Name_ _ _

________ __ ______Sect ion_ _

_ ___ _
_ ______Dat e_ _
______
I. ENERGYOFLI FE
Writ
et rueifthest atementi strueorf alsei fthest atementi sf al
se.
___
__1.Al llif
eneedsener gy.
___
__2.C6H12O6+6O2→ 6CO2+6H2Oi st hechemi calreactionofphot osynthesis.
___
__3.Gl ucosei sacar bohydr atethatst oreschemi calenergyi naconcent r
atedandst ableform.
___
__4.Manysci ent istsconsiderphot osynt hesist obet hemosti mpor t
antli
fepr ocessonEar t
h.
___
__5.Onl yaut otr ophscanper form phot osynt hesis.
___
__6.Onl yfourt ypesofor gani sms—pl ants,algae, fungiandsomebact er
ia—canmakef oodt hr
ough
photosynthesis.
___
__7.ATPi sthe“ ener gycur rency”oft hecel l,soi tmakessenset hatamol eculeofATPcont ainsmuch
morechemi calener gythanamol ecul eofgl ucose.
___
__8.Wher easphot osynthesi soccur sinonl ysomeor gani sms, cel
lul
arrespirati
onoccursinthecell
sofal
l
l
ivi
ngt hings.
___
__9.Li kemat ter ,ener gyisal sorecycl edbyl ivingor ganisms.
___
__10.Het erotrophscannotmaket heirownf ood.
___
__11.Becauseyouar eablet ocookyourownf oodi nthemi crowaveoven, youar eaproducer.
___
__12.Asmushr oomsar efungi ,theyar ehet erotrophs.
___
__13.Af oodchai nshowshowener gyandmat terf l
owf rom consumer stopr oducers.
___
__14.Phot osynt het i
cani mal sareaut otrophs.
___
__15.Aut otrophsar epr oducer s.
I
I. Phot
osynt
hesi
s:SugarasFood
Readt
hesepassagesf
rom t
het
extandanswert
hequest
ionst
hatf
oll
ow.
Phot
osynt
hesi
sSt
ageI
:TheLi
ghtReact
ions
Thefi
rstst
ageofphot
osynt
hesisiscal
ledthel
ightr
eact
ions.Dur
ingt
hisst
age,l
ighti
sabsor
bedand
tr
ansf
ormedtochemical
energyinthebondsofNADPHandATP.Youcanr eadaboutt
hispr
ocessbel
ow.
St
epsoft
heLi
ghtReact
ions
Thel
ightr
eact
ionsoccuri
nsever
alst
eps,
allofwhi
cht
akepl
acei
nthet
hyl
akoi
dmembr
ane.
•Step1:Unitsofsunl
ight,
cal
ledphotons,
str
ikeamolecul
eofchlor
ophyl
linphot
osystem I
Iofthet
hyl
akoi
d
membr ane.Theli
ghtenergyi
sabsorbedbytwoelect
rons(2e-
)inthechl
orophyl
lmolecul
e,gi
vingt
hem
enoughenergytoleavethemolecul
e.
•St
ep2:Att
hesamet i
me,enzymesi
nthet
hyl
akoi
dmembr
aneusel
ightener
gyt
ospl
itapar
tawat
er
mol
ecul
e.Thi
sproduces:
–twoel
ectr
ons(
2e-
).Theseel
ect
ronsr
epl
acet
het
woel
ect
ronst
hatwer
elostf
rom t
hechl
orophyl
lmol
ecul
e
i
nStep1.
–anatom ofoxygen(O).Thi
sat
om combineswit
hanot
heroxygenat
om t
opr
oduceamol
ecul
eofoxygen
gas(
O2),whichisrel
easedasawastepr
oduct.
–twohydrogenions(2H+)
.Thehydrogeni
ons,
whi
char
eposi
ti
vel
ychar
ged,
arer
eleasedi
nsi
det
he
membraneinthethyl
akoi
dint
eri
orspace.
•Step3:Thet woexci tedel
ectr
onsfr
om Step1cont ai
nagr eatdealofenergy,so,likehotpotatoes,theyneed
somet hi
ngtocar r
yt hem.Theyarecarr
iedbyaseriesofelectr
on-tr
ansportmol ecules,whichmakeupan
el
ectrontransportchain.Thetwoel
ectronsarepassedfr
om mol eculetomol eculedownt hechai n.Asthis
happens,theirenergyiscaptur
edandusedt opumpmor ehydr ogenionsintothet hylakoi
dinteri
orspace.
•Step4:Whenthetwoelect
ronsreachphotosystem I
,theyar
enolongerexcit
ed.Theirener
gyhasbeen
captur
edandused,andtheyneedmor eenergy.Theygetenergyf
rom l
ight
,whichisabsorbedbychl
orophyl
l
i
nphot osyst
em I
.Then,
thetwore-ener
gizedelectr
onspassdownanotherelect
rontranspor
tchai
n.
•St
ep5:Enzymesint
hethyl
akoi
dmembranetr
ansfert
henewlyr
e-ener
gizedel
ect
ronst
oacompoundcal
led
NADP+.Al
ongwithahydr
ogenion,
thi
spr
oducestheener
gy-
carr
yingmolecul
eNADPH.
Thi
smol
ecul
eisneededt
omakegl
ucosei
ntheCal
vincycl
e.
•Step6:Bynow, thereisagr eaterconcentr
ationofhydrogenions—andposi t
ivechar
ge—i nthethylakoid
i
nteri
orspace.Thisdifferencei nconcentrati
onandchar gecreateswhatiscall
edachemi osmoti
cgr adient.I
t
causeshydrogenionst of l
owbackacr ossthet hyl
akoi
dmembr anetothestroma,wheret hei
rconcentration
i
slower .Li
kewaterflowingt hroughahol einadam, t
hehydrogeni onshaveenergyastheyf lowdownt he
chemiosmot i
cgradient.TheenzymeATPsynt haseactsasachannelpr ot
einandhelpst heionscrossthe
membr ane.ATPsynt haseal sousest heirenergytoaddaphosphat egroup(Pi)toamol eculeofADP,
pr
oduci
ngamol
ecul
eofATP.Theener
gyi
nATPi
sneededf
ort
heCal
vincycl
e.
Quest
ions(
20POI
NTS)
1.I
nonesent
ence,
descr
ibewhathappensdur
ingt
hel
ightr
eact
ions.

2.I
nwhi
chst
ep(
s)oft
hel
ightr
eact
ionsi
ssunl
i
ghtabsor
bed?

3.Whyi
swat
er“
spl
it
”dur
ingt
hel
ightr
eact
ions?

4.Whati
sanel
ect
ront
ranspor
tchai
n?Whati
sit
srol
edur
ingt
hesel
ightr
eact
ions?

5.Howi
sATPmadedur
ingt
hel
ightr
eact
ions?

B.Wr
it
etr
uei
fthest
atementi
str
ueorf
alsei
fthest
atementi
sfal
se.
_
___
_1.Phot
osynt
hesi
spr
ovi
desal
mostal
loft
heener
gyusedbyl
ivi
ngt
hingsonEar
th.
_
___
_2.Ear
th’
soxygencomesf
rom phot
osynt
hesi
s.
_
___
_3.I
nphot
osynt
hesi
s,t
heCal
vincycl
ecomesbef
oret
hel
ightr
eact
ions.
_
___
_4.ATPandNADPHar
ether
eact
ant
soft
hel
ightr
eact
ions.
_
___
_5.El
ect
ront
ranspor
toccur
sint
het
hyl
akoi
dmembr
anes.
_
___
_6.Al
lcel
lshavechl
oropl
ast
s.
_
___
_7.Dur
ingt
heCal
vincycl
e,NADPHandATPar
eusedt
omakegl
ucose.
_
___
_8.Phot
onsofsunl
i
ghtcanexci
teandener
gizeel
ect
rons.
_
___
_9.Achemi
osmot
icgr
adi
entcauseshydr
ogeni
onst
ofl
owacr
osst
het
hyl
akoi
dmembr
anei
nto
t
hestr
oma.
_
___
_10.Li
kephot
osynt
hesi
s,chemosynt
hesi
sal
sor
eli
esonsunl
ight
.
_
___
_11.Twot
urnsoft
heCal
vincycl
epr
oducet
womol
ecul
esofgl
ucose.
___
__12.TheCal
vincycl
etakespl
acei
nthest
romasur
roundi
ngt
het
hyl
akoi
dmembr
anesoft
he
chl
oropl
ast
.
_
___
_13.Dur
ingt
hel
ightr
eact
ions,
wat
ermol
ecul
esar
emade.
_
___
_14.Li
ghti
sabsor
bedbyphot
osyst
emsi
nthet
hyl
akoi
dmembr
anesofchl
oropl
ast
s.
_
___
_15.Bot
hst
agesofphot
osynt
hesi
sneedsunl
ightt
opr
oceed.
B.Mul
ti
pleChoi
ce.Enci
rcl
ethecor
rectt
heanswer
1.Phot osynt hesi
s
(a)usest heener gyinsunl ighttomakef ood.
(b)usest hegl ucosei nsunlighttomakef ood.
(c)usest heener gyinsunl ighttomakeATP.
(d)breaksdowngl ucoset oform ATP.
2.Whi choft hef ol
lowingaut otrophsi
sal soaproducer
?
(a)amapl etree
(b)theblue- greenbact er
iaknownascyanobact er
ia
(c)Laurencia, amar inegenusofRedAl gaefrom Hawaii
.
(d)Alloft heabovear eproducer s.
3.Inthef oodchai ngr ass→ gr asshopper→ snake→ hawk,
whi
chor
gani
sm(
s)ar
ethehet
erot
rophs?
(a)thegr ass
(b)thegr assandgr asshopper
(c)thehawk
(d)thegr asshopper ,snake, andhawk
4.Whi choft hef ollowi ngst at ement sist rueaboutgl ucoseandATP?( 1)Gl ucosei smadedur i
ng
photosynt hesi s.(2)Theener gyi nsunl ightist empor ari
lystoredi nglucosebef oreitistr
ansfer
redt
oATP.(3)
ATPi st heener gy-car ryingmol eculethatcel l
susef orenergy.( 4)Thepr ocessest hatmakeATPandgl ucose
alsorecycl eoxygeni nEar th’sat mospher e.
(a)statement1onl y
(b)statement s2and3onl y
(c)statement s1, 2, and3onl y
(d)All4st at ement sar ecor rect .
5.Phot osynt hesiscanbedescr i
bedast hepr ocesst hat
(a)usescar bondi oxideandwat er,i
nthepr esenceofsunl i
ght ,
topr oducef ood( gl
ucose)andoxygen.
(b)usesgl ucoseandoxygent opr oduceener gyfort hecell(ATP) ,rel
easingcar bondioxideandwater
.
(c)usesgl ucoseandoxygen, int hepresenceofsunl ight,
tomakeATP.
(d)usescar bondi oxideandwat er,i
nt hepr esenceofsunl i
ght ,
topr oduceATPandoxygen.
6.Whi chst atementbestdescr ibest her elat
ionshipbet weenaconsumerandapr oducer?
(a)Al i
oneat inganant elope.
(b)Acat er pillareat ingal eaf.
(c)Asnakeeat i
ngar at.
(d)Af l
owerabsor bi ngsunl ight .
7.Whi choft hef ollowi ngst at ement sist rue?
(a)Thepr oduct sofphot osynt hesisaret her eactantsofcel l
ularr espi
rati
on.
(b)Thepr oduct sofcel lularr espi r
ationar et hereactantsofphot osynthesis.
(c)Bothst atement sar et rue.
(d)Neitherst at ementi st rue.
8.Thecor rectchemi calf ormul aforphot osynthesis(inthepr esenceofsunl i
ght)is
(a)6CO2+6O2→ C6H12O6+6H2O.
(b)6CO2+6H2O→ C6H12O6+6O2.
(c)C6H12O6+6O2→ 6CO2+6H2O
(d)C6H12O6+6CO2→ 6O2+6H2O
I
II
.Power
ingt
heCel
l:Cel
lul
arRespi
rat
ion
Readt
hesepassagesf
rom t
het
extandanswert
hequest
ionst
hatf
oll
ow.
Cel
lul
arRespi
rat
ionSt
ageI
II
:El
ect
ronTr
anspor
t
El
ectrontranspor
tisthefinalst
ageofaerobi
crespi
rat
ion.I
nthi
sst
age,ener
gyfr
om NADHandFADH2,
whichresultfr
om theKrebscycle,
ist
ransfer
redtoATP.Canyoupr
edicthowthi
shappens?(
Hint
:Howdoes
el
ectr
ont r
ansportoccurinphotosynt
hesi
s? )
Tr
anspor
ti
ngEl
ect
rons
High-energyelectr
onsarereleasedfrom NADHandFADH2, andtheymovealongel
ectr
ontranspor
tchains,
l
ikethoseusedi nphotosynthesis.Theelect
rontr
anspor tchai
nsareontheinnermembraneofthe
mitochondrion.Asthehigh-energyelect
ronsaret
r ansport
edalongthechai
ns,someofthei
renergyis
captured.Thisenergyi
susedt opumphydr ogenions(from NADHandFADH2)acr ossthei
nnermembr ane,
fr
om t hemat r
ixint
otheintermembr anespace.
Maki
ngATP
Thepumpi ngofhydrogeni onsacr osst hei
nnermembr anecr eat
esagr eaterconcentrationoftheionsinthe
i
ntermembr anespacet haninthemat ri
x.Thischemi osmoticgradientcausest heionst ofl
owbackacr ossthe
membr aneintot
hemat ri
x,wheret heirconcentr
ationislower.ATPsynt haseact sasachannelpr ot
ein,
helpingthehydrogeni onscrosst hemembr ane.Ital
soact sasanenzyme, formi ngATPf r
om ADPand
i
nor ganicphosphate.Af t
erpassingt hroughtheelectron-t
ransportchain,t
he“ spent”electronscombinewi
th
oxygent oform water.Thisiswhyoxygeni sneeded; i
ntheabsenceofoxygen, t
hisprocesscannotoccur.
HowMuchATP?
Youhaveseenhowt hethr
eest agesofaerobicrespir
ati
onuset heenergyi
ngl ucosetomakeATP.How
muchATPi sproducedinallthreestages?Glycolysi
sproduces2ATPmol ecules,andtheKr ebscycl
e
produces2more.Electr
ontransportbeginswithseveralmoleculesofNADHandFADH2f rom t
heKrebs
cycleandt
ransfer
stheirenergyintoasmanyas34mor eATPmol ecul
es.Allt
old,then,upto38mol ecul
esof
ATPcanbepr oducedf r
om justonemol ecul
eofgl ucoseint
hepr ocessofaerobicrespi
r at
ion.
Quest
ions(
20POI
NTS)
 1.I
nphotosynt
hesis,
elect
rontranspor
tcomesatt
hebegi
nni
ngoft
hepr
ocess.Wher
edoesel
ect
ron
t
ranspor
toccurduri
ngcell
ularrespi
rat
ion?

2.Whati
sther
oleoft
heel
ect
ront
ranspor
tchai
nincel
lul
arr
espi
rat
ion?

3.Descr
ibeATPsynt
haseandi
tsr
ole.

4.Summar
izehowupt
o38mol
ecul
esofATPar
epr
oducedf
oreachgl
ucosemol
ecul
e.

B.Enci
rclet
hel
ett
eroft
hecor
rectchoi
ce.
1.Gl
ycolysi
s
(
a)uses2ATPsandmakes2ATPs,
2NADHs,
and2pyr
uvat
es.
(
b)uses2ATPsandmakes4ATPs,
2NADHs,
and2pyr
uvat
es.
(
c)uses4ATPsandmakes2ATPs,
2NADHs,
and2pyr
uvat
es.
(
d)uses2ATPsandmakes4ATPs,
4NADHs,
and2pyr
uvat
es.
2.Cel
lul
arr
espi
rat
ioni
nthepr
esenceofoxygeni
scal
led
(
a)anaer
obi
crespi
rat
ion.
(
b)gl
ycol
ysi
s.
(
c)aer
obi
crespi
rat
ion.
(
d)oxygenr
espi
rat
ion.
3.Thecor
rector
derofst
agesofcel
lul
arr
espi
rat
ioni
s
(
a)gl
ycol
ysi
s-t
heCal
vincycl
e-el
ect
ront
ranspor
t.
(
b)t
hel
ightr
eact
ions-gl
ycol
ysi
s-t
heKr
ebscycl
e.
(
c)gl
ycol
ysi
s-t
heKr
ebscycl
e-el
ect
ront
ranspor
t.
(
d)el
ect
ront
ranspor
t-gl
ycol
ysi
s-t
heKr
ebscycl
e.
4.Wher
ear
etheel
ect
ront
ranspor
tchai
nsofcel
lul
arr
espi
rat
ionl
ocat
ed?
(
a)i
nthei
nnermembr
aneoft
hemi
tochondr
ion
(
b)i
nthemat
ri
xoft
hemi
tochondr
ion
(
c)i
nthei
nter
membr
anespaceoft
hemi
tochondr
ion
(
d)i
ntheout
ermembr
aneoft
hemi
tochondr
ion
5.Thef
inalel
ect
ronaccept
oratt
heendofcel
lul
arr
espi
rat
ioni
s
(
a)hydr
ogen.
(
b)oxygen.
(
c)wat
er.
(
d)ATPsynt
hase.
6.Thechemi
calf
ormul
aofcel
lul
arr
espi
rat
ioni
s
(
a)6CO2+6H2O→ C6H12O6+6O2.
(
b)C6H12O6+O2→ CO2+H2O.
(
c)CO2+H2O→ C6H12O6+O2.
(
d)C6H12O6+6O2→ 6CO2+6H2O.
7.Thechemi
osmot
icgr
adi
entofcel
lul
arr
espi
rat
ioni
san
(
a)i
ongr
adi
entmadebyt
hepumpi
ngofhydr
ogeni
onsacr
osst
hei
nnermembr
aneusi
ngt
heener
gyof
el
ect
ronsast
heyar
etr
anspor
teddownt
heel
ect
ront
ranspor
tchai
n.
(
b)i
ongr
adi
entmadebyt
hepumpi
ngofhydr
ogeni
onsacr
osst
heout
ermembr
aneusi
ngt
heener
gyof
el
ect
ronsast
heyar
etr
anspor
teddownt
heel
ect
ront
ranspor
tchai
n.
(
c)i
ongr
adi
entmadebyt
hepumpi
ngofoxygeni
onsacr
osst
hei
nnermembr
aneusi
ngt
heener
gyof
el
ect
ronsast
heyar
etr
anspor
teddownt
heel
ect
ront
ranspor
tchai
n.
(
d)i
ongr
adi
entmadebyt
hedi
ff
usi
onofhydr
ogeni
onsacr
osst
hei
nnermembr
aneusi
ngt
heener
gyof
el
ect
ronsast
heyar
etr
anspor
teddownt
heel
ect
ront
ranspor
tchai
n.
8.I
nthepr
esenceofoxygen,
onegl
ucosemol
ecul
ehast
heener
gyt
omakeupt
o

(
a)4FADH2.
(
b)12NADH.
(
c)38ATP.
(
d)al
loft
heabove