11 Recent Developments in Physics PDF

11.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PHYSICS

Nano science: It is the study of structures and materials on the scale of nanometers. 1 nm = 10-9 meter.
Nano technology: It is the technology of design, production, characterization and applications of nano structured
materials.
Nano particles: If the particle of solid size is less than 100 nm it is said to be nano solid. If it is greater than 100 nm then
it is called bulk solid.
Nano Scale structure in nature:
• Single and double strand DNA •Wings of morpho butter fly •Wings of Peacock •surface of lotus leaf •Teeth of Parrot fish
Synthesis of Nano particles
Top Down Approach Bottom Up Approach
Nano particles are synthesised by breaking Nano particles are synthesised by
down bulk solids into nano sizes . E.g. Ball Assembling atoms/ molecules together.
milling, sol-gel, lithography. Selectively atoms are added to create
Structures. E.g., Plasma etching and
Chemical vapour deposition.
Applications of Nano Technology:

•Energy Storage •Defense and Security •Metallurgy and Materials •Electronics •Optical engineering and Communication
•Bio-medical and Drug delivery •Agriculture and Food •Cosmetics and Paints •Biotechnology •Textiles.
Harmful Effects of Nano Particles: •Nanoparticles have the dimensions same as that of the biological molecules such as
proteins. So they easily get absorbed onto the surface of living organisms and they might enter the tissues and fluids of the
body.
• The absorbing nature depends on the surface of the nanoparticles. We can design the surface of nano particle to absorb
specially onto the surface of the target cell.
• Nano particles can also cross cell membranes. It is also possible for the inhaled nanoparticles to
Reach the blood, to reach other sites such as the liver, heart or blood cells.
Robotics: Robotics is an integrated study of mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, computer engineering and
science.
Robot: Robot is a mechanical device designed with electronic circuitry and programmed to perform a special task. They
can take up the role of humans in certain dangerous environments that are hazardous to people like defusing bombs,
finding survivors in unstable ruins and exploring mines and shipwrecks.
• 1954, George Devol invented the Robot. 1961 General motors’ car company used the Robot.
Main components of Robots:

(1) The Controller: It is known as the Brain of the computer. It gives commands for the moving parts to perform the
job.
(2) Mechanical Parts: Motors, pistons, wheels and gears these are used to move, grab, turn and lift the Robot.
(3) Sensors: It helps to determine the surrounding of the Robot that is the sizes and shapes of the objects, distance
between the objects and directions of the objects.
Types of Robots: There are two types (1) Human Robot (2) Industrial Robot.
Artificial Intelligence: The aim of artificial intelligence is to bring in human like behaviour in Robot. E.g., •Face
recognition •providing response to player’s actions in computer games. •Taking decisions based on previous actions. •To
regulates the traffic by analyzing the density of traffic on roads. •Translate words from one language to another.
Materials used to make robots: Aluminium and Steel are most common materials. Aluminium is softer material so it is
very easy to work with it. Steel is stronger so robot bodies are made using sheet, bar, rod, channel and other shapes.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Robots:
Advantages Disadvantages
•Robots are much cheaper than Human. •It has no sense of emotions or conscience.
•It never gets tired. •They lack empathy so it create an
•It is more precise and error free to perform Emotionless workplace.
A particular task. •In human society unemployment problem
•Stronger and Faster than Human. Will increase.
•Robots can work in extreme environment •It cannot handle unexpected situations.
i.e., Hot or Cold, Space or underwater, bomb •Since Robots are performed programmed
detection and deactivation. Job, a small thing goes on wrong it will lead
•In warfare robots can save human lives. A great loss to the company.
•Robots are used in handling materials in •If any malfunction happen in Robot , it will
Nuclear plants, where health hazardous to Take significant time to repair it.
Humans. •Humans cannot be replaced by robots in
decision making.
•Since Robots perform all the work, simply
Humans sits and monitoring will lead to
Health hazardous to human society.
The recent developments in medical technology include:

•Virtual reality •Precision medicine •Health wearables •Artificial organs •3D printing •Wireless
Brain sensors •Robotic surgery •Smart inhalers.
Particle Physics:
Particle physics deals with the theory of fundamental particles of nature and it is one of the active research areas in
physics. E.g., for sub-atomic particles are electron, proton, neutron, quarks, gluons and Higgs particles (God particles).
Cosmology:
Cosmology is the branch that involves the origin and evolution of the universe. It deals with the formation of stars,
galaxy etc.,
Gravitational Waves:
Any accelerated mass emits gravitational waves but these waves are very weak even for masses like earth. The
strongest source for gravitational waves is Black Holes. Existence of these waves
Was predicted by Einstein in 1915. Gravitational waves are the disturbances in the curvature of space – time and it travels
with speed of light.
Black Holes:
Black holes are end stage of stars which are highly dense massive object. It mass ranges from 20 times to 1 million
times mass of the Sun. It has a very strong gravitational force such that no particle or even light cannot escape from it.
When stars orbiting the black holes it behave differently from other stars, from this we can study the black holes. Every
galaxy has a black hole at its center. E.g., Sagittarius A+ is the black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy.

11 Recent Developments in Physics PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

11 Recent Developments in Physics PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

11 Recent Developments in Physics PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

11.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PHYSICS

Applications of Nano Technology:

Main components of Robots:

The recent developments in medical technology include:

You might also like