Chapter 1 (Final)
Chapter 1 (Final)
Chapter 1 (Final)
RATIONALE
considered as a serious pests (Kuswanto, et al., 2015). This insects are known as the
most dominant arthropod decomposers in the tropical forests as it shows its high
diversity and abundance. Aside from this, termites are mainly known for damage caused
to human beings, crops, and commonly to old and new structures in both urban and
rural areas. Their infestation doesn’t affect only one country, but it causes damage
globally. (Kuswanto, et al., 2015) stated that “the global damage caused by termites was
was estimated to cost approximately US $ 400 Million per year. Imagine how this small
creature can cause millions of dollars in damage to homes and property all over the
world every year. They can also destroy several things such as furnitures and houses
that are made out of wood, books, and corks of stored bottles or even fabrics.
Prior to the reasons that termite manifestation affects the comfortable lifestyle of
a person, every household is trying to get rid of this pest. Some countries are taking
precautions against termite invasion. Researchers from other countries tries to examine
several structures to determine their problem against termites. On the other hand,
termites to thrive.
Termites has been a common problem in our society and agriculture, thus it
should be stopped to minimize its effects. People usually get rid of this insect by using
chemical insecticides, where some farmers are also doing it as a solution to their
problem, though over use of chemical insecticides leads to various problems. It includes
secondary pest out breaks and direct hazards to users (Shiberu, Ashagre & Negeri,
2013). Due to this reasons, developing an alternative and eco-friendly insecticide would
be a great idea to avoid these negative effects of chemical insecticides, as well, as the
invasion of termites.
Several plants can have the potential to solve societal or agricultural problem
such as chilies and malunggay tree. These two organics is one of the promising solution
that could be found in the environment rather than using synthetic insecticides. These
plants natural chemicals will be used and will act as a termiticide because these are
More particularly, It also gives us the opportunity to put our interest in using
organics to preserve a healthy environment. The goal for this research is to find out how
effective these two organics are as a termiticide. In addition, many studies had been
conducted and indicated the potential damage due to widespread use of synthetic
insecticides, which this research also provides assistance to our farmers. This study is
also relevant to the fact that the researcher might develop an alternative termiticide
using Bird’s eye chili (Capsicum Frutescens L.) and Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) roots
PLANT INSECT
Avoidance
Indirect Direct new
responses responses metabolites
Physical barriers
Increase if
Secondary Metabolites intensity
and Proteins consumption
Nutritional Bundles
changing. There are different mechanisms that a plant develops. These mechanisms
are potential in lowering insect’s attack, which includes the particular responses that
triggers different metabolic pathways. When it activates the metabolic pathways, the
chemical and physical aspects change. Plant has a toxic compound or main
component, which it will be there defense to the possible consumer. Plant defense
barriers are mainly toxic compound as this contributes and leads into purposeful uses to
which includes the physical and chemical barriers, is to lower or reduce the attack of
Chemical constituents of plant defense are processed as their own strategy. The
substances are used as a repellant with its direct toxicity or in other words to degrade
the consumption and attack of the different organisms. Plants chemical consumption is
variable and represents a challenge for insect feeding (Mello & Silva, 2002).
Mello & Silva (2002) stated that their toxic compounds are classified chemical-
plant affects insect’s behavior in terms of searching food. The presence of a sudden
change in chemical compound indicates that they can repel a wide range of possible
consumers because of the nature of toxic in that certain plant. And this is also a way of
Aside from the chemical compounds of plants as their defense, there are other
defensive strategies, which employs that plants have a wide range of mechanisms
against insects. It involves both protein and phytochemical-based components. The
On the other hand, insects are also capable of strategies such as reproducing,
growing and consuming to their primary source of food or its specific host. There are
instances that these insects are wise to overcome the defense mechanisms of a plant.
According to Stowe (1998), “It is important to stress that certain plant defense
major defensive barriers evolve in response to a diverse assemblage of living and non-
living organisms.” Insects feeding strategy leads to the exploitation of their host. They
are evident to have a large number of species and population size, which it explains
their intensity attack is extremely harmful and can cause destruction to its specific
processes and behaviors are occurring as they are continuously interacting. This proves
that organism such as plants are capable of their protection against harm and organism
such as insects, which can pass through defenses of other organism. Moreover,
interaction like this balance the cycle of ecosystem because of their different defense
mechanisms that changes and continuously processing (Mello & Silva, 2002).
Mello & Silva (2002) also added that plants give us an idea to know its specific
content that surely affects insects interacting to it. Understand this process; allow us to
create more efficient methods for biological control of insect pests with the natural
PROCESS
SERIES OF
CONCENTRATION FOR
EVERY TREATMENT
Independent Dependent
BIRD’SEffects of the
EYE CHILI extract of Bird’s
(Capsicum
Variable eye chili
Frutescens L.) (Capsicum Variable
EXTRACTFrutescens L.) with Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) Roots
Extract.
MALUNGGAY (Moringa Oleifera) ROOTS EXTRACT
Mortality Rate of mixture of the extract of two organics.
BIRD’S EYE CHILI (Capsicum Frutescens L.) and MALUNGGAY (Moringa Oliefera) ROOTS
Effects of the extracts in terms of significance level
EXTRACT
TERMITICIDES
L.) and Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) were described as the variables in the study.
These particular extract will be mixed with different concentration as it will vary in the
water. The series of concentration for every treatment are 40%, which is equivalent to
75mL distilled water, 50%, which is equivalent to 50 mL distilled water, 66.67%, which is
determining and analyzing the most effective treatment in the conducted experiment.
The study also determined the Independent variable or the cause or reason for
an outcome and Dependent variable or the variable that is being tested and measured
in scientific experiment.
The Independent variable focused on the extract of the treatments, which are
Bird’s eye chili (Capsicum Frutescens L.) extract, Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) roots
extract and the combination of two organics. These extract are controlled in scientific
experiment and it doesn’t depend on another variable, but it will vary on the
measurement of water to come up with the mixture with its corresponding concentration.
On the other hand, the resulting factor of the extract will be presented in the concept
map as a dependent variable such as the effects of the extract of Bird’s eye chili
(Capsicum Frutescens L.) with Malunggay (Moringa Oleifera) roots extract, the mortality
rate of mixture of the extract of two organics, and the effects of the extract in terms of
significance level as they will be vary with other variable and will change due to the
effect of the extract. Over all, all variables in the study would be the basis in determining
This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Bird’s eye chili (Capsicum
Frutescens L.) fruit extract and Malunggay (Moringga Oleifera) roots extract to termites
Furthermore, it aims to seek information with regards to the objectives the researchers
want to achieve:
OUTPUT
In this study, the researchers are expecting to know the effectiveness of the extract of chili pepper with moringga roots in killing
Nowadays, people usually choose new features to kill termites or any other
insects. Pesticides are commonly used to kill particular pests, where it is applied to
crops, which might be washed down into streams or lakes and harm fishes, birds or
even harm their drinking water sources. It needs improvement in human quality of life
and to lower their food costs. It also needs to improve the quality of life and the
protection of the environment. This will be helpful for the researchers, who will be
This study may also serve as a guide and reference to the students in terms of
formulating ways of killing termites. Another purpose of this research is to aid the ideas
of the teachers regarding related lesson. And it will be easier for them to share related
pesticide and they may use the methods to preserve many species, selected for their
infestation of wood structures, where the government can create an accessible wood
This study can also be a source of valuable information to the community, the
Philippines, and the world, which can be very useful to those facing similar problems.
And it will benefit the community for it would provide them cheaper and effective
termiticide and improves their awareness about the important value of Malunggay roots
this study will benefit the society considering that organic chemicals helps to kill the
termites or other insects naturally. And lastly, this study also helps us to grasp the idea
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Bird’s eye chili (Capsicum Frutescens L.) is a kind of spice used to add flavor to
food. In this research, its extract will be used as an ingredient for the termiticide.
Capsaicin is a chemical compound found in chilies that causes hotness when applied
Concentration is the mixture of the Bird’s eye chili extract and Malunggay root extract
used as a termiticide. The amount of concentration will determine how many termites
are killed.
Drywood termites also known as ground termites, is one of the species of termites that
lives in woods with no need of moisture and gets humidity from air.
Extract is the substance produced from squeezing the pounded Bird’s eye chilies
Malunggay root (Moringga Oleifera) is the root of a malunggay tree also normally
used as a food. In this research, its extract will be used as another ingredient for the
termiticide.
defense mechanism.
Termites are insects that burrow underground and feeds on woods especially when it’s
Wood is defined as the basic structure of most houses. This is the food source of
termites.