EDITING MEANING

Arranging, revising, and preparing a written, audio, or video material for final
production, usually by a party (called an editor) other than the creator of the
material. The objectives of editing include (1) detection and removal of factual,
grammatical, and typographical errors, (2) clarification of obscure passages, (3)
elimination of parts not suitable for the targeted audience, and (4) proper
sequencing to achieve a smooth, unbroken flow of narrative.

Principles of Video Editing

Before discussing all
the individual
techniques, I would like to introduce several principles, or guide lines, first.
Although they are not unbreakable rules, but you will not go deadly wrong if you take them into
consideration while editing. For some people, these are rather old, traditional principles. For
beginners, and also for experienced video editors in her daily work, these principles are good
starting point. Once they would have become your second nature, you can forget about them and
start trying to break them.
In a sense, these are the big pictures rather than detailed techniques.
1. Continuity
2. Make the edit invisible
3. There should be a motivation for every edit
4. Always deliver a certain message
5. Bear audio in mind
6. Editing is creating
7. Don’t overuse technique or visual effect

What is Editing?
Editing is the process of organizing and transforming recorded material into a document that
delivers a message.
At its simplest, video editing means placing one shot after another to create an
organization that makes sense while it presents information or a story. At the
next level of complexity, editing achieves that organization and presentation
invisibly. The audience perceives the program as a simple continuous flow,
without noticing that it is carefully built up, one piece at a time, of many
separate units of picture and sounds. At it most sophisticated, editing does
more than organize information and present it invisibly. It does those jobs with
style, with an emotional character that touches viewer’s feelings as well as their
minds.[1]

Video editing is part of the creative process that includes writing and directing. In general
there are two approaches to editing video. The first of these processes is Subtractive Editing in
which a program is assembled by removing unwanted or duplicative sequences. Subtractive
editing resembles the way one might assemble a photo album one roll at a time. First you look at
all the pictures and discard the ones that contain obvious errors or duplicates. Then you place
them in the album according to when they were taken. The problem with this approach is that
although it presents a cleaner album than the unedited version, there is no control over when and
what occurs because you are limited to the sequence or order the pictures were taken. Additive
Editing is the process in which a video program is assembled on tape using pictures, sounds,
graphics, titles and effects in a predetermined sequence to create a coherent story.

Editing Principles Editing Principles determine the qualities that you want in your
finished program. Editing operations are what you do while editing principles are what you want
to achieve by doing it. Editing principles include:
1. Continuity -- the art of organizing and sequencing a program so that it makes sense to
the audience.
2. Performance -- the action on the screen must appear believable and should create the
intended effect on the audience.
3. Emphasis -- information should be presented with an impact proportional to its
importance. A big bang follows a big event and should serve to direct the audience’s
attention to a critical event. Special effects done for effect are not relevant.
4. Pace -- Pace is the sense of forward movement through the story. It is not related to time
but rather of understanding and interest. Variety and rhythm are key elements in pacing
a story so that the audience absorbs the message without becoming bored.

Video Editing Terminology

This page provides a few simple video terms to get you started. For more editing terminology,
see our glossary or search this site.

Capture Device: A hardware or firmware device used to convert analogue video into digital
video.
Compressors & Codecs: Software or firmware used to compress and decompress digital video.
Compression makes the file size smaller.
Editing: The process of rearranging, adding and/or removing sections of video clips. Also,
creating transitions between clips. Editing is part of post-production.
Encoding: The process of converting digital video into a particular format, for example, saving a
video project in MGEG-2 format for DVD distribution.
Layering: Adding multiple layers of superimposed video.
Linear Editing: Also known as tape to tape editing. A method of editing in which footage is
copied from one tape to another in the required order (more info).
Non Linear Editing: An editing method which uses computer software to edit the footage (more
info).
Transition: The way one shot changes to the next (more info).
Post Production: Everything that happens to the video and audio after production, i.e. after the
footage has been shot. Post production includes video editing, audio editing, titling, colour
correction, effects, etc.

Different Types of Video Editing

There are several different ways to edit video and each method has its pros and cons. Although
most editors opt for digital non-linear editing for most projects, it makes sense to have an
understanding of how each method works.
This page provides a very brief overview of each method — we will cover them in more detail in
other tutorials.
Film Splicing
Technically this isn't video editing, it's film editing. But it is worth a
mention as it was the first way to edit moving pictures and conceptually it
forms the basis of all video editing.
Traditionally, film is edited by cutting sections of the film and
rearranging or discarding them. The process is very straightforward and
mechanical. In theory a film could be edited with a pair of scissors and
some splicing tape, although in reality a splicing machine is the only
practical solution. A splicing machine allows film footage to be lined up and held in place while
it is cut or spliced together.
Tape to Tape (Linear)
Linear editing was the original method of editing electronic video tapes, before editing
computers became available in the 1990s. Although it is no longer the preferred option for most
serious work, it still has a place and remains the better option in some cases. It is likely that
linear editing will be a useful skill for a long time to come.
In linear editing, video is selectively copied from one
tape to another. It requires at least two video machines
connected together — one acts as the source and the
other is the recorder. The basic procedure is quite
simple:
1. Place the video to be edited in the
source machine and a blank tape in the
recorder.
2. Press play on the source machine and
record on the recorder.
The idea is to record only those parts of the source
tape you want to keep. In this way desired footage is copied in the correct order from the original
tape to a new tape. The new tape becomes the edited version.
This method of editing is called "linear" because it must be done in a linear fashion; that is,
starting with the first shot and working through to the last shot. If the editor changes their mind
or notices a mistake, it is almost impossible to go back and re-edit an earlier part of the video.
However, with a little practice, linear editing is relatively simple and trouble-free.
Digital/Computer (Non-linear)
In this method, video footage is recorded (captured)
onto a computer hard drive and then edited using
specialized software. Once the editing is complete, the
finished product is recorded back to tape or optical
disk.
Non-linear editing has many significant advantages
over linear editing. Most notably, it is a very flexible
method which allows you to make changes to any part
of the video at any time. This is why it's called "non-
linear" — because you don't have to edit in a linear
fashion.
One of the most difficult aspects of non-linear digital video is the array of hardware and software
options available. There are also several common video standards which are incompatible with
each other, and setting up a robust editing system can be a challenge.
The effort is worth it. Although non-linear editing is more difficult to learn than linear, once you
have mastered the basics you will be able to do much more, much faster.
Live Editing
In some situations multiple cameras and other video sources are routed through a central mixing
console and edited in real time. Live television coverage is an example of live editing.
Live editing is a fairly specialist topic and won't concern most people.

EDITING
AN INTRODUCTION TO EDITING
FROM HOME EDITING TO COMPUTER NLE EDITING

Computer editing programs, are simply the most practical method for
complicated edits. If you are going to have many short scenes and various
transitions the computer will save you much time. On the other hand if
you are simply going to place titles and credits on the tape - you will save
time by only building them in the computer, or with your other titleing
equipment, and then simply copying from tape to tape.
A primary advantage of using the computer will be the tiny degration of the video signal, I
say tiny because - as it works out there are no editing solutions which do not have their own
inherent problems.

Editing is changing from one picture or scene to another. If you have

noticed in the movies or a television program the scene simply changes -
cuts - this is called cuts only editing. When the movie film was being
edited, every scene would be one long strip of film. These strips were
sorted and hung on pins/nails with all of the loose film hanging into a bag
below. As the film was edited together one strip would be glued to the
next in the edit process. This was the first cuts only editing.

With Video editing you will copy from one tape to your new edit tape. This means you will
be forwarding and rewinding the tape from scene to scene, rather than cutting the strips
and sorting them. With videotape any cut on the tape will show up as a glitch when the tape
is played. We will use the term cuts only, meaning the scene has no transitions (dissolves,
page rolls and such) between them.
A/B Roll editing allows you to use transisitons, In this type of tape to tape editing, two
player VCR's are both playing at the same time, and the record VCR is running. You will
have a edit control unit on which you will select the IN POINTS AND OUT POINT FOR
EACH OF THE PLAY TAPES, ALSO THE IN POINT ON THE RECORD TAPE and on
your switcher you will select the type transition you are going to use. I really recomend that
you learn one of the NLE (Non Lineal Edit) systems if you wish to perform this type of
editing. The NLE systems are much easier and faster for A/B roll edits.
You will be learn the essentals of editing faster, if you use cuts-only for all of your
beginning projects, and You can do it at home with simple equipment.
This is a list of possible things to include in your first finished video.
1. Titles,
2. Narration,
3. Music,
4. Sound effects,
5. Credits.
Editing is a process, which you will do well if you have a plan. On other pages you have
learned scripting, and to shoot the scenes, make shot lists, here is where it all comes
together.
I cannot suggest, or guess what your final video will be, or how it will look. In editing you
can and will make your work exciting, informative, or whatever you wish it to be.
You will be buried in all the possibilities in a moment, so now try to keep in mind - that -
some of the best movies ever made were edited very simply. Your content, story, pictures,
and sounds do not have to fancy to be great. Learn the simple methods and add complexity
gradually. To many people try to cover a bad script, poorly shot video with fancy NLE
effects.
Shooting video and editing video are two completely different disciplines, The
photographer in looking at the finished product, thinks "they only used a few seconds of
that scene so I dont have to shoot long scenes" The Editor thinks "I wish the shooter had
given me a longer shot". What this should suggest to you is, when shooting make long
clips/scenes and when editing dont be afraid to throw shots away or cut them very short.
MTV started the use of very short (less than one second clips), this practice can now be
found in everything from film movies to news stories.
LOGGING YOUR TAPE

Before you start editing you have to discover what and where the scenes
are you are going to use in your program.
The logging of your tapes is all important regardless of what editing
system you use, because this "SHOT/SCENE LOG", will be used in every
editing system.

There are three different logs kept on the tape themselves, depending on the tape format.
1. TIME CODE - time code is a number on the tape, which tells you the exact location of
any frame on the tape. This number is on all the digital tapes.
2. TIME AND DATE - this is the time hour-minute- and sometimes second the tape was
made. Again the tape format will determine this. On the older VHS cameras you had to
turn it on, and the date would be showing on the screen, on the newer DV formats this is
embedded/hidden on every frame and can be used. This is a fast way to find a clip.
3. TAPE COUNTER - this number is the least accurate, especially when you are changing
the tape from one player to another. It depends upon the tape being completely rewound to
have any degree of accuracy.
If you are making a serious video, you will have a shot-log sheet in the field when you shoot
the footage, and you will write the following on the sheet:
1. time code number - the start and the ending number of the scene
2. the date and time of day
3. the description of the scene
4. the script page and line numbers
5. make appropriate notes about the scene.
Under construction are, these pages, specific for the Fayetteville Community Access
Television facility and producers. These pages are only linked here, and are not available
on the index page. I really want you to develop a general concept of editing before you
jump into the NLE systems.
1. Video Toaster - A/B roll edit suite
2. Fast Edit - NLE SUITE
3. Screen Play - NLE SUITE
4. Adobe Premiere - NLE SUITE

"I am waiting for my access station to submit the information for these pages, August
2000."
Please refer to the Adobe Premiere links page for specific information on Adobe - each of
the NLE stations available at CAT will have their own page. The following page is a
general article on editing. This will provide you with a basic background.
I maintain that tape to tape editing will never become obsolete, because it is fast and
efficient. Not every program requires multiple audio tracks, transitions, other A/B and
NLE editing effects. The tape to tape editing allows the creation of nice simple programs
with basic cuts between scenes.
FIRST, This page will give you the tools to edit with simple home equipment
Editing the footage you shoot will make the difference between an interesting video and a
boring one.
As a beginner you will have a lot of unusable footage. You will have times where you for
got to turn the camera off and you have long scenes of your feet or the sky, there will be the
out of focus shots, the embarrassing ones and so on. In editing you will simply get rid of the
bad stuff and make a story of the good stuff.
Were you to review the footage of a professional film camera operator, you would probably
see - scene after scene of the same thing - and - all of the scenes would look really good. But
the scene would have been taken many times just to get the perfect delivery from the talent,
or the exact kind of crowd movement.
The Editor, will normally work from a script, and study the footage choosing the best of
the scenes. These scenes are put together and audio and effects are added, titles and credits
are created and placed in the production.
Lets start with the idea that you do not have professional equipment.
What you have is, a video camera, a home VHS VCR and a television. With these basic
tools you can ASSEMBLE a video.
THE PROCESS
First you have to go through your tape(s) and learn where the scenes are you want to use.
1. Rewind the tape completely you are going to use as the source tape and ZERO the
counter. Now watch the tape, and every place you want to use a scene write the counters
number, writes a description of that scene.
2. Repeat this process with every tape you are using.
3. Your home VCR must be have a flying erase head, this is common with them, This
allows the VCR to record over a section with out a glitch, (snow and static being recorded)
4. You are playing the tape from your camera to your VCR. Make sure you have plugged
the wires in correctly. They are color coded - the yellow plug to the yellow socket - that is
video - and - the red and white audio to the red and white sockets for audio. If your VCR
only has one audio it will be white - simply plug the white to the white.
5. To begin you video it is nice to have a title
You can make a title screen by writing a title on a piece of paper and making a video - have
at least a minute of the title - 6. Record this title on your VCR edit tape
I suggested a minute because you need to record a little on the beginning before you start
your edited video.
7. THIS IS CALLED ON-THE-FLY EDITING
...a. record your title
...b. stop the recorder and push play
...c. push pause
...d. push rewind - push pause when you see the picture on your television
...e. push play and be ready to pause when you are ready for the next scene to begin
...f. with the recorder paused, push record, the VCR should be now be in the pause, record
mode.
...g. you will have already found the clip you want to record next. Now remember this is on-
the-fly editing, -so- you find the clip using the numbers - then back the tape up before the
scene is to start.
now - you start the camera/player and watch being ready to UN-PAUSE the record VCR
when you want the new scene to start.
...f. stop the record VCR when the scene has ended - note - let a little more be recorded
than you want to use - re-cueing the record VCR will be easier.
YOU WILL REPEAT THE ABOVE PROCESS WITH EVERY EDIT. THERE IS NO
REALLY GOOD SHORT-CUT FOR THIS IF YOU WANT TO BE ACCURATE.
What you have just read is a simple - but time consuming way to edit your video at home.

CUTS ONLY AND A/B ROLL EDITING

Here you move up to professional level editing equipment. This is commonly called tape to
tape editing, and was the only type of editing available until the invention of the NLE (Non
Lineal Editor). The NLE systems are computers and all of the editing is done from the
hard-drive. I will go into these NLE systems following the tape to tape section.
WHAT IS RECORDED ON THE TAPE

The tape has 4 to 5 distinct and different signals recorded on it on different places on the
tape.
1. the top - has the control track and (time code - if available DV and pro )this is a narrow
track
2. a wide area where the video is recorded in tiny diagonal stripes
3. two standard lineal audio tracks are below the video track. One for each track the left
and the right audio.
4. If the video has hi-fi audio this signal is recorded in the diagonal tracks, but the signal is
slightly different and is described as being recorded beneath the video.
5. The lineal audio tracks can be edited and changed, the hi-fi track cannot, because the
video and audio are essentially the same recording.
INDUSTRAL AND PROFESSIONAL TAPE TO TAPE EDIT SUITE

The simplest Tape to tape editor, had one tape player and one record deck, in-between the
decks is a control unit. The control unit allows you to cue both of the decks. With the
control unit you set an IN-POINT on both decks, and the OUT-POINT, on the appropriate
deck.
THE EDIT CONTROL UNIT WILL HAVE BUTTONS FOR VIDEO ASSEMBLE - AND
INSERT
APPROPRIATE DECK?? Now I will introduce - ASSEMBLY EDIT AND INSERT EDIT
- the choice of assemble or insert editing is the feature which allows for really professional
editing with these systems.
ASSEMBLE EDIT - Assemble edit is the process I described for the home editing unit,
This simply means you start at the beginning and one scene at a time assemble your video
into a program.
INSERT EDIT - Insert editing, is recording over already recorded tape. The advantage
here is a continuous control track has been recorded, this control track allows the editor to
be accurate. This can be an almost foolproof method of editing, here is the process to make
it so.
1. Record a tape with no sound and black for video - this will become your edited program
-
2. You will choose INSERT EDIT on the edit control, this function gives you the choice of
recording video, channel 1 audio, channel 2 audio, or any combination. 3. to start you will
choose all three - and you will record both the video and audio. 4. You will put your video
together one scene at a time. You will now be able to go back and change both the video
and the audio.
For example, you have recorded an after dinner speaker, and have the entire session on
your tape, but want to illustrate his remarks. You don't want to change the audio, just the
picture.
5. On your edit control you will choose - video - to record. 6. on your program tape you will
set an IN-POINT and an OUT-POINT where you want the new video to be. 7. on your play
deck you will cue up the scene you want and just set the IN-POINT. 8. You will push
PREVIEW, and the deck will run and you can see if that is what you really want. . 9. Push
record, and you will make the insert edit. 10. AUDIO INSERT - since you have two
different tracks for the audio, you can add audio to either or both of them, exactly where
you want it. The process is the same as for the video insert.
One of the most frustrating things which can happen to you is to find a break in the control
track, this results in snow on the television screen when the tape you have edited it played.
The following link, describes how to fix a BREAK IN THE CONTROL TRACK on select
editiors.
Videoexpert Article, exact instructions on fixing the break
http://videoexpert.home.att.net/artic1/237ctl.htm
AB ROLL EDIT - Here we have the next level of editing, and more equipment to control.
1. two play decks
2. one record deck
3. one edit control - this will set the in-points on all the decks and the out-point on the
appropriate deck.
4. one switcher - this unit will allow you to choose the type of Transition, used - cut -
dissolve - wipe, and so on -
5. the switcher may be a stand-alone unit or a computer such as the Video Toaster. This
unit is controlled by a GPI trigger, which synchronizes the tape change and the transition.
AB ROLL EDITING can be a very time consuming process, because of the time necessary
to find and cue all of the scenes.
Both decks both must back up, cue and roll at the same time. This process alone is time
consuming and makes the A/B roll editing, slow.
TITLES - all of the editors will have some sort of titler connected with them, this unit will
allow you to make the title and place it over the video or allow you to make a title page.
The titler will have the ability to superimpose the titles over the moving video, or will make
a colored title page, and some of them will capture a frame for a still picture.
AUDIO - Most edit suites will also include an audio board. This board allows you to adjust
the volume and the pitch of the sound. It also gives you the option of playing Cassettes,
CD's, for record on your program.
There are many different companies, which make this type of editor, and a certain amount
of practice will be necessary to learn them. Tape to tape editing is a fast and efficient
method of editing a program, every videographer should learn both cuts only and AB roll
editing.

COMPUTER - NLE - EDITING

With the development of the PC, has come the ability to edit video in the computer. This
form of editing will produce the best programs, but is also the most time consuming. With
that said will ignore the time consuming part.
The Advantages
1. Many layers of Video
2. many layers of Audio
3. Better titling
4. Transitions are easy
5. everything can be changed - (in tape to tape if you want to remove a section in the middle
- you have to start over with the edit at that point)
6. the video footage can have the color and quality adjusted.
7. there is no GENERERATION LOSS - (generation loss is the big problem with tape to
tape editing - every time you copy a tape you loose quality)
8. Paint shop programs can be used
9. word processing programs can be used
10. Internet pages can be included.
AUDIO RECORDING SUITES - Here is where our PEG facility falls short.
you will find two types of sound rooms in a professional facility-
1. A small soundproof - sound dead (non-reflective walls) room for the creation of voice
over audio. 2. Sound stages - These rooms are designed for large production of audio, the
room is "tuned" to the audio mixer, this room will also have walls which do not reflect
sound and is sound-proofed from the outside.
3. The Theatre sound stage, these rooms are large and the microphones used are selective,
the room sound, and other sounds simply are not heard, or if heard will be accepted - as in
a live production - or the session will be stopped and restarted.
Always keep in mind the audio on your video is at least as important as the picture. Some
authorities say the audio is 80% of every video.
COMPUTER CONSIDERATIONS

NLE Editing - this is such a new field that the bugs are still being worked out. There are
dozens of editing programs available and many entire systems for sale.
Any computer used for NLE must have:
1. 20 to 40 gigs of hard-drive
2. 128 Megs of RAM (memory)
3. A good video capture card (analog - SVHS and VHS)(this card will have I/O in VHS and
SVHS so you can record out of the computer)
4. a DV (ieee-1394) capture card - this card is for the new DV format - there are many
individual cards for analog and DV capture, but only a few that include both.
5. at least a 17" monitor
There are other details but these are the basics to keep in mind if you are going to buy a
system.
The off the shelf system I would recommend today is The new Apple G4 video editing
system. Apple has been the leader in graphics for years, and now with the introduction of
their newest system. I believe that they may once again take the lead.
This is such a fast moving field, I do not feel comfortable recommending any given system
or computer other than the Apple, and truthfully I have not used the Apple. Yet, overall
Apple has such a good reputation for dependability and quality in graphic and general
operation I feel confident their video computer will measure up.
I will say this - regardless of the computer - the software is going to change rapidly in the
next few years, and you may soon have to upgrade. It is certain that you will have to keep
learning and studying the programs.

SOFTWARE
SOFTWARE IS THE EDITING PROGRAM, I will recommend the Adobe Premiere
program for many reasons, this program has been on the market for years now and the
problems have been solved, the program has been continually improved over the year, and
many plug in programs have been written for it. All of the programs in the Adobe software
package will work compatibly with the video-editing program. Plug in programs, are
software programs which make the original program able to do more.
There are many other programs which edit video - they are all similar and all are different.
I would say that no matter what program you have available you should be able to create a
good program.
Remember this - you will use cuts more often than any other transition - so it doesn't
matter how many the editing program offers - it is doubtful that you will use them.
Fact - about the only place you use many different types of transition is the creation of
commercials.
ON LINE EDITING - On Line Editing, is what is going on when you watch a live news
broadcast. I will loosely describe the process.
This is a major production, with a large crew, you have:
1. A producer who is keeping up with the script and directing the director and the talent,
2. The Director will operate the main switcher, and direct the crew,
the crew will include
3. a staff of camera operators
4. tape operators
5. Character generator operator (Titles)
6. Audio operator.
This is a fast paced process, which cued to the script, reacts second to second, switching
from various input sources, including the cameras, tapes, live feeds from remote locations,
satellite feeds from networks, Still stores from computers, and assorted audio sources. All
of these inputs are pre planned and scripted and the changes called for and executed on an
exact to the second rate.
Live News, Sports productions, Theatre, and other events use on line Editing on a daily
basis, and all of the network programs live and taped. This is the most common of all
professional production techniques.
In practice you will see variations in the crew size, but the stations will be loosely the same.
There will also be a prompter operator, this person is responsible for playing the script,
which the talent reads,
This is a studio operation and I will elaborate on this in the studio chapter, other chapters
will have references and descriptions also.
In the Studio, On-Line Editing, you will learn team effort.
INTRODUCTION
Video editing is both an Artistic and Technical process in which a collection of video material
(footage) is compiled and altered from its original form to create a new version.
The artistic process of video editing consists of deciding what elements to retain, delete, or
combine from various sources so that they come together in an organized, logical, and visually
pleasing manner.
The technical process of video editing consists of copying the various elements onto a single
video tape (or CD Rom, or other media) for final viewing or distribution.
TYPES OF VIDEO EDITING
Linear Editing - This process is basically mechanical in nature, in that it employs the use of
Camcorders, VCR's, Edit Controllers, Titlers, and Mixers to perform the edit functions. This
editing technique is performed in linear steps, one cut at a time (or a series of programmed cuts)
to its conclusion.
Non-Linear Editing - Gaining in popularity quickly due to advances in technology, pricing, and
product availability, this method of video editing utilizes the computer environment to aid in the
editing process. This process is almost entirely digital and employs no mechanical functions
except for the input of the video sources and its final output to Tape or CD. Editing in this
environment is essentially is a visual Cut-and-Paste method.
NOTE: Linear and Non-Linear video editing techniques be combined, and often are, within the
same video production and will be discussed later.
LINEAR EDITING
Linear Editing consists of three main categories:
1. In-Camera Editing: Video shots are structured in such a way that they are shot in order and
of correct length. This process does not require any additional equipment other than the
Camcorder itself, but requires good shooting and organizational skills at the time of the shoot.
2. Assemble Editing: Video shots are not structured in a specific order during shooting but are
rearranged and unneeded shots deleted at the time of transferring (copying). This process
requires at the least, a Camcorder and VCR. the original footage remains intact, but the
rearranged footage is transfered to a new tape. Each scene or cut is "assembled" on a blank tape
either one-at-a-time or in a sequence.
There are two types of Assemble Editing:
A Roll--Editing from a single source, with the option of adding an effect, such as titles or
transitioning from a frozen image the start of the next cut or scene.
A/B Roll--Editing from a minimum of two source VCR's or Camcorders and recording to a third
VCR. This technique requires a Video Mixer and/ or Edit Controller to provide smooth
transitions between the sources. Also, the sources must be electronically "Sync'd" together so
that the record signals are stable. The use of a Time Base Corrector or Digital Frame
Synchronizer is necessary for the success of this technique.
 3. Insert Editing: New material is recorded over existing footage. This technique can be
used during the original shooting process or during a later editing process. Since the
inserted footage is placed over the unwanted footage some of the original footage is
erased.

Types of Video Transition

Cut
The most common transition — an instant change from one shot
to the next. The raw footage from your camera contains cuts
between shots where you stop and start recording (unless of
course you use built-in camera transitions).
In film and television production, the vast majority of transitions
are cuts.

Mix / Dissolve / Crossfade

These are all terms to describe the same transition — a gradual
fade from one shot to the next.
Crossfades have a more relaxed feel than a cut and are useful if
you want a meandering pace, contemplative mood, etc. Scenery
sequences work well with crossfades, as do photo montages.
Crossfades can also convey a sense of passing time or changing
location.

Fade
Fades the shot to a single colour, usually black or white. The
"fade to black" and "fade from black" are ubiquitous in film and
television. They usually signal the beginning and end of scenes.
Fades can be used between shots to create a sort of crossfade
which, for example, fades briefly to white before fading to the
next shot.
Wipe
One shot is progressively replaced by another shot in a geometric pattern. There are many types
of wipe, from straight lines to complex shapes.
Wipes often have a coloured border to help distinguish the shots during the transition.
Wipes are a good way to show changing location.

Digital Effects
Most editing applications offer a large selection of digital
transitions with various effects. There are too many to list here,
but these effects include colour replacement, animated effects,
pixelization, focus drops, lighting effects, etc.
Many cameras also include digital effects, but if possible it is
better to add these in post-production.