LESSON 8: ART OF EMERGING EUROPE  Hellenistic Period – This period of Greek art

From the time of the ancient civilizations like the Greeks took place primarily in the 4th Century BC and
and the Romans all the way to the modern times, art followed after the Greeks defeated the
has been used to communicate ideologies and belief Persians.
systems prevalent within their context. - As the Greeks spread their influence
Greek and Roman Civilizations were also known as the further East, they spread their art to
Classical World because both cultures aimed to embody other cultures.
the highest possible standard of quality in all aspects of - the final time period of Ancient Greece.
their societies. - the time of Alexander the Great.
- Both civilizations intended to promote the - Art was primarily focused on
possibility of having an objective and widely showcasing emotions and depicting
accepted standards for beauty. reality.
ANCIENT GREECE Lacoon and His Sons – one of the famous Hellenistic
GREEKS – were known to excel in various fields and sculptures.
aspects of society. Greek Civilization – the origins of theater and drama
- They valued poetry, drama, and philosophy, can be traced back in this period.
which remain interesting fields of study for the Dionysus – was the ancient Greek god of wine,
contemporary world. winemaking, grape cultivation, fertility, ritual madness,
- Man was at the center of society and how they theater, and religious ecstasy.
trained their minds could be the very - Started the Greek theater.
foundation of how they lived their lives. ANCIENT ROME
- They were notably passionate about natural Roman Republic – was established around 500 BCE.
phenomenon and believed that nature should - This civilization eventually transformed into one
be in perfect order. of Western Europe’s mightiest empires.
- It can be said that this period came of age
Principles, belief systems, and ideologies are at the core during the Hellenistic Period.
of Greek art and architecture.
ROMANS – were fond of the Greeks and their
The development of Greek art can be divided into four achievements in the arts.
periods: - Some would argue that they merely copied
 Geometric Period – was a time when Greece Greek art.
was starting to get back from the onslaught of - Invoked the principles of realism in most of
what seemed to be their Dark Ages. their works, highlighting the feature of human
- When geometric shapes and patterns beings.
have taken the spotlight in most of the - Were also known to be master builders, which
artworks. earned their reputation for grand monuments
 Archaic Period – human figures made their way and architectural infrastructures.
into the art featured on pottery. Art of Roman Empire
- figures of humans were featured - Art was heavily influenced by Greek art.
exclusively without the use of - Roman art is less religious and less idealized
geometric patterns and shapes than Greek art.
- This is also the time where the Greeks - It was more commemorative.
began carving sculptures out of stone. - Celebrate and show off the power and might of
- This time period lasted from around the emperor and empire.
700 BC to 480 BC.
 Classical Period The biggest change occurred in Colosseum – one of Roman’s architectural
the way sculpture subjects posed. achievement.
- people posed in a more natural manner Amphitheather – constructed during the reign of
so that the sculptor could carve a more Emperor Vespasian.
realistic likeness. - One of its main uses was for entertainment
- sculptures were also put on display in purposes like public events and gladiator
temples and other important places. games.
MIDDLE AGES - a period of artistic style that started around
- It is the period between the decline of the 1600 in Rome, Italy, and spread throughout the
Roman Empire and the Renaissance. majority of Europe during the 17th and 18th
- A period that characterized by ignorance and centuries.
darkness. - the development of the Baroque style was
- Church was the central figure and authority of considered to be closely linked with the Catholic
the period. Church. 
- Great cathedrals were built in this period.
Baroque art characteristics
Cathedrals in Middle Ages can be categorized into 2 Exaggerated motion and clear detail used to
periods: produce drama, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture,
• Romanesque – inspired by the old Roman painting, architecture, literature, dance, and music.
Empire.
• Gothic – which had a more northern flavor from chiaroscuro technique is a well-known trait of Baroque
the Goths – vulgar and barbarian. art.
- refers to the interplay between light and dark
RENAISSANCE ART and is often used in paintings of dimly lit scenes
- Artists valued the “individual” as a subject of to produce a very high-contrast, dramatic
arts. atmosphere. 
- Most artworks emphasized naturalism, great Baroque style in architecture
emphasis on the proportionality of the human - In the Baroque style of architecture, emphasis
body. was placed on bold spaces, domes, and large
- Three-dimensional perspective mostly seen in masses.
Renaissance painting.
- Renaissance artists also gave importance to Rococo - an artistic period that emerged in France and
non-religious themes or subjects. spread throughout the world in the late 17th and early
- There was also revival of Roman theatrical 18th century.
plays. - The word is a derivative of the French term
Characteristics of Renaissance Art: rocaille, which means “rock and shell garden
1. Classicism ornamentation”.
2. Emphasis on human figure - style developed first in the decorative arts and
3. Realism and Expression interior design, and its influence later spread to
4. Perspective architecture, sculpture, theater design,
5. Light and Shade painting, and music.
Rococo Style
MANNERISM - became prevalent in interior design, painting,
- A product of Renaissance Period. sculpture, and the decorative arts.
- Artists observe nature and try their best to - A reaction to the rigidity of Baroque style, the
emulate it based on their observations. frivolous and playful Rococo first manifested
- Artist started copying subjects from existing itself with interior design and decorative work. 
works of art. - characterized by elaborate ornamentation,
- human figures usually appear slightly elongated asymmetrical values, pastel color palette, and
or stretched, especially the necks and limbs.  curved or serpentine lines.

BAROQUE AND THE ROCOCO Rococo salons - refer to central rooms that are
Baroque – a term derived from the Portuguese term designed in the Rococo style.
barocco which is translated as “irregularly shaped - characterized by their elaborate detail, intricate
pearl.” patterns, serpentine design work, asymmetry,
- Rome was the birthplace of the Baroque Period. and a predisposition to lighter, pastel, and gold-
- This period spanned from 1600 to 1750 based color palettes.
- Most artists used colorful palettes and Rococo architecture – was a lighter, more graceful, yet
ornamentation in their works. also more elaborate version of Baroque architecture,
- Expansion was the central theme of this period. which was ornate and austere.
 exploits the principle of simultaneous contrast
NEOCLASSICISM to make the color appear more vivid to the
- refers to movements in the arts that draw viewer.
inspiration from the “classical” art and culture
of ancient Greece and Rome. ART NOUVEAU
- is defined stylistically by its use of straight lines, - is an international style of art and architecture
minimal use of color, simplicity of form and, of that was most popular from 1890–1910 AD
course, an adherence to classical values and - is French for “new art.”
techniques. - it was inspired by natural forms and structures,
- asymmetry, bright colors, and ornamentation is not only in flowers and plants, but also in
typically considered to be the direct opposite of curved lines.
the Neoclassical style, which is based on order, - it was inspired by natural forms and structures,
symmetry, and simplicity. not only in flowers and plants, but also in
curved lines.
ROMANTICISM - Art Nouveau is now considered a “total style,”
- 18th century artistic and intellectual movement meaning that it can be seen in architecture,
that stressed emotion, freedom, and individual interior design, decorative arts (including
imagination. jewelry furniture, textiles, household silver, and
- a prevalent artistic movement in Europe during other utensils and lighting), and the visual arts. 
the 18th and 19th centuries.
- legitimized the individual imagination as a FAUVISM
critical authority, which permitted freedom - the style of les Fauves (French for “the wild
from classical notions of form in art. beasts”), a short-lived and loose group of early
-  In the Romantic period, history painting was 20th century Modern artists whose works
extremely popular and increasingly came to emphasized painterly qualities and strong color
refer to the depiction of historical scenes, over the representational or realistic values
rather than those from religion or mythology. retained by Impressionism. 

REALISM CUBISM
- an artistic movement that began in France in - established by Picasso and his colleague
the 1850s Georges Bracque
- Realists rejected Romanticism, which had - marked by a revolutionary departure from
dominated French literature and art since the representational art.
late 18th century, revolting against the exotic - objects were analyzed, broken up, and
subject matter and exaggerated emotionalism reassembled in an abstracted form instead of
of the movement.  being depicted from one viewpoint.
- has been considered the most influential art
IMPRESSIONISM movement of the 20th century.
- is a 19th century art movement that was
originated by a group of Paris-based artists, FUTURISM
including Berthe Morisot, Claude Monet, August - was an Italian movement that emphasized and
Renoir, Edgar Degas, Camille Pissarro, and glorified themes associated with contemporary
Alfred Sisley, as well as the American artist concepts of the future such as speed,
Mary Cassatt. technology, youth, and violence, as well as
- freely brushed colors that took precedence over objects such as the car, the airplane, and the
lines and contours.  industrial city. 
- typically painted scenes of modern life and
often painted outdoors.
- characterized by their use of short, thick strokes
of paint that quickly capture a subject’s essence
rather than details.
- Colors are often applied side-by-side with as
little mixing as possible, a technique that