The Problem and Its Background
The Problem and Its Background
The Problem and Its Background
INTRODUCTION
Everyone likes to be neat and clean. Just like we, our surroundings has also to
be neat and clean. Many of us especially people from developing and under developed
countries are suffering from problem of solid waste management. This problem has
become major headache to many policy makers and state authorities. In spite of
spending huge amount of their budget in disposing waste they aren’t getting fruitful
results. This problem has been skyrocketed because of our own behavior. Waste
educating people about it. More than 70% of the total waste of the city is found to be
organic which can be turned into manure and can be converted into gas. This will cut
the load of waste that directly goes to the landfill site. This single act of separating
waste into organic and inorganic part can solve more than 50% of the problem of waste
management. Citizens also have to come in front and help government by obeying the
plastic waste material that would otherwise become solid waste are collected,
separated, processed and returned to use. Waste plastic shredder is a machine that
reduces used plastic to smaller particle sizes to enhance its portability, easiness and
1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
As of 2012, the Philippine waste generation continues to rise with the increase of
living standard, rapid economic growth, and industrialization, especially in the urban
areas. The national solid waste management commission (NSWMC) calculated that
from 37,427.46 tons per day in 2012, the country’s waste generation steadily increases
to 40,087.45 tons in 2016 with an estimated average per capita waste generation of
0.40 kilograms per day for both urban and rural. In addition, under RA. 9003, collection,
transport disposal of solid wastes is the responsibilities of the local government unit
(LGU’S). At present, most LGU’S administer their own collection system or contract out
Research has generated evidence that plastic waste cause direct problems in the
environment, like; air pollution, climate change, soil and water contamination, it directly
In Metro Manila, the common types of collections vehicles are open dump trucks
and compactor trucks, the poor areas of cities, municipalities, and rural barangays are
and other water bodies and clogging the drainage system, which results to flooding
during heavy rains. More than fifteen years the passage of RA. 9003, enforcement with
the law remains a daunting task due to technical, political and financial limitations of
concerned agencies and LGU’S have yet to comply with the provision of RA. 9003.
Enormous amount of waste is generated throughout the world and most crucially
posed question is how to manage these wastes in effective and efficient manner. The
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process of plastic recycling starts with the shredder, grinder, and agglomerators, it
Plastics are produce from oil which is a carbon-rich material. Many things are
made of plastics, usually because the material can easily change its shape. In our
modern world, the developments in industry, rising population, and increase in demand
of food and essentials have cause the increase in production of plastic. These low value
environmental issue, as plastic waste is increasing day by day due to the lack of
knowledge, awareness and the need for proper collection and disposal systems.
Major inorganic portion of waste is occupied by papers and plastics. Papers can
be recycled to make other paper products. Plastics are the cause of blocking of drains
they may take centuries to decay. Burning them in the open air can release harmful
chemicals which when inhaled by humans and animals can affect their health which
then lead to respiratory problems. If plastics are burn in close space can release
energy. That energy can be converted as electricity. So this way of waste treatment can
in one hand clean environment and in another hand address the hunger for power to
some extent. If possible we can recycle plastic if not at least we can burn them in
controlled environment to get energy. It is foolish to dump them uselessly in landfill site
waiting for hundreds of years to get rotten and degraded. Chlorinated plastic can
release leachate which will seep through the soil and surrounding water sources. This
can cause serious harm to the plants in their growth and to the species that drink the
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water. It is true that in practice it is difficult to do as stated above because of
underdeveloped economy and illiteracy of many people. Even of this bitter reality we
cannot divert away from this problem. Among many of us one has surely to come in
front and take initiative to solve this. We always have to keep in mind that if we want to
live in clean and green environment then it is us who has to act and work. Unnecessary
hoarding of goods, excessive eating habit and availability of cheap materials has
increased the amount of waste. If we can reduce the waste production at early stage,
then it is the best option than reuse and recycling. The research sought to answer the
following questions:
2. How many kilos can the plastic shredder take in one operation?
3. Will the speed of the motor affects the efficiency of plastic shredder?
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
The objectives of this study are to be able to design of plastic shredder. Specifically,
The problem of waste and the impact it has created in different countries should
be paid attention in some ways to boost their economy and improve the living standard
4
of their people. Waste has been dealt with different ways in developed countries and
it. Many underdeveloped countries have been gifted with natural beauty by major but
people have degraded that beauty with their poor management of waste.
The study will be a significant endeavor to help to recover the production waste.
It offers numerous benefits in addition to size reduction. This study aims to give
information about the importance of the plastic shredder through recycling and produce
This study will serve as a basis of knowledge, to better comprehend its goal. This
Researchers: This study will help researchers to be more enlightened to the usage
of plastics in their local area. This study shall inspire them to join in helping our
to people and also help them increase their knowledge about the issues concerning
with plastics.
Government: This is study will help local authorities to be well informed on what is
the condition of their municipality in relation to the body effects of plastic to our life.
The study will give information to environmental NGO's for proper action to be done
on this research. The study will have great benefits to the environment for it helps us
gain more insight and consciousness about our usage of plastics. Knowing or
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Industry sector: The study will show them how the device help by giving them
highest quality products and recycling industries is useful packaging and plastic
processing.
This study focuses on the performance of the plastic shredder. Plastic shredder
is applicable to any plastics but depending on the size of the shredder. In the shredder,
plastics turn into smaller chip and converts large volume into smaller volume then it
becomes floppier to shatter its molecule in order to lessen its lifespan to decompose
faster than usual. The researchers will be conducting research questionnaires to the
respondents that have knowledge about the topic but not all the respondents could
respond to the questionnaires due to their lack of knowledge regarding the design of
plastic shredder.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Design of Plastic
Planning
Shredder Design of Plastic
Designing
Supplies and Shredder
Simulating
equipment
Adjustment
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The figure shown above (Fig.1) is the input, process, and the output of the
designing of plastic shredder for the solid waste management facility to be conducted at
The input of the study includes the design of plastic shredder which will be decided
and discussed by the researchers. The supplies and equipment are materials and tools
to be use in the research for designing the shredding apparatus. During the process, we
have planned the parts, we have designed the body frame, shredding unit, specifically
the blades, and simulate the plastic shredder. After simulating, we have made
adjustments for the error which can possibly occur. The output will be the design of
plastic shredder.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Agglomeration. It refers to the particles stick together and form groups which are
chloride (PVC) resin, which is significantly more flexible and can withstand
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinated_polyvinyl_chloride)
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(https://www.cawleys.co.uk/what-does-commingling-mean/)
biological). (http://www.nativeknowledge.org/db/files/aboutcon.htm)
Leachate. It usually refers to the environmental sciences where it has the specific
substances that may then enter the environment. It is most commonly used
Recycling. It is the process of converting waste materials into new materials and
products (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling).
paper, it refers to the process of reducing the size. It can be used to obtain
(https://www.dictionary.com/browse/shred)
(https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/rubble)
8
Chapter II
economic perspective. They said that plastic waste recycling is essential from an
less developing countries. Niaonakis M. (2017), his study the management of marine
plastic debris, he presented the global problems of marine plastic debris, covering every
exploitation for handing the Anthropogenic waste. He aims to reduce the impact of
plastic waste in the oceans, and he also presented the all available processes and
techniques for the recovering, cleaning, and recycling marine plastic debris. (Rudolph N.
The study of solid and hazardous waste management offers universal coverage
of the technologies used for management and disposal waste products, such as, plastic
waste, bio-waste, hazardous waste, and e-waste. They provided the methods for safe
achieved the simple and efficient plastic shredder that can shred any kind of plastic
material. Fadlalla N. (2010), The general waste management in Khartoom State and
effectively manage the Pet Plastic Bottles, he introduces the recycling as Cleaner
questionnaires, interviews, meetings and visit to the sites. (Rao M. & Sulatana R., 2016)
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A detailed investigation was made regarding the methods of practices associated
disposal of Municipal solid waste in Mysore City. The data concerning to SWM in
Mysore was obtained through questionnaire, individual field visit, interacting with people
and authentic record of municipal corporation. Photographic evidences were also made
This study reveals that the present system of MSWM in Mysore City is not satisfactory
based on Municipal Solid Waste Management & Handling Rules 2000. (Chandra, et al.,
2009)
Consulting (WEC, 2007), yard and food waste make up over a quarter of all the ordinary
garbage we throw away. That's 25% by weight. In the U.S., that 25% is almost equally
divided between yard waste (32.6 million tons, or 12.8% of all MSW) and food scraps
(31.7 million tons, or 12.5%). And then there's all the other organic stuff that could be
composted: all the clothing, towels, and bedding made of organic fibers, plus wood, old
furniture and sawdust. Then there's paper, which at 83 million tons accounts for another
30% of municipal solid waste. As of 2006, the latest year for which figures are available,
over 64% of the yard waste we throw away was recovered and composted, as was
54.5% of the paper and cardboard. Only 2.6% of food waste reached a compost heap.
barangay (village) in Manila, Philippines are documented. The data were gathered
were also conducted with garbage collectors as well as scavengers. Results showed
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that the households generated an average of 3.2 kg of solid waste per day, or 0.50
into PET bottles, glass bottles, and other waste (mixed wastes). No respondents
perform composting. It is worth noting, however, that burning of waste is not done by
Collection is done twice daily, except Sundays, and household members bring their
garbage when the garbage truck arrives. However, there are those who dump their
garbage in non-designated pick-up points, usually in a corner of the street. The dumped
respondents said that it is possible that the dumping in certain areas caused the dengue
fever suffered by some of their family members. Mothers and household helpers are
responsible for household waste management. Scavengers generally look for recyclable
items in the dumped garbage. All of them said that it is their only source of income,
which is generally not enough for their meals. Most of the respondents said that
garbage collection and disposal is the responsibility of the government. The results of
the study showed that RA 9003, also known as the Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000, is not fully implemented in Metro Manila. (Bernardo, 2008)
This study highlights the results of the study that was conducted to analyze the
solid waste management practices of the waste generators, and the extent of their
compliance with the Republic Act 9003, otherwise known as the Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000. The study was conducted in Bacolod City, Philippines in
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2007. The findings of this study served as basis in developing a handbook on solid
implementation of its Solid Waste Management Program after barangay chairmen here
took at one-day seminar-workshop on the program. The activity was held at the
Legislative Building here last Wednesday, August 29. Motiong Mayor Francisco M.
Langi Sr. said 30 barangay chairmen of his municipality attended said seminar-
Development Officer, Engr. Nicasio Permejo. Langi said all the barangay chairmen were
educated on the provisions of the Solid Waste Management Act of 2003 so that they
would be acquainted with and help implement the law in their respective barangays and
implement the “no segregation, no collection policy” in all of Motiong’s barangays and
urged the barangay officials to put up a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) where they
can be turned into a livelihood as, according to Langi, “there is money in junk”.
(Abrematea, 2012)
Solid waste management In technical note, the term ‘solid waste’ is used to
include all non-liquid wastes generated by human activity and a range of solid waste
material resulting from the disaster, such as general domestic garbage such as food
waste, ash and packaging materials; human feces disposed of in garbage; emergency
waste such as plastic water bottles and packaging from other emergency supplies;
rubble resulting from the disaster; mud and slurry deposited by the natural disaster; and
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Allen trees and rocks obstructing transport and communications. Other specialist
wastes, such as medical waste from hospitals and toxic waste from industry, will also
need to be dealt with urgently, but they are not covered by this technical note. (World
prohibits dumping of garbage anywhere other than those recognized and established
center/facility; discharging of human feces along the creeks and rivers; throwing of
wastes in creeks, rivers, public places such as roads, sidewalks and establishments;
plastics, cellophanes and papers shall be brought to the barangay material recovery
special solid wastes will be brought to the material recovery facility, while hazardous
collecting reusable, recyclable and non-biodegradable waste materials from the material
recovery facilities; and transporting them to the recycling centers and or to the municipal
determined a three tiered approach for managing solid waste. Each of these should be
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practiced to reduce the amount material headed for final disposal. They are in order of
importance: REDUCE, the best way to manage solid waste. Don't create waste in the
first place! Buy only what you need. Use all that you buy. Avoid heavily packaged
products. Avoid disposable items like paper plates and plastic silverware. Buy the
largest size package for those items that you use are often. REUSE is the better way to
manage solid waste. Reuse items use them over and over until they are completely
worn out. RECYCLE, the good way to manage solid waste. Recycle means taking
something old and making it into something new. In Seminole County, all residents who
live in a single family home can recycle right in front of their house. Those residents who
live in apartments or condominiums can drop off their recyclables at several different
locations. Old newspapers, #1 and #2 plastic bottles, green, clear and brown glass
bottles and jars, aluminum and steel cans can all be recycled at the curb. Simply rinse
out containers and remove lids. That's it; it's very simple and very worthwhile. Not only
does it keep items out of the landfill, recycling conserves natural resources. (Seminole
rapidly filling it with our waste. Our insatiable desire to constantly upgrade disposable
technology and consume over-packaged products has continued unabated for decades.
At the same time however, there has been a trend away from both burning waste in
minimize waste disposal by reducing its generation and by reusing and recycling. This
book reveals the extent of our growing waste problem and examines the waste and
recycling practices of households, and includes many tips on how to reduce, reuse and
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recycle. Topics include green waste, plastics, glass, paper, metal and electronic waste.
(Healey, 2010)
This study discussed the improper handling of solid waste and indiscriminate
disposal in open spaces, road margins, tank beds etc. that gives rise to numerous
potential risks to the environment and to human health. They also discussed the direct
health risks mainly concern those working in the field without using proper gloves,
uniforms, etc. and high percentage of waste workers and individual who live near or on
disposal al site are infected with gastrointestinal parasites, worms and related
The growing issue of the country is the solid waste management. Composition
and quantity of the solid waste is determined by the level of socio economic
development of the people. Higher socio economic status higher the generation of
waste, also the amount of non-bio degradable waste increases with increase in socio
The focused on the ASEAN countries that has been practicing open dumping as
major management option for municipal solid wastes in contrast to European countries
where recycling and composting is major practice. Except some highly developed
countries of Asia like Japan still in many countries open dumping and uncontrolled
Briquetting is the process that increases volumetric calorific value of fuel and
makes it easier to transfer in remote areas. As the country’s living standard improves,
the consumption trend is inclined towards to processed foods and more plastic derived
materials. The urban growth in Nepal shows similar pattern of waste composition.
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Heejon, (2006) focuses on the study about similar trend of composition that is seen in
other growing cities. Plastic waste mainly polyethylene bags in MSW have high energy
content, as much as kerosene. Such a high energy content which is imported from
This study analyzed that briquetting technology is one of the simple technologies
practiced for making biomass based fuels including wastes like milled paper, plastic and
economical and eco-friendly way for addressing both the issue of waste management
and energy shortage, both at the same time. Utilization of plastics in briquettes
improves fuel efficiency and this makes briquetting option a better option as fuel in
industrial boiler, and brick kilns with appropriate control measure. This waste to energy
conversion option not only extends the life of landfill but also provides an alternative
The study focuses about rapid population growth and urbanization in developing
countries that have led to the generation of large quantities of solid wastes and
problems. Often lack of technical knowledge, finance and human resources coupled
with existing policies limit the extent to which landfills can be built, operated and
This study shows that rapid and uncontrolled urbanization, lack of public
problems in towns including unsanitary waste management and disposal. The analysis
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of household waste composition indicated that the highest waste category was organic
waste with 66% followed by plastics with 12%, paper and paper products with 9%. The
composition analysis of institutional waste revealed 45% paper and paper products 22%
organic wastes and 21% plastics. The study found that commercial waste comprised
43% organic waste 23%paper and 22% plastics. In aggregate, MSW is composed of
56% organic waste, 16% plastics and 16% paper and paper products. This indicates
great potential for producing compost from organic waste and reusing and recycling
other materials, with only about 10% going to final disposal if resource recovery is
maximized. (ADB)
This machine is widely used in industries and recycling plants. The introduction of
accumulation and serves as a system for wealth creation and empowerment through
electric motor with a rotational speed of 500 rpm was chosen to drive the shredder. A
pulley size of 400 mm is mounted on the electric motor at a distance of 1000 mm away
from the shredder pulley. The shredder rotational speed is 300 rpm. (Olukunle, 2016)
qualitative approach had been undertaken. The qualitative study is based on three
expert interviews. After that, by comparing the theoretical framework with expert
opinions the research results were drawn, where a list of observations and
recommendations were presented. As for limitations, the small interview size could be
17
mentioned, since the research area was the plastics waste management of whole
Bangladesh the three interviews is too narrow for a broad conclusion. Finally, this
research can serve basic guide for waste managers to better manage the plastic
This paper, prepared for RenoSam and the shredder companies of Denmark,
from the shredding of end-of-life vehicles, in order to help Denmark meet strict
European Union recycling targets that will be implemented in 2015. Danish shredder
companies are also motivated to reduce the amount of landfilled waste due to a two-
phase landfill tax increase to be implemented in 2012 and 2015. Through extensive
literature research, interviews with Danish shredder companies and landfills, and
several auto shredder residue treatment options to RenoSam and the shredder
treatment facilities. Each shredder company will have to perform an economic analysis
to determine which option is most viable. The analysis and recommendations presented
in this report will aid Danish shredder companies in reaching the 2015 EU end-of-life
Plastics are inexpensive, lightweight and durable materials, which can readily be
molded into a variety of products that find use in a wide range of applications. Recycling
18
is one of the most important actions currently available to reduce these impacts and
represents one of the most dynamic areas in the plastics industry today.
the four main parts; they are system drive, box, hopper and three blade rotating cutter.
Crushing is the process waste into smaller size approximately 0.5 –1cm. The size can
be varied depending upon the blade placement with in the crusher. The plastic wastes
after segregation fed into the crusher through a Hooper undergo crushing between the
stator and rotor. The rotor is driven by an l/2 HP electric motor. The crushed particles
there after moves into the extruder of breaking down the plastic.
The extruder of plastic machine is consisting of the five main parts; they are
hopper, drive of screw, barrel, and nozzle (die), heaters and control system. Extruder is
the prime part of the machine where in the crushed particles gets drawn into wires
through a die. Screw is the heart of the extruder, which employs heating element
through its length. The heat for melting the Crushed plastics is controlled using a
heating control unit. The Screw, which is motor driven conveys the molten plastic to the
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Chapter III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
plastic waste material that would otherwise become solid waste are collected,
separated, processed and returned to use. Waste plastic shredder is a machine that
reduces used plastic waste to smaller particle sizes to enhance its portability, easiness
and readiness for use into another new product. The design principle of this machine
was got from the ancient tradition method of using scissors to cut materials into reduced
form and scratching used by rabbits when digging or tearing. These two traditional
methods were applied in the design of the machine by fabricating cutting blades to cut
the waste plastic while some of the cutting blades have sharp curved edges to draw-in
the plastic into the cutting blades teeth. The waste plastic shredder comprises of four
major components, namely; the feeding unit, the shredding unit, the power unit and the
machine frame. The machine can be powered by electric motor of 2.2 KW.
RESEARCH DESIGN
The research study is a design research approach for it aims to design and
enhance a plastic shredder. This study was conducted to know about the effective ways
of waste management in Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya. As this study area and the subject
matter is also somehow related to our own society therefore the study will be social in
nature.
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Some of the factors considered in the design of the recycled plastic waste
operations.
The design of the shredder mechanism has four main components; the feeding
unit, the shredding unit, the power unit and the machine frame. The feeding unit is made
of 16 gauge galvanized mild steel sheet of 2 mm thick plate and a dimension of 393 mm
× 370 mm through which the waste plastics are fed into the shredding unit. The
shredding unit is where the waste plastics are being cut into smaller sizes. The unit
consists of a shaft, 393 mm length made up of 19 mm mild steel rod. Attached to the
shaft are cutters made of 12.75 mm mild steel. The cylinder equally has same cutters
with sharp edges to shred the waste plastic. Underneath the shredding unit is the outlet
made of 16 gauge galvanized mild steel of 160 mm × 160 mm dimension. The shredded
waste plastic discharge freely from the shredding unit through the outlet. The machine
In the figure (Fig.2) shown is the series of action, plan and process in conducting
this study.
First is the gathering data in which we conducted some related researches and
related studies from different factors needed in our mechanism such as formulas,
different types of plastic shredder, number of blades, number of shafts and which motor
is exactly to be used.
The design is made in the application (auto cad, solid works, pro-e) wherein we
planned, discussed and raised some suggestions before finalizing the design in making
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plastic shredder. The materials needed in building the plastic shredder will be found and
Vizcaya and Santiago City. The data and result depends on the size and effectivity of
shredder mechanism.
START
Testing
Adjustments
Working NO
YES
Data and Results Analysis
End
Figure 2. Flowchart of Methodology
RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT
Bambang is one of the municipalities of Nueva Vizcaya and it is the most densely
populated municipality of the province. It is like a melting pot where people from various
parts of the province come to seek future and make their life better. This is one of the
reasons why the researcher conducted this project to become part of the solution. The
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rate of waste generation is increasing daily with increasing number of citizen so
management system. So this study was carried out hoping that it will be aid in the waste
Bambang, then that successful model can be launched in other municipalities of Nueva
Vizcaya and even other provinces in our country could also adapt to the solution that
the researchers were conducting. The researcher has selected this municipality
because it is the same area where they were born, studied and become familiar with
this very problem. The problem with the wastes were very extreme because of the lack
of sanitary landfills. Every year, number of wastes expands as the number of population
increases. This particular problem is almost same for other underdeveloped countries of
the world.
Respondents of this study are the students presently enrolled in the College of
State University Bambang Campus during the first semester, A.Y 2018 - 2019.
The following formulas are used to measure the parameters of the waste plastic
shredder:
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1. Length Determination of the Belt
π (D−d)2
L= (D + d) + 2C +
2 4C
Where:
D1 N 2
=
D2 N 1
Where:
P X 60 X 1000
T= 2 πN
Where:
P=2 πNT
Where:
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P= Power rating of the motor͵ KW
Survey is the best instrument used for collecting data in survey research. They
usually include a set of standardized questions that explore a specific topic and collect
machine, and other needed data. The following questions are to be evaluated:
5 = Strongly Agree
4 = Agree
3 = Slightly Agree
3 = Slightly Disagree
2 = Disagree
1 = Strongly Disagree
1 2 3 4 5 6
1. Is the shredder safe to use?
2. Does the number of blades affect the time of
productivity?
3. Is the shredded plastics are going to be
useful?
4. Does shredding plastics can really help reduce
waste?
5. Is there a required thickness of plastic to be
shred?
6. Is plastic shredder able to produce high quality
of plastic products?
7. In producing high quality products can we
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assure the durability and the high performance of
plastic shredder?
8. Does size and shape of plastic matter in
resources?
9. Does shredding helps reduce the cost of
In designing the waste plastic shredder, the following are parts which will
1. An electric motor
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3. Bearing
4. Hopper
5. Shredder box
6. Gears
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7. Blades and Shafts
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Data treatment
measurements of the needed data, researchers have developed and have continually
improved method and tools design to maintain the integrity of the research. Some of the
methods used in this research are statistical test of significance and proper phrasing of
Mathematical Analysis
p
T= 2 π N
2.2 kw
T= 2 π (50 rpm) =7 N-m
2.2kw
T= 2 π (80 rpm)
T=4.3768 N-m
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