PUBLISHED BY: PREPARED BY:

With the funding support for the publication from: Aksyon Klima is also supported by:
Climate Change Adaptation and
Disaster Risk Reduction are not ends in
themselves. They are means to a higher
end --- SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.
 3

Foreword
In 2008, even before an enabling law on climate The publication of this toolkit was taken forward by
change was passed in the Philippines, Department Aksyon Klima Pilipinas.
of Interior and Local Government (DILG) issued
a Memorandum Circular 2008-69 calling for the The Republic Act (RA) 9729 known popularly as
mainstreaming CCA and DRR in local policies, plans, the Climate Change Law mandates the preparation
budgets and investment programs. In the same year, of Local Climate Change Action Plans. RA 10121
the Marinduque Council on Environmental Concerns of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and
(MACEC), in partnership with the program on Management Law also mandates the preparation
Building Disaster Resilient Communities of Christian of Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Aid, attempted to mainstream Climate Change Plans. Both laws make mention of the integration
Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) of Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk
in barangay development planning and budgeting Reduction in development plans.
while innovating on the mainstreaming approach
of the National Economic Development Authority The preparation of this toolkit seeks to contribute
(NEDA) and finding ways to utilize the Rationalized to better climate and disaster governance in the
Planning System (RPS). The approach was since Philippines as well as contribute to better synergy
further developed across the years through rather than incoherence in climate change
various partnerships - Buidling Disaster Resilient initiatives. Thus, the toolkit produced is designed
Communities (BDRC Learning Circle), Aksyon Klima in such a way that it utilizes current processes
and its Adaptation Cluster, Strengthening Climate mandated by the Rationalized Planning System of
Resilience, DIPECHO-supported work in Small the Philippines and tools that local government
Islands, UNEP-supported Adaptation Knowledge units commonly use. It advocates the preparation of
Platform. Hence, the toolkit is a product of years a development plan that already mainstreams CCA
of empowering learning between community- and DRR. It is the hope of those who contributed to
based practitioners, advocates, policy makers, the preparation of this material that this can help
local government units, academics and scientists facilitate the immediate mainstreaming of CCA and
(i.e. from Manila Observatory, University of the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM)
Philippines National Institute of Geological Sciences in development planning and budgeting and to the
(UP-NIGs) and Marine Science Institute (MSI), very least contribute to the preparation of Climate
PAGASA, PhiVolcs, Ateneo School of Government). Change Action Plans and Disaster Risk Reduction
To date, the approach has evolved and has been and Management Plans that can be integration and/
used not only in barangay planning and budgeting or mainstreamed into local development plans.
but also at the municipal, provincial, and regional
platforms by some LGUs.
4

In our resolve to facilitate the disaster risk reduction and climate

change adaptation work at the local communities, local governments
and local organizations in the Philippines, this toolkit has been pursued
to contribute to the evolving body of knowledge on DRR & CCA work
that could help and guide them in pursuing their DRR & CCA goals
and objectives. This instrument was a product of almost six (6) years
of partnerships and engagements with the communities, the local
governments, the scientific and academic institutions and CSOs across
the country whom we also drew much of our inspirations in coming-
up with this toolkit. Indeed, this is a product of collaboration and
convergence.

Coastal CORE, Inc. and the BDRC-Learning Circle members are so grateful
to its partner-communities and LGUs, to the hard-working and helpful
scientists of the Manila Observatory and UP-NIGS, to PAGASA, PHILVOCS,
UP-CSWCD and UP Visayas for sharing their knowledge and expertise
and to CHRISTIAN AID for all its technical, moral and financial support
in almost all of these undertakings. We were all strengthened by these
partnerships and engagements.

We are sharing this tool to you and hoping that this will be further
improved as you do and engage more in our local communities towards
attaining our common goal of a climate-resilient Philippines!

Shirley Torrecampo-Bolanos
Executive Director
Coastal CORE, Inc.

Coordinator
BDRC-Learning Circle
 5

Aksyon Klima Pilipinas attempted to start the process of writing and

producing this toolkit as early as the third quarter 2010. Once shelved
due to the complexities of the nature of climate change science and
policy, compounded with the infancy of understanding what is climate
change adaptation as differentiated from disaster risk reduction, the
toolkit initiative is revived early this year, and has since endured many
transformation.

In most instances wherein practitioners, policy makers, scientists and

advocates come together to discuss the mainstreaming of CCA-DRR
in local development planning and budgeting processes, the toolkit
undergoes modification in order to capture the actual experiences and
needs that surface from on the ground interactions. Thus we can say
now, that the toolkit is a product enriched not only by knowledge that is
shared out there, but also by the lessons that were painstakingly realized
by the contributors, the local government units and communities that
worked on it.

Aksyon Klima is very thankful to the Adaptation cluster (of Aksyon Klima)
in steering this project to its completion; to the BDRC Learning Circle
for playing the lab rat, without such role, lessons that we used as inputs
could not have been in any way possible; to the scientists from Manila
Observatory who patiently guided us along the way; to the institutions
that gave financial support to this initiative; and to the national and
local policy makers and implementers who give us reason every day to
complicate all our working lives, in the service of the Filipino people.
Please use and share this toolkit, consistent with our advocacy, this will
be in the domain of the creative commons.

Rowena Bolinas
Coordinator
Aksyon Klima
6

In hosting and facilitating this drive to produce and promote a Climate

Change Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) toolkit for
use by Local Government Units (LGUs), the Ateneo School of Government
(ASoG) stands with our partners in government, the academe, and
society in pushing for a culture of evidence-based CCA and Disaster Risk
Reduction (DRR) in the country. The experiences of Ondoy and Sendong
have shown that our LGUs stand at the forefront of disaster preparedness
and response, and at the heart of adapting to the effects of climate
change on sustainable development.

History has shown that local communities can be surprisingly resilient in

the face of climate change’s pressures, recovering from the ravages of
drought, flood, heat and cold. In partnership with scientific and academic
institutions, LGUs can tap the strengths of their communities, and the
best knowledge and practices available, to craft thorough strategies to
mitigate and reduce their exposure to natural calamities, to save lives
and livelihoods from disaster, and to prepare their peoples to thrive in
a climatically restless world. Their experiences, in turn, can also serve as
laboratories and lessons for researchers and scientists, to better refine
CCA and DRR paradigms and action plans to suit local conditions and
new discoveries, the LGU serving as the nexus of science, policy, and
practice.

On behalf of the Ateneo School of Government, I wish you the sailor’s

toast for fair winds and following seas, in our common journey towards
effective CCA and DRR.

Antonio La V
ina
Dean
Ateneo School of Government
Table of Contents

Foreword 3

Definition of Terms 8

Introduction 9

12 Steps in Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation 16

and Disaster Risk Reduction in Development Planning: A Practitioner’s Perspective

Sample Tools 34
8
Key Terms and Concepts
Weather1 is the fluctuating state of the climate change, including climate variability Climate Mitigation is a human measure
atmosphere around us, characterized by and extremes. Vulnerability is a function of the to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of
temperature, wind, precipitation, clouds and other character, magnitude, and rate of climate change greenhouse gases (Source: IPCC).
weather elements. and variation to which a system is exposed, its
sensitivity and its adaptive capacity. Understanding basic concepts mentioned in
Climate2 refers to the average weather and its climate information
variability over a certain time-span and a specified Capacity 11

area. Nowcasting14 is a technique for very short-

The World Meteorological Organization The combination of all the strengths, attributes range forecasting that maps the current weather,
(WMO) suggests 30 years as a standard time and resources available within a community, then uses an estimate of its speed and direction
span for defining climate of a region society or organization that can be used to of movement to forecast the weather a short
achieve agreed goals. period ahead — assuming the weather will move
Climate change3 refers to the state of the without significant changes.
climate that can be identified (e.g., by using Capacity may include infrastructure and physical
statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or means, institutions, societal coping abilities, as Projection15 The term “projection” is used
the variability of its properties and that persists for well as human knowledge, skills and collective in two senses in the climate change literature.
an extended period, typically decades or longer. attributes such as social relationships, leadership In general usage, a projection can be regarded
Climate change may be due to natural internal and management. as any description of the future and the
processes or external forcings, or to persistent pathway leading to it. However, a more specific
anthropogenic changes in the composition of the Understanding Adaptation12 interpretation has been attached to the term
atmosphere or in land use. “climate projection” by the IPCC when referring
Adaptation: Adjustment in natural or human to model-derived estimates of future climate.
Climate extreme4 (extreme weather or systems in response to actual or expected climatic
climate event) refers to the occurrence of a value stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or Forecast/Prediction16 When a projection
of a weather or climate variable above (or below) exploits beneficial opportunities. is branded “most likely” it becomes a forecast
a threshold value near the upper (or lower) ends or prediction. A forecast is often obtained using
of the range of observed values of the variable. Various types of adaptation can be distinguished: deterministic models, possibly a set of these,
For simplicity, both extreme weather events and outputs of which can enable some level of
extreme climate events are referred to collectively 1. Anticipatory Adaptation --- Adaptation that confidence to be attached to projections.
as ‘climate extremes.’ takes place before impacts of climate change
are observed. Also referred to as proactive Scenario17 refers to a coherent, internally
Climate variability5 refers to variations adaptation. consistent and plausible description of a possible
in the mean state and other statistics (such 2. Autonomous Adaptation --- Adaptation that future state of the world. It is not a forecast;
as standard deviations, the occurrence of does not constitute a conscious response to rather, each scenario is one alternative image
extremes, etc.) of the climate at all spatial climatic stimuli but is triggered by ecological of how the future can unfold. A projection may
and temporal scales beyond that of individual changes in natural systems and by market serve as the raw material for a scenario, but
weather events. Variability may be due to natural or welfare changes in human systems. Also scenarios often require additional information
internal processes within the climate system referred to as spontaneous adaptation. (e.g., about baseline conditions). A set of
(internal variability), or to variations in natural 3. Planned Adaptation --- Adaptation that is the scenarios is often adopted to reflect, as well as
or anthropogenic external forcing (external result of a deliberate policy decision, based on possible, the range of uncertainty in projections.
variability). an awareness that conditions have changed or Other terms that have been used as synonyms for
are about to change and that action is required scenario are “characterisation”, “storyline” and
Disaster Risk6 refers to the likelihood over a to return to, maintain, or achieve a desired “construction”.
specified time period of severe alterations in the state.
normal functioning of a community or a society 4. Private Adaptation --- Adaptation that is Evidence-based Approach in this
due to hazardous physical events interacting initiated and implemented by individuals, document refers to a manner by which planning
with vulnerable social conditions, leading to households or private companies. Private and budgeting are informed by community
widespread adverse human, material, economic, adaptation is usually in the actor’s rational realities, traditional and indigenous knowledge,
or environmental effects that require immediate self-interest. history, culture, social, political, economic
emergency response to satisfy critical human 5. Public Adaptation --- Adaptation that is experiences and challenges, environmental
needs and that may require external support for initiated and implemented by governments at transformation and state of resources, and
recovery. all levels. Public adaptation is usually directed scientific information.
at collective needs.
Disaster Risk Reduction7 denotes both a 6. Reactive Adaptation --- Adaptation that takes 1 Perez, Rosa, Presentation on the Science and Adaptation to
policy goal or objective, and the strategic and place after impacts of climate change have Change, during the Learning Dialogue on CCA: Integration CCA
in the programs, plans and actions and budgeting process of
instrumental measures employed for anticipating been observed. (Source: IPCC) the LGU’s Development Planning Initiatives, 28-29 May 2012 at
future disaster risk; reducing existing exposure, Legazpi City, Province of Albay.
hazard, or vulnerability; and improving resilience. Adaptive Capacity: The ability of a system 2 Ibid.
to adjust to climate change (including climate 3 IPCC, 2012: Glossary of terms. In: Managing the Risks of
Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change
Resilience8 refers to the ability of a system and variability and extremes) to moderate potential Adaptation [Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken,
its component parts to anticipate, absorb, damages, to take advantage of opportunities, or K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Allen,
accommodate, or recover from the effects of a to cope with the consequences. (Source: IPCC) M. Tignor, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. A Special Report of Working
Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
hazardous event in a timely and efficient manner,
including through ensuring the preservation, Coping Capacity: The means by which Change (IPCC). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and
New York, NY, USA, pp. 555-564.
restoration, or improvement of its essential basic people or organizations use available resources 4 Ibid.
structures and functions and abilities to face adverse consequences that 5 Ibid.
could lead to a disaster. In general, this involves 6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
Hazard9 managing resources, both in normal times as 8 Ibid.
well as during crises or adverse conditions. The 9 United Nations (2009), 2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disaster
According to the UNISDR, a hazard is a dangerous strengthening of coping capacities usually builds Risk Reduction, Geneva: United Nations International Strategy
phenomenon, substance, human activity or resilience to withstand the effects of natural and for Disaster Reduction.
10 http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/
condition that may cause loss of life, injury or human-induced hazards (Source: ISDR) ch19s19-1-2.html
other health impacts, property damage , loss of 11 UN (2006), On Better Terms: A Glance at Key Climate change
livelihoods and services, social and economic Understanding Mitigation13 and Disaster Risk Reduction Concepts, Geneva: United Nations.
12 Ibid
disruption, or environmental damage.
Disaster Mitigation - Structural and 13 Ibid.
14 www.metoffice.gov.uk/learning/science/hours-ahead/
Vulnerability10 non-structural measures undertaken to limit the nowcasting
adverse impact of natural hazards, environmental 15 IPCC Data Distribution Center 2011, Definition of Terms
According the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report , degradation and technological hazards. (Source: Used Within the DDC Pages, http://www.ipcc-data.org/ddc_
definitions.html
the The degree to which a system is susceptible ISDR). 16 Ibid.
to, and unable to cope with, adverse effects of 17 Ibid.
 9

INTRODUCTION
WHY SHOULD CCA AND DRR BE CONCERNS OF
LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGUs)?
SECTION 16 OF REPUBLIC ACT (RA) 7160 - SECTION 2, RA 9729
Every local government unit shall exercise the The state shall integrate disaster risk reduction into
powers expressly granted, those necessarily climate change programs and initiatives
implied therefrom, as well as powers necessary, The state shall strengthen, integrate, consolidate,
appropriate, or incidental for its efficient and and institutionalize government initiatives to
effective governance, and those which are essential achieve coordination in the implementation of plans
to the promotion of the general welfare. Within their and programs to address climate change in the
respective territorial jurisdictions, local government context of sustainable development
units shall ensure and support, among other things,
the preservation and enrichment of culture, promote SECTION 2, RA 9729
health and safety, enhance the right of the people it is hereby declared the policy of the State to
to a balanced ecology, encourage and support systematically integrate the concept of climate
the development of appropriate and self-reliant change in various phases of policy formulation,
scientific and technological capabilities, improve development plans, poverty reduction strategies
public morals, enhance economic prosperity and and other development tools and techniques by all
social justice, promote full employment among their agencies and instrumentalities of the government.
residents, maintain peace and order, and preserve
the comfort and convenience of their inhabitants. SECTION 14, RA 9729
SECTION 24, Liability for Damages. - Local The LGUs shall be the frontline agencies in the
government units and their officials are not exempt formulation, planning and implementation of
from liability for death or injury to persons or climate change action plans in their respective
damage to property areas, consistent with the provisions of the Local
Government Code, the Framework, and the
SECTION 11 (2), RA 10121 National Climate Change Action Plan. Barangays
Ensure the integration of disaster risk reduction shall be directly involved with municipal and city
and climate change adaptation into local governments in prioritizing climate change issues
development plans, programs and budgets as a and in identifying and implementing best practices
strategy in sustainable development and poverty and other solutions. Municipal and city governments
reduction shall consider climate change adaptation, as one
of their regular functions. Provincial governments
SECTION 19, RA 10121 shall provide technical assistance, enforcement and
•Prohibited Acts – any person, group or corporation information management in support of municipal
who commits any of the following prohibited acts and city climatechange action plans. Inter-local
shall be subjected to the penalties . . . government unit collaboration shall be maximized
•(a) Dereliction of duties which leads to destruction, in the conduct of climate- related activities.
loss of lives, critical damage of facilities and
misuse of funds.
10

Climate and weather are resources that contribute DRR, CCA and mitigation are now priorities of
to life and well-being. The essential climate the national government. However, it is the local
variables serve valuable purpose to our existence government units who are at the forefront of
and our survival. They have, however, the potential preparing local climate change action plans and
of becoming hazards. How we use and engage with disaster risk reduction and management plans,
these resources are also determinants of how they mainstreaming CCA and DRR in development plans
will affect us. and in implementing CCA and DRR in vulnerable
communities.
There are climate and weather-related hazards
that have caused destruction and disasters. The It is the understanding of the those who developed
current climate and weather-related hazards we are this material that CCA and DRR are both just means
experiencing may only be indicators of what may to an even higher goal. In the immediate future,
come in the future. DRR and CCA are supposed to enable the country to
achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
The ultimate goal is to contribute to sustainable
development.

Figure 1. Understanding our Essential Climate Variable

Domain Essential Climate Variables

Atmospheric Surface: Air temperature, precipitation, air pressure, surface radiation budget, wind speed
(over land, sea and direction, water vapour
and ice) Upper-air: Earth radiaiton budget (including solar irradiance), upper-air temperature
(inlcuding MSU radiances), wind speed and direction, water vapour, cloud
properties
Composition: Carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, other long-lived greenhouse gases,a aerosol
properties

Oceanic Surface: Sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, sea level, sea state, sea ice, current,
ocean colour (for biological activity), carbon dioxide partial pressure
Sub-surface: Temperature, salinity, current, nutrients, carbon, ocean tracers, phytoplankton

Terrestrialb River discharge, water use, groundwater, lake levels, snow cover, glaciers and ice caps,
permafrost and seasonally-frozen ground, albedo, land cover (including vegetation type),
fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR), leaf area index (LAI), biomass,
fire disturbance
a
Including nitrous oxide, cholorflourocarbon, hydrochloroflourocarbon, hydroflourocarbons, sulphur hexaflouride and perflourocarbons.
b
Includes run-off (m3 s-1), groundwater extraction rates (m3yr-1) and location, snow cover extent (km2) and duration, snow depth (cm), glacier/ice cap inventory and mass balance (kgm-2yr-1), glacier length (m),
ice sheet mass balance (kgm-2yr-1) and extent (km2), performance extent (km2), temperature profiles and active layer thickness, above-ground biomass (t ha-1), burnt area (ha), date and location of active fire, burn
efficiency (percentage of vegetation burned per unit area)
UNFCCC 2007,
Decision 11/CP13, Reporting on Global Reporting Systems for Climate,
http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2007/cop13/eng/06a02.pdf

A changing climate leads to changes in the frequency, intensity,

spatial extent, duration, and timing of extreme weather and
climate events, and can result in unprecedented extreme weather
and climate events.
IPCC, 2012: Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate
Change Adaptation. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin, D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi,
M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G.-K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)].
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, 582 pp.
 11

The tables that follow reflect that coherence and

link between climate change adaptation, disaster
risk reduction and sustainable development. Table
1 below describes the link between CCA and DRR
and sustainable development and how these
sub-goals and ultimate goal are translated in
Philippine policies. Table 2 presents how the CCA
and DRR mainstreaming and integration process
can be undertaken using the processes of the
Rationalized Planning System. Table 3 presents the
hierarchy of plans, under the Rationalized Planning
System of the Philippines, where CCA and DRR
can be mainstreamed and integrated. This spells
how many plans will need to be influenced for the
mainstreaming to happen at all levels of CCA and
DRR governance.

Figure 2. Hazards associated with Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management

Climate Change Disaster Risk

Adaptation Management
Reduce risk to: Reduce risk to:

Extreme weather events with Climate- and

Gradual changes in climatic Geophysical events Ecological
increased frequency and weather-related
parameters events
severity events

Sea level Changes Changes in

in mean precipitation Other events (e.g. technological,
rise terrorism)
temperature patterns

Hazards that are associated

with extreme events Gotangco, C. Kendra, 2012: Understanding Vulnerability and Risk.
Presentation delivered at the UNEP Regional Adaptation Platform ,
Philippines workshop, March 21, 2012. With inputs from IRDR FORIN Faculty
Hazards that are associated Alan Lavell and Adapted from C. Kendra Gotangco Castillo, 2007: Developing a
with changing climate Community-based Co-Benefits Framework for
Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management in Oriental Mindoro,
“normals”
submitted to the Environmental Science Dept., Ateneo de Manila University,
and the Manila Observatory.
12
Table 1. Summary of Philippine Plans Related to CCA and DRR

International National
Frameworks on Frameworks on Accompanying Local Plans Processes Outputs
Development , Development, National Plans Employed
CCA and DRR CCA and DRR

Philippine Provincial
Agenda 21 Philippine Development
Agenda 21
Development

HRD Plan, Executive and Legislative Agenda, Productivity Plan, Annual

and Physical

Annual Development and Expenditure Program (Aip, Lccap, Drrmp,

Sustainable Development, Compliant and CCA and DRR-Enhanced
Plan Development

Institutionalization through joint memorandum Circular no.

Plan (PDPFP)
Philippine Philippine

Harmonization, Integration, Mainstreaming, and

Millennium Millennium Investment Comprehensive
Development Development Plan Land Use Plan

series of 2007, RA 9729 and RA 10121

Goals Targets and (CLUP)
Indicators
Comprehensive

Procurement Plan
UN Framework RA 9729 Climate Development
Convention on Change Law of Plan (CDP)
Climate Change 2009
Local
National Climate
Kyoto Protocol, People’s Survival Development
Change Action
Bali Pan of Fund Investment Plan
Plan
Action,etc. (LDIP)
National
Framework Annual
Strategy on CC Investment Plan
(AIP)
HYOGO RA 10121 National
Framework for Philippine Disaster Disaster Risk Local CC Action
Action Risk Reduction Reduction and Plan (LCCAP)
and Management Management
Law of 2010 Plan DRRM Plan

“We stress the importance of stronger inter-linkages among disaster risk reduction, recovery and long-
term development planning, and call for more coordinated and comprehensive strategies that integrate
disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation considerations into public and private investment,
decision making and planning of humanitarian and development actions in order to reduce risk,
increase resilience and provide a smoother transition between relief, recovery and development.”

Line 188, The Future we Want,

Rio +20
Table 2. Mainstreaming and Integration of CCA and DRR in the Planning and Budgeting Process 13
(informed by the Rationalized Planning System, JMC 2007-1, of the Republic of the Philippines)

Vision Strategic Direction Investment Programming Identifying Major Final Output

Reality Check (Roadmap to the Vision) (Programs, projects, activities))
10 year period 10 year period funding sources

• Ecological • In the face of • Per sector • Per sector, per year • Per sector, per year • Per sector
profiling, disaster and • Per year • Clustered strategy, • Identify funding: • Performance indicator per
• Check climate-related • RA 10121, project/activity, annual General Fund or project and activity
Desinventar risks, what does amended estimated cost, timeline other sources • Cost per project
Database the LGU aspire RA 9729, • Cost: labor, • Mode of
• Review for the local RA 7160 supplies/materials, procurement
secondary data population, administrative overhead
• Consult local local economy, • Considered • Create enabling Where can the • Do the indicators reflect
and national natural strategies for programs, projects, funding come from? what adaptive and coping
meteorological environment, current and activities that will help • IRA: General Fund capacities were developed?
and scientific local future extreme develop resilience by • Disaster Risk • Do the indicators reflect
institutions leadership/ events and reducing risks to current Reduction and resiliency and itner-
governance other climate- and future climate and Management Fund generational well-being?
• Integrated
and the built related hazards disaster-related hazards • People’s Survival • Do the indicators specify
Climate Risk
environment? (ie increase in and help promote Fund outputs that reflect
Analysis for
• Use multi- temperature, low carbon or GhG • ODA (official vulnerability reduction,
Adaptation and
stakeholder, precipitation, programs, projects, development aid adaptation to, reduction
Mitigation
- Use hazard maps,
evidence-based frequency of activities per sector support for CC and of exposure to hazards,
local climatology visioning typhoons, sea • Allow multi-stakeholder DRR initiatives extreme events (climate
data, climate process by level rise, storm participation in the PPA • SK Fund extremes) and slow onset
projections reflecting in
- Scientific
surges, wave design process • Access to available impacts of a changing
vulnerability climate and heights) and adaptation funding climate per sector?
assesments other hazard- geo-hazards • Are these activities • Private sector • Do the indicators reflect
- Crunch model to informed risk • Consider the risk-reducing or risk- contribution adaptive mitigation
determin HxExV/C enhancing
(hazards, exposure,
assessment ff.: Remove • Counter-part or migiting forms of
vulnerability and conducted exposure of • Do the activities help from other adaptations?
adaptive capacity) • Does the communities in reducing greenhouse stakeholders (ie • Are there indicators for
- GhG emission LGU need to gas emissions?
inventory
and assets to NGOs, international emission reduction and
reduce its GhG hazards Specifically, do they humanitarian adaptation in C, H, A,W, F?
• Examine CC emissions? help reduce carbon
• Reduce organizations, • Are performance indicators
risk in physical, • Does the emissions?
vulnerabilities academic MDG-compliant? Do they
social/cultural, vision give • Do the activities
per hazards and scientific contribute to Agenda 21, to
economic, consideration help in reducing any
• Increase institutions) sustainable develoment?
environmental, to the need specific vulnerabilities
adaptive • Do they contribute to the
political/ of LGU to to disaster or any
capacities per NFSCC or the NCCAP, SNAP,
institutional build adaptive climate-related risks in
hazards or DRRM Plan?
planning sectors capacities the present and in the
• Consider
of coastal health, against climate future?
adaptive
and agricultural, and other • Do the activities
mitigation
forestry, water hazards? consider the
or forms of
(C,H,A,W,F) • Does the PROVISIONING,
adaptation
ecosystem practical vision SUSTAINING, CULTURAL
that contribute
through factor in the AND REGULATING
to inter-
multistakeholder following: VALUE of the elements
generational
PCVA safety, human within an ecosystem in
well-being
(participatory security, the planned program
• Adaptation and
capacities and disaster project activity?
mitigation per
vulnerability and climate • Will the activities enable
ecosystem
assessments) resillience, people, structures,
• Use Climate • Use ecosystem-
adaptation, livelihoods, etc. in the
Adaptation based education
significant community to adapt
Anticipatory • Specify
reduction of to projected climate-
Matrix strategies for
vulnerabilities, relatedand other risks?
• Create and resilience in
preparedness, • Are the rights of
monitor governance,
or use of the people in the
climate-informed risk assessment,
indigenous and community guaranteed
HxExV/C per early warning,
endogenous in the process?
sector, per knowledge mgt.,
knowledge • Are the activities gender
element, per vulnerability
systems? and culturally-sensitive?
ecosystem reduction,
• Will the activities
• Validate data preparedness
encourange
with and make per sector
multi-stakeholder
available to participation?
stakeholders
14

Table 3. Hierarchy of Plans

Level Physical Plan Development Investment Budget

Plans Program

National
Philippine Development General
Physical
National Development Investment Appropriations
Framework
Plan Program Act
Plan

Regional Regional
Regional
Physical Development
Regional Development
Framework Investment
Plan
Plan Program

Provincial Development Provincial Annual Budget

Provincial and Physical Development (Budget
Framework Plan Investment Ordinance)
Program

Local
City / City / Comprehensive Annual Budget
Development
Municipality Municipal Development (Budget
Investment
Land Use Plan Plan Ordinance)
Program
 15
What adaptation and risk reduction will require from all of us

Cope with How do we do it? Who will do it? Why?

(in the case In order to:
of DRR) with Knowing our RISKS (at the local, regional, Individuals,
national, global scale). Where understanding institutions and • Achieve generic or
current and of risks require knowing your hazards (multiple communities specific adaptation
immediate hazards, multi-temporal, and muti-scale) and
hazards vulnerabilities (biophysical and socio-economic). • Vulnerability reduction
Most ideal if done in
and adapt a transdisciplinary or hazard mitigation
DRR will require knowing current and immediate
to or deal natural and human-induced hazards. CCA manner (involving
• Achieve resilience,
with future will require understanding of hydrological, exchanges and adjustment,
meteorological hazards, future climate and interaction between transformation
hazards (in current extreme events. Dealing with CCA and governments,
the case of DRR will require appreciation of the interaction academics and
CCA). between current and future climate and weather- scientists, civil society
related hazards and their interaction to other
organizations and
forms of hazards.
other stakeholders)
Knowing and reducing vulnerabilities -- by
reducing exposure, sensitivities and improving
capacities
Enhanced but inspired by Preston,
Knowing and enhancing our human, social, B.L. and Staffor-Smith, M. (2009).
natural, physical, financial capital and capacities Framing vulnerability and
adaptive capacity assessment:
Discussion Paper. CSIRO Climate
Working towards transformation using
Adaptation Flagship Paper
precautionary and evidence-based approaches No. 2, http://www.csiro/org/
that are informed by science. ClimateAdaptationFlagship.html

Getting Started in CCA and DRR Planning:

Using the structure of the Local Development Council – An Option
Where CCA and DRR are mainstreamed in the analysis
done by the Sectoral and Functional Committees, CCA
LOCAL DEVELOPMENT and DRR insights and interventions will automatically
COUNCIL become part of the development planning and budgeting.
Please see the role/s that these Sectoral and Functional
Committees as outlined by RA 7160 through DILG:

• Assist the LDC in the performance of its functions

EXECUTIVE
COMMITTEE • Provide the LDC with data & information essential to
the formulation of plans, programs & activities
• Define sectoral or functional objectives, set targets &
identify programs, projects & activities;
SECTORAL FUNCTIONAL • Collate & analyze data
COMMITTEE COMMITTEE
• Conduct studies
• Conduct public hearings on sectoral planning, projects
& activities
CORE EXPANDED • Monitor & evaluate programs & projects
FULL-BLOWN • Perform other functions as may be assigned by the LDC
TECHNICAL TECHNICAL
WORKING
WORKING WORKING
GROUP
GROUP GROUP This way, the sole responsibility of CCA and DRRM
planning does not rest on the Disaster Risk Reduction
• Members of sectoral committees to be drawn from all and Management Committee nor with a Climate Change
societal sectors. Committee of the LGU alone.

• Members of functional committees are drawn from The planning process in the LGU is normally coordinated
sectoral committees, where possible. by the Planning and Development Office.
 SECTION 2
16

12 Steps to Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation (CCA)

and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) in Development Planning:
A Practitioner’s Perspective
1 2 3
• Identify climate-related hazards • Identify elements exposed to • Determine the vulnerability of
• Use climate projections; if absent, use
climate trends
the climate –related hazards each sector and element at
• Check PAGASA or local scientific • Identify sectors exposed to risk to climate-related hazards
institutions for local climate data the climate –related hazards and to other forms of past,
• To identify other hazards: check PhiVOLCS • Identify elements and sectors current and immediate and
for geophysical hazards, MGB for rainfall-
induced landslides, and other development
exposed to geophysical and future hazards
analysis from government agencies and other natural hazards and to • Use vulnerability assessment
from Universities and Colleges human-induced hazards tools

4 5 6
• Determine how the changing climate will affect
• Determine the coping (for each exposed sector and element given specific • Ask further help from
DRR) and adaptive (CCA) vulnerabilities and adaptive capacities (for CCA) and work with the
• Determine how the changing climate will
capacity of your constituency interact with other forms of hazards to affect scientific community
• Use asset-based mapping your exposed sectors in the translation of
• Determine how current climate and weather-
tools (assess social, economic, related hazards alongside geophysical,
climate projections into
physical, environmental, and ecological and other hazards will affect your probable impacts.
exposed sectors (for DRR)
institutional capacities and • Use influence diagram/ tools.
assets) • Ask the help of and work with scientists in your
area

7 8 9
• Determine what climate-related • Identify specific programs, • Ascertain whether
(for CCA) and disaster risk-related projects and activities such actions are also
vulnerabilities you want to reduce (PPA) that will help contributing to your
and what coping (for DRR) and reduce vulnerabilities other development
adaptive (for CCA) capacities you
and develop adaptive goals. Analyze benefits
want to enhance vis a vis the
projected climate hazards (for CCA) capacities (for CCA) and and constraints
and the current hazards (for DRR) coping capacities (for • Prioritization of PPAs
DRR)

10 11 12
• Identify Performance • Transfer data ,
• Identify budget
Indicators, Capacity information , analysis
Building Needs, Policy produced into the AIP
Requirements, Supplies and other planning and
Needed, Implementing budgeting templates
Agency, Time frame
Budget Needed
 17

This attempt at a 12-step process was done upon • More importantly, the process suggested does
the request of LGU partners. It is also an attempt to not push for the design of NEW interventions
provide an option for LGUs who, while drawing or that are not linked to the CLUP and CDP or the
seeking resources for a quantitative disaster and/or Executive and Legislative Agenda (ELA), if they
climate change risk assessment, can start a process are not necessary for the survival and resilience of
of risk reduction and adaptation using qualitative the LGUs. Rather, where prior Programs, Projects
yet science-informed tools for analysis in their and Activities (PPAs) have been pre-designed in
assessments. Where resource is not an issues for the the Local Development Investment Plan (LDIP),
LGU, it is suggested that the LGU works with scientific these PPAs be seriously reviewed with a CCA and
research institutions for their climate change and DRR lens. This is suggested with the hope that the
disaster risk assessments. resulting PPAs will enhance community and the
LGU’s resilience in the face of disaster and climate
• The 12-step process can be used for various change risks.
purposes. But for this document, it is meant to help
LGUs mainstream CCA and DRR in development • The12-steps recommended are seen as most useful
planning and budgeting processes prescribed by in the context of a participatory planning process
the Rationalized Planning Processes ---- particularly as prescribed by the RA 7160 and affirmed by the
at the level of municipalities, cities, and barangays. Rationalized Planning Process.

• Ideally, the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP),

the Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) must
inform the Local Development Investment Plan.
Hence, it is but logical that the CLUP and the CDP
must first be able to mainstream CCA and DRR.
However, this toolkit has been prepared when most
LGUs have already prepared or are preparing their
Local Development Plan.

• Not hoping to let another planning and budgeting

process pass without CCA and DRR interventions
being considered, the toolkit seeks to help sharpen
analysis related to development interventions by
contributing CCA and DRR tools of analysis.

• The document advocates that mainstreaming of

CCA and DRR in development planning be done
through the Rationalized Planning Process by the
LGUs . That way, CCA and DRR interventions can
truly be mainstreamed rather than just inserted in
development plans and budgets.
18

1 • Try to gain better understanding, with the help of scientists and

traditional wisdom of your locality, on how different climate variables
• Identify climate-related hazards interact with each other to influence our experiences. For instance, how
• Use climate projections; if absent, use
climate trends
do our activities influence how the air warms, how clouds are formed,
• Check PAGASA or local scientific how the wind carries the clouds that bring rain, among others.
institutions for local climate data • Identify past, current and future climate, climate extremes and other
• To identify other hazards: check PhiVOLCS
for geophysical hazards, MGB for rainfall- forms of hazards.
induced landslides, and other development • Dealing with current climate hazards (i.e. climate variability) through
analysis from government agencies and
from Universities and Colleges disaster risk reduction is vital to climate change adaptation. Building
capacities to deal with current hazards will enable us to enhance our
capacities for dealing with future climate hazards.
• Refer to local climate science data for climate projections (or model-
derived estimates of future climate (IPCC, 2011)).
• For Provincial projections, refer to DILG Memorandum Circular 2012, re:
availability of the book “Climate Change Project in the Philippines” in
the DILG website under the section on LGU Guides (see http://dilg.gov.
ph/ ReportsResourcesArchive.php) or check the PAGASA website.
• Where climate projections are absent, use climate trends ( or patterns in
climatic parameters at the minimum of 30 years). To determine climate
trends, request for local climate data from PAGASA or from local
scientific institutions that monitor weather and climate data.
• Where the prior is absent, you can use a historical timeline as a tool
(see section on tools at the end of this book) which asks the question
“which of these have you experienced for the past 30 years: increasing
temperature, increasing precipitation, decreasing precipitation, sea-level
rise, increasing intensity of typhoons, increasing severity of typhoons,
higher waves, stronger storm surges, drought?”
• For nowcasts (i.e. rain forecast) and other relevant information , please
see the Project Noah website http://noah.dost.gov.ph/.
• For DRR purposes, examine past and current geological, hydrological,
meteorological, biological, technological or anthropogenic,
environmental hazards. Request assistance from scientific institutions
(i.e. State and Private Universities and Colleges), from PhiVOLCS,
PAGASA, MGB, among others.
Major Components of the Climate System

Source: www.solcomhouse.com/ climatechange.html

 19
EXAMPLES OF CLIMATE HAZARDS
Compared to 30 years ago o Kumpara sa 30 taon mula
sa kasalukuyan

Increasing temperature o mas mainit

Stronger winds compared to the past years o

mas malakas na hangin kumpara sa dati

Stronger typhoons o mas malakas na bagyo

More rains compared to the past o mas

maraming pag-ulan kumpara sa dati

More floods o mas maraming pagbaha

Rising sea levels o tumataas ang tubig sa

dagat

Strong storm surges o mas lumalakas ang

hampas ng alon sa dalampasigan

Increasing wave heights o tumataas ang alon

sa dagat

More frequent flooding due to rainfall o mas

madalas na pagbaha dahil sa pag-ulan

Rainfall-induced landslides o mas madalas

na pagguho ng lupa dahil sa pag-ulan

Others o iba pa

BASIC CONSIDERATIONS • While we are doing an assessment of climate hazards, it is important

to bear in mind that there are potentially other geophysical, ecological,
human-induced hazards in each area you are examining. These hazards
may interact with climate and weather-related hazards to create a
multiple-hazard effect (i.e. disaster in Albay in 2006: lahar, heavy rainfall,
typhoon)
• If we are using climate trends (patterns in climatic parameters in
history) in our analysis, we can refer to our assessments as climate risk
assessments. While climate risk assessments are important to disaster
risk assessments they cannot yet be called climate change assessment
because are using climate trends and not projections for future climate
change;
• The assessment or the resulting plan can only be transformed into a
climate change plan when 
- we use climate projections in our analysis
- we use assessments to identify vulnerabilities and capacities
against projected climate-related hazards
- we are able to discuss and plan on how vulnerabilities can be
reduced and ADAPTIVE CAPACITIES can be developed
20

2 • Where resources are available, you can ask help of research and
scientific institutions who can help you prepare a climate risk
• Identify elements exposed to assessment (i.e. for examples, see the work of Manila Observatory
the climate –related hazards
• Identify sectors exposed to
in Silago, Leyte and Tiwi and Malinao in Albay) or go to the website
the climate –related hazards of the Climate Change Commission to examine available tools in the
• Identify elements and sectors section on Documents. Look for the Consultation Series on Vulnerability
exposed to geophysical and Assessment Tools on Climate Change. If unavailable online, contact the
other natural hazards and to Climate Change Commission.
human-induced hazards
• Where resources are limited for the climate risk assessments or
vulnerability assessments mentioned above, you can proceed with the
following:
a. Using the climate projections or climate trend analysis can you map
out what areas and what sectors will be most likely affected and
are affected by specific hazards? Do the same for areas that are
affected by other forms of hazards. Please note that the assessment
should be hazard specific.
b. Using a matrix or participatory tools (see section on Tools of this
Toolkit), determine level of exposure by looking at the demographic
data (i.e. population, extent of agricultural, forestry, fisheries,
business assets) of the areas and sectors most affected by specific
hazards.
c. Refer to CBMS data or social monitoring data for human exposure
data
d. Refer to the ENRO, Agriculture Office, FARMC data for biophysical
exposure data.
e. Refer to the data in your ecological profile.

BASIC CONSIDERATIONS • Remember, analysis of exposure should be hazard-specific. It is

important for us to understand this because your adaptation and risk
reduction actions will vary depending on the hazard you are exposed to.
• Determine the following:
a. Areas and sectors exposed to each hazard
b. Population of each area and each sector exposed to a particular
hazard. Where analysis of human exposure is undertaken, ensure
gender disaggregation of data and include vulnerable populations in
the analysis (i.e. persons with disabilities, elderly, children)
c. In each area, what ecosystems are most exposed to hazards .
Ecosystem refers to “a dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-
organism communities and their non-living environment interacting
as a functional unit” (Convention on the Biological Diversity, 1992).
d. Sectors in each area exposed to each hazard. Example of sectoral
classification used in development planning : physical, social,
economic, others. It may be useful to add environmental and
institutional sectors;• Examine elements in each sector that may
be exposed to hazards. For instance, in the physical sector you can
examine buildings, roads, bridges or different kinds of infrastructure
services.
 21
Sample Exposure Matrix

CLIMATE Municipality / City/ Municipality / City/ Municipality / City/

HAZARDS Barangay 1 Barangay 2 Barangay 3 TOTAL

PERSONS WITH

PERSONS WITH

PERSONS WITH

PERSONS WITH
DISABILITY

DISABILITY

DISABILITY

DISABILITY
CHILDREN

CHILDREN

CHILDREN

CHILDREN
ELDERLY

ELDERLY

ELDERLY

ELDERLY
FEMALE

FEMALE

FEMALE

FEMALE
MALE

MALE

MALE

MALE
Increasing
temperature o
mas mainit
Stronger winds
compared to
the past years o
mas malakas na
hangin kumpara
sa dati

Stronger
typhoons o mas
malakas na
bagyo

More rains
compared to
the past o mas
maraming pag-
ulan kumpara
sa dati

More floods o
mas maraming
pagbaha

Rising sea levels

o tumataas ang
tubig sa dagat

Strong storm
surges o mas
lumalakas ang
hampas ng alon
sa dalampasigan

Increasing
wave heights o
tumataas ang
alon sa dagat

More frequent
flooding due to
rainfall o mas
madalas na
pagbaha dahil
sa pag-ulan

Rainfall-induced
landslides o
mas madalas
na pagguho ng
lupa dahil sa
pag-ulan

Others o iba pa

TOTAL
22

3 V = f( E, S, AC)
• Determine the vulnerability Vulnerability, based on the IPCC (2007) ,is a product of the interaction
of each sector and element
at risk to climate-related between a element’s sensitivity, exposure and adaptive capacity vis a
hazards and to other forms of vis specific hazards.
past, current and immediate
and future hazards • Exposure: nature and degree to which a system is exposed to
• Use vulnerability assessment significant climatic variations
tools

• Sensitivity: degree to which a system is affected, either adversely or

beneficially, by climate variability or change. The effect may be direct
(e.g., a change in crop yield in response to a change in the mean,
range or variability of temperature) or indirect (e.g., damages caused
4 by an increase in the frequency of coastal flooding due to sea level
rise).
• Determine the coping (for
DRR) and adaptive (CCA) • Adaptive Capacity: The ability of a system to adjust to climate change
capacity of your constituency (including climate variability and extremes) to moderate potential
• Use asset-based mapping damages, to take advantage of opportunities, or to cope with the
tools (assess social, economic, consequences.
physical, environmental, and
institutional capacities and
assets) NOTE: We suggest that the above formula be used to assess exposure
to all forms of hazards, sensitivities, coping and adaptive capacities.

BASIC CONSIDERATIONS • Go to the website of the Climate Change Commission to examine available tools
for vulnerability assessments. Look for the Consultation Series on Vulnerability
Assessment Tools on Climate Change. The database will provide you with a list
of Vulnerability Assessment Tools available and institutions that may help you in
conducting the assessments. If unavailable online, contact the Climate Change
Commission.
• Where resources are limited, you can do the following:
• After determining what hazards are in each area and what sectors and elements
are exposed to what hazard, it is time to examine the vulnerability of each
element in each sector of the ecosystem you are examining.
Sensitivity a. Determine how a particular element is or is likely to be affected by the changing
Exposure Adaptive
Capacity climate/ by a climate-related hazard and other hazards. For CCA and DRR,
special concern on climate extremes and how these phenomena interact with
various hazards should be given attention. Remember, sensitivity may be due to
innate, physiological or biological factors. Sensitivity may be further aggravated
by physical, ecological, human-related stressors. Farmers who know less climate
information that relates to farm planning are perceived to be more sensitive to
climate change.
Vulnerability
b. Then, check the pre-existing condition of the element ( whether innate or due to
external conditions) that enables it to cope and be resilient to climate change.
For instance, farmers who still have knowledge about plant breeding will be
able to experiment and breed seeds that she/he can plant given changing
climate conditions.
c. When the exposure and sensitivity to climate change are high and the adaptive
capacity is low, the element becomes more vulnerable to the climate hazard
being used in a particular analysis. In DRR, vulnerabilities are also high where
exposure to multiple hazards are high, where sensitivities abound.
• According to the Special Report on Climate Extremes (SREX) 2012, “Extreme and
non-extreme weather or climate events affect vulnerability to future extreme
events by modifying resilience, coping capacity and adaptive capacity.”
 23

Variables of Vulnerability we can examine

Socio-economic Biophysical

Vulnerability
(Sensitivity and (Exposure to hazard

Strategy
Adaptive Capacity) and Sensitivity) Biophysical Social
determinants determinants
• Level of wealth • Climatology
• Economic diversity • Climate variability
• State of public • Regional climate Climate variability Wealth

Where DRR measures

health • Climate hazards

Current state

vulnerability

can be applied
• Level of education • Elevation and Land Use Technology

Present
• Knowledge topography Infrastructure age + Education =
• Access to technology • Land use Building material Entitlements
and information • Habitat quality
• Planning • Water availability Social Capita
• Social cohesion • Physical
• Equity infrastructure Temperature change Population growth

Where CCA measures

• Governance • Frequency, duration,
Future Change
Rainfall change Economic growth

vulnerability

can be applied
• Political Stability magnitude

Future
Evaporation change Changing values
• Corruption + =
• Policy Making Wind change Changing governance
• Settlement patterns Humidity change New policy decisions
• Policy priorities
Sea-level rise
• Worldviews
• Critical thresholds of
Figure 1. Current and Future Determinants of vulnerabilityAdapted from Preston, B.L.
vulnerability
and Staffor-Smith, M. (2009). Framing vulnerability and adaptive capacity assessment:
Discussion Paper. CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship Paper No. 2, http://www.csiro/org/
ClimateAdaptationFlagship.html

Indicate
Sample SAMPLE SUMMARY TABLE FOR ASSESSING VULNERABILITY
Ecosystem:
Terrestrial /
upland HAZARD VULNERABILITY

Exposure Sensitivity Adaptive Capacity

SECTORS Climate Indicator Source Variable Indicator Source Variable Indicator Source Variable Indicator Source
Variable

Quality and Location, type, Location and

Drainage canals
Physical

Alternative
DPWH

DPWH

DPWH
Roads length of roads length and exit number of alternative
in the road road network
by type points of drainage road networks
networks
canals

No. and location Herbal medicines

Access to No. and location Access to Sources of
Health Office

Health Office

Health Office

of health providers and indigenou

healthcare of health workers primary health with health care kits alternative health practices in
Social

care medicine the area

(specify climate projection or climate trend)

Number of days with rainfall ≥ 300mm and

Increasing or decreasing amount of rainfall

Indicate reference for climate projection or

seasonal amount of rainfall in mm

climate trend analysis finding/s

Degree to which Number and type Number and type

Local Agriculture

Local Agriculture

Local Agriculture

Economic Livelihoods Livelihood

Office, PESO,

Office, PESO,

Office, PESO,

local economy of livelihoods of livelihoods and

Economic

dependent on and market

P/M/CD0

P/M/CD0

P/M/CD0

co-dependence would change dependent on the market not

the river, markets because of river, markets along diversification dependent on
along the river shifts in water river system the river
system availability

Transboundary Length, depth , Depth, with, shape, Floodplains Size and width of
Environmental

ENRO or NIA

ENRO or NIA

river systems location of river flow capacity, without floodplain without

Overflow
ENRO

system sediment discharge settlements settlements

potential (easement), catchment
of river, soil creep,
vegetation cover history of the river

Policy and Competency in River Policy agreements on

LGU ordinance

LGU ordinance

River Knowledge on,

Institutional

and offices

and offices

handling issues
P/M/CPDO

institutional skills, equipment for management river management

management related to river
mechanisms on rainfall variability council
capacities management
river management affecting rivers
24

5
• Determine how the changing climate will affect
each exposed sector and element given specific
vulnerabilities and adaptive capacities (for CCA)
• Determine how the changing climate will • An influence diagram is a simple visual representation of the
interact with other forms of hazards to affect
your exposed sectors relationship between climate change-related hazards and affected
• Determine how current climate and weather-
related hazards alongside geophysical, ecological elements (in the case of CCA) or between current multiple hazards
and other hazards will affect your exposed
sectors (for DRR)
and affected elements (in the case of DRR). It helps us examine
• Use influence diagram/ tools.
• Ask the help of and work with scientists in your
what changes can possibly happen so we can analyze where
area and how we want to intervene, in the context of climate change
adaptation or in the context of disaster risk reduction or in both.
• Please note that one change in the in the hazard (i,.e climate
pattern, confluence of hazards) may create multiple changes in
6 different elements of the ecosystem.

• Ask further help from

and work with the
scientific community
in the translation of
climate projections into
probable impacts.

• For instance, change • Observed and • How will this • Observed and
in climate pattern potential change change in one potential Impacts
per climate variable in elements of element affect the
(i.e, projected the ecosystem, other elements of
temperature humans included, the ecosystem?
increase) or infrastructure,
• Extreme weather social, economic
condition (i.e and institutional
nowcast or forecast systems
of likelihood of rain
in the Project Noah
website)

POTENTIAL ADAPTATION and/or DISASTER RISK REDUCTION INTERVENTION POINTS

 25

Challenge the
collection capacity
of the river system

Damming effect

Impediments in the rivers

tributaries
Flashflood

Faster movement of water Flooding in settlement

Increase in rainfall and sediment; increased am cultivation areas
velocity flow downstream

Debris flow
Saturation of Loosening of
the soil with the soil
water

Possible target for

adaptation interventions
Impediments in the distributaries
at the mouth of the river

Low vegetative
cover
Example
Backflow from the
dispersing system of
the river

For better examples of influence diagrams in the Ramos LT, Habito CM and Lasco RD. 2011. Patterns
Philippine context, please check on the following of Vulnerability in the Forestry, Agriculture,
publications from Manila Observatory: Water, and Coastal Sectors of Silago, Southern
Leyte, Philippines. In: Maquiling JT,eds. . Manila,
1. Albay Sustainable Development Guidebook Philippines. The Manila Observatory, The
released in 2012 World Agroforestry Centre, and The Deutsche
2. Narisma GT, Vicente MC, Capili-Tarroja EB, Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit.
Cruz FA, Perez RT, Dayawon RS, Dado JM, Del 132 p. (see http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.
Castillo MF, Villafuerte II MQ, Loo LC, Olaguer net/sea/th/publication?do=view_pub_detail&pub_
DM, Loyzaga MA, Banaticla-Altamirano MR, no=RP0286-12)
26

7 Once you have determined what vulnerabilities and exposure you want to
• Determine what climate-related
reduce and coping and adaptive capacities you want enhanced.
(for CCA) and disaster risk-related
vulnerabilities you want to reduce • Think about your DRR and CCA options: what are risk reducing vs risk
and what coping (for DRR) and
adaptive (for CCA) capacities you
enhancing, what are culturally-appropriate, what are gender-sensitive,
want to enhance vis a vis the what promotes and protects human rights, what ensures environmental-
projected climate hazards (for CCA) sustainability and what what enhances the capacity of ecosystems to
and the current hazards (for DRR)
continue delivering ecosystem services.
• In consideration of the adaptation and mitigation nexus, we also ask
the question if our interventions will help reduce greenhouse gas
emissions. For instance, using the influence diagram in the prior page,
and I want to increase vegetative cover as an adaptation option–I ask,
8 will it enhance the supporting, provisioning, regulating, and cultural
services offered by the ecosystem? Does this action contribute to climate
• Identify specific programs, change mitigation? Or if you are designing a mitigation action, does it
projects and activities
contribute to adaptation?
(PPA) that will help
reduce vulnerabilities • Specific to risk reduction and in compliance to the DRRM framework
and develop adaptive arising from RA 10121, please also identify options, programs,
capacities (for CCA) and plans, activities that help reduce risks in the conduct of Response,
coping capacities (for Rehabilitation and Recovery, Preparedness, Mitigation and Prevention
DRR)
interventions. Will also be best to check whether the selected DRRM
option also reduce climate change sensitivities, exposure, enhances
adaptive capacities and contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gas
emissions.

Supporting:
Soil formulation;
photosynthesis;
biodiversity; habitat;

Cultural: Ecosystem
stewardship; Services Provisioning: fish,
aesthetic; (Examples) wood; food; clean
recreation; water;
education

Regulating: clean
air; store carbon;
Adapted from MetroVancouver,
purify water; Ecosystem Services, http://www.
control flooding; metrovancouver.org/planning/
cool temperature; development/ecologicalhealth/
pollination Pages/default.aspx.
 27

Indicate Sample SUMMARY TABLE FOR ASSESSING VULNERABILITY AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION OPTIONS
Ecosystem:
Terrestrial / Program, plans
Program, plans Program, plans
upland or action to
VULNERABILITY or action to or action to
IMPACTS INCREASE
REDUCE REDUCE
COPING
EXPOSURE SENSITIVITY
CAPACITY

SECTORS Exposure Sensitivity Adaptive Capacity

CURRENT
HAZARDS Variable Indicator Source Variable Indicator Source Variable Indicator Source
based on
geophysical,
ecological
hazards and
on climate
trend analysis, Physical
nowcasting
current
long-term
forecasting
(30-days to 2 Social
years)

Economic

Environmental

Institutional

Indicate Sample SUMMARY TABLE FOR ASSESSING VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION OPTIONS
Ecosystem:
Terrestrial / Program, plans
Program, plans Program, plans
upland or action to
VULNERABILITY or action to or action to
IMPACTS INCREASE
REDUCE REDUCE
ADAPTIVE
EXPOSURE SENSITIVITY
CAPACITY

SECTORS Exposure Sensitivity Adaptive Capacity

CURRENT
HAZARDS Variable Indicator Source Variable Indicator Source Variable Indicator Source
(based on
climate
projections; at
least 30-year
climate
analysis) Physical

Social

Economic

Environmental

Institutional
 28

9
Prioritization of the PPAs based on the
Rationalized Planning System, 2008
• Ascertain whether
such actions are also
contributing to your
other development Category General Criteria
goals. Analyze benefits
and constraints Urgent Cannot be reasonably postponed; will remedy conditions dangerous
• Prioritization of PPAs to public health, safety and welfare; needed because they maintain
critically needed programs; needed to meet emergency situations.

Required to complete or make usable a major public improvement

Essential
and to maintain minimum standards as part of an ongoing program.
Projects that are self-liquidating and those that have external funding
available.

Necessary Should be carried out to meet clearly identified and anticipated

needs; to replace obsolete or unsatisfactory facilities; repair or
maintain projects meant to prolong life of existing facilities.

Desirable Needed for the expansion of current programs; designed to initiate

new programs considered appropriate for a progressive community.

Acceptable Can be postponed without detriment to present operations if budget

cuts are necessary.

Deferrable Recommended for postponement or elimination immediate

consideration in the current LDIP; questionable in terms of over=all
needs, adequate planning, or proper timing

Indicate Sample SUMMARY TABLE FOR ASSESSING VULNERABILITY AND DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND ADAPTATION OPTIONS
Ecosystem:
Terrestrial / ADDRESSES
upland Program, plans Program, plans Program, plans OTHER PRIORITY
Projected or action to or action to or action to DEVELOPMENT RANK
Vulnerability impacts REDUCE REDUCE INCREASE GOALS AND/ OR
EXPOSURE VULNERABILITY ADAPTIVE CONTRIBUTES
CAPACITY TO THE
ENHANCEMENT
OF ECOSYSTEM
SERVICES?

SECTORS Exposure Sensitivity Adaptive Capacity

CURRENT
AND FUTURE Physical
HAZARDS

Social

Economic

Environmental

Institutional
 29

Summary Table for CCA Mainstreaming in Development Planning and Budgeting

Identified Adaption
10
climate and Disaster
and other Risk Reduction Supplies,
Legislative or
vulnerabilities Programs, Performance Capability Administrative Materials and Implementing Schedule of
to be Plans And Indicators Building Needs Resources Office Implementation Budget • Identify Performance
Policies Needed
addressed per Activities needed Indicators, Capacity
development
sector Building Needs, Policy
Requirements, Supplies
(LDIP, AIP) (PERFORMANCE (HRD PLAN) POLICIES (ANNUAL
Needed, Implementing
PLAN) NEEDED PROCUREMENT
(ELA) PLAN) Agency, Time frame
Budget Needed
(General
Services)

(Social
Services)

(Economic
Services)

(Other
Services)

Summary Table for CCA Mainstreaming in Existing Development Plans and Budgets (Minimum Entries)
Identified ADAPTATION
climate AND RISK Expected
and other REDUCTION- Outcome
Identified (MUST ADDRESS
vulnerabilities CURRENT ENHANCED
Performance Expected VULNERABILITY BUDGET BUDGETS
to be Programs, Plans Programs, Plans and
Activities Indicators output AND ENHANCE SOURCE
addressed per and Activities (How will you address COPING AND
development development needs ADAPTIVE
given the climate risks?)
sector CAPACITY)

(LDIP, AIP) (AIP) (PERFORMACE

PLAN)

(General
Services)

(Social
Services)

(Economic
Services)

(Other
Services)
30

Maximizing Local Funds of Resiliency and Adaptation

11
• Identify budget Office MOOE

Non-office MOOE

MOOE

PS

CO

Non-office
Capital
Outlay

Office Capital Outlay

• The development fund consists of:· 20% IRA share·for non-

office MOOE and non-office capital outlay of the different
offices/ departments.

• The 20% of the IRA is not the development fund alone. It

consists of the 20% of the entire LGU revenue. It is intended
as a benchmark, not the ceiling in determining the LGU’s
development fund.

• Development interventions, in whatever form, can be

developed using CCA and DRR tools of analysis. The output
will be CCA and DRR-enhanced development interventions.
 31

LGU BUDGETS OBJECTS OF EXPENDITURES

1. GENERAL FUND

1.1 Personnel Services Fund Salaries & wages fro DRR/CCA staff

1.2 MOOE Fund Supplies & materials for DRR-CCA office

1.3 Capital Outlay Fund Infrastructure, building, equipment

2. 20% LOCAL DEV’T FUND Development, resilience & adaptation

3. ±5% DRRM FUND Disaster risk reduction fund

4. (?) LOCAL CCA FUND Climate adaptation fund

5. 10% SK FUND (for brgys. only) Youth development programs, projects

6. NEW FEES AND CHARGES For DRR-CCA initiatives

7. COST-SHARING OF LGUs DRR-CCA initiatives

OTHER SOURCES OF BUDGETS OBJECTS OF EXPENDITURES

1. DOF-LOGOFIND DRRM Fund DRR/CCA Initiatives

2. NGA DRRM per RA 10121 DRR/CCA Initiatives

3. National DRRM Fund DRR/CCA Initiatives

4. International Funding Institutions DRR/CCA Initiatives

5. Official Development Assistance DRR/CCA Initiatives

6. NGO-CSO Funds DRR/CCA Initiatives

7. Public-Private Partnership Funds DRR/CCA Initiatives

8. Joint Venture Funds per RA 7160 DRR/CCA Initiatives

9. People’s Survival Fund Climate change fund for LGUs and communities (CSOs)

10. Seal of Disaster Preparedness, Sasakawa Award, etc. DRR Monetary Incentives
32

12
• Transfer data ,
information , analysis
produced into the AIP
and other planning and
budgeting templates

Identified
climate Risk Supplies,
Reduction, Legislative or Materials and Schedule of
vulnerability Performance Capability Administrative Implementing Budget
Adaptation Indicators Building Resources Office Implementation
(exposure, Policies needed Needed
sensitivity, and Needs
adaptive Mitigation
capacity) tobe Programs,
addressed per Plans and
development Activities
sector

(LDIP, AIP) (PERFORMANCE (HRD PLAN) POLICIES (ANNUAL

PLAN) NEEDED (ELA) PROCUREMENT
PLAN)

(General
Services)

(Social
Services)

(Economic
Services)

(Other
Services)
You have just completed an attempt to mainstream
CCA and DRR in the planning and budgeting process.
If you have any insights on how the process have
helped you or how we can improve on the process,
please inform the authors and the publishers. This
tool certainly has room for improvements and its
use and scope may be limited by certain conditions.
Your insights will help improve this shared material.
Together, we can come up with a coherent and
efficient way of helping Philippine communities deal
with the challenges of disasters and other climate-
change-related risks.

Please note as well that our attention was called

to the fact the the output of this process can also
inform your DRRM or CC plans that RA 10121 and
RA 9729 require. We hope that this edition of the
toolkit can help you in any of your development
planning initiatives.
34

ANNEX
Other Sample Tools
For scientific climate analysis and risk
assessments we refer you to :
• Manila Observatory 2012 , Albay Sustainable
Development Guidebook, Philippines: Manila
Observatory, Chevron, Province of Albay
• Please Contact: Manila Observatory at 426-5921
 35

Other
• Climate hazard analysis --- hazard identification
(increasing temperature, increasing rainfall,
increasing intensity of typhoon, increasing

tools for
frequency of typhoon, sea-level rise:  USE A
HISTORICAL TIMELINE ANALYSIS
• Vulnerability components using the IPCC
definition ( vulnerability as a function of exposure,

community- susceptibility and adaptive capacity)  -- USE

SOCIAL CENSUS MAPPING
• Exposure --- what areas and what sectors are

based exposed to the hazards? how many households

are affected by each hazard?
• Susceptibility --- what are the weaknesses of each

assessments element of a sector to each hazard?

• Adaptive capacity --- what adaptive capacities
need to be strengthened or developed  so that
vulnerabilities can be reduced and chances of
survival are increased.
• Impact analysis -  YOU CAN OPT TO DO AN
INFLUENCE DIAGRAM to determine where impact
can result from the SUSCEPTIBILITIES AND LACK
OF ADAPTIVE CAPACITIES

ON ADAPTATION OPTIONS

• Start with an ASSET-BASED MAPPING::  what does

the community have in terms of assets/ resources
(human, social-cultural, economic, physical,
environmental) that can be used to address
susceptibilities and lack of adaptive capacities
• Then use the ADAPTATION OPTION MATRIX (ie.
Climate Adaptation Anticipatory Matrix) --- for
each hazard and sectoral element affected,
identify probable tool
• Do a VENN DIAGRAM to identify who can or what
groups can you work with to help build adaptive
capacities

Municipality, Provincial, Regional (Sub-National)

Municipality Provincial Regional

• The same tools but • The same tools but • The same tools but
• Exposure unit • Exposure unit • Exposure unit of
of analysis: of analysis: analysis: PROVINCIAL
MUNICIPALITY MUNICIPALITY • Use ecosystem-based
• Use ecosystem-based • Use ecosystem-based analysis
analysis analysis
36

Climate Risk Map Resulting from Social Census Mapping and Participatory Tools

Climate Risk Map Resulting from Social Census Mapping and Participatory Tools
 37

Sample Vulnerability Assesment Matrix

PRESSURE
ELEMENTS/ VULNERABLE UNDERLYING
CATEGORIES (System and
ASSETS AT RISK CONDITIONS CONDITIONS
Structures)

WHAT are the WHY does the WHO is creating WHY are the
likely impacts of hazards affect the the vulnerable vulnerable conditions
the hazards? element at risk? conditions? created or ignored by
How is this done? the pressures?

ECONOMIC

NATURAL

PHYSICAL

HUMAN

SOCIAL

Sample Adaptive Capacity Assesment Matrix

PROTECTED SAFE PRESSURE POSTIVE

CATEGORIES
ELEMENTS CONDITIONS RELEASES UNDERLYING
CAUSES

WHAT capacities WHO is helping WHAT political ideas,

WHICH elements exist that help the create safe economic principles and
are not badly protect the cultural practices support
affected by the conditions? HOW
elements from the is this done?
and motivate those helping
hazard? impact of hazard? to create safe conditions?

ECONOMIC

NATURAL

PHYSICAL

HUMAN

SOCIAL
38

Summary Table
SECTOR HAZARD EXPOSURE VULNERABILITY CAPACITY

Variable Indicator Source Variable Indicator Source Variable Indicator Source

Infrastructure Earthquake Magnitude PHILVOLCS Length of Kilometer DPWH Quality of Kilometer DPWH
Road improvement program
and roads roads by
Intensity type

Rice fields
Flood due to Millimeter per PAGASA Hectares Local DA Rice and Age Local DA Crop insurance, post harvest facilities,
Agriculture extreme rain hour (mm/hr)
and other
other crop cropping calendar
agricultural
of rain vulnerabilities
fields

Millimeter per Rice fields Hectares Local DA Rice and Age Local DA Crop insurance, post harvest facilities,
Drought
hour (mm/hr) PAGASA and other other crop cropping calendar
of rain agricultural vulnerabilities
fields

Climate Anitcipatory Adaptation Matrix (MDGF 1656 FORMAT)

AREA/SECTOR CC SOCIO-ECONOMIC ADAPTATION
(CHAWF++) VULNERABILITY IMPACT OPTION/PPAS

Social, Economic & Prioritized Adaptation

Most vulnerable sectors Based on Climate Scenarios Environmental Implications of Measure/s determined by
according to IPCC Report & Vulnerability Assessment Tool Vulnerabilities if not the Stakeholders
addressed

COASTAL
HEALTH
AGRICULTURE
WATER
FORESTRY
+++
Marinduque Council for Environmental Lead Writers and Developers of the Main Contributors:
Concerns (MACEC), Ateneo School Toolkit:
of Government, Manila Observatory, National and Local Government
Coastal Core Sorsogon, Aksyon Klima Miguel Magalang, MACEC Institutions, Civil Society Organizations,
Pilipinas, Regional Climate Change Rosa Perez, Gemma Narisma, Kendra Academic and Research Institutions who
Adaptation Platform for Asia, Province Gotangco, Manila Observatory took part in the Adaptation Knowledge
of Albay, Province of Iloilo (2012), Jessica Dator-Bercilla, Ateneo School Platform activities in the PhilIppines
Alternative Pathways to Climate of Government Lourdes Tibig
Change Adaptation and Disaster Shirley Torrecampo-Bolanos, Coastal Bryan Hugill, Raitong Organics Farm
Risk Reduction: Mainstreaming and Core Sorsogon Hon. Jose Clemente Salceda, Governor,
Integration in Development Planning Province of Albay
and Budgeting of Local Government Learning Associates who assisted in Mario Nillos (PPDO), Province of Iloilo
Units, Philippines: Aksyon Klima and the the processes that contributed to the Cedric Daep (APSEMO), Province of
Building Disaster-Resilient Communities finalization of the toolkit: Albay
Learning Circle. Arvin Jo, Marien Nilo-Fulo Elirozz Carlie Aksyon Klima Adaptation Cluster
Labaria, Margarita Roxas, Maila Quiring, Members (PRRM, IIRR, World Vision,
This material, which is dedicated to Raymund Daen CERD, Sarilaya, PRDCI, CEC, SEARICE,
the Filipino people, is a product of TWN )
SHARED KNOWLEDGE AND WISDOM Guidance and support provided by Union of Local Authorities in the the
and should be OWNED BY HUMANITY. Antonio La Vina, Dean, Ateneo School of Philippines through Sonia Lorenzo
The authors and the publishers did not Government and Antonia Yulo-Loyzaga,
put a copyright on this material and, Executive Director, Manila Observatory These efforts would not have been
believing in social justice, no one should possible without the support of:
claim this material as their own alone. Design, layout & illustrations:
Thus, we encourage that this material Emmanuel Marbella, Fusedesign Ltd. Co. Christian Aid
be used and shared where appropriate. United Nations Environment Program
Our only request is that if (1) any part and the Regional Climate Change
of this material is used, please cite as Adaptation Knowledge Platform for Asia
recommended above; (2) any part of
this or the entire material is reprinted The authors would like to acknowledge
please RESPECT THE INTEGRITY of the support of Aksyon Klima Pilipinas
the entire material, please attribute members, Secretariat, Steering
the material to the organizations that Committee (headed by Atty. Elpidio
developed it, and please coordinate Peria, and Coordinator Rowena Bolinas)
with or inform the publishers who have also provided the space for
through “Coordinator Aksyon Klima” dynamic debate and learning on climate
<coordinator@aksyonklima.com>, change issues and concerns.
“aksyon klima” <aksyonklima@gmail.
com>.

This toolkit is licensed under “Creative

Commons, Attribution-NonCommercial-
ShareAlike”. CC BY-NC-SA.03 http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-sa/3.0/. (This license lets others
remix, tweak, and build upon the work
non-commercially, as long as they credit
authors and the publishers and license
their new creations under the identical
terms.)