Small Ruminant Research: Articleinfo
Small Ruminant Research: Articleinfo
Small Ruminant Research: Articleinfo
Diets based on plants from Brazilian Caatinga altering ruminal parameters, MARK
microbial community and meat fatty acids of Santa Inês lambs
⁎
A.L. Abdalla Filhoa, , P.S. Corrêaa, L.N. Lemosa, D. Dineshkumara, J. Issakowicza, E.H. Iedaa,
P.M.T. Limaa, M. Barrealb, C. McManusc, T.S. Muia, A.L. Abdallaa, H. Louvandinia
a
Centre for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, 13400-970 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
b
Montpellier SupAgro, Département MPRS (Milieux, Productions, Ressources et Systèmes), 2 Place Pierre Viala, Bâtiment 22, 34060 Montpellier, France
c
University of Brasilia, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, 70910-900 Distrito Federal, Brazil
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T
Keywords: Strategies for the sustainable intensification of ruminant production suggest breeding animals adapted to the
Babassu environment in which they live using local fodders to maximize efficient ruminal fermentation. The purpose of
Finishing performance this study was to explore the effects of using Orbignya phalerata (Babassu) and Combretum leprosum (Mofumbo)
Lambs leaves in ruminal short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and microbial community, as well as finishing performance,
Meat
carcass characteristics and meat fatty acid profile of Santa Inês hair lambs. The experimental treatments were
Microbial community
Mofumbo
diets with 50:50 forage:concentrate ratios, using the leaves of the experimental plants as a 33 g/100 g of dry
Tannins matter (DM) replacement of Cynodon dactylon (Tifton-85) hay, with three groups: Control (no hay replacement),
Babassu and Mofumbo. Twenty-four Santa Inês lambs (body weight = 20.0 ± 5.2 kg) were used in a rando-
mized experimental design with eight repetitions (5 males and 3 female) per treatment. Ruminal fluid samples of
each animal were collected to determine SCFA and microbial community. The male animals were evaluated for
finishing performance and carcass characteristics while longissimus lumborum muscle samples were used for
determination of fatty acid profile. Interaction between treatment and sex was observed for total SCFA
(P < 0.05). Treatment affected (P < 0.05) propionate, isobutyric, isovaleric and valeric fatty acids. Mofumbo
showed a greater relative abundance of rumen fungi and Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and lower Archaea. There
was no difference between treatments (P > 0.05) for finishing performance and carcass characteristics but meat
fatty acid characteristics were affected by treatments. A redundancy analysis based on microbial abundance
profile demonstrated two clusters, one cluster with Babassu and Control treatments, and other cluster with
Mofumbo, with some variables associated to dissimilarity between clusters. These results indicated that the
inclusion of these plants in lamb diets affects ruminal short chain fatty acids and microbial population, without
compromising the production potential, carcass characteristics and meat fatty acid profile.
1. Introduction other than grasses in small ruminants’ diets can be an important less
expensive alternative feed resource, contributing to the sustainability of
Feeding is a key point for the sheep industry and it is regarded as the the livestock activity (Mlambo and Mapiye, 2015) and also food se-
most important aspect related to the success of lamb production curity, since generaly grasses are grown on arable land which could be
(Sepúlveda et al., 2011). In addition to factors such as freshness and used for direct food production (Schader et al., 2015). However, many
meat flavour there is a growing concern by a large segment of con- of these plants usually contain some levels of secondary plant com-
sumers about the sustainability of meat production, its impacts on an- pounds, such as tannins (Estell, 2010) whose biological properties are
imal welfare and potential harms to the environment and human health greatly dependent on their chemical structure (Soltan et al., 2013),
as well (Troy and Kerry, 2010). which can be even more important than concentration (Waghorn and
Strategies for the sustainable intensification of ruminant production McNabb, 2003).
suggest breeding animals adapted to the environment in which they live Even though some antihelmintical (Cenci et al., 2007) and anti-
using local fodders in order to maximize the efficient ruminal fermen- oxidative activities are described in ruminants, positively affecting
tation (Eisler et al., 2014). Including leaves of locally available plants animal welfare as well as meat and milk quality (Luciano et al., 2011),
⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: adibefilho@cena.usp.br (A.L. Abdalla Filho).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.07.005
Received 2 May 2017; Received in revised form 14 July 2017; Accepted 15 July 2017
Available online 18 July 2017
0921-4488/ © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A.L. Abdalla Filho et al. Small Ruminant Research 154 (2017) 70–77
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A.L. Abdalla Filho et al. Small Ruminant Research 154 (2017) 70–77
quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay using primers set of 16S rRNA genes Table 2
(Denman and McSweeney, 2006; Denman et al., 2007). Fatty acid profiles (g/100 g of total fat) in three experimental diets fed to Santa Inês
lambs.
The qPCR was performed using StepOnePlusTM Real Time PCR
System (Life Thecnologies) with fluorescence detection of SYBR green Fatty acids profilea Treatments
dye. The total volume of PCR mixture was 10.0 μL consisted of SYBR
Green Rox (Invitrogen) 5.0 μL, forward primer 1.0 μL (10 μmol L−1 C B M
concentration) reverse primer 1.0 μL (10.0 μmol L−1 concentration),
C4:0 0.12 0.11 0.12
DNA template 1.0 μL and sterile distilled water 2.0 μL. The amplifica- C6:0 0.22 0.15 0.14
tion conditions were as follows: on cycle at 95 °C for 30 s (initial de- C12:0 0.72 0.76 0.46
naturation), followed by 45 cycles of 95 °C for 5 s and 60 °C for 20 s. C13:0 iso 1.46 0.58 1.27
The specificity of amplified products was confirmed by melting tem- C14:0 iso 0.12 0.10 0.09
C14:0 0.82 1.47 1.33
perature and dissociation curve after amplification. The relative po-
C15:0 iso 0.10 0.08 0.08
pulation sizes of those microbial groups was expressed as proportion of C15:0 0.27 0.17 0.17
total rumen bacteria (16S rRNA), calculated from the ΔCt values by C16:0 31.71 29.96 29.68
subtracting the Ct (threshold cycle) value of the target gene from the Ct C16:1 cis-9 0.15 0.12 0.12
value of the reference gene (16S rRNA of BACT) using the 2−ΔΔCt C17:0 0.44 0.79 0.69
C18:0 4.26 4.74 7.48
method (Schmittgen and Livak, 2008). The shifts in microbial com- C18:1 cis-9 18.76 20.98 20.21
munities due to the different diets (Babassu and Mofumbo) in relation C18:1 cis-11 1.82 1.84 1.80
to Control were determined by considering the relative abundance of C18:1 cis-12 0.38 0.43 0.40
target population in Control as 1. C18:2 cis-9 cis-12 27.49 26.85 25.71
C20:0 1.21 0.69 1.27
C18:3 n-3 6.33 6.23 4.08
2.4. Finishing performance, carcass characteristics and meat fatty acids C20:1 0.40 0.51 0.31
profile C22:0 0.71 0.49 0.92
C23:0 0.46 0.35 0.41
C24:0 1.09 1.61 1.06
The 15 Santa Inês male lambs (149 days old and 20.4 ± 2.68 kg
SFA 43.95 42.28 45.48
BW) were selected for the evaluations of finishing performance, carcass UFA 55.47 57.19 53.12
characteristics and meat fatty acid profile. MUFA 21.56 24.05 22.90
During 57 days, feed leftovers were daily collected and weighed in PUFA 33.91 33.14 30.23
order to calculate daily DM intake. Weekly, the animals were weighed n-6 27.58 26.89 25.78
n-3 6.33 6.23 4.13
before morning feeding, to determine average daily body weight gain
n-6:n-3 4.35 4.31 6.23
(calculated by linear regression of the individual animal weights on UFA:SFA 1.26 1.35 1.17
experiment length) and the total weight gain throughout the experi- PUFA:SFA 0.77 0.78 0.66
mental period. Feed conversion ratio was calculated by the ratio be-
a
tween total consumption and total weight gain of the animals. Only the fatty acids with levels greater than 0.1 g/100 g are presented. SFA: saturated
fatty acids; UFA: unsaturated fatty acids; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA:
At the end of the experiment, the animals were slaughtered to
polyunsaturated fatty acids; n-6: n-6 fatty acids; n-3: n-3 fatty acids; n-6:n-3: n-6 divided
evaluate carcass characteristics. Before slaughter, the animals were by n-3; UFA:SFA: unsaturated divided by saturated fatty acids; PUFA:SFA: poly-
fasted for 24 h and then weighed to determine the fasting body weight unsaturated divided by saturated fatty acids. C – Control; B – Babassu and M – Mofumbo
(FBW). Slaughter was performed according to the current Brazilian laws treatments.
on the Regulation of Industrial and Sanitary Inspection of Animal
Products (RIISPOA, 1952), through stunning by electric shock and then followed the procedures of Hara and Radin (1978) and these were
bleeding out. methylated according to Christie (1982). For the fatty acid profile
After bleeding, skinning and evisceration, the skin, heart, lung, liver analyses of feeds (Table 2), extraction and methylation were performed
and scrotum were weighed. Hot carcass weight (HCW) and hot carcass according to Rodríguez-Ruiz et al. (1998). The samples were analyzed
yield (HCY) were determined using the equation: HCY = HCW/ in a gas chromatograph (GC-Finnigan Focus, Thermo Finnigan, San
FBW × 100. The carcasses were then stored in a cold chamber (4 °C) Jose, CA) with a flame-ionization detector and capillary column (CP-Sil
for 24 h and weighed to determine the cold carcass weight (CCW). The 88; Varian, Palo Alto, CA) measuring 100 m in length × 0.25 mm i.d.,
cold carcass yield (CCY) was calculated according to the equation: with a thickness of 0.20 μm, as described by Paim et al. (2014): Hy-
CCY = CCW/FBW × 100. drogen was used as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 1.8 mL/min. The
With the use of a tape measure, morphometric measurements of the initial temperature of the oven was 70 °C and was increased by 13 °C/
internal length of the carcass, hip circumference, as well as cir- min to 175 °C, where it was maintained for 27 min. The temperature
cumference and length of the shank were made. A subjective evaluation was then increased by 4 °C/min to 215 °C, where it was maintained for
of fat cover score was performed by adopting a scale from 1 for ex- 9 min, followed by another increase by 7 °C/min to 230 °C, where it
cessively thin and devoid of fat to 5 for excessively fat, with 0.25 point remained for 5 min. The temperature of the injector was 250 °C, and the
intervals. Carcass conformation score was also analyzed subjectively on temperature of the detector was 300 °C.
a scale of 1–5, with the value 1 for very poor conformation and the The identification of fatty acids was performed by comparison of
value 5 for excellent conformation. Leg, as well as skin, heart, lung, retention times of the samples using the analytical standards Supelco®
liver and scrotum were weighed. 37 Component FAME Mix (Supelco TM FAME Mix Component Ref No.
After cooling, meat colour was measured at the longissimus lum- 18919; Sigma–Aldrich, Bellefonte, PA, USA) and CLA isomers (Linoleic
borum muscle with a portable spectrophotometer (Konica Minolta – acid, conjugated methyl ester Ref No. O5632; Sigma–Aldrich, Saint
Spectro Photometer CM – 600d) at three different points on the external Louis, MO, USA). Fatty acids were quantified using the Chromquest 4.1
surface to obtain the average value and then expressed in colorimetric software (Thermo Electron, Milan, Italy) and expressed in g/100 g of
values according to the CIE system (CIE, 1986), considering three total fat.
fundamental aspects: L* (lightness), a* (red intensity) and b* (yellow The total amount of desirable fatty acids (DFA) was determined
intensity). according to Landim et al. (2011) as the sum of monounsaturated fatty
Samples of longissimus lumborum muscle were collected for the de- acids (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and stearic acid
termination of meat fatty acid profile. Lipid extraction of the samples (C18:0): DFA = MUFA + PUFA + C18:0. The activity of Δ9-desaturase
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A.L. Abdalla Filho et al. Small Ruminant Research 154 (2017) 70–77
(C14, C16 and C18) and elongase were estimated as described by Lock and valeric fatty acids, for which Mofumbo showed lower results than
and Garnsworthy (2003) and Raes et al. (2004): ELONG- Control. Acetate:propionate ratio in Mofumbo treatment was higher
ASE = 100 × (C18:0 + C18:1cis-9)/(C16:0 + C16:1cis-9 + C18:0 + (P < 0.05) than Control. Significant negative linear regression was
C18:1cis-9); Δ9-desaturase C14 = 100 × (C14:1cis-9)/(C14:1cis- found for propionate (y = −0.09x + 18.78; R2 = 0.436; P < 0.05),
9 + C14:0); Δ9-desaturase C16 = 100 × (C16:1cis-9)/(C16:1cis- isovaleric (y = −0.02x + 1.11; R2 = 0.382; P < 0.05) and valeric
9 + C16:0); Δ9-desaturase C18 = 100 × (C18:1cis-9)/(C18:1cis- (y = −0.01x + 0.74; R2 = 0.587; P < 0.01) when analysing the ef-
9 + C18:0). Aterogenecity index (ATHERO), considered an indicator of fects of the different CT concentrations on these parameters. For acet-
risk of cardiovascular disease, was calculated according to Ulbricht and ate:propionate ratio a positive linear regression was observed
Southgate (1991): ATHERO = (C12:0 + (4 × C14:0) + C16:0)/ (y = 0.03x + 3.79; R2 = 0.423; P < 0.05).
∑SFA + ∑PUFA. Concerning relative abundance of the microbial community (Fig. 1),
significant positive linear regression was found for the relative abun-
2.5. Statistical analysis dance of fungi (y = −0.32x + 0.34; R2 = 0.536; P < 0.05) and R.
flavefaciens (y = 0.94x + 0.05; R2 = 0.460; P < 0.05) when analysing
Statistical analysis of the data was performed using the SAS® v.9.2 the effects of the different CT concentrations on these parameters. For
program (Statistical Analysis System Institute, Cary, NC, USA 2009). Archaea methanogens relative abundance, a negative linear regression
The values obtained were submitted to analysis of variance using the was observed (y = 1.07x − 0.02; R2 = 0.372; P < 0.05). The fungi
GLM procedure. Fixed effects of treatment (T), sex (S) and their inter- and R. flavefaciens microbial populations were more abundant for Mo-
action (T*S) were tested. PROC REG was used to analyze the effects of fumbo than for Control and Babassu (P < 0.05). The abundance of
the CT concentrations of diets on all variables. For all procedures Archaea methanogens decreased in Mofumbo when compared to Con-
P < 0.05 level of significance was used. Redundancy analysis (RDA) trol (P < 0.05). The Fibrobacter succinogenes abundance was not af-
was used to determine the most influence variables among the com- fected by the different treatments.
parison of the treatments based on similarity profiles. Apparent di- There were no significant differences among treatments (P > 0.05)
gestibility variables, nitrogen balance and enteric production of me- for finishing performance, carcass traits and meat colour (Table 4).
thane from the previous study (Abdalla Filho et al., 2017), as well as The Control group showed lower (P < 0.05) amount of Lauric fatty
ruminal short chain fatty acids, finishing performance, carcass char- acid (C12:0) than Babassu and Mofumbo treatments (Table 5). No dif-
acteristics and meat fatty acids were used as environmental variables ference was observed for any of the other fatty acids (P > 0.05). Si-
normalized into a common range scale and combined with microbial milarly, there were no treatment effects (P > 0.05) for total SFA, UFA,
population (qPCR values). The comparison for microbial abundance DFA, MUFA, PUFA, n-6 and n-3 and in the ratios of n-6:n-3, UFA:SFA
profile and metadata was carried out using R programming language and PUFA:SFA, ELONGASE enzyme and ATHERO index.
and vegan package. When regression analysis was performed, a positive linear effect was
observed only between Δ9-desaturase C18 estimated enzyme activity
3. Results and CT concentrations in diets (y = 0.55x + 7.34, R2 = 0.37 and
P = 0.01).
The animals in this study were all from the same breed (Santa Inês) The RDA based on microbial abundance profile highlighted two
and the nutrient input provided by the diets was similar for all the clusters, one with Babassu and Control treatments, and other with
treatments, differing only in CT levels (Control = 0; Babassu = 9 and Mofumbo treatment. Mofumbo treatment presented nutrient apparent
Mofumbo = 28 g CT/kg DM) and the average daily intake was 663.03, digestibility variables (Fig. 2A), acetate:propionate ratio and acetate
738.73 and 728.56 g DM for Control, Babassu and Mofumbo, respec- values (Fig. 2B) as related to the dissimilarity between the two clusters.
tively. Finishing performance, carcass characteristics and meat fatty acids
An interaction between treatment and sex was observed for Total profile were not associated with any of the clusters (figure not shown).
SCFA (mmol mL−1), where females from the Control and Mofumbo
treatments showed higher values than males from Mofumbo 4. Discussion
(P < 0.05). Data are reported in Table 3. Also, both males and females
of Babassu differed from females of Control (P < 0.05). Treatment Despite the fact that the CT levels used here may be considered as
effect (P < 0.05) was observed for propionate, isobutyric, isovaleric low (Archimède et al., 2011), the results of SCFA and RDA in this study
were consistent with the findings of others authors (Bhatta et al., 2013;
Table 3 Bueno et al., 2015), which showed effect of CT reducing SCFA. As result
Ruminal short chain fatty acids of Santa Inês hair lambs receiving the different treat- of tannin–protein and tannin–fibre binding, changes in ruminal de-
ments. gradation usually occur with subsequent adverse effects in the fer-
Parameters Treatments SEM P value
mentation process and SCFA production (Rodríguez et al., 2014).
Considering the results of ADF apparent digestibility from the previous
C B M T S T*S REG study (Abdalla Filho et al., 2017), SCFA reduction likely induced by the
a b ab * ** *
presence of CT in diets probably occurred due the inhibition of fibre
Total SCFA 84.7 77.15 79.83 1.788 ns
(mmol mL−1)
degradation.
Acetate (%) 70.9 71.74 74.66 1.031 ns ns ns ns Concerning the effects found in microbial population, according to
Propionate (%) 18.7a 17.77ab 16.18b 0.614 *
ns ns *
Patra and Saxena (2011), the sensitivity of microorganisms to tannins
Butyrate (%) 7.9 8.51 7.83 0.439 ns ns ns ns can vary substantially, being dependent on the microbial species and
Isobutyric (%) 0.49a 0.35ab 0.25b 0.059 *
ns ns ns
the type or source of tannin used. Still, these authors affirm that the
Isovaleric (%) 1.20a 1.04ab 0.58b 0.150 *
ns ns *
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A.L. Abdalla Filho et al. Small Ruminant Research 154 (2017) 70–77
Fig. 1. Relative abundance of rumen fungi, Archaea methanogens, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Fibrobacter succinogenes on ruminal samples from each treatment.
a,b
Different letters indicate statistical difference (P < 0.05); bars = standard error of the mean; C – Control; B – Babassu and M – Mofumbo treatments.
different periods of supplementation to compare. according to their cultural background (Vasta et al., 2008). Regarding
Furthermore, the RDA showed that fungi population was correlated the effects on meat colour, tannins from different plant species increase
with apparent digestibility variables, presumably because they have a L* and therefore the meat from animals fed these molecules are lighter,
broad range of potent polysaccharide-degrading enzymes and are active possibly due to a reduced microbial biosynthesis of vitamin B12 (Priolo
fibre degraders, particularly when low-quality diets are consumed and Vasta, 2007). Also, increased a* were observed when feeding CT to
(Hobson and Steart, 1997). Moreover, the microbial population in sheep (Luciano et al., 2009) and cattle (Mapiye et al., 2010), which
rumen was not only dependent on the availability of nutrients, but also could be related to haemoglobin and myoglobin levels and iron utili-
on their tolerance to tannins in the feed (McSweeney et al., 2001a). zation (Vasta and Luciano, 2011). In the present study, there was no
However, the mechanism by which they adapt to tannins is still unclear. difference in meat colour between treatments, indicating that at this
It has been reported that some microbes secrete extracellular poly- level of inclusion, Babassu and Mofumbo did not alter or compromise
saccharides, which have high affinity for tannins, preventing adverse this sensory attribute.
effects on their population (Brooker et al., 2000). Some factors such as diet, genetic group and age at slaughter can
McSweeney et al. (2001b) observed reduction in cellulolytic rumen influence the composition of meat fatty acids (Schmid et al., 2006).
bacteria populations (R. flavefaciens and F. succinogenes) by approxi- When using animals of the same breed and slaughtered at similar ages,
mately 6% when sheep were fed with the tanniniferous tropical forage any differences found between treatments in meat fatty acids profile
Calliandra calothyrsus. In their study, the effect on fungi was less clear as may be attributed to the diets which animals were fed. Breed is an
the results were inconsistent. Also differently from our results, Abdalla important factor regarding carcass quality, but less important than
et al. (2012) found that tanniniferous plants such as Mimosa caesoniphila feeding management (Ramírez-Retamal and Morales, 2014).
and Leucaena leuceophalla increased the populations of Archaea me- It has been shown that feeding tannins to ruminants can favourably
thanogens by 151 and 63%, respectively. But these authors suggest that alter ruminal biohydrogenation and thereby the content of some human
increase in populations was due to the free-living methanogens. health promoting fatty acids, such as Vaccenic (C18:1 cis-11) and
In our previous study (Abdalla Filho et al., 2017) we found a lower Rumenic (C18:2 cis-9, trans-11), the most important CLA from ruminant
intensity of enteric methane production (g CH4/kg average daily gain) food products (Toral et al., 2011). In addition to different CT levels, the
in lambs fed Mofumbo when compared to Babassu treatment and this experimental diets also had different fatty acid profiles for Capronic
was also numerically lower (23.4%) in relation to the lambs fed Control (C6:0), Lauric (C12:0), Tridecylic (C13:0 iso), Pentadecylic (C15:0),
diet. One possible explanation for the effect of tannin, even at moderate Margaric (C17:0) and Arachidic (C20:0) fatty acids (Table 2). However,
levels, on the reduction in methane production is usually related to its meat characteristics regarding its fatty acid composition, such as total
direct action, by inhibiting Archaea methanogens (Patra and Saxena, SFA, UFA, DFA, MUFA, PUFA, n-6 and n-3, n-6:n-3, UFA:SFA, PU-
2011). In the present experiment, results obtained in the microbial FA:SFA, ELONGASE enzyme and ATHERO index were not affected,
community analysis corroborate this hypothesis. indicating that the inclusion Babassu and Mofumbo also did not com-
There were no negative effects on productive parameters such as promise these meat quality parameters. Other authors also found no
finishing performance and carcass characteristics, what leads us to in- effect of CT on ruminant meat fatty acid profile (Toral et al., 2011).
vestigate in further research, higher inclusion levels of these plants in Discrepancies across studies, showing or not the effects of tannins could
diets. be due to different concentrations or chemical structure, structure-ac-
Colour is the most important sensory attribute affecting consumer- tivity relation and biological activity of the tannins used (Mueller-
purchasing decisions of red meats (Mlambo and Mapiye, 2015). Bright Harvey, 2006).
red lean colour is associated with freshness, while brownish with stale Although generally considered as unhealthy, some SFA could have
or spoiled meat (Mancini and Hunt, 2005), but the way consumers positive effects for humans, which is the case of Lauric acid (C12:0),
usually associate meat colour and brightness with meat freshness varies found in higher proportion on Babassu and Mofumbo treatments.
74
A.L. Abdalla Filho et al. Small Ruminant Research 154 (2017) 70–77
Table 4 Table 5
Animal finishing performance, carcass characteristics, non-carcass components and col- Longissimus lumborum fatty acids profile (g/100 g of total fat) and fatty acids index from
orimetric values obtained in the meat from Santa Inês lambs fed the experimental diets. Santa Inês lambs fed experimental diets.
C B M T REG C B M T REG
carcass) and the value 5 (excessively fat). ELONGASE 69.00 69.07 69.40 1.574 ns ns
ATHERO 0.65 0.71 0.75 0.059 ns ns
* Only the fatty acids with levels greater than 0.05 g/100 g are presented. SFA: satu-
According to Mensink et al. (2003), the effects of C12:0 rich fats on rated fatty acids; UFA: unsaturated fatty acids; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids;
cardio-vascular diseases remain uncertain. This fatty acid is considered PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids; n-6: n-6 fatty acids; n-3: n-3 fatty acids; n-6:n-3: n-6
to have a major cholesterol-raising effect, however much of this due to divided by n-3; UFA:SFA: unsaturated divided by saturated fatty acids; PUFA:SFA:
polyunsaturated divided by saturated fatty acids; DFA: desirable fatty acids; Δ9-desaturase
high-density lipoproteins (HDL) cholesterol (German and Dillard,
(C14, C16 and C18) – estimated Δ9-desaturase enzyme activity; ELONGASE – estimated
2004), which presents reduced fat accumulation potential (Delany elongase enzyme activity; ATHERO – atherogenecity index. Means in the same row fol-
et al., 2000; Dayrit, 2015). In addition, C12:0 can be rapidly metabo- lowed by a different superscript letter differ significantly (P < 0.05); SEM – standard
lized into important energy sources (ketone bodys) for many organs, error of the means; T – treatment effect; REG – linear regression; ns – non significant
also having the strongest antimicrobial activity, impairing gram-posi- (P > 0.05). C – Control; B – Babassu and M – Mofumbo treatments.
tive bacteria and some viruses and fungi (Dayrit, 2015), being em-
ployed against infections in animals (Kelsey et al., 2006) and presenting parameters, carcass characteristics and meat quality variables.
potential use for the control of skin disorders (Nakatsuji et al., 2009). Therefore, these leaves may be used as ingredient in lambs feeding,
When analysing the estimated activity of Δ9-desaturase C18 enzyme providing a locally available alternative source of nutrients and con-
against CT levels in diets, significant positive linear effect was observed tributing to the sustainability of ruminant production. Moreover, fur-
as reported by several studies (Vasta et al., 2009a,b; Whitney et al., ther research with higher inclusion of these feedstuffs may confirm, or
2011; Rana et al., 2012). This fact occurs due to changes induced in the generate more consistent, results regarding potential changes in meat
profile of absorbed fatty acids. fatty acids profile.
5. Conclusions
Conflict of interest
Given the results obtained in this study, including C. leprosum and O.
phalerata leaves in diet of lambs affects some ruminal SCFA and mi- The authors declare that here are no conflicts of interest.
crobial population, without compromising their productivity
75
A.L. Abdalla Filho et al. Small Ruminant Research 154 (2017) 70–77
Fig. 2. Distance-based redundancy analysis (RDA) of rumen microbial communities: rumen fungi, Archaea methanogens, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Fibrobacter succinogenes: (A)
superimposed onto the ordination are correlations with the different treatments (Mofumbo, Babassu and Control) and digestibility variables, nitrogen balance (Nitrogen) and enteric
production of methane (Methane) data from the previous study Abdalla Filho et al. (2017); (B) superimposed onto the ordination are correlations with the different treatments (Mofumbo,
Babassu and Control) and ruminal short chain fatty acids.
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