BIO Project
BIO Project
BIO Project
BY:
ROLL NO:-
INDEX
1. Reproductive Cycle 3
2. Menstrual Cycle 4
3. Hormones 5
6. Menstruation 8
7. Follicular Phase 9
8. Ovulation 10
9. Luteal Phase 11
REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
2 RAWAL CONVENT SCHOOL
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
The female of placental mammals exhibit cyclical changes in the activities of ovaries and
accessory ducts as well as hormones during the reproductive phase known as reproductive
cycle.
1. Oestrus Cycle:- This cycle occur in non-primate which are cow, rat etc.
2. Menstrual Cycle:- This cycle occur in primates which are apes and human being.
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Definition:- Menstrual cycle refers to the cyclical changes in the activities of ovaries and
accessory ducts as well as hormones in female primate mammals during the reproductive
phase.
The cycle of events from one menstruation till the next one is known as menstrual
cycle.
HORMONES
2. Ovarian Hormones
4 RAWAL CONVENT SCHOOL
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
I. Estrogen
II. Progesterone
Changes in the level of Anterior pituitary hormone and Ovarian hormones induces
changes in ovary and uterus results in difference phases.
1. Menstrual Phase
3. Ovulation
Ovulation 13-16
MENSTRUAL PHASE
Menstruation
o Cells
Endometrium becomes very thin, but due to low estrogen level, hypophysis secretes
mor FSH.
FSH stimulates secretion of estrogen, and estrogen serves as proliferation signal to the
endomentrial basal layer
FOLLIUCULAR PHASE
Due to the rise of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) during the first day of the cycle
As they mature, the follicles secrete increasing amount of estrogen, which thickens
the new functional layer of endometrium in the uterus.
Estrogen also stimulates crypts in the cervix to produce fertile cervical mucus.
OVULATION
When the ovum has nearly matured, levels of estrogen reach a threshold above which
they stimulate production of LH (positive feedback loop)
The release of LH matures the ovum and weakens the wall of the follicle in the ovary,
causing graffian follide ruptrures and release of ovum.
After being released from the ovary, the ovum is swept into the fallopian tube.
LUTEAL PHASE
Corpus luteum secrete significant amounts of progesterone, which plays a vital role
in making the endometrium receptive too implantation of the blastocyst.
High levels of Estogen and Progesterone suppress production of FSH and LH that the
corps luteum needs to maintain itself.
Fluid Retention
Cramping
Mood Swings
Weight Gain
Breast Tenderness
Diarrhea
Constipation
Menarche :
Menopause:
5. Anovulation:- annovulation is the failure of the ovary to release ova over a period of
time generally exceeding 3 months.
MENSTRUAL TABOO
Women and girls are not allowed to enter temples, or take part in many
religious functions while menstruation.
Women are also supposed to keep away from sacred object even in their own
homes.
Women are unclean for seven days (Leviticus 12). A women had to ‘purify’
herself after she finished menstruating.
She had to depend on somebody even to take a drinking water from vessel as
it was believed that her touch might pollute that water.
Womanhood is a gift from nature to females and they should cherish it and feel proud
about it. Shame or guilt should not be associated with any gender. This practice of
seclusion of women in this way due to some biological processes associated with their
gender should stop. We all should know that is is totally wrong and it is our duty to
stop it.
Let’s show some courage to eradicate this practice, let’s confront these things
whatever we see them and let’s start this from our homes.