a good path
through the filings for the local circuit, the
uxi on each a float free to slide vertically on telegraph instrument will be energized by the
the rod. Now, if one of these floats be moved local battery only. In order to break this
'jp and down upon its rod, it produces waves path after the oscillations have ceased, or. in
ia the water just as the electric oscillation other words, to cause the filings to decohere,
produces waves in the ether. These spread they are constantly jarred apart by means of
out in all directions and on reaching the other the "tapper," which is in reality an electric
float cause it to oscillate up and down, just bell with the gong removed and the clapper
as the magnetic waves produce electric oscilla- striking the coherer tube instead. Carbon
'tons in the resonator. granules may be substituted for metallic fil
Without going into a detailed history of ings, and in this case no tapper Ls necessary,
the development of wireless telegraphy from the coherer being self-restoring.
Hertz's experiments, it may be stated that In transmitting messages a telegraph key
the essential difference between the apparatus in the primary circuit of the induction coil is
med by Hertz in his experiments and the operated according to the usual Morse code,
"*veral systems now commonly in use lies in and this causes sparks to leap the spark gap
'he receiver. The transmitter is practically at corresponding intervals. These signals will
the same. A vertical wire called the antenna then be transmitted by the Hertzian waves to
■ connected to one terminal of the coil, and the receiving station, where they will be re
the other terminal is connected with the earth, corded by the telegraph receiver. The co
the purpose- being to increase the electrical herer is not by any means the only wave de
rapacity of the terminal rods and produce tector in use. Every wireless telegraph com
larger waves. Instead of producing the oscil pany has one or more different types of
lations by means of an induction coil, they detectors. s
20!)
300 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
The Dover -Calais and Folkestone-Boulogne 62 cents ; to any part of France , Germany or
turbine steamers have been equipped with the Belgium , 9 cents a word ; to Switzerland, Italy
Marconi wireless apparatus. The expense for and Austria , 10 cents a word , and to Denmark ,
telegrams from the ship to any part of Eng Sweden and Norway , 11 cents a word , with 3
land is 6 cents, with a minimum charge of minimum charge in each case of 75 cents.
NDON
AUSTRIA
AN
T K
W
R E
сн I NA
AP
Caspian
A
Sea
R
A
B
PERSIA
I
A
F
INDIA
PACIFIC
R
BANGALORE
BANGALORE 8
I
c
G
N
ATL
I
S
OCEAN
ANT
Sumatra
OCEA
New Guinea
1 INDIAN
IC
Java
N
Madagascar
NEW
Tasmania 83 ZEALAND
Tasmania
ZEALAND
WIRELESS STATIONS.
A complete list of wireless telegraph sta have gone down to the bottom without news
tions of the world, including shore stations, of the disaster and with none of the passengers
merchant vessels, revenue cutters and vessels and crew saved, except possibly a few of them
of tne United States Navy, is published peri who escaped by life boats, had it not been for
odically by the Bureau of Steam Engineering this most practical invention. It was two
of the Department of the Navy. The edition days after "La Bourgoync" sank before the
for January 1, 1912, consists of 105 pages. story of the catastrophe became known. The
Copies of this publication can be obtained next interesting use of the wireless was per
from the Superintendent of Documents, haps the detection and arrest of Dr. Crippen
L'nited States Printing Office, Washington. for the crime of murder. There is no more
weird story in the annals of crime than how
I). C, at a cost of 15 cents. The section de the unseen wireless brought Dr. Crippen to
voted to wireless telegraphy in this book as the noose. Stations that were practically un
regards the United States is taken from this known became suddenly vitalized, and to-day
work and is corrected to June 12, 1912. but Cape Sable, Belle Isle, Fame Point and Father
many who would like to have the call letters, Point are household words.
etc. of foreign wireless shore stations, also the On the 14th of April, at 11.4G P. M.. ship's
i^aJl letters, etc.. of vessels of the l'nited States time, the "Titanic" struck an iceberg. Within
Navy, the I'nited States Annv, revenue cut fifteen or twenty minutes the Captain visited
ters, and all steamships which are equipped the wireless room and instructed the operator
with wireless, should purchase this inexpen to get assistance. The two calls "C.Q.D."
sive pamphlet. Space forbade the publica ana "S.O.S." began to flash from the aerials,
tion of this list in full. and the message of despair from the sinking
Wireless communication was an established vessel was heard by the " Mount Temple, " the
fact for more than ten years before the ships "Frankfurt" and the " Oarpathia." The Cap
"Republic" and "Florida" collided on Jan tain of the "Carpathia" immediately turned
uary* 23. 1909. The wonderful salvage opera around and succeeded in reaching the "Ti
tion which was only rendered possible by the tanic" after she sank, and rescued a portion
prompt action of the. vessel summoned by of her passengers and crew. Had it not been
wireless called instant attention to the im- for the wireless the probabilities are that very
j of wireless as a safeguard from the few, if any, survivors would have remained to
ers of the sea. The "Republic" might tell the awful tale.
TIA.VTIC OCEAS
UNITED STATES.
ATLANTIC AND GULF COASTS .
Eastport, Me. . . . 400 - 1 .000 800 - 1 ,500 Commercial.
Portland , Me. . . 1,000 Gov. (Navy ) .
OMITTED
LETTERS
. Gov . (Army) .
SUBJECT
CHANGE
Fort Levitt , Me. . .
HENCE
Portsmouth , N . H . . 1 ,000 Gov . (Navy ).
Amesbury , Mass . . . . . Experimental.
Cambridge, Mass . . . CALL
AND
ARE
ARE Do .
Gov . ( Army)
Fort Andrews, Mass . .
.TO
Brant Rock , Mass . . . . . ariable . Experimental.
Chatham , Mass . . . . . 480 Commercial.
Chelsea , Mass . . . . . . . . . . . Experimental.
Boston , Mass . . . Variable . Do .
Boston , Mass . . . . 1,000 Gov . (Navy ) .
Boston , Mass . . . . . . Variable . Experimental.
Cape Cod , Mass . . . . 1 ,000 Do.
Cape Cod , South We . . . . . Commercial.
Cape Cod , Mass . . . 1 ,500 Do .
Siasconsett , Mass . . . 350 Do.
400 - 1. 000 5501 Do .
Quincy , Mass . . . . . . Private .
Quincy , Mass. . .
Nantucket Shoals Lightship 400 Gov . (Navy ) .
Newport , R . I . . , 000 Do.
Providence , RI. . Commercial
Point Judith , R . I . 325 Do .
Block Island , R . I. . . . . 280 Private .
New London , Conn . 480 Do .
Sea Gate , N . Y . . . 350 Do .
Sagaponack , N . Y . . . 350 Do .
Fire Island , N . Y . . 1,000 Gov. (Navy ).
N . Y . (42 Broadway) . -500 350 – 1 ,000 Commercial.
N . Y . (111 Broadway ) . 425 Do.
N . Y . (Wanamaker 's ) . Private .
N . Y . (Herald , Battery ) . . . 640 Do.
N . Y .. . . . 3 ,000 Experimental.
v
Brooklyn
a
t Ho od, N . Y h. i 1 ,000 Gov . (Navy ) .
eFort Ve
H . G ". Wright, N. Y . Gov . (Army) .
Do .
Fort Tottenc,V N . Y . .
o, N . Y . . . .
Fort Wood Do.
c
Fort Hancock , N . J.. Do.
Atlantic City , N . J . . 300 - 600 Do.
Cape May, N . J . . . . Do .
Camden ,NJ. . . 150 -500 550 Do .
Philadelphia , Pa .
maker ' s ) . . . ... Private .
Philadelphia , Pa . ( Bellevue
Stratford ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 550 Commercial.
Philadelphia , Pa . . . . 1 ,000 Gov . (Navy ) .
Cape Henlopen , Del. 1 ,000 Do .
Sparrows Point, Md. . 750 Commercial.
Annapolls , Md. . . . . 1 .000 Gov . (Navy ) ,
Washington , D . C . . . 1 .000 Do .
Washington , D . C . . Experimental.
Washington , D . (Mills
Building ) . . Gov . (Army).
Washington , D . C . (Bureau
of Standards) . . . Do .
Arlington , Va . . . Gov . (Navy ).
Fort Monroe, Va. . . Gov . (Army) .
Fort Monroe, Va. . Do
Norfolk , Va . . . 150 ommercial
Norfolk , Va . . . . 1,000 Gov . (Navy) .
-NNOWN erering
PACIFIC COAST .
Friday Harbor, Wash . Commercial
Scattle , Wash . . . . . 1 ,500 Do .
Do .
mororerer
Seattle , Wash . . . . . 5001
NNOIN
Seattle , Wash . . . . . . Private .
Roche Harbor, Wash . . . . Do.
OMITTED
LETTERS
SUBJECT
CHANGE
Bremerton , Wash . . . 1 ,000 Gov . (Navy ).
in
HENCE
Tacoma , Wash . . . . . . . .. . . 400 Commercial.
cON
Tatoosh Island , Wash . . . . . 1 , 000 Gov . (Navy ).
CALL
AND
ARE
North Head , llwaco , Wash . . 1 ,000 Do .
Fort Worden , Wash . . . . . . . .
TO
. . Gov . (Army).
Astoria , Oreg . . . . . . . . 425 Commercial.
Marshfield , Oreg . . . . . . . Do.
Fort Stevens, Oreg . . . , Do.
Cape Blanco , Denmark 1 ,000 Gov . (Navy ) .
Eureka , Cal . . . . . . . . . . 425 Commercial,
Eureka , Cal. . . . . . . 1 ,000 Gov . (Navy ) .
Farallon Islands, C 1 ,000 Do ,
San Francisco , Cal. . . 600 Commercial.
8 . F . . Cal. (Presidio ) . . . Gov . (Army) .
Yerba Buena Island , S . 600 Gov . (Navy ) .
Mare Island . Cal. . . 1 ,000 Do .
San Luis Obispo , Cal. . . . . 100 Commercial.
Point Arguello , Surf, Cal. . . 1 ,000 Gov . (Navy ) .
-0oorw86wberw
San Pedro , Cal. 425 Commercial.
Los Angeles, Cal. . 425 Do .
Los Angeles , Cal. . . 500 Do .
Avalon , Cal. . . . . 500 Do .
ONNNNNN
Avalon , Cal. . . . 4251 Do .
San Diego, Cal. . . 1 ,000 Gov. (Navy ) .
ALASKA
Pribilof Islands . . . 1 .000 Gov . (Navy ) .
6
CANADA
Indian Harbor , Labrador . . . . Government.
Domino Island . Labrador . 150 2201
Do.
American Tickle, Labrador . . Do.
Venison Island , Labrador . . . 150 . . . . . . . . . . Do .
Battle Harbor , Labrador . . . . 150 . . . 220 Do .
Projected .
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . 305
CALL RS
CANADA - Continued .
Chateau Bay. Labrador.. . SUBJEC
CHANG
LETTE ET . . Government.
Belle Isle . Newfoundland.. . 230 600 Do .
ARE
AR
RI R
NG U
TOM O BRITISH BD
AR CMIE NE ISLES
KS TYAT CLIFDEN
F
M
BELLE ISLE AND
DL
AT A
GRO
HE
R
M
C DE LONDON
QUESS TRICHE HUR
CASQUESS THR BE
POLO
EER
TAO GL NW F
E RAY
A CAPE RACE
MONTREAL PE
LAC
SARBDO BAY
E PA
M SA COLTAN
5 C A AP
E CO
BL I. LE
VIGOA
2 0 P E D Own
E
UNITEDo ARANGUEZO
SPAIN .
DIRCEO NATO
WONA
STATES CADIZ
A T 1 AA N T IC : //
TENERIFFE
LAS PALM
O CE A N AFRICA
TO SHIPS
307
Galveston
Siasconset
.Augustine
,Pensacola
Jacksonville
Charleston
Charleston
Hatteras
,cCharleston
.,cGrand
Arthur
Lheck
CGate
,N.Ccheck
ass
c,. heck
Victoria
Tampa
STEAM
Port
IN, ity
Sea
.Philadelphia
Francisco
heck
.Navy
Isl a
.Yor
Point
Yard
or
Grey
Wstoria
,S.Cor
,O.ASeattle
St
or
M
VIA
,
or
or
n
re
.Baltimore
Orleans
,B.C
,
.Savannah
,Cal
.San
Sayville
Cape
May
.New
Orleans
.Boston
Woods
,Mass
,Pa
.Norfolk
,La
Mobile
,Md
,N.J
Hole
New
,Ga
,N.Y
,Ala
,Va
.
.
Tex
.Flo
Flo
N.Y
.
.
For Traas. Ocean Vessels 20 20 20 28 20 20 20 20
For Coastwise Vessels 10t 10 10 + 15 + 10 + 10 + 10 | 11 | 10 : 107 107 107 10t 10 : 17 : 10 : 107| 101
To the above wireless rates add land line rate below
Alabama . . 06060606060606 05 05 05 05 05 03 05 05 05 10 10
Alaska . . 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 42 | 42 42 42 40
Alberta . . . 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Arizona . . . . 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Arkansas . . .
British Colum
California . . .
Colorado . . . .
Connecticut.
Delaware . .
District of Colu
Florida . . .
Georgia . . .
Idaho . . . .
Illinois . . .
Indiana .
low . . .
Kansas . .
Kentucky .
Labrador . .
Louisiana
Maine . . . .
Manitoba . .
Maryland
Massachusetts. .
Michigan . .
Minnesota .
Mississippi.
Missouri . . .
Montana . . . . . .
Nebraska . . . .
Nevada . . .
New Brunswick
Newfoundland
New Hampshire
New Jersey . . .
New Mexico . . .
New York City . .
New York .
North Carolina .
North Dakota . .
Nova Scotia . .
Ohio . . . . . . . .
Oklahoma . . . . . .
Ontario , Sec .
Sec. 2, 3 .
Sec. 4 . .
Oregon . . . . . .
Philadelphia . .
Pennsylvania . . . 10
Prince Edward Is nd
Quebec . . . . . 10
Rhode Island . . . 10
Saskatchewan . .
South Carolina . .
South Dakota .
Tennessee . . 05 05 05 06 10 10
Texas . . . . . . 08 08 08 08
Utah .
Vermont. .
08 08 06 06
04 05 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 08 10 10
Virginia . . 05 05 05 04 02 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 08 10 10
Washington 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 08 06 03
West Virginia 0505 04 04 04 04 05 05 06 06 06 06 06 08 10 10
Wisconsin 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 06 08 08 08
Wyoming . . . . 080808 08 09 08 09 09 08 08 09 08 090903
Yukon . . . 1 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 52 48 47
The wireless rate for coastwise vessels of the Booth , Lamport and Holt, Quebec
Royal Mail Steam Packet and United Fruit Co. lines, is 14 cents per word , from all shore
stations in the United States .
888888888888888888887838338
88888888888828838388888888=
,Michខខខខខខខខ
308 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
STEAMSHIPS
Camperdam
Ashtabula
Cleveland
Harbor
Quebec
Halifax
.,cFriday
Rivers
Harbor
,Three
Benton
.,NScheck
Sable
Wheck
Cape
,P.EItcheck
Bear
Race ape
London
,N.Scheck
Hali
a
. id
Lud
Marais
Isl
,Grand
or
,Ctonn
.Milwaukee
Minn
.tNew
VIA
C
,N
,or
or
TO
,
.Montreal
Brooklyn
Sackville
*orohn
Bellingham
Jfax
.Detroit
.Cape
,Wis
Duluth
Buffalo
,N.BSt
IChicago
Ray
ington
cbeck
,Nid
Pictou
,Que
., ich
ខខខខខខខខខខខខ
,N.Y+
,N.B
M
,N.Y
,N.S
.,L
,
Ohio
.
WIRELESS WORD RATES
For Trans. Ocean Vessels 7
Portsmouth
STEAMSHIPS
Ptolborne
Elizabeth
.CSarnia
Navy
.Manistique
Yard
Washington
.,Cape
Crescent
nt
,Kingston
Portland
Me
Toronto
Wa
VIA
,O
check
,
TO
.check
Port
.,
ort
Arthur
,Me
SMarie
,Mich
|Tatoosh Island
.,ich et
CDiego
.Port
nt
,Ont
.Duluth
.,alif
MCalum
Newp
,Minn
San
,D.C
.,O
,
I.,R
H'N
WIRELESS WORD RATES
Sec. 2 , 3
Sec. 4 . .
Oregon . . . . . .
Philadelphia . .
Pennsylvania
Prince Edward
Quebec . . . .
Rhode Island . . .
Saskatchewan . .
South Carolina .
South Dakota . . 08
Tennessee . . . . 10 10
Texas . . . . . 08 08
Utab . . . . 06 05
Verm ont .. . 10 10
Virginia ... 05 03 10 10
Washington 10 10 03 06
West Virginia 0510 0.5 05 04 10 10
Wisconsin . . 06 06 06 06 08 08 08
Wyoming . . 08 08 06 08 10 08 og 08 08 08 08
Yukon . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 52 50 52 50 52 52 52 52 52 47 48
The wireless rate for coastwise vessels of the Booth , Lamport and Holt, Quebec,
Royal Mail Steam Packet and Uoited Fruit Co. lines, is 14 cents per word from all
shore stations in the United States .
310 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
MARCONI TELEGRAPH
COMMUNICATION CHART
DECEMBER 1904.
WORLD.
There were approximately 12,453,000 tele Successful trials have also been made between
phones and 29,560,000 miles of telephone wire London and Geneva, a distance of 560 miles,
in use in the world January 1, 1912. A careful and from London to Bale,' a distance of 600
estimate places the world s telephone invest miles.
ment January 1, 1912, at about $1,729,000,000
which is very nearly the value of all gold
coin and bullion in the United States. The
annual number of telephone conversations
may be placed at 22,000,000,000, which is
about 6ve times the annual number of pas
sengers carried by all the railroads of the
world.
For the purpose of this compilation the
world's telephone statistics are generally tabu
lated in four territorial divisions, as follows:
UHXD
Recent progress in the art of submarine
telephone cable manufacture will have far
The geographical distribution of telephones reaching consequences. At the present time
and wire is shown below: there are over 400 miles of submarine tele
phone cable in use in the world, and of this
total al>out one-half is represented by the four
cables between France and England, and the
two between Belgium and England. The long
est submarine telephone cable lies between
La Panne (Belgium) and St. Margaret's Bay
(England), a distance of 55 miles.
t*sa> The European international long distance
land line systems have likewise received im
portant ndditions, due to the opening of the
line between Paris and Madrid, 900 miles, and
the direct line between Berlin and Rome still
The year 1911 is the thirty-fifth since the under construction, a distance of over 1,000
miles. As regards the Continent, there is now
invention of the telephone by Prof. Alexander scarcely
Graham Bell. A survey of the progress of with anyany important city that cannot talk
other important city. By far the
telephone service during the past year, anil of largest mterurban or toll telephone plant in
the many notable events in connection with Europe has been built by the German Govern
this progress, justifies the statement that all ment, which according to the latest official
civilized nations have awakened to the value
of the telephone in commercial and social life. statistics,
interurban
had about one-half of the total
or toll telephone wire of Europe.
In the United States commercial service has Finally, it is worthy of note that during the
been opened between New York and Denver, year
2,160 miles, this being now the longest dis tems have made rapid advances railway
1911 the great I nited States sys
toward the
tance over which oral communication is given general use of the telephone for train dispatch
commercially. In Europe long distance service
has been greatly extended by utilizing both ing. Since the introduction of the use of the
the new loaded cable- between Great Britain telephone for that purpose, over 200 of the
and Belgium—by which telephone service is United States railroads have adopted that sys
expected to bo given between London and telegraph on the
tem. In fact, telephone has supplanted the
over 50,000 miles of railroad,
Berlin—and the new telephone cable, con which is over 20%
structed also on the Pupin principle, t>etween of the country. Aofcareful the total railroad mileage
estimate places the
Dover and Calais. The latter enables conver miles of wire used by railroad companies for
sation tc b«carried on between Glasgow, Edin
burgh and Paris, and also between Aberdeen train dispatching at 120,000, and the corre
th French capital, a distance of 910 miles. sponding number of telephones at 10,000.
and1 the
311
312
Considering telephones per 100 population Referring first to the traffic curves, the tele
and referring only to the United States, Can phone has gained 277% and the telegraph
ada and Europe, the following chart shows 36%. In other words, the percentage increase
their respective condition during the past ten in telephone traffic is about eight times that
years. At the beginning and end of the period in telegraph traffic. During the same period
the exact figures are: the increase in wire plant was 4489J, for the
United telephone as compared with 57% for the tele
States Canada Europe graph, so that the percentage increase in tele
Jan. 1, 1902 2.3 1.2 0.3 phone wire is also approximately eight times
Jan. 1,1912 8.8 4.2 0.7 that of telegraph wire.
From this it appears that it takes Europe The following chart depicts the telephone
about two years to advance 0.1. Assuming conversations of the world for the years 1901
that European telephone progress continues at to 1911 inclusive, for the United States. Eu
this rate, to reach the present development of rope, and all other countries, and shows the
the United States (8.8), Europe must gain 8.1, proportion of each to the total.
which at the rate of 0.1 every two years would TELEPHONE CONVERSATIONS 0T T>* WORLD
require 162 years. As such a forecast makes C0yPARING THE UNITED STATES.EURQff AND
no allowance for the impetus in future progress TH£ REST OF THE WKUD
due to the use of rates better adapted to the
needs of the public and important advances
in the art, the above period will be shortened
materially. One thing, however, is certain:
Europe offers yet a vast field for telephone
progress, because at the beginning of 1912 it
has reached only the dovelopment of the United
States Jan. 1, 1898.
approximately $66 ,000 ,000 . This was about DA,93 45 .184 183
$ 27 .000.000 more than the corresponding aver Europe
age increase in Europe . At the commencement Austria . . 112.606 16 .764 173
4 . 297
Belgium
of the year 1912 the total estimated invest Bossa .
ment in the United States ( $ 1 ,025 .000 .000 ) Bulgaria
7095
Desmark 94, 331
was about twice that in all Europe (8593 ,000, Finland . . .
232.74
000 ) and was over one-half the investment of Franta . . . 21.579
German Empire 1.068 ,849 100748
the whole world . At the same date Canada is Greas Britain . . 45.235
estimated to have $ 44 ,000 ,000 invested in tele Greece . . 1722
7 . 491
Husgary . .
phones and all other countries " $67,000 ,000 . Italy 20 ,139
Luxembourg
64,500 10 . 6
Netherlands
RELATIVE TELEPHONE DEVELOPMENT Norway
Portugal . . .
63.000
6 .763
IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES, Romania .
Russia ..
15.000
190 ,850
RIZ
20, 377
1. 075 155
2,635
JAN . 1 , 1911. Servis . .
Spain . .
.
. 25.000
99
13, 195 J2
Sweden 187.441
TELEPHONE STATIONS Switzerland 78 .736 236
119
COMPARING THE UNITED STATES WITH EUROPE * Total . . . ... .. 1 2, 966,553 265,225
0 .8 02 65
South America .. . . . 85.74 13.542
23
JAN .L1911 3.99 .385 92.191 6 000
All other countries
Total World . .. . . 11.201993 1,016, 08 09 1000 0
GEC 88500
63200
STRUCT
have over 100,000 telephones each . The com
79.700
70 000
GENDER
bined number of telephones in six important
BASCO
AUSTRIA
112800
European States — Belgium , Norway , Den
RUSSIAFNLAND mark , Hungary , Italy , and the Netherlands
SWEDEN
181000 187400 is still less than the number of telephones in
New York City , while Chicago has more tele
CANADA FRANCE phones than France , and Boston more than
284,000 232700 Austria ; the three Scandinavian kingdoms
GREAT BRITAIN combined do not equal the total number of
648,800 telephones in New York City by about 57 ,000 .
The following chart presents graphically the
GERMAN EMPIRE
statistics shown in the above table in the col
umn " Telephones per 100 Population . " De
1,069,000 spite considerable activity in some European
TELEPHONES PER 100 POPULATION
O RUSSIA
JAN 1,1911
SPAIN
MUNDARY
GERMAN LUPIRE
SWITZERLAND
NORWAY
TELEPHONES IN USE . SWEDEN
The statistical table shows the telephone
development of the world January 1, 1911. DENMARK
At that date the United States had 67.4 % of AVERADE O EUROPE
the total telephones, Europe had 26 .3 % , Can
ada 2.5 % , thus leaving but 3 .8 % for all other SOUTH AMERICA
countries. tThe high percentage increase dur CANADA
i for hBosnia
mg 1910 evelo , Greece
t andBrServia , is due
hat, as at areitajust begin
ped countries
sct that these
hefact UNITED STATES
to15the III
ning to be developed .
The table shows, that, as in former years , TELEPHORES
TELEPHONE ALOnosopara
100 MBITANTS o
the German Empire and Great Britain remain
the leaders in European telephone develop countries, the relative positions have not
ment, the German Empire having about 306 changed during the past year. Denmark still
aulGreat Britain 22 % of all European tele leads Sweden by a small inargin . As the aver:
pbones. Of the remaining countries, only one, age for Europe January 1 , 1911, was 0 . 7 tele
France, exceeds 200 ,000 telephones, and only phones per 100 population , the development
three others - Austria , Russia and Sweden of the United States at the same date - 8 . 1 per
314 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
100 population - was almost twelve times that MULES OP TELEPHONS WIRS
of Europe . South America advanced to 0 .2
telephones per 100 , and Canada to 3.7 , or Division Win
1
more than five times the development of Jus 1911
ខ្លះៗ
Europe . Uaited States . .. . . . 16,431.590
Looking at the telephone development from Canada . . .
the point of population per station , it appears
។ះខ្លីៗ
Europe
that the United States January 1 , 1911 , aver Austria . . . .
Belgia
aged one station to each 12 inhabitants , as
ខ្លះៗ
ជួោះ។
against the European average of one to 148 . Bulgaria . .
Dentar .
Of the European States, Denmark and Sweden Finlasd . . .. .
are about equal, the former having one station 821.169
German Empire . . 1,593,504
to every 28 , and the latter one station to every Great Britain 2,116 .68
Greece . ..
29 inhabitants . The German Empire and Hongary . . . . . 201.436
Great Britain have about twice, France six Italy . . . . . . . . . .
Luxembourg 1612
times and Austria eight times the population Netherlanda .
per station of Sweden . Karvay . . . . .
21.114
Portugal . .
In actualnumber of telephones, Jan . 1, 1911 Roomaaia .. . . .
18.630
Berlin, London and Paris , with a combined Servis . . . . . .
total of 403,500 telephones, are about even Spais .. .
Sweden .. . .. . . .
+
1910
BERLIN MO CHICAGO
1900
KWA
1905
1895
1900
STOCKHOLM ANO LOS ANGELES
S AVA
. 183
Telephones per 100 Po ulation
LENGTH OF WORLD ' s TELEPHONE AND It is evident from the chart that Canada
TELEGRAPH WIRE . has by far the lowest density of population ;
next comes South America and then Norway .
(Partly Estimated) while Sweden is about equal to the United
States , and Italy to Germany . In telephone
JANUARY 1, 1914 development Canada ranks next to the United
States. Denmark and Sweden , which have
TELEPHONE WIRE : Miles about the same development, are still con
Daited States. 16,634,000 siderably below one-half the telephone de
Canada . .. . . 709,000 velopment of the United States.
Escope . . . . 8,762,000
AB other countries .. 857.000
.8888888888888888
26,962.000 THE GROWTH OF
L' S RAILROAD TELEPHONE WIRE. ... ... 120 .000 TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH TRAFFIC
8888888
Total Telephone Wire. 27.082,000 AND WIRE MILEAGE COMPARED
THE WORLD
TILEGRAPH WIRE:
Vested States .. 1,849,000
153,000
Esrope . . . . . . 2 .352.000
A other countries. . . 1.000 .000
ar
d
Yfe
en
o
re
5,444,000
wa
on
SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH WIRE (in cables). .... 314,000
Percent
e
ag
gh
le
le
RAILROAD TELEGRAPH WIRE. . ..... ..... ...... 1726 ,000
Mi
Total Telegraph Wire ... ....... . 7.484.000 e
h
Graad Total 34,566,000 no t ic
Top Tat
A more comprehensive view of the relation
between telephone development and popula
tion is gained from the following chart. This
chart compares European countries , the United
States and Canada , representing in each case Thegraph Wine Mileage atend of yeat
both population per square mile and tele
phones per 100 population . The greatest popu Telegraph Taric
lation per square mile is found in Belgium , 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910
which has 663 inhabitants to the square mile ,
and the largest number of telephones per 100 Mbre: Growth expressed as a percentage
population is found in the United States,which increase over the 1900 figures
January 1, 1911, had 8.1 telephones per 100
population .
COMPARISON OF
DENSITY OF POPULATION
ANO
TELEPHONE DEVELOPMENT TELEPHONE INVESTMENT PER CAPITA
год
JAN 1. 1911
Mert Denga n in Belgium and telephone development ( talones
UNITED STATES,CANADA AND EUROPE
OD pepelation the United States en OOK
JAN VE
UNITED STATES . .
7 - A AAC
DENMARK
CANADA -
SWITZERLAND
DENMARK
FRANCE
SWEDEN
GREAT BRITAIN
GERMAN EMPIRE
NORRAY
STATES
URITED
NETHERLANDS
BELGIUM
FRANCE
AUSTRIA .
HUNGARY ,
AVERAGE O EUROPE
LEVANT
ANADA
GREAT
BAITA
NYIT
:
-
Cry
316 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
ANNUAL INCREASES OF
TELEPHONE WIRE MILEAGE OF THE WORLD
DIVIDED BY COUNTRIES
1901 TO 190
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
7,500,000
7 , 400 ,000
7 , 300 ,000
7 , 200 , 000
7 , 100 ,000
7 , 000 , 000
6 . 900 ,000
DIAGRAM 6 , 800 , 000
6 , 700 ,000
SHOWING THE GROWTH IN 6 ,600 .000
6 ,500 , 000
SUBSCRIBERS' STATIONS 6 ,400 ,000
6 , 300 ,000
CONNECTED TO THE SYSTEM 6 ,200 , 000
6 , 100 , 000
OF THE
6 ,000 ,000
5 ,900 , 000
BELL TELEPHONE 5 , 800,000
5 .700. 000
5 ,600 . 000
COMPANIES 5 ,500 ,000
5 , 400 , 000
FROM
5 , 300 ,000
SUBSCRIBERS
5 , 200,000
JAN . 1, 1876 — JAN . 1, 1913. 5 , 100 ,000
'STATIONS
5 , 000 , 000
NUMBER
On January 1, 1913, there was one Bell Tele 4 , 900 .000
phone Station to each 13 of the Total Popula . 4 , 800 , 000
tion of the United States. 4 ,700 , 000
OF
4 ,600 , 000
4,500 ,000
4,400 ,000
4 , 300 . 000
4 ,200 , 000
4,100 ,000
4 ,000 ,000
3,900 ,000
3 ,800 ,000
3,700,000
3,600 ,000
3 ,500 ,000
3,400 ,000
3 , 300, 000
3 ,200 .000
3, 100 ,000
3,000,000
2 ,900 ,000
2 ,800 ,000 2
2 , 700 ,000
2 ,600 . 000
2 ,500 , 000
2 ,400 ,000
2 , 300 , 000
2 , 200 . 000
2 , 100 , 000
2 ,000 .000
1 , 900 , 000
1 , 800 , 000
1 , 700 . 000
1 ,600 , 000
1 ,500 , 000
1 ,400 .000
1 , 300 , 000
1 , 200, 000
1 ,100 ,000
1 ,000 ,000
900 . 000
800 , 000
700, 000
600 ,000
500 . 000
400 ,000
300 , 000
200 , 000
100 ,000
0
1876 1878 1880 1882 1804 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1895 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1901 1910 1912 ' 13
JANUARY 1ST OF EACH YEAR .
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . 321
The growth of the Bell System , its broader railroad stations in the United States . The
usefulness and resulting prosperity, are shown total wire mileage has been increased to
nearly 14 ,610 ,813 miles, of which over half is
in the annual report of the American Tele underground , and the new 450 -mile subway
phone and Telegraph Company for 1912 by
the financial statement and other comparative between Boston and Washington has been
completed .
statistics.
At the end of the year 1912 there was a The traffic over the Bell lines shows a daily
total of 7,456 ,074 subscriber stations, of which average of 25 ,572,345 or at the rate of
8 ,950 ,000 ,000 connections a year.
2,502,627 were operated by connecting com
panies . There was spent in plant additions $76 ,
The Bell toll lines now reach 70,000 places, 626 ,900 in the year. There was applied to
maintenance and reconstruction during the
which is 5,000 more than the number of post year $66 ,705 ,000 , making a total provision for
offices and 10 ,000 more than the number of the last ten years of $ 409 ,000 ,000 .
Dec . 31, Dec. 31, Dec. 31, Dec . 31, Dec. 31, Dec. 31, Increaso,
1895 . 1900 . 1905. 1910 . 1 1911. 1912 . 1912 .
Mies of Exchange Pole Lines . . . . 25 ,330 30,451 67,698 120 ,175 131,379 143,842 12,463
Milas of Toll Pole Lines . . . . . . . . 52,873 101,087 145,535 163,351 171, 161 7 ,810
162,702
Total Miles of Pole Lines . 78,203 282,877 20,273
131,538 213,233 294,730 315 ,003
Miles of Vaderkround Wire . . 184,515 705 ,269 2,345,742 5,992,303 6 ,831,667 7 ,804,528 972,861
Mhes of Submarine Wire . 2,028 30 ,301 3 ,365
Mia of Aeris ! Wire . . . . . . 4 , 203 9,373 24 ,6361 26,936
488,872 1,252,329 3,424,803 5,625,273 6,074 ,012 6,775 ,984 701,972
Total Miles of Wire . 675,415 1, 961,801 5 ,779,918 11, 642,212 12,932,616 14,610,813 | 1,678,198
Comprising Toll Wire ............., 215 ,687 607,599 1,265 ,236 1 ,963,994 | 2 , 060,514 | 2 ,189,163 128 ,649
Comprising Exchange Wire . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,354,202 | 4 ,514 ,682 9,678,218 10 , 872,101 12,421,650 1,549,549
Total . . . 675,415 1 ,061,801 5 ,779,918 11,642,212 12,932,615 14 ,610 ,813 1 ,678 ,198
Total Exchange Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . 237,837 508 ,262 | 1, 135 ,449 | 2 ,082, 960 2 ,306,360 2 ,576 ,789 270 ,429
Sumber of Central Offices . . . . 1 ,613 2 ,7754 ,532 4 ,933 5 ,0145 , 182 168
Norber of Bell Stations . . . .
Sumber of Bell Connected Stations* . . . 281,695 800 ,880 2,241,367 4,030 ,668 4,474,171 4,953,447 479,276
27, 807 55 ,031 287, 348 | 1,852,051 | 2 , 158,454 | 2,502,627 344,173
Total Stations.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LOLA Salons 309,502 855,911 2,528,7155 ,882,719 6,632,625 7,456,074 823,449
Nezber of Employees .. . . . .. . ... .. 14,517 37,067 89,661 120,311 | 128,439 140,789 12,350
Number of Connecting Companies,
Liass and Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 ,845 21,454 24 ,013 2,559
Lachange Connections Daily ... ...... 2,351,420 5,668,986 13,543,468 21,681,471 23 ,483,770 25 ,572,345 2,088,575
Tall Connections Daily . .. ... ....... 51,123 | 148 ,528 368,083 602,539 644,918 737,823 92 ,905
'Includes Private Line Stations.
Year 1885. Year 1890. Year 1896. Year 1900. Year 1905. Year 1910. Year 1912 .
Cross Eaming . . . . . . . . . $ 10,033,600 $ 16 ,212,100 $ 24 ,197,200 | $ 46 ,385,600 | $ 97,500,100 $ 165,612,881 $ 199,172 ,154
5 , 124 ,300 9 ,067 ,600 15,488 ,400 30,632,400 46 , 189,400 | 114,618,473 | 142,285,464
Net Earning , . . . . . . $ 4 ,909, 300 $7 , 144 ,500 $ 8 ,708, 800 $ 15,753,200 $ 31,310 ,700 $50, 994,408 856 ,886 ,690
Interest . . . . 27,700 278,700 2,389,000 5 ,836 ,300 11,556 ,864 14 ,205, 365
Palance. . .
Dividende . . . $ 4 ,881,600 $6 , 865 ,800 $ 13, 363,600 $ 25,474,400 $39,437 ,544 | $42,681,325
3 ,107,200 14, 101,300 5 , 066 ,900 7 ,893,500 15,817,500 25, 100 ,786 29,400,215
Surplus Earnings
$1,774,400 $2,764,500 $2,986,400 $5,470,100 89,656,900 $14,270,758 $13,221,110
322 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
PRINTERS' MARKS.
Period , TYPOGRAPHICAL ERROR #
, Comma. 8C does not appear that the earliest printer bad e
- Ilyphen . any method of correrting errore beloro the form
: Colon . was on the press / The learned the lessed cor .
rectors of the first two centuries of printing were
“; Semicolon . pot proof readers in our scnsc / thcy wylire rather
Apostrophe . what we'should Term office editors . Their labors
were chicfly to see that the proof corresponded to
Ve Quotations. the copy, but that the printed page was correct
Em quadrat. in its latinity best the opt e re and
Oncem dash . that the sense was right. They carod be little
about orthography, bad letters or purely printere
Two-om parallel dash . errors, and when the text seemed to them wrong
Push down space. they consulted fresh authorities or altered it on
their own responsibility . Good proofs in the
Close up . not # modem
mod sense, were possible until profresinnal
v Less space . readers were employed / men who had hrsta
Carel- left out, insert. printer's education , and then spent many years
ia the correction of proof. The orthography o !
Turn to proper position . English , which for the past century has under
Insert space, gone little change, was very fluctuating until after
Movo to left or to right, the publication of Johnson 's Dictionary , and capi
tals, which have been used with considerable reg
ularity for the past(80 years , were previouslyle used
Move up or move down . regolata
ite .
Transpoge. on the [miss on hit plan . The approach to regu
stat. Let it standi larity , 60 far as we have may be attributed to the
growth of a class of professional proof readers, and
o Delo -- take out. ' it is to them that we owe the correctness of mod
Broken letter, ern printing More erfors have been found in the
Bible than in any other one work . For many gene
Paragraph. crations it was frequently the case that Bibles
No 9 No paragraph . were brought out stealthily , from fear of govern
r mental interference . They were frequently
ww . Wrong font. printed from imperfect texts , and were often mod .
op lg . # Equalize spacing. ified to meet the views of those who publised
them The story is related that a certain woman
É o capo Capitals in Germany, who was the wife of a Krinter, and
= or s e , Small capitals. had bocome disgusted with the continual anser.
Lower-case . tiong of the superiority of man over woman which
ehe had heard , hurried into the composing room
By op 1 Superior or inferior. while her husband was at gupper and altered a
- o ital. Italic. sentence in the Bible , which he was printing , so
rom . Roman . V /v that it read Narr, instead of lerr, thus making
that
the verse read " And he shall be thy fool" instead
Brackets . of And he shall be thy Xord . " The word net
Parentheses. was omitted by Barker, the King 's printer in En
gland in 1632,in printing theseventh commandinenta
He was fined 3000 on this account.
14- point.
12- point.
11- point. .
10 point.
& -point. . .
6 -point. .
5 -point.. .
CHAPTER XII.
Miles .
Star routes in Alaska . 4 , 248. 00 $ 196, 896 . 93
Steamboat routes . . . . . . . 237 31, 875. 57 752,610. 06
Mail-messenger routes . . 694 5 , 183. 17
Pneumatic -tube routes . . 1 , 620 , 151. 35
54. 8451 932, 366, 70
Wagon routes ( in cities ) . . 1 . 241. 17 1 ,698, 236 . 46
Railroad routes . . . .. . . 3 , 403 226 ,071. 02 46 , 336 , 293. 86
Railway post -office cars . . . 4 , 367. 129 . 16
Electric and cable car routes . 7 , 472 . 90 688 , 555. 77
Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12, 208 276. 146. 8751 56 , 590 , 140 . 29
Star routes in Alaska (emergency ) 138, 002 . 00
Steamboat routes (pound rate ) . . . # 86 , 671 . 03
Railroad transportation , miscellaneous:
Periodicalmails . . . . . .. 1400 ,612. 76
Mail weighings, etc . . . . . . 244, 876. 25
Freight on mail bags, postal cards, etc . . 2 407 ,511. 2
Railway Mail Service officers and clerks, including acting
clerks ) . . . . . . . .
Mail equipment. . . * 20 , 878, 963 . 37
436 , 309. 15
Miscellaneous expenses . . á 588. 68
Total inland service . . . . ..
Foreign mails: 79, 150,783.65
Aggregate cost . .. . . . . 83, 704, 632. 92
Less intermediary service to foreign countries .. . . ... $508, 649.65
3, 185,883.27
Total.. .. . . .
82,346, €46. 92
1 Authorization , Actual expenditures. Estimated actual expenditures.
Fiscal year.
Items.
1911 1912
REVENUES .
Ordinary postal revenues $ 23 507 ,557.29 $241.422 .336 . 56
Revenues from money -order business . . . . . 72. 266 .31 5 .321.679 .02
Total revenues from all sources $237, 79,823.60 $ 246 ,744 ,015.58
EXPENDITURES.
Expenditures on account of the fiscal year . . . . . $ 238 ,623.350 .37 $ 248,624 . 940.29
Total revenues during the year . . . . . 237 ,879 ,823 .60 246 ,744 .015 .85
Excess of expenditures over revenues . $ 743 ,526 .77 $ 1 , 880 .924 .41
Amount of losses by fire , burglary , bad debts , etc . . 11.778 .80 4 .OSS.90
Deficit in the postal revenues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755 ,305. 57 1, 885 ,013.31
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . 325
1 Star service, except in Alaska , transferred to office of Fourth Assistant Postmaster General,
Includes $ 123,200 made immediately available for deficiency for fiscal year 1912.
POSTAL SERVICE ON
No. No. No. Number of Letters . Number of Post Cards.
of of of
Name of Post Letter Em
Countries . Postage Not Single With
Offices. Boxes. ployees. Prepaid . Prepaid . reply pais
2 3 7
Germany . . . . . 50 ,777 155 ,766 233,270 * 2 ,476 ,780 ,330 43,392,5401,617 ,230 ,530 Inc. Col
Austria . . . . . 10 ,312 44 ,467 71. 2627 603 ,418 , 660 | 10 ,401,620 447 ,389 ,720 4 ,069 . 23
Belgium . . . 1 ,658 11, 143 10 ,874 | 139, 531,772 605 , 228 96 ,005 ,799 335 ,03
Denmark . . 1 ,629 11,981 8 ,455 97 ,485 , 230 389 ,916 31,837 ,730 89,65
France . . 14 , 379 79, 274 15 ,773 1 ,219 ,760 ,025 3 ,852,599 527 .516 ,500 75.43
Great Britain .. 24 , 387 71,986 110 ,462* 3 ,044 , 549 ,000 Inc. Col. 4 881, 971,000 Ine . Col.
Italy . . . . 11,089 39,767 233,811 261,727 ,940 4 .794 .832 138 , 955 , 214 | 10 ,373 .53
Japan . . . 7 ,790 67 ,694 50 ,320 347,068 ,083 Inc. Col. 4 966 , 142,328 Inc. Col.
Mexico . . . 2 , 911 2 , 285 72,008 58 , 100 ,443 33 ,8011 6 , 468 .698 27 ,81
Norway . . 3 ,496 5 ,271 9 ,322 49, 316 ,000 163,000 13,321,000 246 , 20
Netherlands . 1 ,511 6 ,210 6 , 174 111.718 ,854 844 , 350 89 ,919 ,830 620 ,80
Portugal . . . . 4 ,081 6 , 135 10 ,623 28 ,661,037 91,005 16 , 736 ,613 18 ,64
Russia . . . . 16 ,452 31,714 8 ,492 724 ,871,540 | 21, 329,899 ] 304 ,953,527 14 , 392,09
Spain . . . . 5 ,573 9, 005 95 ,187 114 , 217 , 1741 . . 9 , 304 , 872 83, 35
Sweden . . . 4 ,1217 .940 11,397 118,524 , 171 296 .602 ) 33.943.727 363.21
Switzerland 9 , 968 13,472 17,462 149,083, 319 258 ,720 87,797 ,757 490 , 69
Total
Money orders.
Samples
of including
Printed Commercial merchandise . free Number Value in
matter. papers . matter. dollars.
8 9 10 11 12 13
1,533,666 ,130 19,990,630 67, 372,810 5 .951,037 ,230 174 , 933 ,220 $ 2 , 178 ,084 ,236 . 15
160,884 , 250 . 16 ,117 , 220 1 , 348,714 ,830 31.773, 970 310 ,536 ,607 .63
339 , 301.099 3,558 ,074 6 ,770 ,530 683,232,614 4 ,462 , 189 87 ,348, 323 .68
17 , 119 ,932 747, 232 147,669,690 4 ,683, 249 52 ,526 ,336 . 90
1,340 ,676 ,756 54 ,303,215 72,181, 122 3 ,333 ,800 ,657 62, 271, 463 559 ,824 ,312 .65
1 ,219 ,894 , 000 Inc. Col. 4 Inc. Col.4 5 , 146 ,414 ,000 139,358 ,000 439,781, 392 .80
729 , 157 ,500 10 , 123,490 10 ,821,920 1 , 238,648 ,556 24 ,064, 001 496 ,239, 303 . 30
237 .483,69419 ,813,806 6 , 987,629 1 ,637, 180 ,446 18, 364 ,012 124 ,737 , 126 .76
86 ,975 ,467 128 ,409 264 , 704 155 ,709 ,662 1,402, 130 22,214 , 368. 90
9 ,000 ,000 106 ,000 294 ,500 78 ,780 ,700 922 ,519 14 ,332,634 .85
257 ,608,546 2 ,456 ,220 477 ,306 , 258 6 , 344 ,914 35 ,936 ,077 .87
32 . 167 , 567 749,080 1 ,092 ,778 82,530 ,618 794 ,6538 11,767 .636 .92
146 , 789 ,940 12,592 , 170 10 , 794 ,581 1 ,457 ,547,584 41,930 , 398 1, 074, 242, 550 . 17
139 ,615 , 236 1 ,429 ,626 281.373 .898 292 ,348 1 .781,509 .66
45 ,357 ,535 598 ,647 1 ,053, 161 205 , 363,522 8 , 204 , 3796 78,501,785 . 19
67 ,062, 703 1 ,477 ,836 321,271,273 5 , 991,885 124 ,734 ,419 .70
The total Issue of postage stamps , stamp books, fiscal year ending June 30, 1912 , was $ 227 ,593,
stamped envelopes, newspaper wrappers , postal 704. 10. The international reply coupons was
the smallest item , the amount being only
cards and international reply coupons for the $ 6 , 251. 34.
POSTA
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328
Germany
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. 139
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. 4736
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STANDA
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329
330 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK ,
ESTIMATED TOTAL MAIL DELIVERED AND COLLECTED BY RURAL DELIVERY
CARRIERS ANNUALLY, BASED ON A COUNT IN MAY, 1911.
Foreign :
Letters . . . . . 4 ,683, 176 200, 392 2 , 295, 487 110, 171 6 ,978 ,603 310 ,503
Miscellaneous . . . .. 2 , 262, 328 374 ,018 305 , 852 44, 292 2 , 568 , 150 418 ,310
Total 6 , 945, 504 574,410 2 , 601, 339 154 , 463 9 , 546 , 843 728, 873
Registered :
Letters . 1 , 165, 474 119 , 937 734,593 65, 300 1, 900, 067 185, 237
Miscellaneous. . .. . .... 376 , 651 225 , 557 129, 617 52, 718 506 , 268 1 278 , 275
Total... .. 1,512, 125 345 , 494 864, 210 118,018 2 , 406 , 335 463,512
Grand total.. ..... .... 2, 319, 676, 803 296, 168, 279 107,618,273 (11, 377, 819 2, 727,295 ,076 307, 545,098
RURAL DELIVERY. the year before. In 1912 there were 42, 199
On June 30 , 1912, service was in operation routes , the appropriation was $ 12 . 790 , 000 , the
on 42, 199 routes served by 42, 081 carriers at an expenditure $ 41, 859,422, an increase of $ 4, 733,
annual cost of $ 40, 655 , 740 . 792 over the expenditure of 1911.
The total nileage of rural routes in opera
tion June 30, 1912, was 1, 021,492, and the daily AMOUNT OF MAIL HANDLED .
travel by carriers was 1 ,012 , 722 miles , the aver In May, 1911, a count was made of the
age mileage per route being 24. 20. The aver amount and weight of mail of all classes de
ag cost per mile traveled was $0 . 1307. livered and collected by the rural-delivery
carriery. From this count the estimate giren
GROWTH OF THE SERVICE . in the table above has been made of the
There were 42 , 199 routes in operation on amount and weight of mail handled annually
June 30, 1912 ; of these , 699 routes were oper on rural routes.
ated tri -weekly , being an increase of 91 over The first aerial dispatch of United States
the previous year. mail occurred in September, 1911 , when 43,000
In 1897 there were 82 routes, for which an pieces were carried from Aeroplane Postal Sta
appropriation of $ 40,000 was made; the ex tion No. 1 on Nassau Boulevard to Mineola,
penditure that year was $ 14.840. In 1900 there Long Island . The progress being made in the
were 1, 259 routes, the appropriation was $ 430 , science of aviation encourages the hope that
000, the expenditure $ 420 ,433 , which was an ultimately the regular conveyance of mail by
increase of $ 270, 421 over that of the preceding this means may be practicable . Such a sery
year. In 1905 the number of routes was 32,055 , ice, if found feasible, might be established in
the appropriation $ 21, 116 , 600 , the expenditure many districts where the natural conditions
$ 20, 864, 885 , an excess of $ 8 , 219, 610 over that of preclude other means of rapid transportation
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 331
PARCELS DISPATCHED TO AND RECEIVED FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES DUR
ING THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1912, AND INCREASE
OVER PREVIOUS YEARS.
Dispatched Received.
Country.
Percent Weight. Per cent Number. Per cent Weight. Percent
Number. increase. increase increase.
Pounds. Pounds.
Australia 14,978 19.12 47,944 29.43 2,720 6.04 7,694 4.91
Austria 12,217 34.38 33,417 49.63 2,248 8.08 13,253 7.08
Bahamas. •1,277 '6.18 10,608 '2.59 631 '8.92 1,188 3.93
Barbados 4,822 20 27 12,085 25.91 1,132 11.30 1,888 5.77
Belgium 4,913 12 37 11,082 25.78 2,738 7.16 13,888 9.95
Bermuda....' 6,054 32.64 12,588 36.66 2,038 37.70 4,677 ,41. 55
Bolivia 8,355 30 22 66,287 34 84 107 28.91 386 86.47
Brazil 7,353 322.76 30,904 315.32 102 («) 299 (')11.52
British Guiana. .... 2,237 '2.31 5,608 16.13 385 14 24 774
Chile 9,566 46.31 50,219 47.42 667 6.71 2,032 '13.75
China. . 9,835 4.82 36,084 27.64 2,666 18.76 8,075 25.19
Colombia 23,084 28.41 151,843 32. 57 1,186 164. 14 7,691 398. 12
Costa Rica 14,827 17.26 91,920 29.07 1,589 367.35 8,211 638.39
Danish West Indies 3,290 23.54 8,475 22.35 309 56.06 788 72.05
Denmark 9,009 25.35 16,505 31.35 7,941 7.46 24,087 12.86
Dutch Guiana 380 33.80 1,093 36.79 47 27.69 119 '52.96
Ecuador 7,728 3Z 37 46,722 43.24 308 47.36 46.89
France 12,820 30.18 28,987 73.22 6,620 94.22 44,218 248.72
Germany 65,078 19.39 165,725 15.34 126, 463 9.46 825, 189 6.61
Great Britain 189, 152 13.42 328,649 17.64 137,735 la 98 613,962 31.52
Guatemala 6,795 '40 39 37,853 '26.18 744 552.63 3,568 659.15
British Honduras. . 4,100 11.93 10,071 17.03 686 175.50 1,486 217.62
Republic of Honduras! 7,646 43. 18 44,975 66.72 707 1,069.01 3,231 2,207.85
Haiti 1,143 69.64 3,732 113.74 46 (') 267 (')
Hongkong.. 2,293 7.50 7,533 11.27 1,760 58.41 4,894 92.22
Hungary 6,878 20.75 18,478 46.30 2,748 96.57 17,096 108.61
Italy 47,727 1107 112,034 19.85 10,300 ■31.68
13.14
76,965 '31.39
Iimaica 16,335 25.83 33,804 28.92 2,738 5,595 21.39
Japan 38,080 13.81 108,202 21. 14 40, 415 9.48 138,580 15. 75
Leeward Islands. . 2,727 14.77 7,818 13.22 389 '6.58 990 4.21
Mexico 78,529 6.44 407,529 11.67 18,657 6. 19 48,690 17.94
Netherlands 4,158 23.34 9,933 21.63 1,851 77.98 7,977 100.83
Newfoundland 7,535 3157 12,014 24 08 1,789 8.03 3,002 4.78
New Zealand 8,421 25.72 30,554 35.70 1,208 17.16 3,358 2L71
Nicaragua 6,651 24.50 36,565 26.76 328 556.00 1,520 1,025.92
Norway..., 16,324 14.79 28,549 24 98 14,923 3.39 35,671 23.40
Peru 8,852 25.38 53,352 36.74 536 38.86 1,351 19.-45
Salvador 5,336 22.47 34,250 26.51 103 27.16 433 27.72
Sweden 23,490 14.32 46,019 38.75 7,757 16.07 30,524 58.26
Trinidad 3,734 7.70 9,827 2.75 781sn 1.43 1,758 10.91
Uruguay 2,206 102.56 10,536 171. 19 19.40 236 19.79
Venezuela 7,984 20.99 48,218 28.12 194 '2.51 6X5 •9.03
Windward Islands 991 6.88 2,510 7.36 218 15.34 520 18.72
Curacao4 320 1,014 30 75
Total 718,828 2,270,215 406,456 1,967,779
• No parcels received during year ended June 30, 1911. Convention effective May 29, 1911.
■ No parcels received during year ended June 30, 1911. Convention effective Hay 1. 1911.
• Convention effective Jan. 1. 1912.
During the last fiscal year the Department To reward postal employees for the Inven
paid 11,295. 508.63 for the manufacture of tion of labor-saving devices legislation was ob
stamped envelopes and newspaper wrappers. tained as follows:
L'nder the new contract beginning July 1, 1912, "The Postmaster General Is hereby author
the prices for the four-year term will be $297,- ized to pay, In his discretion, rewards to
SS0 less than the same quantities would have postal employees whose inventions are adopted
coat under the old contract. for use in the postal service, and for that pur
The annual rate of expenditure for the sal pose the sum of $10,000 is hereby appropri
aries of presidential postmasters on July 1, ated."
Th? nostal service Is using nearly 2.000,000,9r
1911, was $14,566,700. as follows: First class,
Sl.ttS.SOO; second class, $4,576,100: third class, yards of Jute twine yearly for tying pac'
$8,561,700. uf letters.
332 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
MAILINGS OP SECOND CLASS PUBLICATIONS.
Totals of the number of publications
of the various frequencies of issue and rates 1912:
during the fiscal year ended June 30
news agents mailing at the pound rat* of Subscribers' copies:
postage June 30, 1912. Free in county 58.017.031
Dally 2.514
Trl-weekly 89 S.amplc copies at rate
At cent-a-pound
cent-a-pound
927.200.451
Semi-weekly 050 rate 12.679.904
Weekly 17,217 Total
Semi-monthly 507 Total atmailings
cent-a-pound rate . 939.940.3.V.
at cent-a-pound
Monthly ] 5,277 rate and free-in-county 997.957.'.»s<i
Hi-monthly 254 Estimated weights of mailings of second-
Quarterly 1,351 class matter at other than the cent-a-poumi
Other periods 255 and free-ln-county rates during the fiscal year
Total 28,144 In1912. based on the special weighing of mails
1907:
News agents 3.200
Publications admitted under the act of
March 3. 1879 20.057 At 1 transient second-class rate of Pounds.
Publications admitted under the act of cent for each 4 ounces 29.494.990
July 10. 1894 1,409 AtAt special rate of 1 cent a copy. . 1.825.4V->
Publications admitted under the act of special rate of 2 cents a copy 3,732.097
June G, 1900. 18 Total 35.052..569
Total 28,144 RECAPITULATION.
Stamps were first introduced in America by Weight class
of mailings of second-
matter at the cent-a-
the English Stamp Act of 1765; this act was pound and free-in-county rates 997.957.9Sf
opposed by the First American Congress in Weight of mailings at other rates 35.052.5fiS!
Nov. 1705 and repealed In 1770.
Number of pounds of second-class matter Aggregate weight of mailing of
mailed at the cent-a-pound and frce-|n-county second-class matter. . ... 1,033.010.55.")
REGISTERED MAIL ITEMS WITH STAMP BOCKS.
TOTAL AMOUNTS FOR THE YEAR During the fiscal year ending June 30. 1912
KNDING JUNE 30, 1912. 25.736,946 stamp books were issued, having a
Pa!d registrations:
Domestic letters 25.761,038 value of $8,145,512.34.
Domestic parcels 7,295.130 STAMP COILS.
Foreign letters 3.924,037
Foreign parcels 777,762 During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1912
OIncial paid 154.507 459,204
Total paid registrations 37,913,734 stampingstamp coils were issued for use in
machines. Tho total value of tin'
Official free. Inclusive of postal stamps which were made up in coils was
savings system 4,095.987 $4,363,273.60.
Official free, on business of
postal savings system only. . . 79,556 POSTAL CARDS.
Omcial free (special) 145.723
Total free registrations 4 ,32 1 ,200 During the fiscal year ending June 30. 1912.
Total number of letters and 909.411.045 postal cards were issued, having ft
parcels registered, paid and value of $9,320,562.40. By far the largest
free 42,235,000 number of postal cards were the one-cent
Distribution letters and parcels card bearing a portrait of the late President
re-registered free McKlnley. There were 944.927.198 cards
1.385.498 issued
Aggregate number of letters and of this variety in 1911.
parcels registered, paid, of STAMPED ENVELOPES AND NEWS
ficial free, and distribution
free 43,620,498 PAPER WRAPPERS.
Total free and distribution re During the fiscal year ending June 30. 1912.
gistered free 5,706.764 449,248,500 ordinary stamped envelopes and
Amount collected for registry
fees 3.791,373.40 wrappers were issued, the value being $15S.-
777.72, while 1,235.375.681 return card
GROWTH OF THE DOMESTIC MONEY- envelopes were issued, having a value of
ORDER SYSTEM. $25,546,037.55. making a total of 1.684.-
For the year ending June 30. 1912, the total 624.101. with a value of $33,704,816.27.
number of money-order offices in operation
was 52,815; the number of orders issued was Fees of 8 cents each on special delivery
84,539.212, their value $583,337,003.06: the mail were claimed by postmasters last year to
number of orders paid and repaid. 84,680.907 : the total amount or $1,469,177.80. Indicating
their value $584,358,032.94; the number of ex that 18,364,722
cess of payments and repayments over issues. were delivered, pieces of mall of this character
147.095. their value $1,021,028.98; the 223 pieces over being an increase
last year, or 9.58 ofper1.608.-
cent.
amount in fees received. $4,967,746.84; These figures relate
average amount of orders. $6.90; average respective of class. to all post offices, Ir
amount of fees. $0.0582.
IMITATIONS OF STAMPS.
No adhesive stamps, of any form or design ble stamps, provided they do not in form resem
■■L wht
whatever, other than lawful postage stanit: lawful postage stamps, and do not bear
are■ permitted to be affixed to the address side numerals, may be affixed to the reverse side
( [omestic mail matter, but such adhesive of domestic mail matter.
of uomt
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 333
PART II.
PRACTICAL POSTAL INFORMATION.
DOMESTIC MAIL MATTER.
CLASSIFICATION. for a message, etc., but the space to the right
1. Domestic mall matter includes matter de for(b)theAddresses address only. postal cards . . . may
posited In the malls for local delivery, or for be either written,upon printed or affixed thereto, at
transmission from one place to another within the option of the sender.
the United States, or to or from or between (c) Very thin sheets of paper may be at
the possessions of the United States, and Is tached to the card on condition that they com
divided Into four classes:
First. Written and sealed matter, postal both writing and printing.Such sheets may bear
pletely adhere thereto.
cards
Second.and private mailing
Periodical cards.
publications. (Rates for may (d) Advertisements, Illustrations or writing
publishers and news agents only.) appear on the back of the card and on
Third. Miscellaneous printed matter (on the(e) left The
third of the face.
addition to a postal card of matter
paper).
Fourth (Parcel Post). All matter not in other than as above authorized will annul Us
cluded In previous classes. privileges as a postal card and subject it, when
2. Porto Rico and Hawaii are included In sent In theof mails, to postage according to the
the term "United States." The Philippine character wholly or
the message—at the letter rate If
partly in writing or the third-claas
Archipelago, Guam. Tutuila (Including all ad rate if entirely In print. In either case the
jacent Islands of the Samoan group which are
possessions of the United States), and the postage card will
value of the stamp Impressed upon the
not be impaired.
<"inal Zone are Included in the term "Posses (f) Postal cards must be treated In all re
sions of the United States." The term "Canal spects as sealed letters, except that when un-
Zone" Includes all the territory purchased dellverable
from the Republic of Panama, embracing the returned toto thetheaddressee they may not be
"Canal Zone" proper and the islands in the "double" postal cards sender. will be
Undeliverable
returned to the
Bay of Panama, named Perlco, Naos, Culebra sender If known.
and Flamenco. (g) Postal cards bearing particles of glass,
3. Domestic rates and conditions apply to
mail matter addressed to officers or members metal, mica,are sand, tinsel or other similar
of the crew of vessels of war of the United substances unmal lable, except when en
States, to matter sent to the United States closed In envelopes tightly sealed to prevent
Postal Agency at Shanghai, China, and, with the escape of such particles with proper postage
attached, or when treated in such manner as
certain exceptions, to that sent to Canada. will
Cuba, Mexico and the Republic of Panama. beingprevent the objectionable substances from
rubbed off or injuring persons handling
The domestic rate applies also to letters, but
Dot to other articles, addressed to Oreat Brit- theNote.—Used malls.
postal cards which conform to
tin. Ireland and Newfoundland, and to letters the conditions prescribed for post carda may be
for Germany despatched only by steamers remalled with one cent postage prepaid
«hich land the malls at German ports.
4. Pamphlet of General Postal Information.— thereon.
A pamphlet of general postal information has 8. Double postal cards should be folded be
been issued for five distribution to the public fore mailing. Intact double postal cards should
through postmasters.and Itpostage
containsrates
the for
classifi
cation, conditions do be9. folded before malting.
Either Half Usable Separately.—Either half
mestic and foreign mail matter. The Informa of a double domestic postal card may be used
tion given herewith Is usually sufficient. A separately, but postmasters will not separate
new edition of the pamphlet has Just been them.
10. Mailing Reply Part With Initial Half At
FIRST-CLASS MATTER. tached.—If the initial half of a double postal
card be not detached when the reply half la
B. Written matter, namely: Letters, postal mailed for return, the card Is subject to post
cards, private mailing cards (post cards), and age according to the character of the message.
•A matter wholly or partly in writing, whether The enclosure In a double postal card of un-
waled or unsealed (except manuscript copy authorlzed matter annuls Its privileges as ft
*rtompanylng proof sheets or corrected proof postal card.
sheets of the same) and the writing authorized 11. Reply Postal Cards to and from the Phil
br law to be placed upon matter of other ippines.—The reply half of the Philippine
classes. All matter sealed or otherwise closed double postal card of 1-cent denomination,
Mtinst Inspection Is also of the first class. overprinted with the word Philippine, shall be
Note.—Typewriting and carbon and letter press valid for postage when mailed in the United
copies thereof are held to be an equivalent of States and addressed to points In the Philip
handwriting and ore classed as such In all pine Islands. The United States 1-cent double
cases. postal card may be mailed from the United
DROP LETTERS. States to the Philippine Islands, and by ax*
rangement with the Bureau of Posts of the
1 See page 336. Philippines the reply half of the card is valid
for postage when mailed In the Philippine!
POSTAL CARDS. and addressed to points in thiB country.
7- Postal cards Issued by the Post Office De
partment may bear written, printed, or other PRIVATE MAILING CARDS (POST CARDS).
>dditions aa follows: 12. Private mailing cards ("post cards' ) in
W Thelinefaceplaced
of the approximately
card may be divided
vertical one-thirdby ofa the domestic mails must conform to the
'he distance from the left end of the card: lowing conditions:
(a) A "post card" must be an unfolded
the apace to the left of the line to be used
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
of cardboard not exceeding 9 by 14 centi written name, except single cards enclosed
meters (approximately 3 9-16 by 5 9-16 Inches) with third or fourth class matter, and bearing
nor lesa than 7 by 10 centimeters (approxi the name of the sender. Certificates, checks,
mately 2 3-4 by 4 inches). receipts, etc.. filled out In writing. CommuDi-
(b) It must In form and ' in the quality and catlons entirely In print, with exception of
weight of paper be substantially like the Gov name of sender, sent in Identical terms by
ernment postal card. many persons to the same address. Copy
(c) It may be of any color not Interfering (manuscript or typewritten) unaccompanied by
with a legible address and postmark. proof sheets thereof. Diplomas, marriage or
(d) It may or may not, at the option of the other certificates, filled out in writing. Enve
sender, bear near the top of the face the lopes bearing written addresses. Folders made
words "Post Card." of stiff paper, the entire inner surface of whicb
(e) The face of the card may be divided by cannot be examined except at the Imminent
a vertical line; the left half to be used for a risk of breaking the Beat, and those having
message, etc., but that to the right for the many folds or pages, requiring the use of an
address only. Instrument of any kind in order to thoroughly
(f) Very thin Rheets of paper may be at examine the inner surfaces are subject to the
tached to the card, and then only on condition first-class rate of postage. Hand or typewrit
that they completely adhere thereto. Such
sheets may bear both writing and printing. ten matter and letter press or manifold (car
(g) Advertisements and Illustrations may ap bon) copies thereof. Imitations or reproduc
pear on the back of the card and on the left tions of hand or typewritten matter not mailed
half of the face. at the post office window or other depository
(h) Cards, without cover, conforming to the designated by the postmaster In a minimum
foregoing conditions, are transmissible In the number of twenty Identical copies. Legal and
domestic malls (Including the possessions of other blank printed forms signed officially.
the United States) and to Cuba, Canada, Mex Letters (old or re-malled) sent singly or in
ico, the Republic of Panama, and the United bulk. Manuscripts or typewritten copy, when
States poRtal agency at Shanghai, China, at the not accompanied by proof sheets thereof. Mar
postage rate of 1 cent each. riage certificates filled out In writing. Old
(i) When post cards are prepared by printers letters sent singly or In bulk. Original type
and stationers for sale It Is desirable that they written matter and manifold or lettcr-pres*
bear in the upper right-hand corner of the face copies thereof. Price lists (printed) containing
an oblong diagram containing the words "Place written figures changing Individual Items. Re
postage stamp here, ' ' and at the bottom of ceipts (printed) with written signatures. Sealed
the space to the right of the vertical dividing matter of any class, or matter so wrapped aa
line the words "This space for the address."
(J) Cards whichbydothese
not conform to the not to be easily examined, except original
tions prescribed regulations are. condi
when packages of proprietary articles of merchandise
sent In the malls, chargeable with postage put up so that each package may be examined
according to the character of the message—at In its simplest mercantile or sample form, and
the letter rate if wholly or partly in writing, seeds and other articles that may be enclosed
or at the third-class rate if entirely In print. In sealed transparent envelopes. Stenographic
(k) Cards bearing particles of glass, metal, or shorthand noteB. Typewritten matter, orig
mica, sand, tinsel or other similar substances inal letter-press and manifold copies thereof.
are unmallable, except when enclosed in en Unsealed written communications. Visiting
velopes tightly sealed to prevent the escape of cards (written), except single cards enclosed
such particles, or when treated In such manner with third or fourth class matter, and bearing
as will prevent the objectionable substances the name of the sender.
from being rubbed off or injuring persons han
dling the malls. Cards mailed under cover of SECOND-CLASS MATTER.
sealed envelopes (transparent or otherwise) are
ing14. notice
Includes newspapers and periodicals
chargeable with postage at the first-class rate;
If enclosed In unsealed envelopes they are sub of entry as second-class matter.bearA
ject to postage according to the character of pamphlet containing the laws governing mail
the message—at the first-class rate If wholly able matter of the second class and regulations
or partly In writing, or the third-class rate if thereunder will be furnished postmasters. In
entirely in print; and the postage stamps terested publishers and news agents.
should be affixed to the envelopes covering the THIRD-CLASS MATTER.
same. Postage stamps affixed to matter en 15. Printed matter under the following condi
closed In envelopes cannot be recognized in tions Is third-class matter;
payment of postage thereon. 16. Printed Matter Defined.—Printed matter
ARTICLES INCLUDED IN FIRST-CLASS Is the reproduction upon paper by any process,
except handwriting and typewriting, not having
MATTER. the character of actual personal correspond
13. Assessment notices (printed) with amount ence, of words, letters, characters, figures or
due written therein. Albums (autograph) con images, or any combination thereof. Matter
taining written matter. Blank books with produced by the photographic process (includ
written entries; bank checks filled out in writ ing blueprints) is printed matter.
ing, either canceled or uncanceled ; legal and 17. Circulars. —A circular Is defined by law to
other blank printed forms signed officially. be a printed letter which, according to In
Dlank forms, filled out in writing. Cards or ternal evidence, Is being sent in identical terms
letters (printed) bearing a written date, where to several persons. A circular may bear a
the date Is not the date of the card, but gives written, typewritten or hand-stamped date,
Information as to when the sender will call name and address of person addressed and of
or deliver the sender, and corrections of mere typo
datesomething otherwisewillreferred
is the when something occur to,or orla graphical errors.
18. Where a name date
(except thatthan
of the
acknowledged to have been received. Cards
(printed) which by having a signature attached dressee or Bender), (other that adof
are converted Into persona] communications, the circular), figure, or anything else 1b writ
%ucb as receipts, orders for articles furnished ten, typewritten or hand stamped in the body
' addressee, etc. Cards (visiting) bearing of the circular for any other reason than to
correct a genuine typographical error. It U
335
subject to postage at the first-class (letter) depository designated by the postmaster, in
rate, whether sealed such
or unsealed. a minimum number of twenty Identical copies.
IS. Exception.—If name, date or other Roots. School copy books containing printed
matter be hand stamped, and not of a personal Instructions. Scions. Seeds. Sheet music.
nature, the character of the circular as such Tags and labels, printed. Valentines, printed
is 20.notReproductions
changed thereby. on paper. Visiting cards (printed). Wood
or Imitations of handwrit cuts and engravings (prints).
ing and typewriting obtained by means of the 24. Permissible additions to third-class mat
printing press, neostyle, hectograph, multi- ter.—
graph, or similar process, will be treated as (a) Such words as "Dear Sir," "My dear
third-class matter, provided they are mailed at friend," "Yours truly," "Sincerely yours,"
the post office window or other depository ' "Merry Christmas. ' ' ' 'Happy New Year, ' '
designated by the postmaster In a minimum "With best wlBhes" and "Do not open until
number of 20 perfectly Identical, unsealed Christmas." or words to that effect, written
copies. If mailed in a less quantity they will upon third class matter are permissible In
be subject to the first-class rate. scriptions.
JL Correspondence of the blind; mailable at (b) Inscriptions in public library books.—
the23. third-class rate.roots, scions, etc.; mailable Public library books, otherwise transmissible
Seeds, bulbs, in the malls at the third-class rate of postage,
at the third-class rate of postage. shall not be subjected to a higher postage rate
22a. Identical pieces of third-class matter because of bearing thereon or therein. In
mailed without stamps affixed. writing or by means of hand-stamp, the shelf-
number, date of donation or acquisition (or
ARTICLES INCLUDED IN THIRD-CLASS both), or any mark of designation which may
MATTER. be reasonably construed as an " Inscription* '
within the meaning of the law in the limited
13. Address tags and labels (printed). Ad- sense of a permanent library record, placed
rertlsements printed on blotting paper. Al thereon by the librarian and in that connec
manacs. Architectural designs (printed). As tion
sessment notices, wholly In print. Blank notes
(printed). Blanks (printed legal) and forms (c) only.
A written designation of contents—such
of Insurance applications, mainly In print. as "Book," "Printed matter," "Photo"—shall
Blind. Indented or perforated sheets of paper be construed as a permissible "inscription"
containing characters which can be read by upon mail matter of the third class.
the blind, except such as are entitled to free (d) Incidental use of third-class matter as
transmission. Blue prints. Books (printed). receptacles for coin.—The rate of postage on
Bulbs. Calendar pads mainly In print. Cal matter essentially third class (printed matter
endars (printed on paper). Canvassing and upon paper) Is not affected by the fact that
prospectus books with printed sample chapters. Incidentally it contains a perforation which
Cards printed on paper. Cards, printed, may be used for carrying coin.
with perforations for carrying coin. Cards, (e) Serial numbers.—Serial numbers written
Christmas, Easter, etc., printed on paper. or Impressed upon, and so inserted in what
Catalogues. Check and receipt books would otherwise be third-class matter, do not
imsinly In print). Circulars. Clippings increase that rating.
(press) with name and date of paper stamped (f) Permissible enclosures.—"There may be
or written In. Correspondence of the blind. enclosed with third-class matter. without
Coupons, printed. Engravings and wood cuts changing the classification thereof, a single
(printed on paper). Grain in its natural con visiting or business card ; a single printed
dition (samples of). Imitations of hand or order-blank, or a single printed combination
typewritten matter, when mailed at the post order-blank and coin-card with envelope bear
office window or other depository designated ing return addresB ; or a single postal card
by the postmaster In a minimum number of bearing return address. ' '
3© identical copies. Indented or perforated FOURTH-CLASS (PARCEL POST) MATTER.
sheets of paper containing characters which 25. Fourth-class matter Is all mailable matter
can be read by the blind, except such as are not Included in the three preceding ctisses
t-ntltled to free transmission. Insurance applica which is so prepared for mailing as to be easily
tions and other blank forms mainly in print. withdrawn from the wrapper and examined,
Labels and tags bearing printed addresses. except that sealed packages of proprietary arti
Ltgal blanks (printed) and forms of insurance cles of merchandise (not in themselves un-
applications, mainly In print. Lithographs. mallable), such as pills, fancy soaps, tobacco,
Maps printed upon paper, with the necessary etc., put up in fixed quantities by the manu
mountings. Memorandum books, mainly in facturer for sale by himself or others, or for
print Music books. Newspaper "headings" samples, In such manner as to properly protect
or clippings. Notes (blank printed). Order the articles, so that each package In its sim
blanks and report forms, mainly In print. plest mercantile or sample form may be ex
Photographs, printed on paper. Plans and amined, are mailable as fourth-class matter.
architectural designs (printed). Plants, Post It. embraces merchandise and samples of every
age stamps (cancelled or uncancelled). Pob- description, and coin or specie.
t&l cards, bearing printed advertisements, 26. Postage must be paid by stamps affixed,
mailed In bulk. Post cards, bearing on the unless 2,000 or more identical pieces are
message side Illustrations or other printed mailed at one time when the postage at that
matter, mailed In bulk. Press clippings with rate may be paid In money. New postage
name and date of paper stamped or written must be prepaid for forwarding or returning.
in. Price lists, wholly in print. Printed The affixing of special delivery ten-cent stamps
Mink notes. Printed calendars. Printed labels. In addition to the regular postage entitles
Printed plans and architectural designs. fourth-class matter to special delivery.
Printed tags and labels. Printed valentines. Articles of this class liable to injure or
Proof-theets (printed) with or without manu- deface the malls, such as glass, sugar, needles,
'frlpt. Receipt and check books (mainly In nails, pens, etc., must be first wrapped In a
print). Reproductions or Imitations of hand bag, box, or open envelope and then secured
°t typewriting, by the neostyle, hectograph, in another outside tube or box, made of metal
mimeograph, electric pen, or similar process, or hard wood, without sharp corners or edges,
▼hen mailed at the post office window or other and having a sliding clasp or screw lid, tb1
33G SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
securing the articles In a double package. The printed. Oil paintings, framed or unframed.
public should bear In mind that the first Order blanks and report forms, mainly blank
object of the department is to transport the (spaces covered by ruled lines being regarded
malls safety, and every other interest is made as blank), are fourth-class matter. However,
subordinate. one copy may be enclosed with third-clasi
ARTICLES INCLUDED IN FOURTH-CLASS matter without subjecting such matter to post
MATTER. age at the fourth-class rate. Paper bags and
wrapping paper, printed or unprinted. Paper
27. Albums, photograph and autograph napkins, Patterns, printed or unprinted. Pen
(blank). Artificial flowers. Bees (queen) when or pencil drawings. Photograph albums. Pho
properly packed. Bill heads. Blank address tographic negatives. Postal cards (blank) in
tags and labels. Blank books. Blank books bulk packages. Post-cards (blank). Printed
with printed headings. Blank cards or paper. matter on other material than paper. Printed
Blank diaries. Blank postal cards In bulk playing cards of all kinds. Private mailing
packages. Blank post-cards. Blotting paper or post-cards (blank). Queen bees, when prop
(blank). Botanical specimens, not susceptible erly packed. Record books, mainly blank
of being used for propagation. Calendar pads, Rulers, wooden or metal, bearing printed ad
mainly blank. Calendars or other matter vertisements. Samples of cloth. Samples of
printed on celluloid. Card coin-holders (not flour or other manufactured grain for food
printed). Cards (blank). Cards, printed play purposes. Sealed merchandise: Soap wrap
ing, of all kinds. Celluloid, printed or un- pers. Stationery. Tags (blank). Tape meas
prlnted. Check books, mainly blank. Christ ures. Tintypes. Valentines printed on ma
mas and Easter cards printed on other material terial other than paper. Wall paper. Water
than paper. Cigar bands. Coin. Combination color painting. Wooden rulers, bearing printed
calendar and memorandum pads, mainly blank. advertisements. Wrapping paper, printed or
Crayon pictures. Cut flowers. Cuts (wood or unprinted.
metal). Daguerreotypes. Dissected maps and 28. Permissible writing or printing upon or
pictures. Drawings, framed or unframed. with fourth-class matter:
Dried fruit. Dried plants. Easter cards, when (a) The written
matter additions
printed on other material than paper. Electro permissible upon
type plates. Engravings, when framed. En third-class may be added to fourth-
velopes, printed or unprinted, except when ad class matter without subjecting the latter to a
dressed and enclosed singly with third-class higher than the fourth-class rate of postage.
(b) The written
matter. Flowers, cut or artificial. Framed fourth-class matter additions
may be permissible
placed upon upon
the
engravings, pictures and other printed matter. matter Itself, or upon the wrapper or cover
Geological specimens. Grain, not Intended for thereof, or tag or label accompanying the
planting. Letter heads. Maps, printed on same.
cloth. Merchandise samples. Memorandum (c) A written designation of the contents,
books and calendar pads, mainly blank. Mer such as "candy," "cigars." "merchandise."
chandise sealed : Proprietary articles (not in etc.. is permissible upon the wrapper of fourth-
themselves unmailable), such ;in pills, fancy class matter.
soaps, tobacco, etc., put up in fixed quantities (d) Such Inscriptions as "Merry Christmas,"
by the manufacturer for sale by himself or "Happy New Year," "With best wishes," and
"Do not opentogether
until Christmas," or words
others, or for samples, In such manner as to
properly protect the articles, and so that each that effect, with the name and adto
package in Its simplest mercantile or sample dress of the addressee and of the sender may
form may be readily examined. Metals. Min be wrttten on mail matter of the fourth class,
erals. Napkins, paper or cloth, printed or un or upon a card enclosed therewith, without
affecting its classification.
RATES OF POSTAGE.
FIRST-CLASS MATTEB. established, or at offices where the pat
Kates of postage on first-class matter. rons cannot be served by rural free-de
— (a) On letters and other matter, livery carriers.
wholly or partly in writing, except the (e) Letters mailed at a post office for
writing specially authorized to be placed delivery to patrons thereof by star route
upon matter of other classes, and on currier and those deposited in boxes
matter sealed or otherwise closed against along a star route or rural free deliv
inspection—2 cents an ounce or fraction ery route are subject to postage at
thereof. the rate of two cents an ounces or frac
<b) On postal cards—1 cent each, the tion thereof.
price for which they are sold. (f) Letters prepaid 1 cent received by
(c) On private mailing cards (post a postmaster, under cover (through the
cards) conforming to the requirements malls), with postage prepaid on the
of Postal Laws and Regulations—1 cent bulk package at the letter rate, cannot
each. be distributed for local delivery or trans
(d) On "drop letters," 2 cents an mission In the malls. Each letter mast
ounce or fraction thereof when mailed be prepaid at the regular first-class rate.
at letter-carrier post offices, or at offices (g) A letter which—after a proper ef
which are not letter-carrier offices if fort has been made to deliver it—is re
rural free delivery has been established turned to the sender, may not be re
and the persons addressed can be served nin iled without a new prepayment of
by rural currier ; and 1 cent for each postage, and it should be enclosed in
ounce or fraction thereof when mailed at a new envelope, to secure prompt trans
offices where letter-carrier sevice is not mission.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 837
Statute
CERTAIN PLACES IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES .
Statute
miles
miles
Days
. ys
Da
.
Name of place . Name of place.
.
via
Accra (Africa ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . London . . 8 , 075 Gaboon (Africa ) . London . . 9 , 055
Whica ) . . ..
Addah (Africa ... . . . . . . . . London . . 8 , 130 Geneva (Switzerland). . . . London 8-9 4 , 410
Adelaide ( South Australia ).. .London . . 38 15, 315 Genoa ( Italy ) . . . . . . . . . . . London . 4 ,615
Adelaide (South Aus tralia ) .. . Gibraltar . . . . London . 5 , 150
. . . . . . . . Vancouver 12 . 845 Glasgow (Scotland ) . . . . . London . . 8 3 , 370
Anbie
Aden 7 . 875 Gothenburg (Sweden ) London . . 4 . 755
Akvab (British Burmah ) . . . . London . . 11 ,670 Goree ( Africa ) . . . . . . . . . . . London . . 6 ,600
Alexandria (Egypt) . . . . . . . .London . . 6 , 150 Granada (Spain ) . . . . . . . . . . London . . 5 . 355
Algiers ( Africa ) . . . . . . . . . . . London . . 5 , 030 Grand Bassam (Africa ) .. . . . London . . 7 , 395
Ambriz (Africa ) . . . . . . . . . . . . London . . 9 ,785 Grand Canary Island . . . . . . London . . 5 .695
Amsterdam (Netherlands) . . London . . 3 , 985 Grenada (Windward Islands).. 2 , 325
Antigua (Leeward Islands 1 , 790 Greytown (Nicaragua). New Orleans. . 2 ,815
Antverp (Belgium ) . . . . . . . London . . 4 . 000 Guadeloupe (West Indies) . . . . . . 1 , 865
nw al
Aspi (Peru
Arica l , se) e. .". Colo ni . . . .Panama . 20 4 .835 Guatemala City (Guatemala ) , ... . . . . .
New Orleans . . 7 2 , 645
Albens (Greece ) . . . . . . . . . . London . . Guayaquil (Ecuador) . . . . . . Panama . . 3 295
COWNOON
Auckland (New Zealand ) . . Guaymas (Mexico ) . . . . . . . . R R . 3 , 025
cd San Francisco.:) 10 , 120
owe
Hague ( The Netherlands ) . London . . 3 , 950
Rahia (Brazil). . 5 , 870 Half Jack (Africa ) . . London . . 7 , 670
Basle (Switzerland ) London . . 4 , 420 Ilalifax (Nova Scotia ) . . . . 645
Bangkok ( Siam . . .
other
the
FrLondon
anci , 41 13 , 125 Hamburg (Germany ) . . . Direct . . 4 . 820
Bangkok (Siam ) . . San sco . . 43 12 . 900 Hamburg (Germany ) . . London . . 4 , 340
. San . . .. .. .. 6 -8 2 , 145
Barbados (West Indies ) . . . . . Hamilton (Bermuda ). . 780
Barcelona (Spain ) . . . . London . . 9 4 . 790 Havana (Cuba ) . . . . . . : 1 , 366
Batavia (Java ) . . . . . . . . . . London . . 12 , 800 Havre ( France ) . . . . . . . 3 , 940
OSS!
ooooowoon
Bombay (British In London . . 9 , 765 Jacmel (Haiti) . . . . . 1 , 910
Bonny (Africa ) . . .. London . . 8 , 590 Jeddah (Arabia ) . . . London . . 7 , 090
Bordeaux ( France ) . . London . . 4 . 385 Kingston ( Jamaica ) . 1 .820
Bremen (Germany ) . . . . . . . . . London . . ] 7 - 8 4 , 235 Kurrachee (British India ) . . London . . 10 ,330
Brindisi ( Italy ) . . . . . London . . 5 , 205 Lagos (Africa ) . . . . . , London . . 8 , 310
Brisbane (Queensland Australia ) . . . . . . La Guayra ( Venezuela ) . . . 2 , 258
Vancouver. . | 28 12 , 190 Lisbon ( Portugal) . . . . . London . . 5 . 335
Brussels (Belgium ) . . . . . . . . . London . . 7 - 8 3 , 975 Little Popo (Africa ) . . . . London . . 8 , 185
Budapest (Hungary ) . . . . . . . Landon . . 4 . 910 Liverpool (England ) . . . . 3 , 540
we
Statute
statute
APPROXIMATE TIME AND DISTANCE - Continued .
.miles
miles
Days
.
Name of place . Name of place
.
acontece
Onnon
voi
via ric
AWANA
Old Calabar (Africa ) . . . . . . . . London . . 38 8 , 675 Santander (Spain ) . . . . . . . . .London . . 4 , 875
Oporto (Portugal) . . . . . . . . . . London , 5 ,405 Santiago (Chile ) . . . . . . . Panama . . 6 ,010
Santos (Brazil) . . . * * * * *
com
Pago Pago, (Samaon Islands) . ..
San Francisco . . 4 , 160 Savanilla (Colombia 2 ,380
Panama (Panama) . . . . . . . . Colon . . 2 , 355 Senegal (Africa ) . . . . . . . . . . London . . 6 . 505
Papeete ( Tahiti) . . . . . . San Francisco . . , 212 Seychelles Islands Ocean ) . . . .
Para ( Brazil ) . . . . . . . . . . 3 , 460 London . .
Paris ( France ) . . . . . . . 4 ,020 Shanghai (China ) . . . . Berlin . . 14 . 745
Payta ( Peru ) . . . . . . Panama . . 3 , 545 Shanghai (China ) . . . . . Vancouver . .
Penang (Straits Settlements) Sierra Leone (Africa ) . . . . . . London . . 7 , 135
London . 11 , 733 Singapore (Straits Settlements ) . . . . .
Pernambuco (Brazil) . . 5 , 425 London . . 12 , 175
Perth (West Australia ) . . 14 , 415 Singapore (Straits Settlements ) . . . . .
Point de Galle (Ceylon ) . . . 10 , 405 San Francisco . . 12, 240
Port au Prince (Haiti) . . . . . 1 , 600 Southampton (England ) . . . . . . . 3 ,680
Port Limon (Costa Rica ) . . Stockholm (Sweden ) . . . . . . . London . . 4 , 975
New Orleans. . 2 , 865 Strassburg (Germany) . . . . London . .
Puerto Cabello (Venezuela ) . . 2 , 160 Stuttgart (Germany ) . . . . . . london . .
Puerto Plata (San Domingo ) . . 1 , 570 Suez (Egypt) . . . . , . . . London . . 6 , 370
Quebec (Canada ) . . . . 555 Sydney (New South Wales) .
Queenstown (Ireland ) 3 , 250 Vancouver . . 11. 570
Quilimane (Africa ) . . . London . . 10 ,840 Tampico (Mexico ) . . . .New Orleans . . 2 , 250
Quitta (Africa ) . . London . . 8 , 150 Teneriffe (Canary Islands) . London . . 5 , 645
65o
Rangoon ( British London . . 11 , 900 Tiflis ( Caucasus ) . . . . . . . . London . . 6 ,630
Riga ( Russia ) . . . . . London . . 5 , 190 Tours (France ) . . . . . . . . . , London . . 4 . 165
Rio de Janeiro ( B 6 , 204 Trieste (Austria ) . . . . . . . London . . 4 . 910
Rome (Italy ) . . . . . London . . 5 ,030 Trinidad (West Indies) 2 , 370
Rotterdam (Netherlands) .. . . London . 3 ,935 Turin (Italy) . . . . . . . . . . . . .London . .
Saigon ( Cochin China ) . . . . . . London . . 12 , 920 Turk 's Island (Bahamas) . . 1. 320
Saigon (Cochin China ) . San Francisco . . 12 , 240 Valparaiso (Chile) . . . Panama . 5 . 915
Woo
St. Helena Island . . . . . . . . . . London . . 9 , 280 Venice (Italy ) . . . . . . London . . 4 .780
St. John 's (Newfoundland ) . . 1 , 245 Il Vera Cruz (Mexico )
ra uz ci . . . . . . . . R R .. 4 . 010
young
Ve
Vera Cr Me
when
OOO
The pound rates of postage in the first and second zones shall be as follows:
4 pounds . 08 14 pounds .
5 pounds 15 pounds. . . 12
6 pounds . 10 16 pounds. 13
7 pounds 17 pounds. . . 13
8 pounds . 12 18 pounds . .
9 pounds . . 13 19 pounds .
10 pounds 20 pounds. . .
NOTE. -- The rate for local delivery shall apply to all parcels mailed at a post
ofce from which a rural route starts , for delivery on such route, or mailed at
any point on such route for delivery at any other point thereon , or at the office
froin which the route starts , or on any rural route starting therefrom , and on all
matter mailed at a city carrier office, or at any point within its delivery Mmits ,
for delivery by carriers from that office, or at any once for local delivery .
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK : 343
Allowable dimensions
Exchange post offices.
Greatest
Greatest
Greatest
weight
length
Limit
length
value
Postage
com
girth
Greatest
girth
and
of
.
.
bined
rate
lames of countries.
.
.
United States. Foreign
.
Vattei (Samos ) .
fraction
Nassau .
ound
None. . . . . . . do .
ound
cents
None .
ap12
of
or
. . . . do .. . . . . Antwerp.
to
of
States
cmoney
.),U1the entimes
acurrency
equivale
F(5re
rench nt
ent
nited
first
the
for
rate
Letter -
addi
each
For ,
cards
postal
Single Other
articles
p
, er
50
-unit
.weight .
unit
tional .each 2ograms
.to
,ezqual
for
Charge for
Charge
Countries ,
registration -receipt
.return
of
Currency of
Currency of
Currency Currency
of
.
country .
country .
country .
country
Centimes,
Centimes .
Centimes .
Ant
. igua .2}pence (1).p
pence
14
.1 enny pe
. nny p
.2 ence 2 ence
.p
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Argent
ubline
ic .12
centavos .12
(2)5centavos
centavos .centavos ,12
centavos .2centavos
.Ascension 2)pence .1p
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ence pe
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.Australia d
.o p
(3).2 ence p
.1 enny penny p
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Do
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heller
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enny penny 2 ence
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Bar
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ON
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10 imes .5centimes 25
centimes
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Ber
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1(). enceenny penny
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Pa ia na
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ivima centavos
.22 centc
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(2).14 vos
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6centa avos
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centavos
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Bra
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.reis 100
reis
200
(3)..reis *.
reis
50 400
.
reis
,200
reis
.Bulgaria .,
stotinki
25 stoti
(2).15
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stotinki
nki .5stotinkl .225
stotinki
5
Carroco G
.Canada .2cper
oz
ents 1 ent
.c Canadian
domes c.5 ents
tic
.rates
.
Islands
Cayman .
pence
21 .(1)pence
enny .penny ..2pence
pence
24
Cape
Colonyt
. .do (3).2pence d
.. o .penny p
4. ence D
Ceylon
. cts
15 c ent
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rup
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c.,o f ee rupee
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f
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.
Chile 20
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. c
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of
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foreign
mpire .
cents
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).(26cents c
.4 ents .c
2 ents 10
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. .
cents
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.
i. n
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.Colombia
of .5gold
centavos 2g(3)5cold
.cen enttav s
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centavo g10 old
centavos
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,Independent
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of
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25
. cen cen
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.10 tim
times c
5. entimes centimes
.
.25
centimes
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. .
centimos
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.2 entimos 10
centimos
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. ,20
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sa l5.. epta 25
lepta
20
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Cuba
1. c(1).2 entavos (1).2c.1cent
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Cyprus
. p
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bit
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bit
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Republic
)Dominican .
.,5centavos (3).5c.2centa
entavos
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.2 entavos 5cc.5 en
enta
tavoss
Dominica
. .2)pence (1).}pence
enny penn
. y p.2) ence
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
,British
Africa
.East 15
cents
. c.(1)9 ents c.6 ents ..3cents cen
.12 12 ts
,cen ts
.Ecuador 10
centavos
. c
cent enta
(3).10 vos
avos c
.1 entavo ce
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4 illiemes
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livre
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.
Islands
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Isl
di ands
O
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,Marshall
Islands
Mariana
Is
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N
,lands
Samoa
and
ew
.
Pacific
the
in
Islands
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and
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ss .|3pence .2)pence
s
in
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.
Africa
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heller
15
Gibraltar
. .2pence pence
(1)penny
.15 10 .
penny .2pence .2pence
.
Coast
Gold .do .do 10 .do .do .
do
.
Britain
Great 1 enny
.p (1).penny d
.o 10 .do d
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=
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. .lep
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0 ta 10 lepta
15
. .
lepta
25 .20
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.Greenland 20
ore
. .1ore
10
(2) 0 10 .5ore .
ore
15 10
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Grenada .2pence 1()} ence
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Groente
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of
.
Guatemala centavos
50
. centavos
.50
(3)15 centavos
10
. 50
centavos
. 25
ce
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,British
.Guiana c.5 ents (1).3c,2 ents c1. ent .4cents .4cents
,Dutch
.Guiana Dutch
cents
121 (2).|5c7}Dutch
ents cDut
10 s
.|2) entch .
Dutch
10
cents 10
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.
Hawaii
H. aiti c
5. entavos .(3)|2c5 entavos c
1. entavo .5centavos . entavos
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f .
centavos
15 centavos
11
(2)..5centavos c
3. entavos .
centavos
10 .5centavos
.,BHondura
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ents .c
1 ent c.5 ents ,5cents
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K
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.10 .
cents
10
Hungary
. .
filler
25 filler
15
(2).10 .5filler .
filler
25 .
filler
25
India
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2. nnas annas
.11
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centesimi
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centesimi
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.'a .1a nnas
(3)2 nna b
2. esas a
.2) nnas .
annas
21
.
Jamaica p
2. ence (1)p enny
. ence .
penny
aaaaaaaaaa
.2pence .2pence
Japan
. 10
.sen .s
2)4(6 en .2sen 10
sen
. 5s. en
.Korea .do (d
2). o d. o d
.o .do do.
Labaun
. c.8 ents ents
.,3c5(1) ents .1cent cents
.10 .8cents
ciଧି8
Lagos
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(1).}ppence .
penny p .2 ence .2pence
.
Liberia c.5 ents ents
(3).5c.3cents c
.1 ent .
cents
10 .5cents
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. rg .
centimes
25 cent
.10
centi
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mes .5centimes centimes
.25 .
centimes
25
.2}pence
: eva
.Malta pence
13
(1)..1penny .
penny .2pence .
pence
24
.Mauritius cts
,15f
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9.c(1) ts ,.o3cts
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Mexico .5centavos entav
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os 10 .1centavo centavos
10
. .5centavos
Montenegro paras
25
. 25
para
paras
.1(3) 0 s 10 p
5. aras paras
.25 paras
25
.
Montserrat 2 ence
.p penc
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.1p enny e penn
. y .2pence ,2pence
50
reis 50
reis
cao
Mozambi
. que . reis
20
.50
(3).
reis io
.reis . .
reis
50
Orion
Natal
. 2 ence
.p (3).2pence p
1. enny 10 pen
. ny p
4. ence .
pence
21
.Netherlands cts
,12
.Dutch (2).7c.Du
5cent
ent
tcssh D utch
2.cts . D
cts
.10utch ,Dutch
Cis
10
on
1 nnit
marked
the
IIn
ounce
one
(2)tis
marked
colonies
and
-ucountries
4oweight
about
or
grams
twenty
.is
he
nit
he
unce
(3)tisnit
marked
colonies
and
countries
-uIn
.weight
ounce
about
or
grams
fifteen
he
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
ar*Teply
for
.)c(d-prate
column
this
in
named
rate
the
double
isaid
ard ouble
he
WR,B
.Bay'sJ
Gcomprises
SLthe alfish
asutoland
TTerritory
rarskel
iver
embuland
Namaqualand
ittle
triqualand
ohn
proper
colony
esides
bCape
Colony
.
Pondoland
and
Bechuanaland
condition
.and
rates
postage
C
domestic
1 uban s
$USdomestic s
condition
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ceased. Even the rights of an insane one of fact, and one of the greatest
person may not be lost, as the appli importance, and upon the showing that
cation may be filed by his legal guar the inventor is able to make during
dian. If foreign patents for the same the prosecution of the case, depends
invention have been previously issued, largely the future success of the pat
having been filed more than twelve ent. The evidence adduced in proving
months before the filing of the United that the invention is not new must be
States application, the patent will be tangible and accessible. A patent
refused. The applicant must state his would not be refused or overturned on
nationality. It often happens that two a mere mental concept. There must
or more individuals have jointly be some evidence of a substantial char
worked upon the invention, and in this acter that serves to show that the
case the several inventors should joint earlier idea was reduced to practice
ly apply for the patent. Should they or at least that there was such a de
not so apply, the patent when issued scription or drawing made as would
will be invalid. If they are merely be sufficient for one skilled in the art
partners, however, and not co-invent to reduce the invention to practice.
ors, they should not apply jointly for If it has not been actually reduced to
a patent, as the inventor alone is en practice, it must be a concrete, not an
titled to file the application. He may, abstract, idea.
however, assign a share in the patent It is essential that the application
to his partner, coupled with the re for a patent should be filed before the
quest that the patent should issue to invention has been in public use or on
them jointly. It is of the greatest im sale for a period of two years. If the
portance that these distinctions should inventor has publicly used or sold his
be clearly understood ; otherwise, the invention for a period of two years it
patent may be rendered invalid. becomes public property and he cannot
What May be Patented?—Any regain the right to obtain a patent.
new and useful art, machine, manufac He may, however, make models and
ture or composition of matter, or any experiment with his invention for a
new and useful improvements thereon. much longer period, provided he does
The thing invented must be new and not disclose his invention to the public
useful. These are conditions precedent or put it into actual use or on. sale
to the granting of a patent. Of these for a period of two years. The word
two conditions by far the more impor "useful" is not one which usually
tant is the former, and it is concerning gives either the Patent Office or the
the interpretation of this word "new" inventor a great deal of trouble, as
and its bearing upon the invention any degree of utility, however insignifi
that the principal work and labor in cant, will serve to entitle the inventor
volved in passing an application safely to a patent. It has often happened
through the I'atent Office is involved. that an invention which appears, at
When the invention has been worked the time the patent is applied for, to
out by the inventor and he is pre have no special utility, in later years,
pared to file his application, he or his owing to new discoveries or improve
attorney prepares the necessary papers ments in the arts, is found to possess
as provided for by law, namely : An the greatest merit and value. Unless
Oath, a Petition, a Specification con an invention is positively meretricious,
sisting of a description of the inven therefore, if is difficult to assume that
tion and concludng with claims which it either has no utility or never will
specifically set forth what the inventor have any. Patents are granted for
claims to be the novel features of the "any new and useful art, machine,
invention, and drawings which are pre manufacture or composition of matter,
pared and filed with the case, and in or any improvement thereon." It is
due course the application is ready seen from the terms of the statute
for examination in the Patent Office. that almost any creature of the inven
The question of whether the invention tive faculty of man becomes a proper
is new is then considered. The exam subject for a patent. The exceptions
ination consists in searching through are very few. Patents will not be
the files of the Patent Office among granted, for example, for any inven
the patents that have been already tion that offends the law of nature.
issued, and through such literature as Under this category may be mentioned
may bear upon the subject. The ques perpetual motion machines. Inven
tion of whether an invention is new is tions of an immoral nature will not be
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 353
considered. Medicines and specifics Appeal may be taken from the Exam
are not now proper subjects for letters iner of Interferences to the Board of
patent, unless some important new dis Examiners-in-Chief, and from the
covery is involved. Board of Examiners-in-Chief to the
Abandoned Applications.—While Commissioner, and thence to the Court
abandonment may arise in different of Appeals of the District of Colum
ways, its most frequent occurrence re bia. Not all the claims for a patent
sults from a failure to properly pros are necessarily involved, but only such
ecute the application. An applicant as cover the particular feature of the
is given one year by the statute in invention which is declared to be in
which to respond to an action on his interference. The unsuccessful appli
application by the Patent Office. This cant by eliminating the claim or
period of one year runs from the day claims in controversy and all other
on which the letter from the Office is claims readable upon the disclosure of
dated. If the last day of the year the successful applicant, may procure
falls on Sunday the applicant's response allowance of other claims in his appli
must be in the Patent Office on the cation. The disclosure of the success
preceding day, i. e., Saturday. Where ful party virtually becomes a part of
an applicant waits until the close of the prior art and in the further pros
the year before acting on his case he ecution of the case it will be so treat
dues so at considerable risk, and if his ed. In determining the question of
response fails to arrive at the Office priority of invention witnesses are ex
by the last day of the year little amined and the proceedings are con
leniency will be shown him in re ducted much in the same manner as
viving the case except upon a showing in a suit at law. The first step in the
■jf good and sufficient cause. Not only proceeding consists in filing with the
must the applicant's response come Commissioner a preliminary state
within the year, but it must be fully ment made under oath, giving the date
responsive to the last action by the Of at which the invention was first con
fice. In other words, his action on the ceived and reduced to some tangible
application must be all that the state form, such as the making of drawings,
of the case requires as shown by the the construction of a model, or the
last Office letter. An abandoned appli disclosing of the invention to another.
cation may be revived upon petition to The object of the subsequent examina
the Commissioner if the applicant can tion and cross-examination is to sub
show that the delay in the prosecution stantiate the date of invention as
of the case was unavoidable. claimed by the applicants respectively,
Appeals.—If an application for a and to establish the priority of inven
patent has been twice rejected, the ap tion.
plicant may appear from the Primary Reissues.—A reissue is granted to
Examiner to the Board of Examiners- the original patentee, his legal repre
in-Chief. He may further carry the sentative or the assignees of the entire
appeal to the Commissioner of Patents interest, when the original patent is
and in case he is not satisfied with the inoperative or invalid by reason of a
latter's decision he may carry the ap defective or insufficient specification,
peal finally to the Court of Appeals of or by reason of the patentee claiming
'he District of Columbia. ns his invention or discovery more
Interference.—If two or more in than he had a right to claim as new,
dividuals have made inventions which provided the error has arisen through
tan be expressed by the same claim or inadvertence, accident or mistake, and
'•laitns, which must be patentable, in without any fraudulent or deceptive
terference proceedings may be insti intention. The reissue application
tuted to determine which applicant is must be made and the specification
the original or first inventor. Inter sworn to by the inventor or inventors
ference proceedings are instituted be if he or they be living. What is in
tween applicants whose applications advertence, accident or mistake has
are pending or between a pending ap been the subject of much litigation and
plication and a patent already issued, as a general rule the courts require
provided the latter patent has not been a clear showing of such. No new
issued for more than two years prior matter can be introduced into the re
to the filing of the conflicting applica issue application, but its subject mat
tion. The proceedings are conducted ter must be capable of being found
before the Examiner of Interferences. within the four corners of the original
354 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
event in the history of our Government from The theory of patents is essentially
the Constitution until the Civil War. The es based on the principle of monopoly.
tablishment of the Patent Office marked the Hence we have the nature and scojk-
commencement of that marvelous develop of patents changing through the cen
ment of the resources of the country which is
the admiration and wonder of the world, a turies with the change in the concep
development which challenges all history for tion of the rights of the people. In
a parallel; and it is not too much to say that its origin the patent was a royal grant
this unexampled progress has been not only of special privilege to a favored sub
dependent upon, but has been coincident with, ject in the form of a private monopoly.
the growth and development of the patent
system of this country. Words fail in attempt Political evolution has restricted it to
ing to portray the advancement of this country a grant for a limited number of years
for the last fifty years. We have had fifty of an exclusive right to make, use and
years of progress, fifty years of inventions ap vend that which is the product of the
plied to the every-day wants of life, fifty years inventor's brain. The discoverer of
of patent encouragement, and fifty years
of a development in wealth, resources, grand new products in the arts, and the in
eur, culture, power, which is little short of ventor of new processes or machines or
miraculous. Population, production, business, improvements in machines, adds to
wealth, comfort, culture, power, grandeur, the public wealth and is entitled to
these have all kept step with the expansion of a protection in their enjoyment as a
the inventive genius of the country; and this
progress has been made possible only by the recompense. The knowledge of this
inventions of its citizens. All history confirms protection acts also as a stimulus to
us in the conclusion that it is the development endeavor. Therefore all civilized na
by the mechanical arts of the industries of a tions to-day recognize and protect the
country which brings to it greatness and power inventor's rights.
and glory. No purely agricultural, pastoral
people ever achieved any high standing among A few patents for inventions were
the nations of the earth. It is only when the granted by the provincial government
brain evolves and the cunning hand fashions of the American colonies and by the
labor-saving machines that a nation begins to legislatures of the States, prior to the
throb with new energy and life and expands adoption of the Federal Constitution.
with a new growth. It is only when thought
wrings from nature her untold secret treasures On the 5th of September, 17S7, it was
that solid wealth and strength are accumu proposed to incorporate in a consti
lated by a people." tution a patent and copyright clause.
When the Japanese Government was con The germinating principle of this
sidering the establishment of a patent system, clause of the Constitution has vitalized
they sent a commissioner to the United States
and be spent several months in Washington, the nation, expanded its powers be
every facility being given him by the Commis yond the wildest dreams of its fathers,
sioner of Patents. One of the examiners said: and from it more than from any other
"I would like to know why it is that the cause, has grown the magnificent man
people of Japan desire to have a patent ufacturing and industrial development
system."
"I will tell you," said Mr. Takahashi. which we to-day present to the world.
" You know it is only since Commodore Perry, President Washington realized the
in 1854, opened the ports of Japan to foreign importance of formulating a law to
commerce that the Japanese have been trying stimulate inventions, and in his first
to become a great nation, like other nations annual message to Congress, in 179(1,
of the earth, and we have looked about us to
see what nations are the greatest, so that we said :
could be like them; and we said, 'There is the "I can not forbear intimating to
United States, not much more than a hundred you the expediency of giving effectual
years old, and America was not discovered by encouragement as well to the intro
Columbus yet four hundred years ago'; and duction of new and useful inventions
we said, 'What is it that makes the United
States such a great nation? ' And we investi from abroad as to the exertion of skill
gated and found it was patents, and we will and genius in producing them at
nave patents." home."
The examiner, in reporting this interview, Congress was quick to act, and on
added: *'Not in all history is there an instance April 10, 1790, the first law upon the
of such unbiased testimony to the value and
worth of the patent system as practiced in the subject was enacted. It constituted
United States." the Secretary of State, the Secretary
The demonstration thus given the commer of War, and the Attorney-General a
cial world during the last three-quarters of a board to consider all applications for
century of the effect of beneficent patent laws patents. Owing to the fires that have
has led to their modification in all the chief
industrial countries, and the salient feature of destroyed the early records of the
our system—a preliminary examination as to Patent Office, some question has arisen
novelty and patentability prior to the grant as to the number of patents issued
of a patent—nas in late years been incorpor under this act ; but from the best in
ated into the patent systems of many foreign formation obtainable, the number is
countries.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 357
placed at fifty-seven. The first patent patents granted prior to March 2, 1861. might,
issued was to Samuel Hopkins, July upon due application and a proper showing,
31, 1790, for making pot and pearl be extended by the Commissioner of Patents
for a term of seven years from the expiration
ashes. of the first term.
The archives of the department show By the revision of the patent laws in 1874
that the issuance of a patent in those the prohibition against the extension of pat
days was a state occasion. The Presi ents was dropped, and since that time Con
dent and cabinet met in solemn con gress has had the power to extend Letters
Patent. Congress extended five patents grant
clave and, after having deliberated ed under the act of 1836, and in nine instances
upon whether it was proper for the authorized patentees to apply to the Commis
inventor to have the sole right to the sioner of Patents for extension of their patents.
manufacture of the child of his brain, So far as one has been able to discover, no
presented him with the papers be patent granted for a term of seventeen years
has been extended by Congress.
stowing this privilege upon him. Hop It was not until 1842 that the statute was
kins was warmly congratulated by passed authorizing the grant of patents for
President Washington and the event designs. Under that act design patents were
was recorded in all the diaries of those granted for seven years. Subsequently provi
present. sions were made for granting them for terms of
three and one-half, seven, and fourteen
At this period the clerical part of the work years, at the election of the applicant.
preparatory to the issuance of a patent was By the act of March 2, 1861, the Board of
performed in the State Department. It would Examincrs-in-Chief was established. Prior to
be interesting to see Thomas Jefferson, the that time, and during the incumbency of Com
Secretary of War, and the Attorney-General, missioner Holt, temporary boards of examin
critically examining the application and scru ers to decide appeals had, been appointed by
tinizing each point carefully and rigorously. him, and later on he created a permanent
The first year the majority of the applications board of three examiners who were to decide
failed to pass the ordeal, and only three pat on appeal rejected cases and submit their de
ents were granted. In those days every step cisions to him for approval.
in the issuing of a patent was taken with great The act of 1870 made the first provision for
care and caution. Mr. Jefferson always seeking an Assistant Commissioner and an Examiner
Ui impress upon the minds of his officers and of Interferences. Another provision in that act
the public that the granting of a patent was a was the power given the Commissioner, sub
matter of no ordinary importance. ject to the approval of the Secretary of the
The act of 1793 superseded the act of 1790, Interior, to establish regulations for the con
and remained in force as amended from time duct of proceedings in the Office.
to time until the act of 1836 was passed. The On January 1, 1898, an act passed March 3,
act of 1793 was the only act ever passed in 1897, went into force. Some of the provisions
ihis country which provided for the issuance of this act were that applications for patents
of Letters Patent without the requirement of should be completed and prepared for exami
an examination into the novelty and utility of nation within one year after the filing of the
the invention for which the patent was sought. application and that the applicant should
The act of 1836, with modifications, re prosecute the same within one year after an
mained in force until the revision of the patent action thereon or it should be regarded as
laws in 1870. This revision was largely a con abandoned (prior to that time two years was
solidation of the statutes then in force. the limit) ; that an inventor should be debarred
Under the revision of the statutes of the from receiving a patent if his invention had
United States in 1874 the act of 1870 was been first patented by him or his legal repre
repealed; but the revision substantially re- sentatives or assigns in a foreign country, pro
enacted the provisions of the act of 1870. vided the application for the foreign patent
Under the acts of 1790 and 1793 Letters had been filed more than seven months (made
Patent were granted for a term of fourteen twelve months by Act of March 3, 1897). prior
years. There was no provision for extension; to the filing of the application in this country;
but while the act of 1793 was in force Congress and that ii the invention for which a patent
extended some thirteen patents. was applied for had been patented or de
The act of 1836 provided that Letters Pat scribed in any printed publication in this or
ent should be granted for a term of fourteen any foreign country for more than two years
years, and provision was made for an exten prior to the application a patent could not
sion for a term of seven years upon due appli issue.
cation and upon a proper showing. Until 1848 The first provision for affording accommo
petitions for extensions were passed upon by dations for the Patent Office was in 1810, when
a hoard consisting of the Secretary of State, Congress authorized the purchase of a building
the Commissioner of Patents, and the Solicitor for the General Post-office and for the office of
of the Treasury. After that time power was the Keeper of Patents. The building purchased
vested solely in the Commissioner of Patents. was known as "Blodgett's Hotel," and stood
The patent act of March 2, 1861 (section 16). on the site now occupied by the south front
provided that all patents thereafter granted of the building until recently occupied by the
should remain in force for a term of seventeen Post-office Department, and now used by sev
years from the date of issue, and the,extension eral bureaus of the Interior Department. The
of The
suchconsolidated
patents was patent
prohibited. east end of this building was used for the rec
act of 1870, while ords, models, etc., of the Patent Office. This
providing that patents should be granted for building was destroyed by fire December 13,
a term of seventeen years, also provided that 1836. On July 4, 1836, an act was passed ap
358 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
preprinting $108,000 for the erection of a suit Benjamin Butterworth, November 1, 1883.
able building for the accommodation of the M. V. Montgomery. Ma-xsh 23, 1885.
Patent Office, and within that month the B. J. Hall, April 12, 1887.
erection of the building was begun. C. E. Mitchell, April 1, 1889.
It was the present south front of the Patent William E. Simonds, August 1, 1891.
Office, excluding the south ends of the east John S. Seymour, March 31, 1893.
and west wings. The basement (which is Benjamin Butterworth, April 7, 1897.
now the first or ground floor) was to be used Charles H. Duell, February 3, 1898.
for storage and analogous purposes, the first F. I. Allen, April 11, 1901.
or portico floor for office rooms, and the second E. B. Moore, June 1, 1907.
floor was to be one large hall with galleries on Commissioner Fisher was the first to
either side, and to have a vaulted roof. This publish his decisions and to have the copies of
hall was to be used for exhibition purposes, the specifications and drawings made by
for the display of models of patented and un photo-lithography. He also instituted the
patented inventions, and also as a national practice of requiring competitive examina
gallery of the industrial arts and manufactures. tions for entrance to and promotions in the
During the erection of the Patent Office examining force of the office.
building, temporary quarters were provided Beginning in 1843 and annually thereafter
in the City Hall. In the spring of 1840, the the Patent Office reports were published,
building was completed and the Office moved which, until 1853, contained merely an
into it. The sum of $422,01 1.65 was ex alphabetical index of the names of the in
pended on this building. The patented models ventors, a list of the expired patents, and the
were then classified and exhibited in suitable claims of the patents granted during the week.
glass cases, while the national gallery was ar In 1853 and afterwards small engraved copies
ranged for exhibition of models and specimens. of a portion of the drawings were added to
By the act of .March 3, 1849, the Interior the reports to explain the claims.
Department was established and the Patent The act of 1870 authorized the Commis
Office attached thereto. This same act ap sioner to print copies of the claims of the
propriated $50,000 out of the patent fund to current issues of patents and of such laws,
begin the east or Seventh street wing, which decisions, and rules as were necessary for the
was completed in 1852 at a cost of $000,000. information of the public. In conformity
$250,000 of which was taken from the revenue with this provision there was published weekly
of the Patent Office. In 1852 the plans for a list giving the numbers, titles, and claims of
the entire building, as it now stands, were the patents issued during the week im
prepared. The west wing was completed in mediately preceding, together with the names
1856 and cost $750,000. Work on the north and residences of the patentees. This list
or G street wing was begun the same year. was first published under the name of The
In 1867 this wing was finished at a cost of Official Gazette of the United States Patent
$575,000. The entire building cost $2,347,- Office, on January 3, 1872. In July, 1872,
011.65. portions of the drawings were introduced to
In May, 1802, President Jefferson ap illustrate the claims in the patented cases.
pointed Dr. William Thornton as a clerk at The Official Gazette has now become one of
$1,400 per year, to have charge of the issuance the most valuable and important of Govern
of patents. He took the title of Superintend ment publications. Each Senator and
ent, and continued to act in that capacity Hepresentalive is authorized to designate
until his death, March 28, 1828. He was eight public libraries to receive this publica
succeeded by Dr. William P. Jones, who tion free. One copy is also furnished free to
acted until his removal in the early part of each member of Congress. It is also sent all
President Jackson's administration. John I). over the world in exchange for similar publica
Craig followed Dr. Jones, and in 1S34 he was tions by other Governments, and its paid
succeeded by B. F. Pickett, who served but a subscription list is constantly increasing.
brief period. The last Superintendent was Industrial demand and invention go hand
Henry L. Ellsworth, who became the first in hand. They act and react, being inter
Commissioner under the act of 1836, and dependent. Any change in industrial con
served until 1845. The other Commissioners ditions creating a new demand is at once met
under that act were: by the invention of the means for supplying
Edmund Burke, May 4, 1845. it, and through new inventions new industrial
Thomas Ewbank, May 9, 1849. demands are every' year being created. Thus
Silas H. Hodges, Novembers, 1852. through the process of evolution the industrial
Charles Mason, May 16, 1853. field is steadily expanding, and a study of the
Joseph Holt, September 10, 1857. inventions for any decade will point out the
William 1). Bishop. May 27, 1850. lines of industrial growth for the succeeding
Philip F. Thomas, February 16, I860.
1). P. Hollowav, March 28, 1861. decade.
T. C. Theaker, August 17, 1865. The one millionth patent was issued
Elisha Foote, Julv 29, 1868. August 8, 1911, to Frank H. Holtou
Samuel 8. Fisher, April 26, 1869. of Akron, Ohio, on an improvement
Commissioner Fisher continued as Com in inflated automobile tires. Patent
missioner for a short time under the act of
1870. Other Commissioners under that act number one had been issued in lS-'iO
have been : to John Ruggles for a locomotive en
M. D. Leggett, January' 16. 1871. gine. Patent number 500,000 was is
John M. J'hacher, November 4, 1S74. sued June 20, 1803. It therefore took
K. H. Duel], October 1. 1875. 57 years to reach the half million
Ellis Spear, January 30, 1877.
H. E. Paine, November 1, 1878. number but only 18 years more to
E. M. Marble, May 7, 1880. reach the whole million number.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . 359
The following figures will give an idea of the The marked growth in the number
relative development of American inventions , of patents to aliens to be noted in
beginning with 1850 , remembering that
9 .957 patents were issued up to July 28 , 1836 . recent years is explained by the very
when the present series of patents was com liberal features of our patent system .
menced , and that 6 ,980 patents were issued Foreigners stand here on an equal foot
from July 28 , 1836 to December 31, 1849 ing with citizens of this country , and
NUMBER OF PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS ISSUED they are neither subjected to restric
DURING EACH CALENDAR YEAR , AND tions in the matter of annuities or
NUMBER OF LIVE PATENTS AT THE BE taxes payable after the grant of a pat
GINNING OF EACH CALENDAR YEAR . ent, nor required to work an inven
Number tion in this country to maintain it in
of Patents force, as is the case in most foreign
Issued Dur- Number
ing the of Live countries.
Year. Year. Patents. Moreover, the thorough examination
1850 . . . 884 6 , 987 made by our Patent Office as to the
1851 . . 757 7 , 769
890 8 , 099 novelty of an invention prior to the
846 8 , 474 allowance of an application for a pat
1 , 759 8 , 928 ent - an examination that includes not
1855 . 1 , 892 10 , 251 only the patents and literature of our
2, 315 11, 673
1857 . 2 , 686 13,518
own country bearing on the art or in
1558 . . 3 ,467 15 , 714 dustry to which the invention relates,
159 . . 4 , 165 18, 714 but the patents of all patent-granting
1 : 60 . . 4 ,363 22, 435 countries and the technical literature
141. 3 , 040 26, 252
1563 . . 3 , 221 28 , 795
of the world - -and the care exercised
3 , 781 31, 428 in criticising the framing of the claims
4,638 34, 244 have come to be recognized as of great
1955 . 6 ,099 38 , 034 value in the case of inventions of
1566 8 , 874 43,415
1967 . . . 12 , 301 51, 433
merit, and hence the majority of for
eign inventors patenting in this coun
1168. . . 12 ,544 62,929
12 , 957 73, 824 try take advantage of this feature of
12, 157 85 , 005 our patent system , and secure the ac
11 . 687 94, 910
12 . 200 104, 022
tion of the Patent Office on an appli
11, 616 112 , 937 cation for a patent before perfecting
1974 . 12 , 230 120 , 551 their patents in their own and other
123 13, 291 128, 547 foreign countries, taking due precau
14, 172 141, 157 tion to have their patents in the dif
12,920 155 , 200 ferent countries so issued as to se .
12, 345 168, 011
12 , 133 177, 737 cure the maximum term in each , so far
12, 926 186 ,408 as possible.
15 ,548 195 , 325 In 1911, 4 ,058 patents were granted
18 , 135 206 , 043
1883 21, 196 218, 041 to citizens of foreign countries. The
11 . 19, 147 230. 360 relative distribution is as follows :
183 23,331 237 , 204
18 21. 797 247, 991 Germany . . . . . . . . . . 1, 320
20. 429 256,831 England . . . 935
Canada . . . . . 554
19,585 265, 103
23 , 360 273, 001 France 347
25 ,822 284, 161 Austria - Hungary . . . .. . .. 140
22 ,328 297 . 867 Switzerland 108
Other European countries . . . . . .. 406
22,661 307, 965
All other countries. . 248
22. 768 317, 335
1234 .. 19 , 875 325, 931
ikus . . . 20 ,883 332, 886 The working of an invention has
21, 867 341, 424 never been required under our patent
22, 098 351, 158
laws, though in most foreign countries
20 ,404 360 , 330
23, 296 365 , 186 an invention must be put into com
24 ,660 370 , 347 mercial use in the country within a
25 ,558 373, 811 specified period or the patent may be
27 , 136 380 , 222
31 ,046 384. 027
declared void . In the case of patents
30, 267 393, 276 for fine chemicals and like products,
29, 784 403, 114 which require a high order of tech
31, 181 413, 313 nical knowledge and ability for their
35 , 880 421, 134
199. . . . . 32 ,757 431, 692
inception , and skilled workmen for
36 , 574 442, 121 their manufacture, the effect of this
PO. . 35 , 168 456 , 034 requirement that the industry must
Dil .. . , 32,917 be established within the country , has
86, 231 496 ,824
360 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
which he has devised and may have an examiner skilled in the art to which
produced it from wholly original the device appertains. Then begins
thought and experiment, yet someone the prosecution of the case. The first
else may have reached the same re- step is to make an examination of the
.-ult before, patented it, and then done case.
nothing more with it. The American patent system is
Assuming that the preliminary known as the examination system be
starch brings forth no device like the cause of the careful examination given
Siinge under discussion the next thing each application to determine the
is to prepare the application papers. validity of the claims presented for
These include a petition, an oath, a patenting. The examination system is
drawing, a specification and claims. the ideal system, provided the exam
The petition is addressed to the ination can be made with sufficient
Commissioner of Patents setting forth care to minimize the likelihood of the
applicant's residence and other formal issue of patents for inventions not of
matters and prays the grant of letters a patentable nature. The field of
patent. The oath states that appli search, however, yearly increases, and
cant believes himself to be the original, it becomes more and more difficult
first and sole inventor and the other through lack of time to make a perfect
statutory prerequisites. Forms for examination. Something more than
both are given in a publication entitled three million domestic and foreign pat
"Rules of Practice in the United States ents have been issued, while the num
I'atent Office," which may be obtained ber of scientific publications has enor
from the Patent Office or these forms mously increased. It is only by means
will be prepared for execution by the of a perfect classification that this
attorney. great mass of matter can be so divided
The drawing must be of a prescribed as to be conveniently accessible for use
sixe and clearly illustrate the construc in the examination of any individual
tion of the device. case.
The specification is a detailed de The claims are compared with the
scription of the device referring to let disclosures of these United States and
tered or numbered parts of the draw foreign patents to see if they are met
ing, for amplification. The descrip in terms by devices old in the art. If
tion and drawing must contain a dis so they are rejected, and the applicant
closure of the construction, nature and is so informed, and the patents or
use of the device so full, clear and publications, together with the reasons
complete as to enable others skilled if they are not self-evident, are enu
in the art to make and use the same, merated in a letter written from the
for the public must be informed that office.
they may make and use the device Applicant has then one year in
after the patent has expired. which to take action on his case. He
The claims are short statements, may amend his claims to avoid the
drawn in technical form, setting forth references cited or he may ask for re
the elements of the machine or im consideration. The application is then
provement or the steps of the process taken tip for further examination.
'hat applicant believes he has invented. During the prosecution of the case
These should be as broad as the state questions of interference, appeal, peti
of the art warrants, and should be tion, etc., may arise. The procedure
drawn with very great care to be of in such events is more or less techni
any value. Only one skilled in patent cal and unless applicant has employed
practise should undertake the prepara an attorney he should study carefully
tion of claims. Too much emphasis the "Rules of Practice," before he-
cannot be laid on this point. fcrfed to, for instructions. The nature
These application papers, together of this section will not admit of fur
with $15 for a filing fee. are now to ther detail in meeting the very great
be sent to the Patent Office. Here number of different situations that may
they are received by the Application arise.
Division and duly recorded in books Assuming, however, that the claims
kept for that purpose, and each ap are found to be patentable and the
plication is given its serial number. specification and claims unobjection
The application is then sent to that able in form, the application is passed
divifsion in the office where devices of to issue. The application is sent to
that nature are examined and given to the Issue and Gazette Division and
362 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
the applicant is informed that the pat invention is the hope of obtaining a
ent will issue upon the receipt of the valuable patent, and without this in
final fee of $20. He has six months ducement inventions would be few anl j
in which to pay this fee. When paid far between, and America would, with-J
the application is given its patent num out the patent system, be far in ar-j
ber, the specification and claims are rears of the rest of the world, instead!
printed, the drawing is photolitho- of leading it, as it does to-day. ThM
graphed and the printed copy and the few pregnant sentences of the patent!
drawing, together with a copy of the statutes—sentences the force of whosel
form of patent grant with seal affixed, every word has been laboriously ad-I
is sent to the Commissioner for his judicated by our highest tribunal, the I
signature. The patent has then issued Supreme Court of the United States—1
a«d is sent to the inventor. are responsible for America's most^
The country is enriched by inven characteristic element of prosperity,
tions and offers for them a small pre the work of her inventors, to whom be
mium ; this premium is a seventeen longs the credit.
years' monopoly of their fruit—no It should continue to be the policy
more, no less. Having purchased the of the government of a nation whose
invention for this insignificant price, inventors have given to the world the
the purchase is consummated by the cotton gin and the reaper, the sewing
publication in the patent records of machine and the typewriter, the elec
the details of the invention so that he tric telegraph and telephone, the ro
who runs may read. The whole thing tary web perfecting printing press and
is a strictly business transaction, and the linotype, the incandescent lamp
this character is emphasized by the and the phonograph, and thousands of
fact that the inventor is required to other inventions that have revolution
pay for the clerical and expert labor ized every industrial art, to encourage
required to put his invention into invention in every lawful way and to
shape for issuing. His patent fees are provide that, so far as may be neces
designed to cover this expense, and do sary, the money paid to the Govern
bo, with a considerable margin to ment by inventors be used for their
spare. Thus the people of the United benefit. The wisdom of the policy has
States are perpetually being enriched been demonstrated.
by the work of inventors, at absolutely The world owes as much to invent
no cost to themselves. ors as to statesmen or warriors. To
The inventor does not work for love them the United States is the greatest
nor for glory alone, but in the hopes debtor, so much have they advanced
of a return for his labor. Glory and American manufactures. Their labor-
love of his species are elements actuat
ing his work, and in many oases he saving machinery does work that it
invents because he cannot help himself would take millions of men using hand
—because his genius is a hard task implements to perform. In this cen
master and keeps him at work. But tury the debt will be piled still higher,
none the less, the great incitement to for inventors never rest.
FOREIGN PATENTS.
Canada, Dominion of.—The laws of Can tion has been disclosed in the specifications of
ada follow somewhat closely the practice in British patents granted within fifty years of
the United States. The term of a patent is the filing of the British application. While this
eighteen years. The general practice, however, is the extent of the examination by the Patent
^ to divide the fees, making payment only for Office, it is sufficient to invalidate a British
a term of six years at one time. Applications patent to show in court that the invention was
are subjected to examination as to novelty and published, or was in public use, in Great Brit
usefulness, as in the United States. The appli ain before the date of the invention of the
cation must be filed in Canada not later than British application. In Great Britain the true
during the year following the issue of the inventor should apply for the patent in his
I'nited States or other foreign patent. If the own name; but if the invention has been con
inventor neglects to file his application within ceived in a foreign country, the first introducer
the twelve months, the invention becomes may obtain the patent whether he be the true
public property. It is not permissible to im- inventor or not. Under these circumstances,
iwrt the patented article into the Dominion therefore, a foreign assignee may apply for the
after twelve months from the date of the Cana patent in his own name without the true in
dian patent. Within two years from said date ventor being known. After the fourth year
the manufacture and sale of the article under there are annual taxes, gradually increasing in
the patent must have been begun. These exac amount. The patent becomes void if the tax
tions may be relaxed under certain conditions. is not paid. No time Ls set within which the
Great Britain.—The term of the patent is manufacture of the invention must be com
fourteen years. An examination is made in menced, but after three years if the manufac
Great Britain to ascertain whether the inven- ture has not begun, the patentee may be com- y
METROPOLITAN LIFE BUILDING. SINGER BUILDING.
Photographs to scale % tnch=100 feet.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 367
prlled to grant licenses, or the patent may be of annual taxes and must be worked within
declared invalid. five years.
France.—The term of a patent is fifteen Spain.—The term of the patent is twenty
, years. There is no examination as to novelty, years, subject to the payment of annual taxes.
and the patent is granted to the first applicant, It must be worked within two years. The pat
whether or not he be the true inventor. The ent is issued to the first applicant, whether or
life of the patent depends upon the payment not be the true inventor. The working
of annual taxes. The patent must be worked provisions are modified under the terms of
in France within two years from the date of the International Convention.
the signing of the patent. If these conditions Switzerland.—The term of the patent is
are not complied with the patent becomes fifteen years, subject to an annual tax. Work
public property but 'the working provisions ing must take place within three years. The
referred to are modified by the terms of the true inventor or his assignee can obtain a
International Convention, under which the patent but when the Swiss patent is granted
revocation of a French patent is prevented to a citizen of the United States it is un
when the patent is granted to a citizen of a necessary for him to work the patent pro
country which is a member of the Convention vided the invention is being worked in the
until after the expiration of the third year United States.
counting from the filing of the French ap Norway.—The term of a patent is fourteen
plication. years. The patent is subject to a small annual
Germany.—The term of a patent is fifteen tax. The application must be filed in the name
years. The patent is issued to the first appli of the true inventor or his assignee. Applica
cant, but if he is not the true inventor he tions must be filed within twelve montns of
should, before filing the application, obtain the publication of the patent in any foreign
the written consent of the inventor. The ap country. The patentee may be compelled to
plication is subjected to a rigid examination. grant licenses. The application must be
The patent is subject to an annual progressive filed either before the issue of the United
tax, and must be worked within a period of States patent or during the year following
three years but the working provisions in the filing of the United States application.
Germany are modified by a treaty between Sweden.—The term of a patent is fifteen
the United States and Germany, under the years. The patent is subject to an annual tax.
provisions of which the revocation of a The conditions are similar to those existent in
CJerman patent granted to a citizen of the Norway. Working is not now necessary in
United States is prevented when the patented Sweden, but the patentee may be compelled
article is manufactured in the United States. to grant licenses should he fail to carry on
Austria.—The term of a patent is fifteen the manufacture in Sweden.
years. The practice is somewhat similar to the Denmark.—The laws are similar to those
practice in Germany, although the examina of Sweden but the patent should be worked
tion is generally not so exacting. The patent within three years.
is subject to an annual tax and it must be Portugal.—The term of the patent varies
worked within a period of three years. from one to fifteen years, the fees payable
Hungary.—The term of a patent is fifteen depending upon the term of the patent. A
years. The laws are similar to those of Ger patent must be worked within two years but
many. There is a progressive annual tax and the working provisions arc modified by the
the patent must be worked within a period of provisions of the International Convention
three years. under which the working is not required when
Belgium.—The term of a patent is twenty the patentee is a citizen of a country which is
vears. The first applicant obtains the patent a member of the Convention until after the
whether or not he is the true inventor. There expiration of three years from the date of
is a small annual tax, and the patent should filing of the application in Portugal.
he worked within one year of the working Netherlands.—The term of a patent is
eUewhere but the -working provisions in fifteen years. The patent is granted to the first
Belgium are modified under the terms of the applicant. The patentee must have a bona
International Convention which prevent the fide industrial establishment where the pat
revocation of a Belgian patent granted to a ented article is manufactured within five years
ritUen of a country which is a member of the or the patent is revocable. The patent is sub
Convention until alter the expiration of three ject to an annually increasing tax.
years counting from the filing of the Belgian Australia.—The Australian patent pro
patent Application. tects an invention in Victoria, New South
Iyaly.—The maximum term of a patent is Wales, Queensland. South Australia, Taa
fifteen years. The patent is granted to the mania. West Australia and Papua, but not in
first applicant. The patent is subject to an New Zealand, which has its own patent law.
annual tax. The patent becomes invalid if it The term of the Australian patent is fourteen
U not worked within one year or if work under years, a tax being due before the expiration of
it has been suspended for a whole year, where the seventh year. When the patent is not
the term is five years or less; or. where the worked a compulsory license or revocation of
term is more than five years, if it is not worked the patent may be enforced after two years
within two years or work under it has been from the granting of the patent but Australia
suspended for two years but the working is a member of the International Convention,
provisions in Italy are modified by the pro and the working provisions are therefore
visions of the International Convention, with modified by the terms of the convention.
reference to which see "France," referred to New Zealand.—The term of the patent is
ahove. fourteen years, taxes being due before the end
Russia—The term of the patent is fifteen of the fourth and seventh years. Compulsory
years. The patent is subject to the payment licenses may be obtained.
;;G8 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
British India.—The patent is granted for within three months from the date of issue
fourteen years with a possible term of ex of the foreign patent. There are no taxes
tension. The application should be filed after the issue of the patent. If the Mexican
within one year of the issue of the patent in patent is not worked the patentee may ho
any other country and before the invention has required, after the expiration of three years
been publicly used or made publicly known of the patent term, to grant licenses per
in any part of British India. Taxes are mitting others to manufacture in Mexico.
payjtble uefore the end of the fourth year and South American Republics.—Patents are
annually thereafter. If the patent is not issued by all of the South American Republics.
worked to an adequate extent within four The principal countries in which patent pro
years the patentee may be compelled to grant tection is sought are Brazil, in which the laws
licenses to prevent the revocation of the arc quite favorable to foreigners and where the
patent. term is fifteen years; Chile, where the term t-
Turkey.—Patents are granted for five, ten generally ten years, and Argentina, where the
or fifteen years. The application must be filed terms are five, ten and fifteen years, according
by the inventor or his assignee. The patent is to the merits of the invention. Patents arc
flubject to an annual tax. The patent must be also frequently secured in Venezuela, Peru,
worked within two years. Ecuador, Colombia and Paraguay, but only
Porto Rico.—Protection is secured by fil for certain classes of invention, owing to the
ing a certified copy of the United States pat expense involved in procuring the patents.
ent with the Secretary of the Government and South Africa.—Patents are obtainable in
by complying with certain legal formalities. four important states. Cape Colony, Transvaal,
Philippines.—The modus operandi is the Congo Free State and Orange Free State. In
same as that just described as applying to Cape Colony the term is fourteen years. Then-
Porto Rico. are no conditions as to working the patent.
Cuba.—Since Cuba has become an inde The law is otherwise similar to that of Great
pendent republic it has established a patent Britain.
system. The term of the patent is seventeen Japan.—The term of the patent is fifteen
years. Working should be established within years. The applicant must be the inventor or
one year but the term for the working of the derive his title from the inventor. There ia an
Cuban patent is modified by the provisions examination of the application. The patent ia
of the Convention. No taxes after the issue subject to an increasing tax. and must U*
of the patent. worked within three years. The taxes for the
Mexico. —The term is twenty years. The first, second and third years of the patent
application must be filed in Mexico either term are paid before the patent is issued. The
within twelve months from the date of filing subsequent taxes are paid annually after the
of the first application in another country or expiration of the third year of the patent term .
U
R
ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS
ANNUNCIATORS DROP ANNUNCIATOR BATTERY STORAGE CELL
DIUI
op TEHT -
BELL POLARIZED BUZZER CONDENSER A .C .GENERATOR D . C .GENERATOR
DEL POLARIZEOBELL (SINGLE PHASE )
8 do 9 6 On
2 .C .GENERATOR 0 . C .GENERATOR O . C .GENERATOR MAGNETO THERMO - ELECTRIC
(SERIES WOUND) ( SHUNT WOUND ) (COMPOUNDWOUND GENERATOR GENERATOR
ĆE IL T
CONSTANTLY DRIVEN MOTOR ROTARY TRI PHASE GENERATOR
MAGNETO GENERATOR TRANSFORMER ( SVAR CONU)
w
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 373
Sec 4912. When an appeal Is taken to the the matter in dispute, exclusive of costs, shall
Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, exceed the sum of five thousand dollars, In
tbe appellant shall give notice thereof to the the same manner and under the BBtne regula
Commlealoner, and file in the Patent Office tions as heretofore provided for in cases of
within luch time as the Commissioner shall writs of error on Judgment or appeals from
appoint, his reasons of appeal, specifically set decrees rendered In the supreme court of the
forth In writing. District of Columbia.
Sec. 4913. The court shall, before hearing Be It enacted by the Senate and House of
such appeal, give notice to the Commissioner Representatives of the United States of Amer
of the time and place of the hearing, and on ica in Congress assembled. That In any case
receiving such notice the Commissioner shall heretofore made final In the court of appeals
give notice of such time and place in such of the District of Columbia, It shall be com
manner as the court may prescribe, to all petent for the Supreme Court to require, by
parlies who appear to be interested therein. certiorari or otherwise, any such case to be
The party appealing shall lay before the court certified to the Supreme Court for Its review
certified copies of all the original papers and and determination, with the same power and
evidence in the case, and the Commissioner authority In the case as if It had been car
-hall furnish the court with the grounds of his ried by nppeal or writ of error to the Supreme
'leclsion. fully set forth in writing, touching Court.
all the points Involved by the reasons of Sec. 9. That the determination of appeals
ippeal. And at the request of any party In from tbe decision of the Commissioner of
terested, or of the court, the Commissioner Patents, now vested in the general term Of
and the examiners may be examined under the supreme court of the District of Columbia,
oath. In explanation of the principles of the in pursuance of the provisions of section 780
thing for which a patent is demanded of the Revised Statutes of the United States,
Sec. 4514. The court, on petition, shall hear relating to the District of Columbia, shall
and determine such appeal, and revise the hereafter be and the same la hereby vested
decision appealed from In a summary way, In the court of appeals created by this act;
on the evidence produced before the Commis- And In addition, any party aggrieved by a
Monfr, at such early and convenient time as decision of the Commissioner of Patents In
the court may appoint; and the revision shall any Interference case may appeal therefrom to
he confined to the points Bet forth In the said court of appeals.
reasons of appeal. After hearing the case the Title LX, Rev. Stat., 1878, p. 950:
court shall return to the Commissioner a cer Sec. 4916. Whenever any patent Is Inopera
tificate of Its proceedings and decision, which tive or invalid, by reason of a defective or
■halt be entered of record In the Patent Of- Insufficient specification, or by reason of the
nVe. and shall govern the further proceedings patentee claiming as his own Invention or
in the case. But no opinion or decision of the discovery more than he had a right to claim
fourt In any such case shall preclude any as new. If the error has arisen by inadvertence,
r*reon Interested from the right to contest accident, or mistake, and without any fraud
'he validity of such patent in any court ulent or deceptive Intention, the Commissioner
wherein the same may be called In question. shall, on the surrender of such patent and
Sec. 4915. Whenever a patent on applica the payment of the duty required by law,
tion Is refused, either by the Commissioner cause a new patent for the same invention,
of Patents or by the Supreme Court of the and in accordance with the corrected speci
District of Columbia upon mayappealhavefrom the fication, to be Issued to the patentee, or, in
Commissioner, the applicant remedy case of his death or of an assignment of the
by bill in equity; and the court having cog- whole or any undivided part of the original
olzance thereof, on notice to adverse parties patent, then to his executors, administrators,
and other due proceedings had, may adjudge or assigns, for the unexpired part of the term
that such applicant Is entitled, according to of the original patent. Such surrender shall
law. to receive a patent for his invention, as take effect upon the Issue of the amended
specified in his claim, or for any part thereof, patent. The Commissioner may, in his dis
as the facts In the case may appear. And Buch cretion, cause several patents to be Issued for
adjudication. If Itshall
he authorize
In favor of the the right distinct and separate parts of the thing pat
f>r the applicant, Commis ented, upon demand of the applicant, and upon
sioner to Issue such patent on the applicant payment of the required fee for a reissue for
filing In the Patent Office a copy of the ad each cf such reissued letters patent. The spe
judication, and otherwise complying with the cifications and claim in every such case shall
requirements of law. In all cases where there bo subject to revision and restriction in the
's no opposing party, a copy of the bill Hhall same manner as original applications are.
he served on the Commissioner: and all the Every patent bo reissued, together with the cor
expenses of the proceed I ng shall be paid by rected specifications, shall have the same ef
the applicant, whether the final decision Ib In fect and operation In law, on the trial of all
his favor or not. actions for causeB thereafter arising, as if the
R. S.. U. S.. Sup., Vol. 2, c. 74, Feb. 9. same had been originally filed In such cor
1^3.
he. andBe there
It enacted, etc.. established
Is hereby, That thereIn shall
the rected form; but no new matter shall be In
troduced Into the specification, nor In case
District of Columbia a court, to be known as of a machine patent shall the model or draw
the court of appeals of the District of Colum ings be amended, except each by the other;
bia. but when there la neither model nor drawing-
See. 6. That the said court of appeals amendments may be mad© upon proof satis
shall establish a term of the court during factory to the Commissioner that such new
each and every month in each year excepting matter or amendment was a part of the orig
the months of July and August. inal Invention, and was omitted from the spe
Sec. 8. That any final Judgment or decree cification by Inadvertence, accident, or mis
of the said court of appeals may he re-exam take,
ined and affirmed, reversed, or modified by the Sec. as4917.
aforesaid.
Whenever, through inadvertence,
Supreme Court of the United Statea, upon accident, or mistake, and without any fraud
*nt of error or appeal. In all causes In which ulent or deceptive Intention, a patentee hai
374 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
claimed more than. that of which be was the Fifth.—That it had been In public use or
original or first inventor or discoverer, his on sale In thla country for more than two
patent shall be valid tor all that part which years before hia application for a patent, or
la truly and justly his own, provided the had been abandoned to the public
same is a material or substantial part of the And in notices as to proof of previous in
thing patented; and any Buch patentee, his vention, knowledge, or use of the thing pat
heirs or assigns, whether of the whole or any ented, the defendant shall state the names of
sectional interest therein, may, on payment the patentees and the dates of their patents,
of the fee required by law, make disclaimer and when granted, and the names and resi
ut such parts of the thing patented as he dences of the persons alleged to have invented
shall not chose to claim or to hold by virtue or to have had the prior knowledge of the
of the patent or assignment, stating therein thing patented, and where and by whom It
the extent of his interest in such patent. Such had been used; and if any one or more of
disclaimer shall be in writing, attested by the special matters alleged shall be found for
one or more witnesses, and recorded in the the defendant, Judgment shall be rendered for
patent office; and it shall thereafter be con him with costs. And the like defenses may
sidered as part of the original specification to be pleaded in any suit In equity for relief
the extent of the interest possessed by the against an alleged infringement ; and proofs
claimant and by those claiming under him of the same may be given upon like notice
after the record thereof. But no such dis In the answer of the defendant, and with the
claimer shall affect any action pending at the like effect.
time of Its being filed, except so far as may Sec. 4921. The several courts Tested with
relate to the question of unreasonable neglect Jurisdiction of cases arising under the patent
or delay in filing it. laws shall have power to grant Injunctions
Sec. 4918. Whenever there are interfering according to the course and principles of
patents, any person interested In any one courts of equity, to prevent the violation
of them, or In the working of the invention of any right secured by patent, on such
claimed under either of them, may have re terms as the court may deem reasonable .
lief agalnBt the interfering patentee, and all and upon a decree being rendered in anr
parties interested under him, by suit in equity such case for an infringement the complain
against the owners of the Interfering patent ; ant Bhall be entitled to recover, in addition
and the court, on notice to adverse parties, to the profits to be accounted for by the
and other due proceedings had according to defendant, the damages the complainant has
tha course of equity, may adjudge and declare sustained thereby ; and the court shall asses?
either of the patents void in whole or in part, the same or cause the same to be assessed
or inoperative or invalid in any particular under its direction. And the court shall have
part of the United States, according to the the same power to Increase such damages, in
interest of the parties In the patent or the Its discretion, as is given to increase the
Invention patented. But no such judgment damages found by verdicts in actions in the
or adjudication shall affect the right of any nature of actions of trespass upon the case.
person except the parties to the suit and those But In any suit or action brought for
deriving title under them subsequent to the the infringement of any patent there shall
rendition of such Judgment. be no recovery of profits or damages for any
Sec. 4919. Damages for the infringement infringement committed more than six years
of any patent may be recovered by action on before the filing of the bill of complaint or
the case, in the name of the party inter the issuing of the writ in such suit or action,
ested either as patentee, assignee, or grantee. and this provision shall apply to existing
And whenever in any such action a verdict is causes of action.
rendered for the plaintiff, the court may enter Sec. 2. That said courts, when sitting In
Judgment thereon for any sum above the equity for the trial of patent causes, may
amount found by the verdict as the actual Impanel a Jury of not leas than five and
damages sustained, according to the circum not more than twelve persons, subject to
stances of the case, not exceeding three times such general rules in the premises as may,
the amount of such verdict, together with the from time to time, be made by the Supreme
coats. Court, and submit to them such questions of
Sec. 4920. In any action for infringement fact arising In such cause as such circuit
the defendant may plead the general issue, court shall deem expedient.
and, having given notice In writing to the
plaintiff or his attorney thirty days before, And the verdict of such Jury shall be
may prove on trial any one or more of the treated and proceeded upon in the same
following special matters: manner and with the same effect as in the
First. —That for the purpose of deceiving the case of issues sent from chancery to a court
public the description and specification filed by of law and returned with such findings.
the patentee in the Patent Office was made Sec. 4922. Whenever, through Inadvertence,
to contain less than the whole truth relative accident, or mistake, and without any wilful
to his Invention or discovery, or more than default or Intent to defraud or mislead the
is necessary to produce the desired effect; or. public, a patentee has. In his specification,
Second.—That he had surreptitiously or un claimed to be the original and first Inventor
justly obtained the patent for that which was or discoverer of any material or substan
in fact invented by another, who was using tial part of the thing patented, of which
reasonable diligence in adapting and perfect he was not the original and first Inventor
ing the same; or. or discoverer, every such patentee, his ex
Third.—That it has been patented or de ecutors, administrators, and assigns, whether
scribed in some printed publication prior to of the whole or any sectional Interest In the
his supposed invention or discovery thereof, or patent, may maintain a suit at law or in
more than two years prior to his application equity, for the infringement of any part
for a patent therefor; or. thereof, which was bona fide his own, if It
Fourth.—That he was not the original and Is a material and substantial part of the
first Inventor or discoverer of any material thing patented, and definitely distinguishable
and substantial part of the thing patented; or, from the parts claimed without right, not
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 375
withstanding the specifications may embrace Sec. 4923. Whenever it appears that a pat
mare than that of which the patentee was entee, at the time of making his application
the first inventor or discoverer. But in every for the patent, believed himself to be the
luch case in which a judgment or decree original and first Inventor or discoverer of the
chall be rendered for the plaintiff, no costs thing patented, the same shall not be held
shall be recovered unless the proper disclaimer to be void on account of the Invention 01
hu been entered at the Patent Office before discovery or any part thereof having been
the commencement of the suit But no patentee known or used in a foreign country, before
shall be entitled to the benefits of this his Invention or discovery thereof, if it had
section If he has unreasonably neglected or not been patented or described In a printed
delayed to enter a disclaimer. publication.
DESIGNS.
Sec. 4929. Any person who has invented any by him from the manufacture or Bale, is
new, original, and ornamental design for an aforesaid, of tho article or articles to which
article of manufacture, not known or used the design, or colorable imitation thereof,
by others in this country before his invention has been applied, exceeds the sum of two
thereof, and not patented or described in any hundred and fifty dollars, he shall be further
printed publication in this or any foreign liable for the excess of such profit over and
ountry before his Invention thereof, or mor» above the sum of two hundred and fifty dol
than two years prior to his application, and lars; and the full amount of such liability
riot in public use or on sale In this country may be recovered by the owner of the letters
for more than two years prior to his applica patent, to his own use, in any circuit court
tion, unless the same Is proved to have been of the United States having Jurisdiction of
abandoned, may. upon payment of the fees the parties, either by action at law or upon
required by law and other due proceedings a bill in equity for an injunction to restrain
had, the same as In cases of invention or such infringement.
discoveries covered by section 4886. obtain a Sec. 2. That nothing in this act contained
patent therefor. shall prevent, lessen, impeach, or avoid any
Sec. 4930. The Commissioner may dispense remedy at law or in equity which any owner
with models of designs when the design can of letters patent for a design, aggrieved by
he sufficiently represented by drawings or the Infringement of the same, might have had
photographs. If this act had not been passed; but such
Sec 4931. Patents for designs may be granted owner shall not twice recover the profit made
for the term of three years and six months, from the infringement
or for seven years, or for fourteen years, as Sec. 4934. The following shall be the rates
the applicant may, in his application, elect. for patent fees:
See. 4932. Patentees of designs issued prior On filing each original application for a
to the second day of March, 1861, shall be
entitled to extension of their respective pat- patent, except in design cases, fifteen dollars.
On Issuing
fats for the term of seven years, In the same design cases, twenty each original patent, except in
dollars.
Bauer and under the same restrictions as In design cases : For three years and six
are provided for the extension of patents months, ten dollars ; for Beven years, fifteen
for inventions or discoveries Issued prior to dollars; for fourteen years, thirty dollars.
•be second day of March, 1861. On every application for the reissue of a
Sec. 4933. All the regulations and provisions patent, thirty dollars.
*hich apply to obtaining or protecting pat On *******
filing each disclaimer, ten dollars.
ents for inventions or discoveries not incon-
sirtent with the provisions of this Title, shall On an appeal for the first time from the
apply to patents for designs. primary examiners to the examlners-ln-chief,
CHAPTKR 105.—An Act to Amend the Law tenOndolevery lars.
appeal from the examlners-ln-chief
Relating to Patents. Trade-marks, and Copy to the Commissioner, twenty dollars.
rights.
Be it enacted, etc. . That hereafter during papers, Includingcopies
For certified of patents and other
the term of letters patent for a design, It cents per hundred words. printed copies, ten
certified
'hall be unlawful for any person other than For recording every assignment, power of
'he owner of said letters patent, without the attorney,
license of such owner to apply the design words or orunder, other paper, of three hundred
one dollar ; of over three
^ured by such letters patent, or any colorable
Imitation thereof, to any article of manufac dollars; and for each one
hundred and under thousand words, two
additional thousand words
ture for the purpose of sale, or to sell or or fraction thereof, one dollar.
'xpose for sale any article of manufacture to Certified copies of such drawings and speci
which such design or colorable Imitation shall, fications
*ithout the license of the owner, have been of Patentsmayto bepersons furnished by the Commissioner
applied, knowing that the same has been so payment of the presentapplying therefor upon
rates for uncertified
applied. Any person violating the provisions. copies, and twenty-five cents additional for
°r either of them, of this section, shall be
liable in the amount of two hundred and each For
certification.
copies of drawings, the reasonable cost
Bfty dollars; and in case the total profit made of making them.
PATENT RIGHTS VEST IN ASSIGNEE IN BANKRUPTCY.
Sec. 5W6. All property conveyed by the bank
rupt In fraud of his creditors; all rights In or eBtate, real or personal, and for any cause
of action which he had against any person
"laity, choses in action, patent rights, and
■'"pyrights : all debts due him. or any person arising from contract or from the unlawful
tr,T his use. and all liens and securities there- taking
of the
or detention, or Injury to the property
bankrupt ; and all his rights of re-
for; and all his rights of action for property deeming such property or estate; together with
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN PEPERENCE BOOK
ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS
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TRADE -MARKS.
Act of February 20, 1905 (As Amended). makes the application to be the owner of the
AN ACT To authorize the registration of trade trade-mark sought to be registered, and that
marks used In commerce with foreign na no other person, firm, corporation, or associa
tions or among the several States or with tion, to the best of the applicant's knowledge
and belief, has the right to use such trade
Indian tribes, and to protect the same.
Be It enacted by the Senate and House of mark in the United States, either In the
identical form or in such near resemblance
Representatives of the United States of Ameri thereto as might be calculated to deceive; that
ca in Congress assembled. That the owner such trade-mark Is used la commerce among
it a trade-mark used in commerce with for the several States, or with foreign nations, or
eign nations, or among the several States, or with Indian tribes, and that the description
*ith Indian tribes, provided such owner shall and drawing, presented truly represent the
t* domiciled within the territory of the United trade-mark sought to be registered. If the
States, or resides In or is located in any for-
' country which, by treaty, convention, or applicant resides or Is located In a foreign
law, affords similar privileges to the citizens country, the statement required shall. In ad
dition to the foregoing, set forth that the
ot the United States, may obtain registration trade-mark has been registered by the appli
for auch trade-mark by complying with the fol cant, or that an application for the registra
lowing requirements: First, by filing In the tion thereof has been filed by him In the
J'Uent Office an application therefor, in writ foreign country in which he resides or Is
es, addressed to the Commissioner of Pat located, and shall give the date of such
ents, signed by the applicant, specifying his registration, or the application therefor, as
r-aine, domicile, location, and citizenship ; the the case may be, except that In the applica
■ lass of merchandise and the particular de tion In such cases it shall not be necessary to
scription of goods comprised In such class to
which the trade-mark is appropriated; a state- state merce
that the mark has been used i n com
with the United States or among the
meat of the mode In which the same is ap- States thereof. The verification required by
[lied and affixed to goods, and the length of this section may be made before any person
time during which the trade-mark has been within the United States authorized by law
o»d; a description of the trade-mark- itself
stall be included, if desired by the applicant to administer oaths, or, when the applicant
resides in a foreign country, before any min
or■inscription
required by the commissioner, provided
Is of a character to meet the ap such ister, charge d'affairec, consul, or commercial
proval of the commissioner. With this state agent ment
holding commission under the Govern
of the United States, or before any no
ment shall be filed a drawing of the trade tary public. Judge, or magistrate having an
mark, signed by the applicant, or his attorney, official seal and authorized to administer oaths
a*4 such number of specimens of the trade in the foreign country In which the applicant
mark as actually used as may be required by may be whose authority shall be proved by a
the Commissioner of Patents. Second, by pay certificate of a diplomatic or consular officer
ing into the Treasury of the United States the of the United States. •
rasa of ten dollars, and otherwise complying Sec. 3. That every applicant for registra
*itb the requirements of this act and such tion of a trade-mark, or for renewal of regis
regulations as may bo prescribed by the Com tration of a trade-mark, who Is not domiciled
missioner of Patents. within the United States, shall, before the
Sec. 2 That the application prescribed in Issuance of the certificate of registration, as
the foregoing section, In order to create any hereinafter provided for. designate, by a no
right whatever In favor of the party filing it, tice In writing, filed in the Patent Office,
must be accompanied by a written declaration
verified by the applicant, or by a member some person residing within the United States
on whom process or notice of proceedings
of the firm or an officer of the corporation affecting the right of ownership of the trade
or association applying, to the effect that the mark of which such applicant may claim to be
applicant believes himself or the firm, cor the owner, brought under the provisions of
poration, or association In whose behalf he this act or under other laws of the United
380 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
States, may be served, with the same force ceding February twentieth, nineteen hundra
and effect as if served upon the applicant and five: Provided further. That nothing her*
or registrant in person. For the purposes of In shall prevent the registration of a tr&dfe
this act it shall be deemed sufficient to mark otherwise registrable because of Its bem
serve such notice upon such applicant, regis the name of the applicant or a portion thereof
trant, or representative by leaving a copy of Sec. 6. That on the filing of an appllcatifl
such process or notice addressed to him at for registration of a trade-mark which con
the last address of which the Commissioner of plies with the requirements of this act, km
Patents has been notified. the payment of the fees herein provided lor,
Sec. 4. That an application for registration the Commissioner of Patents shall cause U
of a trade-mark filed In thlB country by any examination thereof to be made, and If onJ
person who has previously regularly filed in such examination It Bhall appear that the aw
any foreign country which, by treaty, conven plicant is entitled to have his trade-martl
tion, or law, affords similar privileges to cit registered under the provisions of this act!
izens of the United States an application for the commissioner shall cause the mark to t>tj
■registration of the same trade-mark shall be published at least once In the Official Gazettaj
accorded the Bame force and effect as would of the Patent Office. Any person who bellevafl
be accorded to the Bame application if filed he would be damaged by the registration of a
In this country on the date on which appli mark may oppose the same by filing notice of
cation for registration of the same trade-mark opposition, stating the grounds therefor, in th*|
was first filed in such foreign country: Pro Patent Office within thirty days after the pob-j
vided. That such application is filed In th b lication of the mark sought to be registered,
country within four months from the date on which said notice of opposition shall be veri
which the application was first filed In such fied by the person filing the same before ooe
foreign country: And provided. That certificate of the officers mentioned in section two of
of registration shall not be Issued for any this act. An opposition may be filed by a
mark for registration of which application has duly authorized attorney, but such opposltiou
been filed by an applicant located In a foreign shall be null and void unless verified by the
country until such mark has been actually opposer within a reasonable time after such
registered by the applicant In the country in filing. If no notice of opposition Is filed
which he Is located. within said time, the commissioner shall Issue
Sec. E. That no mark by which the goods a certificate of registration therefor, as here
of the owner of the mark may be disting inafter provided for. If on examination an
uished from other goods of the same class application Is refused, the commissioner shall
shall be refused registration as a trade-mark notify the applicant, giving him his reason*
on account of the nature of such mark unless therefor.
such mark- Sec. 7. That In all cases where notice of
fa) Consists of or comprises immoral or opposition has been filed the Commissioner of
scandalous matter. Patents shall notify the applicant thereof and
(b) Consists of or comprises the flag or the grounds therefor.
coat of arms or other insignia of the United Whenever application Is made for the regis
States, or any simulation thereof, or of any tration of a trade-mark which is substantially
State, or municipality, or of any foreign na Identical with a trade-mark appropriated to
tion, or of any design or picture that has goodB of the same descriptive properties, for
been or may hereafter be adopted by any which a certificate of registration has bevn
fraternal society as its emblem: Provided, That previously Issued to another, or for registra
trade-marks which are identical with a regis tion of which another has previously made
tered or known trade-mark owned and In use application, or which so nearly resembles such
by another, and appropriated to merchandise trade-mark, or a known trade-mark owned and
of the same descriptive properties, or which so used by another, as, In the opinion of the
nearly resemble a registered or known trade commissioner, to be likely to be mistaken
mark owned and in use by another and ap therefor by the public, he may declare that
propriated to merchandise of the same de an interference exists as to such trade-mark,
scriptive properties, as to be likely to cause nnd in every case of Interference or opposition
confusion or mistake In the mind of the pub to registration he shall direct the examiner in
lic, or to deceive purchasers, shall not he charge of interferences to determine the ques
registered: Provided, That no mark which tion of the right of registration to such trade
consists merely in the name of an individual, mark, and of the sufficiency of objections to
firm, corporation, or association not written, registration, In such manner and upon such
printed, impressed, or woven In some par notice to those Interested as the commissioner
ticular or distinctive manner or in association may by rules prescribe.
with a portrait of the Individual or merely in The commissioner may refuse to register the
words or devices which are descriptive of the mark apuiliiHt the registration of which objec
goods with which they are uBed. or of the tion Is filed, or may refuse to register both of
character or quality of such goods, or merely two interfering marks, or may register the
a geographical name or term, shall be regis mark, as a trade-mark, for the person first to
tered under the terms of the act: Provided adopt and use the mark, if otherwise entitled
further. That no portrait of a living Individual to register the same, unless an appeal Is taken,
may be registered as a trade-mark, except by as hereinafter provided for, from his decision,
the consent of such Individual, evidenced by by a party Interested in the proceeding, within
an instrument in writing: And provided fur such time (not less than twenty days) as the
commissioner
Sec, 8. Thatmayevery
ther. That nothing herein Bhall prevent the prescribe.
registration of any mark used by the appli applicant for the regis
cant or his predecessors, or by those from tration of a trade-mark, or for the renewal
whom title to the mark 1b derived, in com of the registration of a trade-mark, which
merce with foreign nations or among the sev application is refused, or a party to an inter
eral States, or with Indian tribes, which wan ference against whom a decision has been ren
In actual and exclusive use as a trade-mark dered, or a party who has filed a notice of
of the applicant or his predecessors from opposition as to a trade-mark, may appeal
whom ho derived title for ten years next pre from the decision of the examiner in charge
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 381
of trade-mark?, or the examiner in charge of were issued, but shall be renewable on the
Interferences, as the case may be, to the com same conditions and for the same periods as
missioner In person, having once paid the lee certificates issued under the provisions of this
for such appeal. act, and when so renewed shall have the same
Sec 9. That If an applicant for registration force and effect as certificates Issued under this
of a trade-mark, or a party to an interference act.
as to a trade-mark, or a party who has filed Sec. 13. That whenever any person shall
opposition to the registration of a trade-mark, deem himself Injured by the registration of a
or party to an application for the cancellation trade-mark in the Patent Office he may at any
of the registration of a trade-mark, Is dissatis time apply to the Commissioner of Patents
fied with the decision of the Commissioner of to cancel the registration thereof. The com
Patents, he may appeal to the court of ap missioner shall refer such application to the
peals of the D.strict of Columbia, on comply examiner In charge of interferences, who is
ing with the conditions required in case of empowered to hear and determine this question
an appeal from the decision of the commis and who shall give notice thereof to the regis
sioner by an applicant for- patent, or ft party trant. If it appear after a hearing before the
to an Interference as to an invention, and the examiner that the registrant was not entitled
same rules of practice and procedure shall to the use of the mark at the date of his
govern In every stage of such proceedings, as application for registration thereof, or that tho
far as the same may be applicable. mark is not used by the registrant, or has
Sec 10. That every registered trade-mark, been abandoned, and the examiner shall so
and every mark for the registration of which decide, the commissioner shall cancel the regis
application has been made, together with the tration. Appeal may be taken to the com
application for registration of the same, shall missioner In person from the decision of ex
be assignable in connection with the good will aminer of interferences.
of the business In which the mark la used. Sec. 14. That the following shall be the
Such assignment must be by an Instrument in rates for trade-mark fees:
writing and duly acknowledged according to On filing each original application for regis
the laws of the country or State In which the tration of a trade-mark, ten dollars: Provided,
game is executed; any such assignment shall That an application for registration of a
be void as against any subsequent purchaser trade-mark pending at the date of the passage
for a valuable consideration, without notice, of this act, and on which certificate of regis
unless it ts recorded in the Patent Office tration Bhall not have Issued at such date, may,
within three months from date thereof. The at the option of the applicant, be proceeded
commissioner shall keep a record of such as with and registered under tho provisions of
signments. this act without the payment of further fee.
Sec 11. That certificates of registration of On filing each application for renewal of the
trade-marks shall be issued in the name of the registration of a trade-mark, ten dollars.
United States of America, under the seal of On filing notice of opposition to the regis
the Patent Office, and shall be signed by the tration of a trade-mark, ten dollars.
Commissioner of Patents, and a record thereof, On an appeal from the examiner In charge
together with printed copies of the drawing of trade-marks to the Commissioner of Patents,
and statement of the applicant, Bhall be kept fifteen dollars.
in books for that purpose. The certificate On an appeal from the decision of the ex
shall state- the date on which the application aminer In charge of Interferences, awarding
'or registration was received in the Patent ownership of a trade-mark or canceling the
Office. Certificates of registration of trade registration of a trade-mark, to the Commis
marks may be issued to the assignee of the sioner of Patents, fifteen dollars
applicant, but the assignment must first be For certified and uncertified copies of cer
entered of record in the Patent Office. tificates of registration and other papers, and
Written or printed copies of any records, for recording transfers and other papers, the
books, papers, or drawings relating to trade- same fees as required by law for such copies
narks belonging to tho Patent Office, anil of of patents and for recording assignments and
certificates of registration, authenticated by other papers relating to patents.
the seal of the" Patent Office and certified by Sec. 15. That sections forty-nine hundred and
the commissioner thereof, shall bo evidence thirty-five and forty-nine hundred and thirty-
in all cases wherein the originals could be six of tho Revised Statutes, relating to the
evidence; and any person making application payment of patent fees and to the repayment
therefor and paying the fee required by law of feeB paid by mistake, are hereby made ap
shall have certified copies thereof. plicable to trade-mark fees.
Sec. 12.—That a certificate of registration Sec. 16. That the registration of a trade
shall remain in force for twenty years, except mark under the provisions of this act shall be
that In the case of trade-marks previously prima facie evidence of ownership. Any per
registered In a foreign country such certificate son who shall, without the consent of the
shall cease to be in force on the day on owner thereof, reproduce, counterfeit, copy,
*hich the trade-mark ceases to be protected or colorably imitate any such trade-mark and
In such foreign country, and shall in no case affix the same to merchandise of substantially
remain In force more than twenty years, unless ttie same descriptive properties as those set
renewed. Certificates of registration may be forth in the registration, or to labels, signs,
from time to time renewed for like periods on prints, packages, wrappers or receptacles Intend
payment of the renewal fees required by this ed to be used upon or in connection with the
act, upon request by the registrant, his legal sale of merchandise of substantially the same
representatives, or transferees of record In the descriptive properties as those set forth in such
Patent Office, and such request may be made registration, and shall use, or shall have used,
et any time not more than six months prior such reproduction, counterfeit, copy, or color
to the expiration of the period for which the able imitation in commerce among the several
certificates of registration were issued or re States, or with a foreign nation, or with the
newed. Certificates of registration in force at Indian tribes, shall be liable to an action for
the date at which this act takes effect shall damages therefor at the suit of the owner
remain in force for the period for which they thereof ; and whenever In any such action a
:iS2 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
verdict Is rendered for the plaintiff, the court certified copy of all the papers on which the
may enter Judgment therein for any sum above said Injunction was granted that are on file
the amount found by the verdict as the actual In his office.
damages, according to the circumstances of Sec. 21. That no action or suit shall u>
the case, not exceeding three times the amount maintained under the provisions of this act Id
of such verdict, together with the costs. any case when the trade-mark Is used In un-
Sec. 17. That the circuit and territorial : lawful business, or upon any article Injurious
courts of the United States and the supreme in itself, or which mark has been used with
court of the District of Columbia shall have [ the design of deceiving the public In the pur
original jurisdiction, and the circuit courts of chase of merchandise, or has been abandoned,
appeal of the United States and the court of or upon any certificate of registration fraudu
appeals of the District of Columbia shall have lently obtained.
appellate Jurisdiction of all suits at law or In Sec. 22. That whenever there are interfering
equity respecting trade-marks registered in ac registered trade-marks, any person interested
cordance with the provisions of this act, aris in any one of them may have relief against
ing under the present act, without regard to the Interfering registrant, and all persons In
the amount in controversy. terested under him, by suit in equity against
Sec. 18. That writs of certiorari may be the said registrant, and the court, on notice
granted by the Supreme Court of the United to adverse part ies and other due proceedings
States for the review of cases arising under had according to the course of equity, may
this act in tho samo manner as provided for adjudge and declare either of the registration!
patent cases by the act creating the circuit void In whole or in part according to the In
court of appeals. terest of the parties in the trade-mark, and
Sec. 19. That the several courts vested with may order the certificate of registration to be
jurisdiction of cases arising under the present delivered up to the Commissioner of Patent*
act shall have power to grant Injunctions, ac for cancellation.
cording to the course and principles of equity, Sec 23. That nothing in this act shall pre
to prevent the violation of any right of the vent, lessen. Impeach, or avoid any remedy at
owner of a trade-mark registered under this law or in equity which any party aggrieved by
act, on such terms as the court may deem any wrongful use of any trade-mark might
reasonable ; and upon a decree being rendered have had if the provisions of this act had Dot
in any such case for wrongful use of a trade been passed.
mark the complainant shall be entitled to re Sec. 24. That all applications for registration
cover, in addition to the profits to be accounted pending in the office of the Commissioner of
for by the defendant, the damages the com Patents at the time of the passage of this act
plainant has sustained thereby, and the court may be amended with a view to bringing
shall assess the same or cause the same to be them, and the certificates issued upon iiucb
assessed under Its direction. The court shall applications, under Its provisions, and the
have the same power to increase such dam prosecution of such applications may be pro
ages, in its discretion, as is given by section ceeded with under the provisions of this act. '
sixteen of this act for Increasing damages Sec. 25. That any person who shall procure
found by verdict in actions of law; and In registration of a trade-mark, or entry thereof,
assessing profits the plaintiff shall be required in the office of the Commissioner of Patents
to prove defendant's sales only; defendant must by a false or fraudulent declaration or repre
prove all elements of cost which are claimed. sentation, oral or In writing, or by any false
Sec. 20. That in any case Involving the moans, shall be liable to pay any damage!
right to a trade-mark registered In accordance sustained in consequence thereof to the Injured
with the provisions of this act, in which the party, to be recovered by an action on tot
verdict has been found for the plaintiff, or an case.
Injunction issued, the court may order that all Sec. 26. That the Commissioner of Patents
labels, signs, prints, packages, wrappers, or Is authorized to make rules and regulations,
receptacles In the possession of the defendant, not Inconsistent with law, for the conduct of
bearing the trade-mark of the plaintiff or proceedings In reference to the registration of
complainant, or any reproduction, counterfeit, trade-marks provided for by this act.
ropy, or colorable imitation thereof, shall be Sec. 27. That no article of imported mer
delivered up and destroyed. Any injunction chandise which shall copy or simulate th«
that may be granted upon hearing, after notice name of any domestic manufacture, or manu
to the defendant, to prevent the violation of facturer or trader, or of any manufacturer or
any right of the owner of a trade-mark regis trader located in any foreign country which,
tered in accordance with the provisions of this by treaty, convention, or law affords similar
act, by any circuit court of the United States, privileges to citizens of the United States, or
or by a Judge thereof, may be served on the which shall copy or simulate a trade-mark
parties against whom such injunction may be registered in accordance with the provisions
granted anywhere In the United States where of this act or shall bear a name or mark
they may be found, and shall be operative, and calculated to induce the public to believe that
may be enforced by proceedings to punish for the article is manufactured In the United
contempt, or otherwise, by the court by which States, or that It is manufactured in any for-
such injunction was granted, or by any other eign country or locality other than the coun
circuit court, or Judge thereof, In the United try or locality In which It is in fact manu
States, or by the Supreme Court of the Dis factured, shall be admitted to entry at toy
trict of Columbia, or a judge thereof. The custom bouse of the United States, and, in
Baid courts, or Judges thereof, shall have Juris order to aid the officers of the customs in en
diction to enforce said Injunction, as herein forcing this prohibition, any domestic manu
provided, as fully as If the Injunction had facturer or trader, and any foreign manufac
been granted by the circuit court in which It turer or trader, who is entitled under the
is sought to be enforced. The clerk of the provisions of a treaty, convention, declaration
court or judge granting the injunction shall, or agreement between the United States and
when required to do so by the court before any foreign country to the advantages afforded
which application to enforce said Injunction Is by law to citizens of the United States la re-
made, transfer without delay to said court a I spect to trade-marks and commercial names,
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. lis:;
aiay require his name and residence, and the ACT OK MAY 4, 1906.
•iame of the locality In which his goods are AN ACT To amend the laws of the United
manufactured, and a copy of the certificate of States relating to the registration of trade
registration of his trade-mark, issued In ac- marks.
• ordance with the provisions of this act, to be
l? rded In books which Bhall be kept for this Sec. 2. That the Commissioner of Patents
purpose In the Department of the Treasury, shall establish classes of merchandise for the
under such regulations as the Secretary of the purpose of trade-mark registration, and shall
Treasury shall prescribe, and may furnish to determine the particular descriptions of goods
the department facsimiles of his name, the comprised in each class. On a single applica
name of the locality in which his goods are tion for registration of a trade-mark the trade
manufactured, or of his registered trade-mark; mark may be registered at the option of the
and thereupon the Secretary of the Treasury applicant for any or all goods upon which the
-hall cause one or more copies of the same mark has actually been used comprised in a
to be transmitted to each collector or other single class of merchandise, provided the par
proper officer of the customs. ticular descriptions of goods be stated.
Sec. 28. That it shall be the duty of the Sec. 3, That any owner of a trade-mark
registrant to give notice to the public that a who shall have a manufacturing establishment
trade-mark Is registered, either by affixing within the territory of the United States shall
thereon the words "Registered in U. S. Patent be accorded, bo far as the registration and
Office," or abbreviated thus. "Reg. U. S. Pat. protection of trade-marks used on the products
uff.," or when, from the character or size of of such establishment are concerned, the same
the trade-mark, or from Its manner of attach rights and privileges that are accorded to
ment to the article to which it is appropriated, owners of trade-marks domiciled within the
this cannot be done, then by affixing a label territory of the United States by the act en
containing a like notice to the package or re titled "An act to authorize the registration of
ceptacle wherein the article or articles are trade-marks used in commerce with foreign
inclosed; and in any suit for Infringement by nations or among the several States or with
* party failing so to give notice of registration Indian tribes, and to protect the same," ap
no damages shall be recovered, except on proved February twentieth, nineteen hundred
proof that the defendant was duly notified of and five.
infringement and continued the same after such Sec. 4. That this act shall take effect July
notice. first, nineteen hundred and six.
Sec. 29. That in construing this act the fol
lowing rules must be observed, except where Act to incorporate the American National Red
che contrary Intent la plainly apparent from Cross, approved January 5, 1905 (as amended
the context thereof: The United States in June 23, 1910).
cludes and embraces all territory which is Sec. 4. That from and after the passage of
under the jurisdiction and control of the this act it shall be unlawful for any person
United States. The word "States" includes within the jurisdiction of the United States to
and embraces the District of Columbia, the falsely or fraudulently hold himself out as or
Territories of the United States, and such other represent or pretend himself to be a member
territory as shall be under the jurisdiction and of or an agent for the American National Red
rontrol of the United States. The terms "per Cross for the purpose of, soliciting, collecting,
son" and "owner." and any other word or or receiving money or material; or for any
term used to designate the applicant or other person to wear or display the sign of the Red
entitled to a benefit or privilege or rendered Cross or any Insignia colored in imitation
liable under the provisions of this act. Include thereof for the fraudulent purpose of inducing
4 firm, corporation, or association as well as a the belief that he is a member of or an agent
natural person. The terms "applicant" and for the American National Red Cross. It shall
registrant" ' embrace the successors and as be unlawful for any person, corporation, or
signs of such applicant or registrant. The association other than the American National
term "trade-mark" includes any mark which Red Cross and Its duly authorized employees
is entitled to registration under the terms of and agents and the Army and Navy sanitary
this act, and whether registered or not, and and hospital authorities of the United States,
i trade-mark shall be deemed to be ' 'affixed" for the purpose of trade or as an advertise
la an article when it Is placed in any manner ment, to induce the sale of any article what
la or upon either the article itself or the soever or for any business or charitable pur
receptacle or package or upon the envelope pose to use within the territory of the United
or other thing In. by, or with which the States of America and its exterior possessions
soods are packed or inclosed or otherwise pre the emblem of the Greek Red Cross on a white
pared for sale or distribution. ground, or any sign or insignia made or col
Sec. 30. That this act shall be In force and ored In imitation thereof, or of the words
lake effect April first, nineteen hundred and "Red Cross" or "Geneva Cross" or any com
five. All acts and parts of acts inconsistent bination of these words: Provided, however,
with this act are hereby repealed except so far That no person, corporation, or association
is the same may apply to certificates of regis that actually used or whose assignor actually
tration issued under the act of Congress ap used the said emblem, sign, insignia, or
proved March third, eighteen hundred and wards for any lawful purpose prior to January
eighty-one, entitled "An act to authorize the fifth, nineteen hundred and five shall be
deemed forbidden by this act to continue the
registration of trade-marks and protect the use thereof for the same purpose and for the
same." or under the act approved August fifth, same class of goods. If any person violates
eighteen hundred and eighty-two, entitled "An the provision of this section he shall be
*ct relating to the registration of trade deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon
marks." conviction in any Federal court shall be liable
to a fine of not less than one or more than
Approved February 20. 1905. five hundred dollars, or imprisonment for a
384 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
term not exceeding one year, or both, for each of a board of nine trustees, who shall be
and every offense.
»•**•** elected from time to time by the incorporators
and their successors under such regulations re
Sec. 8. That the endowment fund of the garding terms and tenure of office, accounta
American National Red Cross shall be kept and bility, and expense as said incorporators and
invested under the management and control successors shall prescribe.
ooowoooo
NO MILITIA , RESERVE , OR TERRITORIAL TROOPS ARE INCLUDED .
ogo
Austriai. . . 58
lowon
Russia . . .
789
Pagizad3 143
Mexico . . . oo
United States. .
- 1Common army only .
• Possibly more.regulars
Es Figures are for in the British Isles only . In addition there are 14 divisions . 42 infantry brigades ,
14 field -artillery brigades , and 14 mounted brigades of territorial troops in the British Isles . In India there
are 9 divisions, 9 field- artillery brigades, and 8 cavalry brigades.
PEACE
Men
37 9,640
7 5, 5 1 0
FRANCE 76.419
lNke
kiao
40 4 .765
73368
GERMANY 69.7 35
194 . 1 23
47, 5 41
AUSTRIA 33. 0 12
580 .000
115.000
RUSSIA 94 , 1 10
151,261
20 , 7 16
ENGLAND 34 ,6 49
167,000
24,000
ITALY 27,000
20.326
7 ,318
MEXICO 1.912
149.402
14,585
18,918
JAPAN
Regulars Militia Total
M 27,370 97,035 1 24.405
13,540 4 ,167 17707
UNITED STATES 5 ,456 4 ,565 10021
27370
13.340
UNITED STATES S456
(Regulars)
97,035
4167
ED ST) ATES
UNIT(Militia 4 5 65
The relative rank between the officers of At the close of the fiscal year ending June
the United States army and navy is as follows: 30, 1911, the number of sea coast guns in the
General with Admiral; Lieutenant-General United States mounted , ready for armament
with Vice- Admiral; Major-General with Rear and under construction , were as follows. Guns
Admiral; Brigadier -General with Commodore ; mounted : 376 12- inch mortars; 105 12-inch
Colonel with Captain ; Lieutenant- Colonel guns, including 2 guns on hydraulic lifts ; 133
with Commander ; Major with Lieutenant 10 - inch guns; 65 8 -inch guns; 503 rapid fire
Commander : Captain with Lieutenant: First guns, one mounted temporarily . Ready for
Lieutenant with Lieutenant ( junior grade ) : Armament: 2 12 - inch guns and 13 rapid fire
Second Lieutenant with Ensign . guns.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 395
WAR
Fully TraineJ Heservea available for Passing from Peace to War Footing
2.300.000
4,000,000
1,600.000
3,600,000
□ 2)5,000
1,250,000
NONE
1,000,000
NONE
NONE
' h Infantry
LEGEND - L-—— — Cavalry
I S I- Field Artillery
GUX SALUTES.
President of the United States. President of House of Representatives, Committee of
a Foreign Republic, Member of Royal Family Congress, Admiral of the Navy and General,
and Ex-President of the United States, 21 17 guns; Assistant Secretary of the Navy,
gurw; Vice-President of the United States and Envoy Extraordinary, Vice-Admiral and
Ambassador of United States (in waters of Lieutenant-Gcneral, 15 guns; Minister
country to which he is accredited), 19 guns; Resident, or Diplomatic Representative.
Secretary of the Navy, Cabinet Officer, Chief Rear-Admiral and Maior-Genernl, United
Justice, Governor-General of U. S. Islands, States Army, 13 guns; Charge d'Affaires and
Hover/nor of State, Territory, or U. S. Islands, Commodore. 11 guns; Consul-General, 9 guns;
President pro tempore of Senate, Speaker of Consul, 7 guns; Vice-Consul, 5 guns.
396 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
END
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SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 403
T OF WAR.
The Secretary of War is the head of the military service all orders, instructions, and
War Department and exercises personal super regulations issued by the Secretary of War;
vision of all business relating to the military of managing the recruiting service; pension
service. He performs such duties as are re and other business connected with the
quired of him by law or may be enjoined upon Volunteer Armies.
him by the President, and directs the manage The Inspector-General inspects all military
ment of all the bureaus, divisions and officers commands and stations, schools, fortifications,
embraced in the departmen t. Has super arsenals, armories, etc., under charge of or
vision of the United States Military Academy carried on by officers of the Army.
at West Point and of military education in the The Quartermaster-General provides trans
Army. portation for the Army; also clothing ami
The principal duties of the General Staff equipage, horses, mules, etc., for the Army
Corps are given under the United States and militia; pays guides, spies and inter
Army, page 397. preters; is in charge of national cemeteries.
The Corps of Engineers is charged with
DIVISION OF MILITIA AFFAIRS. duties relating to the construction and repair
of fortifications, works of defense, military
The Division of Militia Affairs is vested with roads and bridges, etc.
the transaction of business pertaining to the The Ordnance Department provides,
organized and unorganized militia of the preserves, distributes, and accounts for every
United States, its jurisdiction embracing all description of artillery, small arms and all the
administrative duties involving the arma munitions of war which may be required for
ment, equipment, discipline, training, educa the fortresses of the country, the armies in the
tion and organization of the militia. field, ami the whole body of militia.
The Chief Signal Corps Officer is charged
with the supervision of all military signal
MILITARY BUREAUS. duties, including telegraph and telephone
apparatus and the necessary meteorological
The Adjutant General is charged with the instruments for use on target ranges and other
duty of recording, authenticating, and com military uses, and all other duties pertaining
municating to troops and individuals in the to military signaling, including aeroplanes.
404 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
Mini
T.&Coo
111
Cipristit
)191
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
MERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
GROUND
23
22
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CENTRUOOTER
RIFLEMAN
&EXPERT
14
E
400 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
THE MEDALS OF THE ARMY AND NAVY.
MEDALS OF HONOR. SPECIAL LEGENDS.
The Medal of Honor for the Navy (No. 2), The Certificate of Merit Badge (No. 11);
which was made available by the Act of issued to officers and men of the Army for
Congress, approved December 21, 1861, is meritorious service. The ribbon is composed
bestowed upon such petty officers, seamen, of two bands of red, white and blue, separated
landsmen and marines as should distinguish by a narrow white stripe.
themselves by their gallantry in action or issued The Philippine Congressional Medal (No. 5);
other seamanlike qualities, during war. It served tobeyond volunteer officers and men who
their enlistment with the
consists of a bronze five-pointed star, the Army in the Philippines. The ribbon is com
points terminating in trefoil with a wreath of
oak and laurel contained in each ray. In the posed of a broad band of blue with a narrow
center, within a circle of thirty-four stars, of red, white and blue on eithernarrow
white stripe separating it from
edge.
stripes
America is represented as Minerva vanquish The Civil War Campaign Badge (No. 3);
ing Discord. The star Is mounted on an
anchor and suspended from a silk ribbon of issued United
to officers and men for service in the
States Army in the Civil War. The
red and white stripes, arranged vertically ribbon is composed of two bands of red, white
below a field of blue.
The Medal of Honor for the Army (No. 9) and blue; the red on the outside and the blue
is made in silver, heavily electro-plated in stripes
(No.
separated by a narrow stripe of red.
10), issued to those of the Navy and
gold. It consists of a five-pointed star and in Marine Corps who served during the* Civil
the center appears the head of Minerva. Sur War. The ribbon is blue and gray.
rounding this central feature, arranged in cir The Indian W ars Campaign Badge (No. 7);
cular form, arc the words "United States of issued
America," representing nationality. The the campaigns againstserved
to those who in the Army in
medal is suspended by a light blue watered- bon is bright red with the a
Indians. The rib
darker stripe of red
silk riblwn spangled with thirteen white
stars representing the original States, and is onThe either edge.
Spanish-American War Campaign
attached to an eagle clasp supported on a Badge (No.
horizontal bar, upon which appears the the Army in 6); issued to those who served in
the Spanish War, in Cuba, Porto
word "Valor." Rico or the Philippines. The ribbon is com
GOOD CONDUCT MEDALS. posed of a broad band of yellow, between two
bands of red, with a narrow border of blue on
There arc many men in the Naval Service, eithermen
edge. (No. 12), issued to officers and
of the Navy and Marine Corps who served
although they may never have attracted suf in Cuban,
ficient attention to warrant the Medal of during the Porto Itiean or Philippine Waters
Honor, who arc well worthy nf recognition by low with twoSpanish stripes
War. The ribbon is yel
of red.
virtue of their long and faithful service; for The Philippine Insurrection Campaign
these thoroughly efficient sailors there is also Badge (No. 19); issued for duty with the
a reward known as the Good Conduct Medal.
The first issue of this Medal was in 1S70 (No. Athermyseveral
in the Philippines and for service with
23). This was recalled in 1888, and the The ribbon isexpeditions against the natives.
composed of a broad blue band
present style adopted (No. 18). In the center between two bauds of red with a narrow stripe
of the new Medal is an old warship with the of blue on either edge.
word "Constitution" beneath. This is sus The China Relief Expedition Badge (No.
pended by a red ribbon.
In 1910 a Medal similar to that of the Navy 25); issued for service ashore in China with the
Peking Relief Expedition. The ribbon is a
was adopted by the Marine Corps for the re broad band of yellow edged with blue. (No.21).
ward of Good Conduct in the service (No. 17),
except that there was a slight change made in issued to those who served in the Navy and
the central figure and a change in the wording ing the Corps
Marine in Chinese Watersor ashoredur-
Boxer Uprising. The ribbon is yellow
to suit this corps. with a narrow black hand near each edge.
BADGES FOR PROFICIENCY IN SMALL issued The Dewey Congressional Medal (No. 1);
to members of the Navy or Marine
ARMS PRACTICE. Corps who served with the Asiatic Squadron
For proficiency in the annual practice with at Manila. The riblxm is composed of a yel
rifles and revolvers the Army and Marine lowThe band with a blue band on either side.
West Indies Campaign Medal (No. 4);
Corps award a similar set of distinguishing issued for service during the West Indies
badges. In rifle practice the first badge is Campaign
that of Marksman (No. 15), which requires the The ribbon is the in Navy and Marine Corps.
composed of three bands, the
qualifying of the participant with GO per cent.,
for slow, rapid and skirmish fire at 200, 300, central one blue and the outside ones red.
500 and 000 yards. The Sharpshooter's ice during the West Indies meritorious
(No. 8), issued for specially sen-
Campaign other
Badge (No. 13) is presented to those who than in battle, to officers and men of the Navy
qualify with a similar percentage at 800 and and Marine Corps. The ribbon is red.
1,000 yards (slow fire) and rapid fire at 500 The Philippine Campaign Badge (No. 24);
yards. For the Expert Rifleman's Badge issued to members of the Navy and Marine
(No. 14) the candidate must secure 08 per Corps who served in that campaign. The rib
cent, at slow, timed and skirmish fire at 200, bon is red with a yellow band in the center.
300, 000 and 1.000 yards. The Cuban Pacification Badge (No. 22);,*-
In the Navy the grades are corresponding, sued to officers
although shorter, and include revolver prac Hospital Corps whoof served the Navy and Marine
in Cuba. The rib
tice as well. The Navy issues but one Medal bon is similar to that of the Army for this
(No. 16), the Sharpshooter's Medal, to which campaign (No. 20); olive drab, with red
bars are attached for further distinction. white and blue borders.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 407
PASSPORTS.
Passports are required for entrance into entitled, "Rules Governing the Granting and
Russia, Turkey ana the Balkan countries, Issuing of Passports in the United States."
and must be visaed by diplomatic or consular which will be sent with the blank on applica
representatives of those countries. There are tion. It takes only a few days to obtain a
no such representatives of the Balkan States passport. The intervention of those who make
in the United States and passports for those a business of securing passports is entirely
countries should be visaed by their diplomatic unnecessary. The blank is very simple and
or consular representatives elsewhere. Pass only requires the filling out of the important
ports may be required in other countries of details, such as the description of the applicant,
persons making a prolonged stay, especially the taking of the oath of allegiance before a
if they reside m boarding houses or rented
apartments, but they are often valuable in
the securing of registered mail, admissions to WORDING OF PASSPORT.
certain galleries, etc., which are normally
closed to the public. Passports are issued by Good only for two years from date.
the Secretary of State. An American abroad
may make his application before an American (Coat of Arms).
diplomatic or consular officer, who will for
ward it to the department. The fee for a pass United States of America.
port is $1.00. This amount in currency or Department of State.
postal order should accompany each applica
tion made by a citizen of the United States. To all to whom these presents shall come.
The orders should be made payable to the Greeting: I, the undersigned, Secretary of
Disbursing Clerk of the Department of State. State ofthe United States of America, hereby
Drafts or checks are not accepted. A person request all whom it may concern to permit
who is entitled to receive a passport, if in
the United States at the time, must make a a Citizen of the United States
written application in affidavit form to the Safely. .
Secretary of State. Application must be made and freelyalltolawful pass and
Aidinand
caseProtection.
of need to give
by the person to whom the passport is to be
issued, and signed by him, as one person can Given under my hand and the
not apply for a passport for another. The
affidavit must be attested by an officer author (SEAL of Seal of the Department of
State, at the City of Washing-
ized to administer oaths, and an official seal
must be affixed, or his official character must the Depart- ton, the day of
be authenticated by a certificate of the proper ment of in the year 1910,
legal officer. The applicant must take the oath State.) and of the Independence of
the United States the one
ofallegiance to the Government of the United hundred and thirty-fourth.
States. The oath is on the application blank.
The application must be accompanied by a (Signature of the Secre
description of the applicant, h ull data for tary of State.)
these questions are provided on the blank. Description,
There are a number of different forms. There
is one for a native citizen, one for the natural Age Years
ised citizen, and one for a person claiming Stature Feet Inches Eng.
citizenship through the naturalization of hus Forehead
band or parent. In asking for a blank it should Eyes
be specified which form is desired. A woman's
application must state whether she is married Nose Mouth
or not, and a married woman must state Chin
whether her husband is a native or a natural Hair
ized citizen. A passport expires two years Complexion
from the date of issue, but it may be extended Face
for two years by a diplomatic or consular offi Signature of the Bearer.
cer of the United States, if presented when it
is about to expire. Applications for passports No
from naturalized citizens must be accompanied
by a certificate of naturalization. Note.—The Department of State has re
When the applicant is accompanied by his fused to grant permission to reproduce a real
wife, minor children and a servant, to be en Passport, hence this rather insufficient sub
titled to receive the passport it is sufficient to stitute.
state the fact, giving the respective ages of
the children anu the allegiance of the servant,
then one passport will suffice for all. For any
other person in the party a separate passport notary public or other officer who is entitled
will be required. The woman's passport may to take similar oaths, and the application
include her minor children and servant under must be signed by a credible witness. Some
the al>ove-named conditions. It should be concerns make a business of obtaining pass
noted, however, that the term "servant" does ports at a fee of from $2.00 to $5.00, but with
not include a governess, tutor, pupil, com the instructions given in this book and the
panion or person holding like relations to the rules given in the circular sent, their services
applicant for passport. Professional or other are entirely unnecessary. Information revised
titles will not be inserted in the passports. by officials of the Department of State on
This information is obtained from the circular May 13, 1912.
408 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
THE NEW "EYES" OF THE MAN BEHIND THE MAN BEHIND THE GUN.
Aeronautics has developed in such a remarkable manner in the last few years that it is
impossible to surmise when or where progress will be arrested. At the present time the aero
plane can be used to extend the range of vision of the fleet, but when operating beyond the
sight of its base, parent ship, or landmarks, it is hampered for scouting purposes by lack of
navigational facilities for the determination of course and position. It is very probable that
these will come, and with them also come a vast increase in the value of the aeroplane as a naval
scout. As a station from which to observe and correct the fall of shot the aeroplane will be
of service, particularly where long range, indirect, high-angle firing is used as in case of a bom
bardment. Here, however, the question of communication is seriously involved, as much
depends on the prompt and accurate transmission of information. Steady progress is being
made in the development of wireless which gives promise of mooting all the requirements of
the situation, and which will insure the efficiency of the aeroplane for the purposed of spotting,
as above outlined. The hydraeroplane. which is an American development, and which may be
launched from a vessel, and alight in the water alongside on the return from a trip aloft, further
increases the possibility of the aeroplane as a naval adjunct.—Thomas T. Craven, Lieutenant
Commander, U. S. N. Director of Target Practice and Engineering Competitions. (Page 414.)
409
410 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK.
SEA STRENGTH.
SHIPS.
TABLE I.—VESSELS BUILT.
BetUe-
shtpe, BatUe. Battle Ar Cruie- De Tor Subma Ceeat
Dread
nought abjpa.1 crula. mored
crute
rn. era.* stroy, pedo rines. roBseJa-i
era. boat*. defense
type.'
16 40 8 34 •74 •144 49 70 0
11 20 3 9 39 118 9 26 3
8 24 0 11 15 42 19 23 4
0 20 0 20 10 78 157 75 2
2 13 0 13 14 58 54 13 2
0 8 0 6 9 98 14 31 2
1 8 0 9 5 24 48 18 0
2 6 0 3 4 12 40 6 6
t Battleshipshaving a m*ln battery of all big guns (11 Inches or more In caliber).
, * Battleships of (about) 10,000 tons or more displacement, .u : having more than one caliber In the main
•tottery.
i Armored cruisers having guns of largest caliber in main battery and capable of talcing their place in line
of battle with the battleships. They nave an increase of speed at the expense of carrying fewer guns in
main battery, and a decrease In armor protection.
*■ Includes
Includes allsmaller
linarmored cruising
battleships andvessels aboveNo1,500
monitors. moretonsvessels
displacement.
of this class are being proposedw buflt by
the•Includes
great powerr.
vessels of colonies.
TABLE II.—VESSELS BUILDING OR AUTHORIZED.
Battle-
g& Battle Cruisers. Destroy Torpedo Subma
nought cruisers. ers. boats. rines.
type.
11 "2 »14 >40 0 >lfl
6 3 4 12 0 <«
United Statee 5 0 0 14 0 23
France ,7 0 0 8 0 20
Japan 1 1 4 0 2 0 2
7 4 2 9 0 8
Italy 7 0 2 11 21 2
2 0 3 6 12 7
• England has no continuing shipbuilding policy, but usually lays down each year 4 or 6 annored ships
with aproportional number ofsmaller vessels.
I Includes vessels ofcolonies.
j Germany has a continuing shipbuilding program, governed by a fleet law authorised by the Reichstag.
For 1913 there are authorized 2 battleships, 1 battle cruiser, 2cruisers, 12 destroyen. Eventual strength to
consist of 41 battleships, 20 armored cruisers, 40 cruisers, 144 destroyers, Tl submarines.
• H,"W,000 authorized for experiments and further construction.
• 178,837,569 authoriied to be expended from 191 1 to 1917 for the construction of s
1 Russian shipbuilding program provides for thn completion by 1018 of 4 battle c
36 destroyers, and IS submarines. Four battle cruisers and two cruisers have been c
Included in the above table.
UNITED STATES NAVAL ENLISTMENT
The term of enlistment of all enlisted men in the/ Navy is four years, except for minors under
eighteen, who enlist with the consent of parents or guardian. Minors over the age of eighteen
may be enlisted without the consent of parents or guardian, but must furnish written statement
as to their age. Every person must pass the physical examination prescribed in the medical
instruction!). Only American citizens of good character who may reasonably be expected to
remain in the service are enlisted, and every applicant must be able to read and write English
and must take the oath of allegiance. No person under the age of seventeen can be enlisted.
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK . 411
PERSONNEL.
TABLE III.
United
Rank . England France Germany. Japan . States.
* Estimated .
before had harassed the trade of even parent that bitterness against Great
the mistress of the seas. Britain has been even more marked
Less conspicuously, but no less than against Fiance.
truly, to what do Algiers and Tunis, The lesson for the United States is
and to what eventually will Morocco, plain. In the strategic position be
owe redemption from conditions liare- fore mentioned, in remoteness from
ly, if at all, above the barbarous? Europe, in the rivalries of European
To the command of the sea by the nations, we still have a local and in
nation which already has restored the ternational advantage for preponder
former two, to be fruitful members ance in American waters; but it is
of the world community. That South not so great as to confer certainty
Africa is now a united commonwealth, without reasonable provision for in
instead of two opposing communities, suring command of the sea. In the
such as the North and South of our Pacific, which is equally our coast
own country might have been, is due line, and to which the future mostly
to the same cause ; a local preponder looks, we have no similar advantage.
ance of force insured by sea power. Much as I dislike and reject the
It may safely be claimed that to the phrase "supremacy in the Pacific," it
navy of the United States chiefly is true that we there have duties
is owing the present Union, instead of which in case of disputes will require
the existence of two rival nations the presence of naval force adequate
vying, or trying to vie, with each to command. Duty to the mutual
other in military preparations, like support of our two chief coasts dic
the nations of Europe. The four tates full control of the Panama
years' struggle of the Confederate Canal, which from the military stand
States might not have ended in ex point is the key to any broadly
haustion, had it not been for the block planned system of preparation for na
ade, which shut in their cotton and tional defense.
shut out their supplies. But obligation is no less on ac
Contrast this impressive exhibit, count of the Philippine Islands. Hav
where the command of the sea has ing assumed control of these under
been operative, with the history and imperative circumstances, we are
achievement of those great States bound in honor to support an under
which have not possessed it. Con taking, our fitness for which is at
trast Bosnia and Herzegovina for tested by results. To them we are
Austria, Alsace and Lorraine for Ger responsible for the maintenance of
many, with the expansion of France. conditions under which material pros
Great Britain, Holland, and with that perity can advance, and their dissimi
which Spain once possessed ; now lost lar and discordant inhabitants reach a
through an inefficiency, one of the first homogeneous civilization and political
symptoms of which was the decay of development whic h will enable them to
her navy. The magnificent efficiency govern themselves. To Cuba, though
of the present German Empire strives independent, we owe by specific guar
now, against almost hopeless disad antees of maintenanae of a like in
vantage, for the opportunity to exer ternal security. These national and
cise that efficiency outside its Euro international functions can be dis
pean limits. Opportunity was lost charged, certainly only by command
through the absence of naval force in of the sea. The Pacific, the Atlantic,
the past centuries, when the maritime and the Caribbean, with the great
countries were occupying, and. in ac controlling stations, Porto Rico. Gunn-
cordance with their respective political tanamo, the Canal Zone, and Hawaii,
aptitudes, were determining the future depend upon this command, the expo
of immense tracts of the world. Much nent of which is the navy, and in which
time must elapse before we shall know ships and stations are interdependent
the inside history of the still unar- factors. To place the conclusion con
ranged dispute with France about cretely and succinctly, the question of
Morocco ; but there is reason to be command of the sea is one of annual
lieve that the consciousness of the increase of the navy. This question
is not "naval," in the restricted sense
British navy at the back of France of the word. It is one of national
has been one of the largo factors in policy, national security, and nation/
the negotiations. At least it is ap obligation.
414
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
Courtesy
Aero
the
of
of
Club
Bulletin
"America From pHenry
Reuterdahi
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VAN
E
DELTNI
.DELE
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"“ONEW -*
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK. 415
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Number
Number
Number
Number
Type.
ment
ment
ment
ment
ment
ment
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Toas.
First-class battleships.. 16 198, 250 22 292 , 146 | 25 334, 146 25 334, 146 406 , 146
3
Second-class battleship . 1 6 ,315 1 6 , 315 1 6 , 315 1 6,315 1 6,315
Armored cruisers.... ... 4 54,720 6 83,720 9 125, 580 10 140,080 10 140, 080 10 140,080
First-class cruisers..... 3 27,065 5 46, 465 5 46,465 465 5 46, 465 5 16 ,465
Armored ram . ...... ... 2,183 . . . . .. . . . .. .
Single-turret monitors.. 4 12, 4 / 12, 900 4 900 12, 900 12,50
Double-turretmonitors. 6 . 26, 6 26, 104 26 , 104 26,104
Protected cruisers..... . 19 | 76, 070 1976 ,070 19 76 ,070 18 71, 987 67, 574
Unprotected cruisers.. . 3 6, 6, 216 6 , 216 4, 144
e
Scout cruisers . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . .27,500 11, 250 11, 250
00
Gunboats..... ......... 9 11,564 11, 564 9 11,564 10 ,387 8,677
Light-draft gunboats... 4,155 3 4,155 4, 155 4, 153
Composito gunboats.... 81 8, 190 8,1908 1 8, 190 8, 190 8,190
Training ship,sheathed . 1 1, 175 1 1,175 il 1, 175
0
Training ships, steel... . .... ... ..... 3,600 2 3,600 2 3,600 3 ,600 3,600
Training brigantine. ..? 1 346 346 1 346 1 346 1 346 348
Special class........... . 2 2, 416 2 2 ,416 2 2,416 2 2,416 2,416
Gunboats under 500
tons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 , 265 12 3,095 12 3 ,095 2,69
Torpedo -boat destroyers 695 16 695 21 19 , 00
Steel torpedo boats..... 35 ,737 35 5, 737 / 33 5, 111
Wooden torpedo boats. 1 31 1
Submarine torpedo
boats . . . 935 12 1, 719 12 3, 485 3 ,745
Iron steam vessels.. .. . . 5 3, 606 3 3,056 3 3,056 3 ,05
Wooden steam vessels. . 8, 840 8,840 5,565 5,568
Wooden sailiog vessels. 10,045 / 5 5,895 5 5, 895 5,630
Tugs. ... . ... . ... .. ... . . 1 15,013 1 15,713
Auxiliary cruisers. .. ... 28, 3394 24,959 24,259
Converted yachts . . . ... 10,421 10, 10
Colliers...... ..... ..... . 15 274,854 15 374,854 15 374, 854 20 135,417 : 150 ,40
Bubmarine tenders .... . ... 1 357 2 807 | 2 807 4 4, 702 5 6,771
Mine-laying ship .. ... .. .. .. . . .. . .. .. 1 4 ,083 1 4,083 1
Repair ship ........, 1 . J.. .. ... . il 3,380 il 3, 380 il 3. 380 il
1 Excepting Locust. * Excepting Justin .
SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN REFERENCE BOOK .
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ment
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ment
,
.
.
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.
Receiving ships ... ..... 18, 9955 21, 250 5 21.250 4 18, 995 4 18 , 995 5 23 ,408
Prison ships... ... .. . .. . 2 1 4, 850 2 34, 850 2 14, 850 3 17, 105 3 2 4 , 005 31 24,005
Total.... ... . .. .. . 276 687, 942 285 830 , 815 292 918,833 292 937 , 103 308 1, 067,537 312 1, 082, 956
Under construction .
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