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Kantor Rabbi
Mattis
Kantor

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Chronological Index of JEWISH HISTORY
CODEX JUDAICA
Chronological
Index of
JEWISH
HISTORY
Covering 5,764 Years of

Biblical, Talmudic & postTalmudic History
with Timelines, Charts & Maps
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CODEX JUDAICA
Chronological
Index of
JEWISH
HISTORY
MATTIS KANTOR
COVERING 5,764 YEARS OF BIBLICAL,
TALMUDIC & POST-TALMUDIC HISTORY
Zichron Press, New York, 2005

2nd Printing, March 2006
includes minor typographical corrections
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Section >>!! Page with arrow keys > View TOC | Index
View|
Table of Contents
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How to Use This Book .................................................................................................. vi
List of Maps .................................................................................................................... viii
List of Charts .................................................................................................................... ix
INTRODUCTIONS ............................................................................................................ x
Preface............................................................................................................................ x
Outline of Book ............................................................................................................ xii
THREE TIMELINES .......................................................................................................... 13
[1] The Full Spectrum of Jewish History .................................................................... 17
[2] Major Events in Jewish History ........................................................................... 19
[3] Highlights of Jewish History ................................................................................ 29
I THE BEGINNINGS ....................................................................................................... 45
I 1 The New World .................................................................................................... 49
Of Creation & Science ..................................................................................................... 50
I 2 The Forefathers ..................................................................................................... 57
I 3 Living in Egypt .................................................................................................... 67
II THE NATION............................................................................................................... 71
II 5 Judges & Early Prophets ................................................................................... 75
II 6 Kings & the First Beit Hamikdash .................................................................... 89
III RIVERS OF BABYLON, CONVULSIONS IN YEHUDA (JUDEA) ..................... 105
III 7 Exile in Babylon .............................................................................................. 109
III 8 The Second Beit Hamikdash ........................................................................... 117
8a Anshei Knesset HaGedola — The Great Council of Sages .................................... 121
8b Greek Cultural Domination ........................................................................................ 123
8c Kingdom of Yehuda (Judea) — Dynasty of the Chashmona’im .................................. 125
8d Roman Client Kings & Rulers — Herodian Dynasty ................................................. 130
III 9 The Talmudic Era — The Mishna ................................................................... 139
III 10 The Talmudic Era — The Gemara ................................................................ 151
III 11 The Talmudic Academies of Bavel .................................................................. 161
11a The Rabbanan Savurai ............................................................................................ 163
11b The Ge’onim & Arabic Dominion .............................................................................. 164
IV UNIVERSAL DISPERSION ....................................................................................... 177
IV 12 The Rishonim - Early Scholars ...................................................................... 183
12b Early Rishonim, Tosaphot, and the Crusade Massacres ............................................ 185
12b Later Rishonim, Persecutions, and Expulsions ........................................................... 198
IV 13 The Kovim — The Great Scholars of the Shulchan Aruch & Torah .............. 215
vii

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IV 14 The Acharonim — Later Scholars ................................................................. 233

14a Early Acharonim and East European Massacres ................................................. 237
14b Acharonim and Early Chassidim .......................................................................... 247
14b Later Acharonim and Changing Society ............................................................... 265
IV 15 The Melaktim & The Current Era ............................................................... 283
15a The Holocaust ......................................................................................................... 285
15b The Independent State of Israel ............................................................................. 295
15c The Post-Holocaust Era ........................................................................................... 306
MAPS FOR THE BROWSER (in color) .............................................................................. 321
APPENDICES ................................................................................................................... 337
GLOSSARIES .................................................................................................................... 343
1. Terminology ............................................................................................................ 345
2. Reference Names — Abbreviations ........................................................................ 351
3. Calendar of Jewish Lunar Months ........................................................................ 353
4. Illustrations — Classic Texts ................................................................................. 355
INDEX .............................................................................................................................. 363
List of Maps
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The Shvatim & then the Divided Kingdom ............................... 95
Bavel (Babylonia) Iraq ............................................................................106
Prominent Towns Among Chassidim ............................................. 250
The Pale of Settlement.......................................................................... 319
The Towns/Villages of Poilen (Poland) & Galicia ..................... 320
Ancient Persia - Babylonia (Color) .................................................. 322
East Roman Empire (Color) .............................................................. 323
Frankish Germanic Territories from 481 (Color) .................... 324
Islamic Conquests Year 715 (Color) .............................................. 325
Spain 900 - 1492 (4 Maps) (Color) ............................................ 326
Europe in Year 1135 (Color) ............................................................. 327
Ottoman Empire 1481 — 1683 (Color) ................................. 329
Cossack Ukraine Year 1648 (Color) .............................................. 331
Eretz Yisrael — Borders at Various Stages ............................... 335
The Torah Towns of Greater Lithuania (Color) ........................ 336 viii
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List of Charts
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The Full Spectrum of Jewish History ............................................. 17
Major Events in Jewish History ........................................................ 22
Highlights of Jewish History ............................................................... 31
Shoftim — Judges & Early Prophets ............................................ 85
Kings: All Biblical Kings ......................................................................... 90
Kings: Yisrael (Israelite) ........................................................................ 91
Kings: Yehuda (Judean) ........................................................................ 91
Kings: Chashmona’im Dynasty ........................................................ 127
Roman Emperors ..................................................................................... 129
Nessi’im — Presidents of the Sanhedrin .................................. 131
Kings: Herodian Dynasty ..................................................................... 134
Takkanot HaGe’onim.............................................................................172
Major Rishonim .........................................................................................180
European Population & the Black Death Plague ................ 203
Major Kovim................................................................................................ 216
Major Acharonim ..................................................................................... 232
Major Admurim & Chassidic Leaders .........................................251
Noteworthy Contemporaries — Chronological ..................... 313
Noteworthy Contemporaries — Alphabetical ....................... 315
Noteworthy Personalities — Current .......................................... 317
Prime Ministers & Presidents of the State of Israel ........... 318
About the Author ...................................................................................... 393
ix

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THE FULL SPECTRUM

OF JEWISH HISTORY
© CODEX JUDAICA 2005
SECTION I — THE BEGINNINGS

1. The New World
2. The Forefathers
3. Living in Egypt
SECTION II — THE NATION

4. Moshe the Leader
5. Judges and Early Prophets
6. Kings & the First Beit Hamikdash
SECTION III — RIVERS OF BABYLON,...

CONVULSIONS IN YEHUDA (JUDEA)...
7. Exile in Babylon
8. The Second Beit Hamikdash
a. Anshei Knesset HaGedolah — The Great Council of Sages
b. Greek Cultural Domination
c. Kingdom of Yehuda (Judea) — Dynasty of the Chashmona’im
d. Roman Client Kings & Rulers — The Herodian Dynasty
9. The Talmudic Era — The Mishna

10. The Talmudic Era — The Gemara
11. The Talmudic Academies of Bavel
a. The Rabbanan Savurai
b. The Ge’onim, and Arabic Dominion
SECTION IV — UNIVERSAL DISPERSION
12. The Rishonim - Early Scholars
a. Early Rishonim, Tosaphot, and the Crusade Massacres
b. Later Rishonim, Persecutions, and Expulsions
13. The Kov’im — The Great Scholars of the Shulchan Aruch & Torah Consolidation
14. The Acharonim, Later Scholars
a. Early Achronim and East European Massacres
b. Acharonim and Early Chasidim
c. Later Acharonim, and Changing Society
15. The Melaktim & the Current Era
a. The Holocaust

b. The Independent State of Israel
c. The Post—Holocaust Era
17
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Chapter 1
The New World
Jewish ffffzffff Secular
Year Year
1 CREATION OF THE WORLD, AND ADAM & CHAVA (EVE). -3760
687 Metushelach (son of Chanoch) was born. -3074
930 Adam died. -2831
1056 Noah (son of Lemech II) was born. -2705
1558 Shem (son of Noah) was born. -2203
1656 THE GREAT FLOOD COVERED THE EARTH. -2105
1723 Ever (son of Shelach) was born. -2038
<
1948 Avraham (son of Terach) was born. -1813
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Chapter 2
The Forefathers
1948 Avraham (son of Terach) was born. -1813
2018 THE COVENANT (BRIT BEIN HABETARIM) WITH AVRAHAM. -1743
2048 Avraham circumcised himself and Yishmael. -1713
2084 THE AKEDA. YITZCHAK WAS PREPARED TO BE A SACRIFICE. -1677
2108 Yaakov (Jacob) and Eisav (Esau) were born. -1653
2171 Yitzchak blessed Yaakov instead of Eisav. -1590
2216 Yosef was sold. -1545
2229 Yosef became Viceroy of Egypt. -1532
2238 YAAKOV (AND HIS FAMILY) WENT TO EGYPT. -1523
Chapter 3
View
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Living in Egypt
2255 Yaakov died. -1506

21
© 2005 CODEX JUDAICA — Chronological Index of Jewish History

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2332 The enslavement in Egypt began after Levi died. -1429
2448 THE CHILDREN OF ISRAEL LEFT EGYPT -1313
Chapter 4
Moshe the Leader
2448 THE REVELATION & TORAH ON MOUNT SINAI. -1313
2488 Moshe died. -1273
Chapter 5
Judges & Early Prophets
<
2488 Bnei Yisrael crossed the Jordan into Canaan. -1273

2516 Yehoshua died. -1245
2533 The rule of Shoftim (Judges) began with Othniel ben Knaz -1228
2654 Devorah became leader. -1107
2694 Gideon became leader. -1067
2779 Yiphtach (HaGil'adi) became leader. -982
2810 Shimshon (Samson) became leader. -951
2830 Eli (HaKohen) became leader. -931
2871 Shmuel became leader. -890
Chapter 6
Kings and the First Beit Hamikdash
2882 Shaul was appointed king. -879
2892 DAVID BECAME KING OF ISRAEL IN YERUSHALAYIM. -869
2924 -837
View
Shlomo became king.
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2935 THE FIRST BEIT HAMIKDASH WAS COMPLETED -827
2964 SHLOMO DIED AND HIS KINGDOM WAS DIVIDED. -797
22

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3043 Eliyahu went up in a chariot of fire. -718
3142 Yeshayahu (Isaiah) began his prophecies. -619
3187 The first two of the ten tribes were exiled. -574
3195 Another two of the ten tribes were exiled. -566
3205 THE LAST OF THE TEN TRIBES WERE EXILED. -556
3298 Yirmiyahu (Jeremiah) began his prophecies. -463
3319 Yerushalayim was conquered, and Yehoyakim exiled. -442
3327 Yerushalayim conquered again, and Yehoyachin exiled. -434
3332 Yechezk'el (Ezekiel) prophecized in exile. -429
3336 The final Babylonian siege of Yerushalayim -425
3338 THE FIRST BEIT HAMIKDASH WAS DESTROYED. -423
<
Chapter 7
Exile in Babylon
3389 Daniel read the writing on the wall. -372
3406 MORDECHAI PROCLAIMED THE CELEBRATION OF PURIM. -355
3412 THE SECOND BEIT HAMIKDASH WAS COMPLETED. -349
Chapter 8
The Second Beit Hamikdash
Chapter 8a
Anshei Knesset HaGedola — The Great Council of Sages
3413 Ezra led the second return to Eretz Yisrael. -348

3448 EZRA DIED. -313
3449 The Minyan Shtarot began. -313
View
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Chapter 8b — Greek Cultural Domination.
3515 72 Elders translated the Torah into Greek (Septuagint) -246

23
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Timeline 3
Highlights
of Jewish History
ffffzffff
Three Timelines
29
CODEX JUDAICA — Chronological Index of Jewish History
Section >>
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3623 CHANUKA WAS DECLARED A FESTIVAL. -138

3628 Yehuda (HaMaccabi) was killed in battle. -133
3628 Yonatan (son of Mattityahu) ruled. -133
3634 Shimon (son of Mattityahu) ruled. -127
3642 Yochanan Hyrkanos (son of Shimon) ruled. -119
3668 Yehuda Aristoblus (son of Yochanan Hyrkanos) ruled. -93
3670 Alexander Yannai (son of Yochanan Hyrkanos) ruled. -91
3688 Shalomit (Queen Salome, wife of Alexander Yannai) ruled. -73
3696 Aristoblus II (son of Alexander Yannai) ruled. -65
3700 The Romans gained control of Yehuda (Judea). -61
3700 Hyrkanos II (son of Alexander Yannai) ruled. -61
3721 Antigonus (son of Aristoblus II) ruled. -40
Chapter 8d — Roman Client Kings & Rulers.

The Herodian Dynasty.
3725 Herod I ruled, killing all the Chashmona'im. -36

3728 Hillel became leader of the Torah scholars. -33
3742 Herod I began rebuilding the Second Beit Hamikdash. -19
3750 Renovation of the Second Beit Hamikdash was completed. -11
3761 Archelaus (son of Herod I) ruled. 1
3768 HILLEL DIED. 8
3770 Archelaus was deposed by the Roman Emperor. 10
3781 Agrippa I (grandson of Herod I) ruled. 21
3788 The Sanhedrin moved from the Second Beit Hamikdash. 28
3804 Agrippa II (son of Agrippa I) ruled. 44
3810 Raban Gamliel I (son of Shimon, son of Hillel) died. 50
3826 Vespasian arrived in Yehuda to reassert Roman authority. 66
3829 THE SECOND BEIT HAMIKDASH WAS DESTROYED. 69
Chapter 9
The Talmudic Era — The Mishna
3834 R.Yochanan ben Zakkai died. 74

3846 Sanhedrin moved from place to place, under R.Gamliel II. 86
3893 Betar fell, and “Bar Kochba's” revolt ended in tragedy. 133
3894 Judaism was banned, and R.Akiva was imprisoned. 134
3949 R.YEHUDA HANASSI COMPLETED THE MISHNA AROUND THIS TIME. 189
© 2005 CODEX JUDAICA — Chronological Index of Jewish History 36

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Chapter 10
The Talmudic Era — The Gemara
Jewish ffffzffff Secular
Year Year
3979 Rav Left Eretz Yisrael and settled in Bavel (Babylonia). 219
4007 Shmuel was the Talmudic authority in Bavel. 247
4014 R.Yochanan was the leading Talmudic authority. 254
4050 R.Huna was the leading Talmudic authority. 290
4058 R.Yehuda was the leading Talmudic authority. 298
4060 R.Chisda was the leading Talmudic authority. 300
4069 Rabbah was the leading Talmudic authority. 309
4081 R.Yosef was the leading Talmudic authority. 321
4085 Abayey was the leading Talmudic authority. 325
4098 Rava was the leading Talmudic authority. 338
4119 Hillel II (who established the calendar) became Nassi. 359
4152 R.Ashi was the leading Talmudic authority. 392
4187 R.Ashi died after the compilation of the Gemara. 427
4235 THE TALMUD WAS COMPLETE, WHEN RAVINA II DIED. 475
Chapter 11
The Talmudic Academies of Bavel
Chapter 11a — The Rabbanan SAVURAI
4311 Mar Zutra proclaimed Jewish self-rule in Babylonia. 551
Chapter 11b — The GE'ONIM, and Arabic Dominion
4349 The Metivta of Pumpedita was reconstituted. 589

4369 The Metivta of Sura was reconstituted. 609
4374 The Persians conquered Eretz Yisrael. 614
4374 JEWS WERE ALLOWED TO RETURN TO YERUSHALAYIM. 614
4389 The Byzantine (E.Roman) Empire reconquered Eretz Yisrael. 629
4396 R.Yitzchak was the last GAON of Neharde'a (Firuz-Shabur). 636
4397 The Arabs conquered Eretz Yisrael. 637
4405 One of the “T AKKANOT HAGE' ONIM” was enacted at this time. 645
4515 R.Acha(i) Gaon left Bavel (Iraq) for Eretz Yisrael. 755
4519 R.Yehudai became G AON of Sura. 759
4519 The Halachot Gedolot (BaHaG) was written at this time. 759
4548 Another of “TAKKANOT HAGE' ONIM” was enacted at this time. 788
37 © 2005 CODEX JUDAICA — Chronological Index of Jewish History
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4618 R.Amram (who wrote the Siddur) became GAON of Sura. 858
4688 Rbnu.Saadya was appointed G AON of Sura. 928
4715 "Four Captives" were ransomed at around this time. 955
4728 R.Sherira became G AON of Pumpedita. 968
4757 R.Hai became (the last) GAON of Pumpedita. 997
4798 R.HAI GAON DIED, AND THE ACADEMIES OF BAVEL DECLINED. 1038
Chapter 12
The Rishonim — Early Scholars
Chapter 12a — Early Rishonim, Tosaphot,
and the Crusade Massacres.
4800 Rbnu.Gershom Me'or HaGola died. 1040

4848 The Rif arrived in Spain (from Morocco). 1088
4856 CRUSADERS (1ST) DESTROYED JEWISH COMMUNITIES. 1096
4859 Yerushalayim was captured by the Crusaders. 1099
4863 The Rif Died. 1103
4865 RASHI DIED, AND THE ERA OF THE TOSAPHOT BEGAN. 1105
4895 THE RAMBAM (MAIMONIDES) WAS BORN. 1135
4904 THE FIRST (RECORDED) BLOOD LIBEL TOOK PLACE. 1144
4907 Crusaders (2nd) attacked Jewish communities. 1147
4907 Rabbenu Tam was captured by the Crusaders. 1147
4908 The Rambam's and the Radak's families left Cordova. 1148
4925 The Rambam visited Eretz Yisrael. 1165
4931 Rabbenu Tam died. 1171
4935 The Rashbam died. 1175
4944 The young son of the Ri was killed. 1184
4948 Jews were allowed to return to Yerushalayim. 1187
4949 R.Yaakov D'Orleans was killed in London. 1189
4950 Jews were massacred in England, in the 3rd Crusade. 1190
4951 The Radak wrote his commentary. 1191
4954 The Ramban (Nachmanides) was born. 1194
4959 The Ra'avad died. 1198
4965 The Rambam died. 1204
4996 Rampaging mobs massacred Jews in France. 1236
5002 A massive burning of the Talmud took place in Paris. 1242
5004 Yerushalayim was sacked by Egyptians and Turks. 1244
5012 The Inquisition began to use torture. 1252
5027 The Ramban (left Spain and) settled in Eretz Yisrael. 1267
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5646 R.Shlomo Ganzfried (author of Kitzur Shulchan Aruch) died. 1886

5652 R.Chaim (Brisker) became Rabbi in Brisk. 1892
5665 The Sfass Emess died. 1905
5665 Many Jews were killed in (official) Russian pogroms. 1905
5671 Chazon Ish was published. 1911
5674 Over 500,000 Jewish soldiers fought in World War I. 1914
5678 Over 60,000 Jews were killed during Russian Revolution. 1918
5684 Daf HaYomi study cycle commenced. 1923
5687 The Lubavitcher Rebbe was released from Soviet prison. 1927
5699 Jews were attacked in the Kristallnacht pogroms in Germany. 1938
Chapter 15,
The Melaktim & the Current Era.
Chapter 15a — The Holocaust.
5699 Germany started World War II, and mass killing of Jews. 1939
5701 Nazi-Germany unexpectedly invaded Russia. 1941
5701 200,000 Jews were killed at Babi Yar and Ponary. 1941
5702 400,000 Jews of Warsaw were sent to DEATH CAMPS. 1942
5703 Nazi-Germany experienced massive losses in the battle of Stalingrad. 1943
5703 THE REMAINING JEWS IN WARSAW STAGED A MASSIVE UPRISING. 1943
5703 Jewish uprisings at Treblinka, Sobibor, and Bialystock. 1943
5703 The Danish people quietly rescued 93% of their Jews to safety. 1943
5704 300,000 Hungarian Jews were killed in 3 months. 1944
5705 Uprising in Auschwitz DEATH CAMP just before freedom. 1944
5705 Nazi-Germany was conquered, and World War II ended. 1945
5705 6,000,000 JEWS WERE KILLED BY THE NAZIS DURING THE WAR. 1945
Chapter 15b —
The Independent State of Israel.
5707 Publication of the Talmud Encyclopedia was commenced. 1947

5708 The United Nations divided Eretz Yisrael. 1947
5708 Arabs attacked in Eretz Yisrael, to gain territory. 1947
5708 THE STATE OF ISRAEL WAS ESTABLISHED IN ERETZ YISRAEL. 1948
5708 Eretz Yisrael was invaded by many Arab countries. 1948
5709 The “War of Independence” (in Eretz Yisrael) ended. 1949
5710 All Jews left the ancient Jewish community of Iraq. 1950
5710 Almost all Jews of Yemen emigrated to Eretz Yisrael. 1950
5717 Jewish forces invaded Egypt and conquered the Sinai Desert. 1956
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Chapter 2
The Forefathers
ffffzffff
Section I
55

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59
ffzff 1948 -1813 ffzff Rechovot, and Kalach [Bible Br.10.11/Mid. Rab. Br.37.4].
Some say that Avraham recognized the concept
of one G-d in this year [Mid.Rab.Br.64.4/Sed.Had.], and
Avraham was born. others say eight years earlier, when he was 40
Avraham was born, either in Nissan or in [Mmn.Yad Hil.A.Z.1.3, Hag.Mm., Kes.Mish]. See 1958\-1803.
Tishrei [Bible Br.11.26/ Tal. R.H.10b, 11a]. (If he was born Peleg died [Mid.Yal.1073] and Chevron (Hebron) was
in Tishrei, it was probably before the 10th (see built during this year [R.Saadya.q.Sed.Had.].
2048\-1713).) His father Terach had two other
sons, Nachor II and Haran. After Avraham was
born in the city of Kutha (in Aram), Terach moved ffzff 1997 -1764 ffzff
eastward to Ur Kasdim where Haran was born.
Nachor II had remained in the land of Aram [Bible Terach’s father, Nachor I, died [Bible Br.11.25] be-
Br.11.31; 24.10/ Bachya Br.11.28/ Sed. Had.]. Avraham’s fore his own grandfather Re’u (see 2026\-1735)
mother was Amathla’a the daughter of Karnevu and while Noah their common ancestor was still
[Tal.B.B.91a]. Haran, who was from a different wife, alive (see 2006\-1755). See 2158/-1603.
died before his father Terach [Bible Br. 11.27, 28; 20.12,
Rashi].
ffzff 2000 -1761 ffzff
ffzff 1958 -1803 ffzff Some say that Terach left Ur Kasdim with his
family (see 1948\-1813) in this year [Sef.Hay./
Sarah was born. Sed.Had.]. Avraham had destroyed the idols of Ter-
ach, which had aroused the anger of Nimrod
Sarah, (daughter of Haran), was also known as (the king) (see 1958\-1803), who subsequently
Yiska; she was Lot’s younger sister and sought to destroy Avraham in a furnace. Avra-
Avraham’s niece [Bible Br.11.27-29/ Tal.Meg.14a / Sef.Hay./ ham was miraculously saved, and Terach de-
Sed.Had.].
cided to leave the country [Mid.Rab.Br.38.13/Sef.Hay./
Avraham was hidden by his father Terach for Sed.Had.]. Terach planned to settle in Canaan, but
the first ten years of his life, because astrolo- stopped on the way and settled in Charan, see
gers had warned Nimrod (the king) that this 1948\-1813 [Bible Br.11.31].
child would become powerful [Tal.B.B.91a/Sef.Hay./ Some say that Terach had another wife, Pelilah,
Sed.Had.]. He came out of hiding (with his mother)
in his old age (see 1948\-1813), and had a son
this year at the age of 10. Some say that she called Tzova, who had a son called Aram, who
took him to Noah and Shem, where he spent had a daughter called Machalat (see 2218\-
many years learning from them [Sef.Hay./ Sed.Had.]. 1543) [Sef.Hay./ Sed.Had.2075, 2083].
He had already refused to believe in idols at
the age of three. See 1996\-1765 [Tal.Ned.32a /
Kes.Mish. Hil.A.Z.. 1.3].
ffzff 1973 -1788 ffzff Noah died [Bible Br.9.29]. In the year 2008 the
people of Sdom and Amorrah rebelled against
Avraham married Sarah [Mid.Yal.Br.15.78 / Sed.Had.].
Kedarla’omer (a king), and thirteen years later,
in 2021, he returned to subjugate them in the
war of the five kings against four. See 2018\-
ffzff 1996 -1765 ffzff 1743 [Bible Br.14.4/Tos.Ber.7b].
Dispersion from Bavel after building the tower.

Construction of Tower of Bavel abruptly ended in
1996 [Mid. Yal.D.H.I 1073]. Until this time, some say, all The Covenant (BRIT BEIN HABETARIM) made with
the people had spoken one common language be- Avraham.
sides their own [Tal.Yer. Meg. 1.9/Mid.Tan. Dev.2/ Tor.Tem.Br.11.1].
Ashur had left the country because he did not ap- Avraham had lived in Charan for three years
prove of the tower construction (which was led by (see 2000\-1761) before he went on to Canaan,
Nimrod), and he established the towns of Ninveh, the original destination, in the year 2003. It was
<< Chapter
Chapter 2 — The Forefathers

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63
[Mid.Yal.Sh.1, Rab. Bam.14],

Hadura the daughter of Avimael (see 1757\-2004),
and his mother, who had a girl, Serach, from her previous hus-
Rachel, who died at band (Malkiel son of Eylam, see 1558\-2203)
[Ramban Bam.26.46, Targ. Yon.] . iZevulun married
his birth, was bur-
ied in Beit Lechem Merusha, the granddaughter of Midyan (see
[Bible Br.35.18,19].
2096\-1665). iBinyamin married Machalat, the
Rivka had died daughter of Aram, in 2218, (see 2000\-1761).
around 2207 [Rashi
Br.33.17; 35.8].
Yaakov and his sons had
a number of battles with the local Canaan- Yitzchak died [Bible Br.35.28].
ites, who attacked them because of what
they did to the city of Sh’chem [Rashi Br.48.22/
Ramban Br.34.13/ Bachya Br.35.6/ Sef.Hay./ Sed.Had.] . ffzff 2229 -1533 ffzff
ffzff 2216 -1545 ffzff Yosef became Viceroy of Egypt.

Yosef was released from prison on the 1st of Tishrei
Yosef was sold. (Rosh Hashana), and was thirty years old when he ap-
Yosef spent his first year in Egypt as a servant peared before Pharaoh and was appointed [Bible Br.41.46/
Tal.R.H.11a]. Yosef married Osnat, his niece, the
of Potiphar before he was placed in the dun-
geon for 12 years, because of the wife of adopted daughter of Potiphera (see 2205\-1556)
[Mid.Yal. Br.34. 134]. Pharaoh gave him the Egyptian
Potiphar, who (some say) was called Zuleicha
[Bible Br. 39.1-23, 41.14, 46 / Mid.Rab.Sh.7.1, Bam.15.12/ name of Tzaphnat Pane’ach [Bible Br.41.45].
Sef.Hay./Sed.Had.]. Some say that graduates of a special school
Leah died this year [Mid.Yal. Br.34.135/ Sed.Had.2214]. (university) in Khartoum were the Khartumim
Reuven (some say) married Elyoram the daugh- who acted as Pharaoh’s advisers [Pirush (Inyaney)
ter of Chivi (the Canaanite) [Sef.Hay./Sed. Had.]. Chalom Par’oh Br.41.8].
Eisav had many children, and Eliphaz, his son,
had an illegitimate daughter called Timna,
(from the wife of Seyir). Eliphaz then had a son ffzff 2235 -1526 ffzff
from his daughter Timna, who was called Ama-
lek [Bible Br.36.12, Rashi, Ramban/ Mid. Tan. VaYeshev]. The seven years of plenty came to an end and
the famine began [Tal.Toseph.Sot.10.3].
Kehot (ben Levi) was born [Ralbag q.Sed.Had.] when
ffzff 2218 -1543 ffzff Levi was 40.
Menasheh and Ephrayim (Yosef’s sons), were
The Twelve sons of Yaakov married (according born before the famine years [Bible Br.41.50].
to some [Sef. Hay./Sed.Had.]):-
iReuven, see 2216\-1545. iYehuda married Eilat, ffzff 2238 -1523 ffzff
the daughter of Shua. iLevi married Adina, the
daughter of Yovav (see 1757\-2004), and iYissachar
Yaakov (and his family) went to Egypt.
married her sister Arida. iDan married Aphlala,
daughter of Chamudan the Moabite, iGad married Yocheved, the daughter of Levi, was born as
Utzit, daughter of Amoram (son of Utz, son of Nachor II, Yaakov and his family were entering Egypt [Bible
see 2049\-1712), and iNaftali married her sister Br.47.9/ Tal.B.B. 123b].
Merimat. iAsher married Edon the daughter of Yaakov was never told that his sons had sold
Aphlal, who was the son of Hadad, the son of Yish- Yosef and he thought that those who had found

mael, and after she died childless he married him as lost had sold him [Ramban Br.45.27].
Section >>
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Chapter 3
Living in Egypt
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Section I
56

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Chapter 8
The Second Beit Hamikdash

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Section III
115

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Jewish Secular
Year Year
3668 Yehuda Aristoblus (son of Yochanan Hyrkanos) ruled. -93
3670 Alexander Yannai (son of Yochanan Hyrkanos) ruled. -91
3688 Shalomit (Queen Salome, wife of Alexander Yannai) ruled. -73
3696 Aristoblus II (son of Alexander Yannai) ruled. -65
3700 The Romans gained control of Yehuda (Judea). -61
3700 Hyrkanos II (son of Alexander Yannai) ruled. -61
3721 Antigonus (son of Aristoblus II) ruled. -40
Chapter 8d — Roman Client Kings & Rulers.

The Herodian Dynasty.
ffffzffff
3725 Herod I ruled, killing all the Chashmona'im. -36

3728 Hillel became leader of the Torah scholars. -33
3742 Herod I began rebuilding the Second Beit Hamikdash. -19
3750 Renovation of the Second Beit Hamikdash was completed. -11
3761 Archelaus (son of Herod I) ruled. 1
3768 HILLEL DIED. 8
3770 Archelaus was deposed by the Roman Emperor. 10
3781 Agrippa I (grandson of Herod I) ruled. 21
3788 The Sanhedrin moved from the Second Beit Hamikdash. 28
3804 Agrippa II (son of Agrippa I) ruled. 44
3810 Raban Gamliel I (son of Shimon, son of Hillel) died. 50
3826 Vespasian arrived in Yehuda to reassert Roman authority. 66
3829 THE SECOND BEIT HAMIKDASH WAS DESTROYED. 69

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Chapter 8 — The 2nd Beit Hamikdash

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123
Chapter 8b
Greek Cultural Domination
ffzff 3454 -307 ffzff ffzff 3515 -246 ffzff

Alexander died and his kingdom was divided 72 Elders translated the Torah into Greek
among four of his generals, who ruled over (Septuagint).
separate (warring) states. Eretz Yisrael was
geographically caught between two of them, In this second attempt to have the Torah trans-
the Egyptians — ruled by a dynasty of kings, lated (see 3454\-307), seventy-two great Torah
most of whom were called Ptolemy — and the scholars were gathered by the ruling Ptolemy,
Syrians — whose kings were (mostly) called sequestered separately, and forced to translate
Seleucius, Antiochus, and Demetrius. There the Torah into Greek. They produced seventy-
were many wars between these two Greek cul- two synchronized translations — including
tured states, and Eretz Yisrael was usually domi- identical changes in thirteen places — on the
nated by one or the other [Rashi Dan.11.4-17]. 8th Tevet [Tal.Sof.1.7,8, Meg.9a/TBY.O.C.580.1/Tzem.Dav./
The Ptolemy who reigned after Alexander’s Tol.Am.Ol. 2.397]. Versions — published later — are
death attempted (unsuccessfully) to have the believed not to be true to the original [Sed.Had.].
Torah translated by five scholars (see 3515\- Greek became a significant second language
246) [Tal.Sof.1.7, 8/Tzem.Dav.2.3454, 3484]. He also ex- among Jews (see 3448\-313 end) as a result of
iled over 100,000 Jews to Egypt [Yuch.5.154/ the translation [Mmn.Pir.Mi.Meg.17a/Tos.Y.T.Shek.5.3].
Tzem.Dav./Sed.Had.], and Alexandria began to flour-
ish as a Jewish center [Tal.Suk.51b, Hag.R.B.Rans.,
Yer.Suk.5.2/ Yuch.1.13]. ffzff 3530 -231 ffzff
Antigonus Ish Socho had died by this time, and
ffzff 3488 -273 ffzff Yosef (Yosee) ben Yochanan — his disciple —
had been appointed Av (Head) of the Sanhedrin
[Tal.Av.1.4/Dor.Har.1.173, 199].
Shimon HaTzadik died.
The misinterpretation of Antigonus’ teachings —
Shimon HaTzadik was Kohen Gadol for 40 years by two of his students (Tzadok and Baytuss) —
— and Av (Head) of the Sanhedrin. If (as some were further amplified by their disciples, and
say) he directly succeeded Ezra [Mmn.Hakd.L’Yad], eventually developed into a movement called
then he died in 3488. If (as others say) he suc- Tzedukim (Sadducees), of which the Baytussim were
ceeded his father Chonyo I, who in turn suc- a faction. Josephus (a sympathizer of theirs) de-
ceeded his father Ido [Yuch.5.154], then he may have scribed them [Ant.18.1.4] as a secularist movement,
died after 3488 [Tal.Yom.9a/Dor.Har.1.197,199]. Antigo- believing only in the here and now [Tal.R.H.22b,
nus (Ish Socho) succeeded him as Av (Head) of Av.Dr.Nat.5.2 /Dor.Har.2.361-3,372, 400,413,419-21,479].
the Sanhedrin [Tal.Av.1.3/Dor.Har.1.199].
Shimon HaTzadik’s son Chonyo II left for Egypt
(see 3454\-307) after a dispute out of jealousy ffzff 3550 -211 ffzff
(with his brother Shim’i, who became Kohen
Gadol) and he built an altar — for sacrifices — Chonyo II — who had returned from Egypt (see
in Egypt [Tal. Min.109b, Mmn.Pir.Mi./Tol.Am.Ol. 2.394]. 3488\-273) to become Kohen Gadol — was petty
Yehoshua ben Sira — who was still young at and tight fisted. He refused to hand over the taxes
this time — praised Shimon HaTzadik at the payable to Egypt. Yosef ben Tuviyah then volun-
end of his book, Ben Sira, (although he only teered — to the ruling Ptolemy — to collect the
called him Shimon the Kohen Gadol, see 3580\- taxes (for a commission), and his proposal was
181). This book was not accepted as a Torah accepted. This averted a crisis, but established
writing, although the Talmud quotes phrases him as the powerful (ruthless and wealthy) leader
from it in a number of places [Tal. San.100b, Rashi/ of an organized class of collaborating tax collec-
Toseph.Yad.2.5/ Sed.Had.3298/ Dor.Har.1.193]. tors, who filled the power vacuum created by a
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127
Chapter 8c — Kingdom of Yehuda (Judea) — Dynasty of the Chashmona’im
(see 3668\-93), the sick Yehuda Aristoblus did and relate events (mostly of his death) which
not live long. He had no children. His brother, bear similarities to those surrounding Jesus (see
Alexander Yannai (also a Tzeduki), was released 3790\30) [Tal.Ches.San.43a, 67a, 103a, A.Z.17a, Ber.17b/
from imprisonment (see 3668\-93) and suc- Toseph.Shab. 11.15, Chul.2.6-end]. Many say (or imply)
ceeded him [Tzem.Dav./Sed.Had.]. Some say that Sha- that this was in fact Jesus (despite the lack of
lomit was originally the wife of Yehuda Aristo- chronological synchronization, see 3790\30)
blus, and because they had no children, she [Mmn.Igg.Teman(end)/Sef.Hak.q.Sed.Had./ Ramban Mil. Vik.22/
Yuch.1.16/Sed.Had.3560, 3671, 3707, 3724, 3761] . Those
released Alexander Yannai (from prison), mar-
ried him (Yibum), and made him king of Yehuda opinions that claim they are not the same per-
(Judea) [Bible Dev.25.5-10/Dor.Har.2.460]. son [Me’iri Sot.47a, (p.115 Jer. 1947), Hak.L’Avot (p.28, Jer. 1964)],
Shalomit (Salome I) arranged for her brother could be supported by the references in the Tal-
Shimon ben Shatach to be appointed to the mud which appear to be contradictory in the
Sanhedrin, which by that time was completely chronological placement of Yeshu [Tal.Ches.A.Z.17a/
Toseph.Chul2.6-end/Mid.Rab. Koh.1.8#3] . Accordingly,
dominated by Tzedukim. He excelled over the
others in scholarship, and by careful strategy events surrounding an earlier Yeshu may have
was able to replace them (one by one) with his later been used (or confused) to describe a later
disciples (see 3680\-81) [Meg.Tan.10]. one. The history of Jesus (see 3790\30) is
shrouded in mystery; his historical prominence
is not reflected in the writings of his time, and
ffzff 3671 -90 ffzff references to the early history of the church were
often influenced by pressures brought to bear (see
Yeshua ben Sitda, a student of Yehoshua ben 5023\1263).
Perachya, was rejected because of his undesir-
able behavior. He was (later) accused of idol
worship and witchcraft, and punished accord- ffzff 3680 -81 ffzff
ingly by the Sanhedrin [Tal.Ches.San. 43a, 67a, 107b/
Yuch.1.16]. Some (manuscript) versions of the Tal-
Yehoshua ben Gamlah was appointed Kohen
mud refer to him as Yeshu HaNotzri (the Nazarene), Gadol (after his wealthy wife, Martha (Miriam)
KINGS & RULERS OF THE

CHASHMONA’IM DYNASTY
Jewish Year Secular Year

Yehuda HaMaccabi 3622 -139
Yonatan 3628 -127
Shimon 3634 -127
Yochanan Hyrkanos 3642 -119
Yehuda Aristoblus 3668 -93
Alexander Yannai 3670 -91
Shalomit 3688 -73
Aristoblus II 3696 -65
Hyrkanos II 3700 -61
Antigonus 3721 -40
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Nessi'im
Presidents of the Sanhedrin
Jewish Secular
Year Year
Yosef (Yosee) ben Yo'ezer see 3550 -211
Yehoshua ben Perachya see 3610 -151
Shimon ben Shatach see 3688 -73
Hillel see 3729 -32
Shimon (ben Hillel) see 3769 8
Rbn.Gamliel I (ben Shimon) see 3769 8
R.Shimon ben Gamliel I see 3810 49
R.Gamliel II (ben R.Shimon) see 3828 67
R.Elazar ben Azaryah see 3844 83
R.Shimon ben Gamliel II see 3878 117
R.Yehuda HaNassi see 3925 164
R.Gamliel III (ben R.Yehuda) see 3949 188
R.Yehuda Nessia I (ben Gamliel) see 3949 188
R.Gamliel IV (ben Yehuda) see 3990 229
R.Yehuda Nessia II (ben Gamliel) see 3990 229
R.Gamliel V (ben Yehuda) see 4060 299
R.Yehuda Nessia III (ben Gamliel) see 4069 308
Hillel II (ben Yehuda) see 4119 358
R.Gamliel (ben Yehuda) see 4189 428
♦ Exact dates are not known for the Nessi'im.

♦ The year listed here is a reference to the main text where this Nassi is
mentioned.
♦ Note that these Nessi'im extend over a period of more than 630 years —
thus the list is not confined to this chapter, but extends through chapters 8,
9, and into 10.
♦ After Hillel, all the Nessi'im were his direct descendants, except for
R.Elazar ben Azarya. He was elected when R.Gamliel II was removed
from the position — and although he was reinstated a short while later,
they shared the presidency for some 20 years (see 3864 / 104).
131 CODEX JUDAICA — Chronological Index of Jewish History

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134
ROMAN CLIENT KINGS & RULERS

(HERODIAN DYNASTY)
Jewish Year Secular Year

Herod 3725 -36
Archelaus 3761 1*
Roman Procurators only** 3770 - 3781 9 Ð 20
Agrippa I 3781 20
Agrippa II 3804 43
* This is the year 1 or perhaps 0 (see 1 / -3760; 3829 / 69).
**There were no official Jewish leaders during this period — only Roman Procurators
as Agrippa II, ex-kohanim gedolim, and the rejected a sacrifice sent by a Roman official.
Tzedukim — were seeking wealth and power. Roman legions together with the troops of
Others — radical nationalists — sought to fight Agrippa II marched on Yerushalayim. They
the Romans and expel them from Eretz Yehuda. had to withdraw after a bloody battle, and the
There were many factions and splinter groups radical nationalists then proclaimed Yerusha-
within these general categories [Dor.Har.2.715; 3.3, 10, 17, layim a “free” city [Tal.Git.56a/Sed. Had./Dor.Har.3.20-
34-5]. 1, 25-8] .
Factional infighting increased in Yerushalayim.
Those who were hoping for a return to peaceful
ffzff 3825 65 ffzff law and order — under the Romans — despaired
when the Romans aligned themselves with
A rebellion by most Jewish factions (see 3815\55) Agrippa II and his corrupt and lawless power
against the ruling Roman procurator (governor) — groups; whilst the defeat of Roman legions at
who was exceptionally greedy, brutal and dishon- the gates of Yerushalayim encouraged the radi-
est — was sparked by his disdainful handling cals to believe that they could ultimately suc-
of an incident concerning the harassment by ceed in militarily driving out the Romans [Tal.
(local) non-Jews of a synagogue in Caesaria. Av.Dr.Nat.4.5/Dor.Har.3.35].
Agrippa II (a collaborator, see 3804\44) dis- Emperor Nero sent a massive army, under
agreed with the findings of an independent Ro- Vespasian and his son Titus, to restore Roman
man investigator, who had concluded that this authority [Tzem.Dav./ Sed.Had.] . Total anarchy
uprising was directed only against this indi- reigned in Yehuda (Judea), and Jews were being
vidual (the procurator) and not against the Ro- killed by the local non-Jewish population
man empire. Agrippa II insisted that the procu- [Tal.Toseph.Git.3.14/Dor.Har.3.28, 141-2].
rator retain his position (which suited his own
power maneuvers) [Dor. Har.3.14-15, 19, 149].
Most of the Jews were so outraged that they ffzff 3826 66 ffzff
took to the streets of Yerushalayim and forced
Agrippa II to flee with the procurator. Agrippa Vespasian arrived in Yehuda to reassert
II — and some power groups — then at- Roman authority.
tempted to have the Syrian high commis-
sioner intervene, on the grounds that this was Yosef ben Mattityahu (Josephus) was a close
certainly a rebellion against Rome. They even- friend of Agrippa II, who in turn was an old ac-
tually succeeded, after some radical kohanim quaintance of Nero and Vespasian. He had ma
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135
Chapter 8d — Roman Client Kings & Rulers — Herodian Dynasty
neuvered himself into an important military po- (son of R.Shimon ben Gamliel I) as Nassi (Presi-
sition — in the northern part of Yehuda (Judea) — dent). Vespasian returned to Rome — after the
from which R.Shimon ben Gamliel I (unsuccess- death of Nero — and Titus laid siege to Yerusha-
fully) sought to have him removed, because of this layim, causing serious hunger and disease in the
allegiance with Agrippa II and the Romans. He overpopulated city (see 3827\67) [Tal.Git.56a-b,
surrendered to the Romans not long after Av.Dr.Nat.4.5;6.3;14.1/Mid.Rab.Eych.1.31/ Dor.Har.3.33-5, 61-3].
Vespasian commenced his military campaign in
the north, and he subsequently travelled with
them, recording the battles and the destruction of ffzff 3829 69 ffzff
Yehuda (Judea), Yerushalayim, and the Beit Hamik-
dash, from inside the Roman camp [Tzem.Dav./Sed. The 2nd Beit Hamikdash was destroyed.
Had./Dor.Har.1.43; 3.1, 10, 12, 15(7), 39, 179].
All factions in Yerushalayim
(see 3827\67) had no option but
ffzff 3827 67 ffzff to (unite and) fight the Romans
— which they did valiantly —
With the fall of the surrounding country to despite their weak and
Vespasian’s army, the infighting and power starved condition
[Tal.Av.Dr.Nat. 6.3/Dor.
struggles in Yerushalayim turned into open
Har.3.38]. (A Roman
and bloody civil war, with factions fighting
other factions (see 3815\55), even though historian
they may have shared similar goals. Groups (Dio Cassius)
of militia set fire to the vast food storage fa- recorded that
cilities — which had contained enough to last Titus was
for years — and some groups also formed an wounded
internal siege — not letting anyone out. A during the fighting, and
number of groups (some say) even minted that some Roman soldiers deserted
their own coins, each (separately) claiming a (to the Jewish side) because they did
‘free’ state, under their own leader [Tal.Git.56a/ not believe they could conquer Yerushalayim).
Mid.Rab.Eych. 1.31/Tzem.Dav./Sed.Had./Dor.Har.3.33-5] .
On the 17th Tammuz the walls in Yerushalayim
Many Jews from all over Yehuda (Judea), who had were penetrated, and the Romans advanced with
come to the Beit Hamikdash for Pesach, were difficulty, until they reached the Beit Hamik-
caught in the siege and could not return home dash and set fire in it, on the 9th Av 3829. The
[Dor.Har.3.80]. R.Shimon ben Gamliel I died during the
western wall was all that remained of the struc-
siege, possibly a targeted fatality of the civil war (see ture, and the Romans took many of the holy
3826\66) [See Appendix C] [Mrsha.Sot.49a/ Dor.Har.3.179]. utensils to Rome (see 4215\455) [Tos.A.Z.9b/
Mmn.Hak.L’Yad].
Vast numbers of Jews (over one million re-
ffzff 3828 68 ffzff corded) died — in the battle, from hunger, and
from disease [Tal.Tan.28b/Tzem. Dav./Sed.Had./
R.Yochanan ben Zakkai — the last disciple of Dor.Har.3.80].
Hillel — escaped from the internal siege of Some say that the second Beit Hamikdash was
Yerushalayim (see 3827\67), and from an immi- destroyed in 3828 [Rashi A.Z.9b, Erch.12b]. (The secu-
nent forced confrontation with the Romans. He lar date usually given for the destruction is 70
personally negotiated an agreement with (3830\70). This one year difference could be ac-
Vespasian to allow the continuance of the studies counted for by an adjustment based on the
of the Sanhedrin in Yavneh — under R.Gamliel II naming of the Jewish year 1. See 1\-3760)
[3829\69 is continued in chapter 9.]
u
188

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ffzff 4908 1148 ffzff the Riva — wrote Even HaEzer (Halacha, Customs)
and corresponded with Rabbenu Tam and the
Rashbam. He is mentioned in Tosaphot [Shev.26b,
The Rambam’s family, and the Radak’s father, left
Shab.69b, etc./Shem.Hag.1.10b].
Cordova.
R.Eliezer of Metz (France) (R’EM, R.Eliezer MiMetz)
The Jews of Cordova (Spain) were attacked by ANTI-
was a disciple of Rabbenu Tam and the Ri. He
JEWISH RIOTERS, and many synagogues were de-
wrote the Sefer Yere’im (Halacha, Ethics), and is men-
stroyed on the 24th Tammuz 1148. When a fa-
tioned in Tosaphot [Shab.36a, 64a, Chul.26b, etc.].
natical Islamic sect took power in Cordova, the
Jews were forced to convert (which some did, re-
taining their Jewish religion secretly) and many ffzff 4924 1164 ffzff
fled the country, including R.Maimon ben Yosef,
father of the Rambam, and his family (see R.Avraham ben Meir ibn Ezra — who wrote a com-
4925\1165); R.Yosef Kimchi, father of the Radak mentary on the Bible (see ILLUSTRATIONS TEXT A, #6) —
(see 4951\1191), who settled in Narbonne (Provence, died on Rosh Chodesh Adar 1164, after his wife
S.E.France); and R.Yehuda ibn Tibbon (see and children had all died (on separate occasions).
4928\1167) who settled in Lunel (Provence). There are other opinions as to when he died [Sed.
Had.5934]. He had discussions with Rabbenu Tam,
on his many wanderings (see 4919\1158), and
ffzff 4910 1150 ffzff
is mentioned in Tosaphot [R.H.13a, Tan.20b, Kid.37b.]. He
R.Zerachyah (ben Yitzchak) HaLevi — called the was a close contemporary of R.Yehuda HaLevi —
RaZah and the Ba’al HaMa’or — was writing many say they were related — and he is still known
his work HaMa’or (comments on the “Halachot” of the in the world of mathematics.
Rif) (see ILLUSTRATIONS, TEXT G) in 1150 in Lunel (Provence,
S.E.France). (The Rambam appears to take extreme excep- ffzff 4925 1165 ffzff
tion to one of his Halacha rulings [Mmn.Hil.Mam. 4.1/ HaMa’or
HaKatan on Rif Pes.7a(Tal.Pes.28a), Ra’avad/TBY.O.C.443]).
The Rambam visited Eretz Yisrael.
After fleeing Cordova (see 4908\1148) where he
was born, the Rambam spent some time travel-
R.Avraham ibn Ezra (see 4924\1164) wrote a letter ling, before settling in Fez (Morocco) for some five
about Shabbat, in London on the 14th of Tevet. years. Due to forced Islamic conversions by radi-
cals (see 4958\1198), he left Fez with his family
and sailed to Eretz Yisrael. His ship was threat-
Living in the Year 1160 ened by a storm, but reached Acco (Acre) on the
Rashbam b.1080?, d.1174?.
3rd Sivan. Six months later, he visited Yerusha-
R.Avraham ibn Ezra b.1089?, d.1164.
layim (see 4859\1099). He subsequently left Eretz
Rabbenu Tam b.1100?, d.1171.
Yisrael for Egypt, and settled in Fostat (old Cairo),
Ri (R.Yitzchak) b.1120?, d.1200?.
where he reversed the overriding influence of the
Ra’avad b.1120?, d.1198.
Kra’im (see 4523\763) that then prevailed
[Mmn.Hil.Mel.5.7, Radvaz].
Ba’al HaIttur b.1120?, d.1193?.
Ba’al Hama’or b.1125?, d.1186.
Rambam (Maimonides) b.1135, d.1204. ffzff 4928 1167 ffzff
R.Yehuda HaChasid b.1150?, d.1217.
Roke’ach (R.Elazar) b.1160?, d.1237?. R.David ben Levi — of whom little else is known
Radak (Kimchi) b.1160?, d.1235?. — was killed in Virmyze (Worms, Germany) on the
21st Cheshvan, 4928\1167.
R.Yehuda ibn Tibbon (see 4908\1148) trans-
ffzff 4921 1161 ffzff lated a number of works from Arabic into HE-
BREW. These included: Emunot VeDeyot (see
Rbnu.Bachya I ben Yosef (ibn Paquda) (Rabbenu 4690\930), the Kuzari (see 4865\1105), Tikkun
Bachaye) wrote Chovat HaLevavot (Mussar) in Ara- Middot HaNefesh (see 4815\1055), and Chovat
bic (see 4928\1167), around 1161 (in Spain). HaLevavot (see 4921\1161).
Some say it was written earlier. There was a BLOOD LIBEL in Gloucester (England)
R.Eliezer ben Natan, the Ravan — a disciple of in 1168 (see 4904\1144).
190

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PHOT (see 5050\1290), is referred to in Tosaphot as

‘Rashba’, and is also called Ish Yerushalayim. Living in the Year 1190
He was the author of Tosaphot Shantz and the Ri (R.Yitzchak) b.1120?, d.1200?.
Pirush Rash, a commentary on some Mishna (see Ra’avad b.1120?, d.1198.
ILLUSTRATIONS, TEXT D, #2). His older brother, R.Yitzchak, Ba’al HaIttur b.1120?, d.1193?.
is referred to in Tosaphot as the ‘Ritzba’, as ‘Ri Ba’al Hama’or b.1125?, d.1186.
HaBachur’ (to distinguish him from ‘Ri HaZaken’ Rambam (Maimonides) b.1135, d.1204.
(see 4939\1179)), and sometimes as the ‘Riva’ R.Yehuda HaChasid b.1150?, d.1217.
[Otz.Hag.5.211a], (although Riva usually refers to
Roke’ach (R.Elazar) b.1160?, d.1237?.
R.Yitzchak ben Asher II (see 4865\1105)) [Shem.Hag. Radak (Kimchi) b.1160?, d.1235?.
35a-b]. Both brothers were disciples of Rabbenu Tam
Rbnu.Yona (Gerondi) b.1180?, d.1263.
and the Ri (see 4931\1171, 4935\1175).
ffzff 4949 1189 ffzff Torah lectures (in a special arrangement, so that
the (male) students could not see her).
R.Yaakov D’Orleans was killed in London.
R.Yaakov of Orleans — a disciple of Rabbenu Tam
who hinself is mentioned in Tosaphot [Ket.47a, The Radak wrote his commentary.
Zev.55b, Nid.8a, etc.] (and sometimes as “Rabbenu Tam”)
R.David ben Yosef Kimchi of Narbonne
— was killed with many other Jews in the ANTI-
(Provence, S.E.France), the Radak, (who was very
JEWISH RIOTS which took place in Elul, in London,
young when his father died, see 4908\1148),
at the coronation of Richard I (the Lion-Hearted).
wrote his commentary on the T’NACH (Bible)
King Richard later went on a Crusade to try and
at around this time (see 4992\1232)(see I LLUS-
recapture Yerushalayim (see 4948\1187).
TRATIONS , T EXT B , #4).
A disciple of Rabbenu Tam, R.Yom Tov — author of
ffzff 4950 1190 ffzff Omnam Kein (PIYUT which is said on Yom Kippur evening) —
was killed in York (England) (see 4950\1190).
Jews massacred in England in the 3rd Crusade.
A crusading enthusiasm swept England (see ffzff 4952 1192 ffzff
4949\1189, 4952\1192, 4956\1196). The Jews of Nor-
wich were massacred on 28th Shvat (see 4904\1144), R.Yaakov of Corbeil — a disciple of Rabbenu
and the Jews of Stamfordfair were massacred on Tam who is mentioned in Tosaphot [Shab.27a, Bet.6b,
27 Adar. The Jews of York refused to be sub- Ket.12b, etc.] — was killed (some say in Corbeil) in
jected to FORCED BAPTISM, and R.Eliyahu — a dis- 1192 (see 4950\1190, 4051\1191).
ciple of Rabbenu Tam (see 4906\1146) — was killed
there, (another disciple of Rabbenu Tam was
killed in York in 1191 (see 4951\1191); while on the ffzff 4953 1193 ffzff
7th Nissan many brought about their own mass
There was a BLOOD LIBEL in Winchester (England)
deaths (and since then the Jewish custom is not to stay over-
(see 4950\1190).
night in York.). On the 9th of Nissan, fifty-seven Jews
were killed in Bury St.Edmunds (England).
One hundred Jews were burned to death in ffzff 4954 1194 ffzff
France, by order of the king.
R.Shmuel ben Eli HaLevi was head of the vibrant The Ramban was born.
YESHIVA in Baghdad which had been reconstituted
— by his father who was a descendant of Shmuel R.Moshe ben Nachman, the Ramban (see 5030\
HaNavi (the Prophet) — from the old academies 1270), was born in Gerona (Spain) on the 12th Elul.
in Sura and Pumpedita. He was not completely
successful in his attempt, in 1190, to have the ffzff 4956 1196 ffzff
position of REISH GALUTA (Exilarch) abolished so
that the funds could be diverted to the YESHIVA. Fifteen Jews (including an advisor to the duke)
He had a Halacha disagreement with the Ram- were massacred in Vienna by participants in
bam, and had a very learned daughter who gave the 3rd Crusade (see 4950\1190).
194

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printing (see 5235\1475) — were burned, in Tam- LIBEL in Fulda (see 4995\1235) were true. Upon
muz, as a result of events two years earlier, see much investigation, he concluded that BLOOD
5000\1240. This Erev Shabbat Parshat Chukat LIBELS were false. The Pope (Innocent IV) who had
was observed as a fast day for generations, to com- ordered the burning of the Talmud (see
memorate the monumental loss from which To- 5004\1244), stated in 1247 that BLOOD LIBELS
rah scholarship in France never really recovered were false.
(see 5066\1306). Some say that this burning took However, that same year many Jews in Valreas
place at the same location in Paris as had an- (France) were tortured — some mutilated, others
other burning nine years earlier (see 4992\1232). killed, and all the rest imprisoned (with Jewish
properties confiscated) — in a BLOOD LIBEL.
ffzff 5003 1243 ffzff ffzff 5008 1248 ffzff

Jews were burned to death in Belitz (near Berlin, In France, Christians were forbidden to have
Germany) in the first recorded libel of RITUAL DES- contact with Jews.
ECRATION. (The charge — called ‘DESECRATION OF THE
HOST’ — was that Jews purposely desecrated one
of the Christian sacraments.) ffzff 5010 1250 ffzff
Eleven Jews were killed in a BLOOD LIBEL in
Kitzingen (Germany). The Jews of Tunisia (Northern Africa) were required
by their Muslim rulers to wear a SPECIAL BADGE
(see 4610\850, 4977\1216).
ffzff 5004 1244 ffzff A new government which oppressed the Jews,
began to rule in Egypt (and spread to surround-
Egyptians and Turks sacked Yerushalayim. ing countries in Northern Africa). Conditions of
Jewish life in that region declined significantly.
Most Jews fled from Yerushalayim, but some were
killed by the hordes who sacked the city and mas-
sacred the inhabitants, leaving almost no Jews
there (see 4948\1187, 5027\1267).
On the 26th Adar, the Pope (Innocent IV) ordered The Inquisition began to use torture.
further burnings of the Talmud (see 5002\ The Inquisition was a series of (localized,
1242). church) courts empowered — by the central
The ‘Ramah’ of Toledo (Spain) (see 4962\1202) — authority, the presiding Pope — to investigate
a close contemporary of the Ramban, who was and judge Christian heretics, who could be
well versed in KABBALA and was author of Yad punished and/or killed. Initially established
Ramah (Chidushim) — died on the 18th Nissan. in 1184 by the Pope, to “do away with” the
R.Yeshayahu HaZaken of Trani (Italy), who wrote growing heresy in southern France, it was re-
Tosaphot Rid (R.Yeshayahu D’Trani), was the enforced in the 1230’s. In 1252, the Pope (Inno-
leading Torah scholar in Italy. He had great cent IV) (see 5007\1247, 5013\1253) allowed the
respect for his contemporary, R.Yitzchak (ben use of torture during these investigations of her-
Moshe) of Vienna — who was a disciple of the esy. The Inquisition was later expanded to other
‘Raviyah’, R.Yehuda HaChasid, and R.Yehuda areas of Europe (see 5038\1278, 5241\1481,
of Paris. R.Yitzchak of Vienna wrote the Sefer 5301\1540), and later to Central and Southern
Or Zaru’a, which was later abbreviated by his America (see 5330\1570).
son, R.Chaim (Eliezer). Jews were subsequently open to such charges of
‘heresy’ — just for being Jewish — (see
5038\1278) and torture was a tool for extracting
ffzff 5007 1247 ffzff “confessions”.
Many Jews were killed, and others were FORC-
IBLY CONVERTED to Islam, in Meknes (Morocco), with ffzff 5013 1253 ffzff
the rise of a new radical government.
Emperor Frederick II had planned to kill all the The Pope (Innocent IV, see 5013\1253) ordered the
Jews (in his Holy Roman Empire) if the BLOOD expulsion of all Jews from Vienne (France) in Av.
198

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R.Yosef ben Avraham Gikatilya (of Spain) (see 4865\1105). It is therefore not certain which
wrote Sha’arei Ora (KABBALA). Tosaphot writings were included in the standard
version now available (see 5046\1286)
The Tosaphot era concluded at around this time. [Tos.A.Z.9b-end/Sh.Mkbtzt.Ket.31b-end/Yam.Sh.Sh.Yev.4.34/
Yad.Mlchi.Klly.HaTos.2.14/ Shem.Hag.2.54a-b].
R.Peretz ben Yitzchak — of Corbeil (France), a
Many earlier (and other) scholars are quoted
disciple of R.Yechi’el of Paris — composed one
in Tosaphot. These include:
of the last Tosaphot writings, called Tosaphot
Rbnu.Peretz, (part of) which is now printed as ❖ R.Yehudai Gaon [Pes.30a, B.K.53b, etc.],
the standard Tosaphot on a section of the Tal- ❖ Halachot Gedolot (BaHaG) [Pes.30a, etc.],
mud (Avoda Zara). ❖ She’iltot D’R.Acha(i) [Pes.30a, etc.],
R.Eliezer of Touques (France) also wrote one of ❖ R.Saadya Gaon [Git.2a, etc],
the last Tosaphot, called Tosaphot Tuch ❖ R.Tzemach Gaon [M.K.20b, etc.],
(Touques), which is an abbreviated version of ❖ Shimusha Rabba [Min.29b, 34b, Ber.60b],
Tosaphot Shantz (see 4948\1187) — edited to ❖ R.Hai Gaon [A.Z.58b, etc.],
include other Tosaphot. ❖ Rbnu.Gershom Me’or HaGola [Betz.24b, etc],
Although Tosaphot Tuch now comprises the ❖ the Rif [Eruv.104a, etc],
major part of the Tosaphot printed around the ❖ (R.Natan Ba’al) HaAruch [Shab.27b, etc],
Talmud (see ILLUSTRATIONS, TEXT E#4), many other indepen- ❖ Machzor Vitry [Ber.14a, etc.],
dent Tosaphot were written [Tos.Shev.35a, B.M.111a, M.K.20b, ❖ Rambam [Min.42b, Ber.44a/see Yam.Sh.Sh.Hakd],
Yom.2b, Mrsha ‘A”N N”L’/See 5004\1244, 5046\1286]. ❖ Ra’avad [Tem.12b, etc.].

The authors, the BA’ALEI TOSAPHOT, included
more than 100 scholars of France and Germany In 1290, R.David HaNagid was reinstated in
and extended over a period of almost 200 years Cairo (see 5045\1285).
Chapter 12b
Later Rishonim,
Persecutions, and Expulsions
ffzff 5050 1290 ffzff (Bachaye), a commentary on CHUMASH (Bible) which
[5050\1290 is continued from chapter 12a.]. includes KABBALA from the Zohar (see 5050\1290).
All Jews were expelled from England. A Jewish physician — who had risen to the highest
power, under the Mongol ruler of Persia (Arghun
England was the first European country to have Khan) — was assassinated by enemies on the 3rd
a BLOOD LIBEL (see 4904\1144), was amongst the Nissan, and many Jews were massacred.
first to require Jews to wear a SPECIAL BADGE (see
4977\1216), and was the first to force Jews to
attend CONVERSION SERMONS (see 5038\1278). On ffzff 5052 1291 ffzff
Tisha B’Av in 1290, England became the first
European country to completely expel all Jews The Sultan of Egypt conquered Acco (Acre), killed
from its borders (see 5416\1656). Sixteen thou- many Jews, and imprisoned others — includ-
sand Jews left, and most settled in Germany ing R.Yitzchak (ben Shmuel) De’Min Acco (of Acco),
and some provinces of France. a disciple of the Ramban (see 5027\1267) who
The Jews of Naples, Bari (see 4692\932) and was well versed in KABBALA. When released he
other towns in southern Italy were massacred went to Spain, and he wrote a commentary on
and subjected to FORCED BAPTISM (see 5071\1311), the Ramban’s CHUMASH (Bible) commentary, and
in a BLOOD LIBEL in 1290, and many left. an authentication of the Zohar (see 5050\1290).

Rbnu.Bachya ben Asher — a disciple of the The Maharam MeRothenburg died in prison.
Rashba (in Spain) — wrote Midrash Rbnu.Bachya The Maharam MeRothenburg died in the for-
<< Chapter

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203
Chapter 12 — The Rishonim - Early Scholars
12b — Later Rishonim, Persecutions, and Expulsions
ffzff 5104 1344 ffzff and despite the fact that the Jews were also dy-
ing (see Tammuz) in the Black Death plague. More
The Ralbag (Gersonides) (see 5098\1338), died than three quarters of the Jews of Saragossa (Spain)
on the 6th Iyar. died, and the Jewish cemetery in Vienna (where
R.Vidal di Tolose (Spain) — also called AnVidal (ab- there were no massacres) was extended because
breviation for Adon Vidal) — wrote the Maggid Mishneh of the large number dying of the disease.
commentary on the Yad HaChazaka of the Ram- The Jews of Berne (Switzerland) were burned to death
bam (see ILLUSTRATIONS, TEXT I, #5). He was a colleague of as soon as information on the confessions came
the Ran — R.Nissim ben Reuven (see 5127\1367) from Lausanne, and they were accused of send-
— who wrote a commentary on the Rif and on ing the poison on to Basel (see Shvat). The Jews of
(parts of) the Talmud (see Illustrations, Text H, #2). Colmar (Alsace, a region between France and Germany) were
imprisoned on the 8th Shvat for well poisoning,
and burned to death seven months later.
ffzff 5109 1349 ffzff Six hundred Jews of Basel (Switzerland) were burned
to death on the 19th Shvat in a specially con-
The Black Death massacres swept across Europe. structed house on the Rhine, and 140 children
An epidemic of plague — mostly bubonic but also were subjected to FORCED BAPTISM. The Jews of
pneumonic and septicemic, all with a very high Speyer (Bavaria) perished on the 2nd Adar-1, when
death rate (30%-100%), and apparently bought from they set their houses afire, rather than face de-
China by Italian trading ships in spring of 1348 struction by mob violence. The Jews of Freiburg
— was spread across Central and Western Eu- (Germany) were killed in these on the 10th Adar-1,
rope (carried by the very people who were fleeing it) killing and the Jews of Uberlingen (Switzerland) were mas-
as many as half of the total population (75 million) sacred on the 22nd. 2,000 Jews were burned to
in three years. (See chart below. Some estimates are 25 death (on a scaffold in the cemetery) in Strasbourg
million or one third of the population). (Alsace) on the 25th. All Jews were expelled from
On the 23rd Kislev 5109\1348 it was announced Burgsdorf (Switzerland) on the 27th, and Jews of
in Lausanne (Switzerland) that Jews (one named Zurich were burned (and some expelled) on 2nd
Agimet, who apparently was ignorant of the Bible Adar-2 (see 4th Nissan). The Jews of Virmyze (Worms,
[Middle High German chronicle of Von Königshofen (1346-1420) 1698 Germany) set fire to their own homes and perished,
ed.].)
had confessed (after torture) to poisoning on the 10th Adar-2.
the water wells. Word of this spread throughout Some Jews of Zurich were burned to death (see 2nd
Europe. The Jews were savagely attacked and Adar-2), and the rest were expelled on the 4th Nissan.
massacred. by sometimes hysterical mobs — The Jews of Muehlhausen (Germany) and 3,000 Jews
normal social order had disintegrated because in Erfurt (Germany) were killed on Erev Pesach. Some
of the mass deaths and the panic of the living say that R.Alexander Zisslin — a disciple of R.Yitzchak
— who were encouraged by the rumors of Jew- of Dura, and author of the Aguda (Halacha) — was
ish confessions to the crime. In some towns killed in Erfurt. Sixty Jews were killed in Breslau
all Jews were expelled, and in others they were (Silesia, a region between Germany and Poland) on the 10th
massacred before the plague had even arrived Sivan, in the RIOTS that followed a disastrous fire.
(cancellation of debts to Jewish money-lend- R.Yehuda — the son of the Rosh (see 5088\1327)
ers was motivation in some instances.) — died of the Black Death plague (as did some of
The killings continued despite statements from his family) on the 17th Tammuz 1349. The Jews
the Pope (Clement VI) that the Jews were innocent, of Frankfort were massacred on Erev Tisha B’Av
(8th Av), and 300 Jews were killed in Tarrega
European Population (Spain) on the 10th Av. Some Jews of Mayence
& the Black Death Plague (Mainz, Germany) were killed fighting a RIOTING mob;
80 million many others — 6,000 — set fire to their homes
70
and died in the flames on the 7th Elul. The Jews
60
50
of Cologne did the same two days later.
40
30
20 ffzff 5110 1349 ffzff
10
0 The Jews of Krems (Austria) were massacred in the
Year: 1300 1350 1400 1450 Black Death RIOTS on the 16th Tishrei 5110\1349;
the Jews in Augsburg (Germany) on the 17th Kislev;
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Chapter 13 — The Kovim: Late Rishonim, Early Acharonim

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223
The Great Scholars of the Shulchan Aruch & Torah Consolidation
KERCHIEFS — and they were subjected to severe eco-

nomic restrictions (see 5558\1798).
Living in the Year 1560
ffzff 5316 1556 ffzff Radvaz b.1463?, d.1573?.
Beit Yosef (R.Yosef Karo) b.1488, d.1575.
Twenty-six Portuguese ANUSSIM (Marranos) who Maharshal b.1510?, d.1573.
had openly returned to JUDAISM were burned to death Maharal of Prague b.1512?, d.1609.
in Ancona (Italy) on the 3rd of Iyar, by order of the Shitta Mekubetzet (R.Betz.Ashkenazi) b.1520?, d.1594?.
Pope (Paul IV, see 5315\1555). Ramak (Cordovero) b.1522?, d.1570.
Three Jews were killed in Sochatchev (Poland) in Ramo (R.Moshe Isserles) b.1525?, d.1573.
a RITUAL DESECRATION libel (see 5003\1243). R.Mordechai Yaffe (Levush) b.1530, d.1612.
Ari’zal (R.Yitzchak Luria) b.1534, d.1572.
ffzff 5317 1557 ffzff Sma (R.Yehoshua Falk) b.1540?, d.1614.
R.Chaim Vital b.1542?, d.1620.
The Jews of Bohemia — who had returned since Lechem Mishneh (R.Avraham di Boton) b.1545?, d.1588.
the last expulsion (see 5301\1541) were expelled Kli Yakar (R.Shlomo Ephrayim) b.1550?, d.1619.
from the major cities (although they were allowed Maharsha (R.Shmuel Edels) b.1555, d.1631.
to return a short while later); a few Jews were Bach (R.Yoel Sirkes) b.1560?, d.1640.
allowed to remain in Prague. Shaloh (R.Yeshayahu Horowitz) b.1560?, d.1630.
Among those leaving Prague was R.Mordechai
Yaffe (see 5352\1592). He was a disciple of the
Ramo and the Maharshal, and author of the Yosef, see 5282\1522) — on the 17th Adar.
Levushim, which is known as Levush (Halacha). He corresponded with the Ramo, who later supple-
He lived in Italy for approximately ten years, be- mented R.Yosef’s SEPHARDI oriented SHULCHAN ARUCH
fore becoming rabbi in Hurodno (Grodno, Lithuania), with the ASHKENAZI rulings and customs. This
Lublin (Poland), and then Kremeniec (Poland). He par- helped consolidate the eventual role of the SHULCHAN
ticipated in the VA’AD ARBA ARATZOT (see 5340\1580). ARUCH as the ultimate word in Halacha.
All Jews were expelled from Neutitschein (Novy
Jicin, Moravia) in Elul.
7,500 Jews — many of them exiles from Portu- ffzff 5324 1563 ffzff
gal and Spain — died in a cholera epidemic in
Marrakesh (Morocco) (see 5253\1493). Ivan the Terrible captured the city of Polotzk (Lithua-
nia) and thirty Jews were drowned in the Dvina
(Daugava) River on the 25th Kislev (first day Chanuka)
ffzff 5319 1559 ffzff for refusing to be subjected to FORCED BAPTISM.
10,000 Jewish books were burned in Cremona (N.
Italy) under the instructions of the Inquisition (see ffzff 5325 1565 ffzff
5314\1553). However, the Zohar was printed there
in the same year, by a recently established press — The Maharam Padua — R.Meir (ben Yitzchak)
of non-Jewish ownership — which also published Katzenellenbogen, a disciple of R.Yaakov Pollak and
(in the following year) a CHUMASH (Bible) with a of R.Yehuda of Mintz (Mahari Mintz, whose grand-
YIDDISH translation by someone Jewish. daughter he married) — died on the 10th Shvat.

The SHULCHAN ARUCH was completed by Jewish men were required to wear YELLOW HATS
R.Yosef Karo. in Lithuania, and the women were required to
R.Yosef Karo — who was already greatly respected wear YELLOW KERCHIEFS.
by most Talmud scholars (see 5302\1542) — fin-
ished writing the SHULCHAN ARUCH (code of law) (see ffzff 5327 1567 ffzff
ILLUSTRATIONS, TEXTS J K L & M,, #1) — which was an ab-
breviated extension of his commentary, the Beit Jews were expelled from the rest of the prov-
230

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impression on the ANUSSIM (Marranos) of Portu- of Ostropole (a maggid and writer of KABBALA) and
gal (see 5404\1644). 3,000 Jews were killed in Staro-Konstantinov
(Poland) on Tisha B’Av (including those who had
taken refuge in the city).
Jews were massacred by Chmielnitzki’s forces. ffzff 5409 1648 ffzff
The Cossacks, under the leadership of Bogdan
Chmielnitzki, sought to establish an indepen- R.Naftali — the son of Yitzchak HaKohen Katz (of
dent Ukraine — by rebelling against (the aris- Lublin), son-in-law of the MahaRal of Prague) —
tocratic) Polish rule — and they received mili- was killed on the 5th Tishrei 5409\1648 by
tary assistance from the Tartar rulers of Chmielnitzki’s forces.
Crimea (region in S.W. Russia) in battles that lasted 4,000 Jews of Dubno (Poland) were killed on the
twenty years (see map page 331). In the first years 15th Tishrei, when the Poles did not allow them
the peasants rioted uncontrollably, wreaking to seek refuge in a fortress.
chaos and havoc, and — whether warriors or 12,000 Jews in Narol (Poland) were drowned, or killed
not — attacked the Jews, who were usually in the synagogue — which was then set on fire — on
the middle-men between them and the absen- the 17th of Cheshvan. Some 40,000 Jews who had
tee landlord princes whose properties they fled from other parts of the country — seeking ref-
leased and managed. The rabble tortured uge in the vicinity of Narol — were all massacred.
many, FORCIBLY CONVERTED some, massacred tens The Jews of Medzibuzh (Miedzyborz, Poland) were
of thousands, and mutilated their remains. saved from Chmielnitzki’s troops by someone
300 Jewish communities were destroyed, and called Mordechai and his wife Esther. They in-
between 100,000 and 300,00 Jews were killed stituted the 12th of Tevet as MORDECHAI PURIM,
in the massacres, which became known as in commemoration.
Gezerot Tach VeTat — for the years 5 thou- The parents of R.Avraham Abele Gombiner, the
sand 408 and 409, which many had expected Magen Avraham (see 5433\1673), were killed in
(based on prediction of the Zohar) would be the year the massacres, and the Taz (see 5406\1646) left
(in 408) when the Mashiach (Messiah) would Ostraha (Ostrog, Volhynia, region in W.Poland) and took
come [Zoh.1.139b/Or HaChama (Ramak) Sh.(2).10]. refuge in a fortress (see 5414\1654).
Poland-Lithuania — which had been a relatively Many Jews moved to other countries such as
prosperous haven for the Jews for many years Rumania, Hungary, and the provinces of
(see 5110\1350) — became a scene of massive Moldavia and Transylvania. Germany was then
Jewish devastation. On the 20th Sivan 6,000 also in a state of ruin at the conclusion of the
Jews of Nemirov (Poland) were killed, and this THIRTY YEAR WAR (see 5389\1629, 5415\1655). (Es-
day was later declared a fast (see 4931\1171, timates are that the population of Germany fell
5410\1650), to mark the beginning of the mas- from 17 million to 8 million over these thirty
sacres. 1,000 Jews were tortured, then killed years of war, famine and plague.)
on the 4th Tammuz in Tulchin (Poland); 10,000 The Jews of Prague were presented with a

were killed in Polannoe (Polonnoye, Volhynia, region in banner in recognition of their defense of the
W.Poland) on the 3rd Av, including R.Shimshon city against Swedish invaders.
Section >>
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Major Acharonim
Beit Shmuel (R.Shmuel) b.1630?,d.1700?

Magen Avraham (R.Avr.Abele Gombiner) b.1637?, d.1683.
Siftei Chachamim (R.Shabbetai Bass) b.1641, d.1718.
Mishneh LeMelech (R.Yehuda Rosannes) b.1657?, d.1727.
Pnei Yehoshua (R.Yaakov Yehoshua Falk) b.1680, d.1756.
R.Yaakov Culi (Me'am Lo'ez) b.1689?, d.1732.
R.Yonatan Eybeshutz b.1690?,d.1764.
Sha'agat Aryeh (R.Aryeh Leib Gunzberg) b.1695?, d.1785.
Or HaChayim (R.Chaim (ib)n Attar) b.1696, d.1743.
R.Yaakov Emden b.1697?, d.1776.
Korban HaEida (R.David Frankel) b.1707, d.1762.
Pnei Moshe (R.Moshe Margolis) b.1710?, d.1781.
Noda BiYehuda (R.Yechezk'el Landau) b.1713, d.1793.
Vilna Gaon b.1720, d.1797.
Chida (Azulai) b.1724, d.1806.
Pri Megadim (R.Yosef Te'omim) b.1727?, d.1792.
R.Shneur Zalman (Rav of Lyady) b.1745, d.1813.
Ketzot HaChoshen (R.Aryeh Leib Heller) b.1745?, d.1813.
Chayei Adam (R.Avraham Danziger) b.1748, d.1820.
Yismach Moshe (R.Moshe Teitelbaum) b.1759, d.1841.
Chavat Da'at (R.Yakv.of Lissa/Netivot) b.1759?, d.1832.
R.Ephrayim Zalman Margolis b.1760, d.1828.
R.Akiva Eger b.1761, d.1837.
Chassam Sofer b.1762, d.1839.
Tiferet Yisrael (R.Yisrael Lipshutz) b.1782, d.1860.
Tzemach Tzedek (of Lubavitch) b.1789, d.1866.
Divrei Chaim (of Tzanz) b.1793, d.1876.
Chidushei HaRim (of Gur) b.1799, d.1866.
Minchat Chinuch (R.Yosef Babad) b.1800?,d.1874.
Kitzur Shulchan Aruch (R.Shl.Ganzfried) b.1804, d.1886.
Malbim (R.Meir Leib[ush]) b.1808?,d.1879.
Pitchei Teshuva (R.Avraham Tzvi Hirsch) b.1813, d.1868.
Aruch HaShulchan (R.Yechi'el Epstein) b.1829, d.1908.
Sdei Chemed (R.Chaim Chizkiyah Medini) b.1832?, d.1904.
Ben Ish Chai (R.Yosef Chaim Al-Chakkam) b.1833?, d.1909.
Chafetz Chaim (R.Yisrael Meir Kagan) b.1838, d.1933.
Darkei Teshuva (R.Tzvi Hirsch Shapira) b.1845?, d.1913.
`Sfass Emess' (of Gur) b.1847, d.1905.
R.Chaim Brisker b.1853, d.1918.
Rogatchover Gaon (R.Yosef Rozin) b.1858, d.1936.
Torah Temima (R.Baruch Epstein) b.1860, d.1942.
Kaf HaChayim Ð R.Yaakov Chaim (Sofer) b. 1870, d.1939.
Chazon Ish Ð R.Avraham Yeshaya Karelitz b. 1878 d. 1953.
R.Meir Shapiro Ð Daf Yomi b. 1887 d. 1934.

232
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239
Chapter 14 — The Acharonim - Later Scholars
ffzff 5420 1659 ffzff and R.Shlomo (sons of the Taz) — in ANTI-JEWISH RIOTS
in Lvov (Lemberg, Poland) during Iyar. The Taz died
R.Yisrael ben Shalom and R.Tuvyah Bachrach three years later.
were killed in Ruzhany (Poland) on Rosh Isaac Newton (who probably never met anyone
HaShana 5420\1659, in a BLOOD LIBEL. Jewish (see 5416\1656), yet had apparently spent
300 Jews were killed in Bichov (Poland-Lithuania) much time studying Jewish matters) introduced
when the Russians captured the town in Tevet a new style in scientific study — especially with
(see 5415\1655, 5416\1655). his painstaking investigation of the effects
of gravitational force — that depended on
ffzff 5420 1660 ffzff the meticulous observation of facts
(chochmas ha’teva), as opposed to previ-
When the Shach was in Kalisch (Poland) (see ous “sciences” which tended to be
5419\1659), he met R.Avraham Abele, the theories (chochmas umos ha’olam) up-
Magen Avraham (see 5433\1673). held by anecdotal evidence. Many ben-
R.Ephrayim HaKohen (see 5415\1655) be- eficial discoveries and inventions
came rabbi in Budapest, where he was ac- (see 5500\1740) have followed.
companied by his son-in-law R.Yaakov Sak
(see 5415\1655), and his newborn grandson, ffzff 5425 1665 ffzff
who grew up to become the Chacham Tzvi (see
5446\1686). Shabbetai Tzvi publicly proclaimed himself as
“the Mashiach” (Messiah) while in Eretz Yisrael in
ffzff 5421 1661 ffzff Sivan. He did so with the strong support of a fol-
lower — Natan of Gaza, who was well versed in
R.Menachem Mendel Krochmal — a disciple KABBALA, and claimed to be a prophet.
of the Bach, author of Tzemach Tzedek I (SH’ELOT Notwithstanding that he had previously been
UTESHUVOT) — died on the 2nd Shvat in Nikolsburg banished by various rabbis from towns in
(Mikulov, Moravia), where he was rabbi of the prov- which he had lived (Izmir-Smyrna, Salonika,
ince (see 5333\1573). Constantinople-Istanbul) — for unusual and
Many Jews of Persia had been forced to convert to unacceptable behavior, and transgressions of
Islam over the previous twenty years — although Halacha (for which he made a blessing “...he
they remained secretly Jewish — but in 1661, they who permits the forbidden...”) — nevertheless,
were allowed to return to practising JUDAISM openly. word of his proclamation as the “Mashiach”
spread all over with exceptional speed. The
ffzff 5422 1662 ffzff word was sometimes preceded by apparently
unassociated rumors that the ten lost tribes
The Jews fled Cochin (S.W. India) — when the were marching towards Eretz Yisrael.
Portuguese rulers (see 5283\1523) attacked Many stories — about “miracles” he had sup-
them and plundered their property, blaming posedly performed — were circulated; and
them after the Dutch had attempted to con- “proofs” — from Torah and KABBALA — were dis-
quer the territory — but they returned a year covered to validate his claim; resulting in a broad
later, when the Dutch were successful in con- acceptance. Many Jews, including rabbis, from
quering the area (see 5385\1625). virtually every country in the world were elec-
trified with anticipation and enthusiasm. (The
ffzff 5424 1663 ffzff countries included Algeria, Bohemia, Egypt, England, Eretz Yisrael,
Germany, Greece, Holland, Iraq, Kurdistan, Moravia, Morocco, Per-
Mattityahu Kalahora, a physician, was dis- sia, Poland-Lithuania, Russia, Slovakia, Tripoli, Turkey, Yemen).
membered and burned in Cracow (Poland) on Many rabbis, however, raised their voices — opin-
the 14th Kislev 5424\1663 (see 5516\1755), ions ranging from doubt to outright opposition. He
after being accused of cursing Christianity. had also been banished from Yerushalayim, a fact
that did not apparently receive much publicity.
ffzff 5424 1664 ffzff He travelled to his home town, Izmir (Smyrna, Tur-
key), and whipped up much excitement, through
Many Jews were massacred in Bratslav (Podolia, his charismatic speeches and a feverish prayer
Poland) in a Cossack invasion. style — which (some say) included ecstatic (and
Many Jews were killed — including R.Mordechai hysterical) congregational chanting of the Shem
244

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(then Poland) until he died some thirty-six years ffzff 5478 1718 ffzff
later.
A fire broke out in the house of R.Naftali Katz, The Chacham Tzvi had left Amsterdam after
the rabbi of Frankfort, which destroyed the whole residing there for four years (see 5470\1710).
Jewish section. R.Naftali — a great scholar (es- His leaving was due to his placing a promi-
pecially in KABBALA) — was maliciously maligned: nent Shabbatean (see 5437\1676) in CHEREM
some accused him of preventing the flames to (excommunication), and the subsequent contro-
be extinguished, so that he could test his KAMEYOT versy and differences with the older Portuguese
(amulets) for fire extinguishing. Although he was (SEPHARDI) congregation. He had travelled to En-
cleared of any charges, he was compelled to gland, Germany, and Poland, before becoming
leave Frankfort. rabbi in Lvov (Lemberg, Poland) shortly before he died
there, on Rosh Chodesh Iyar 1718.
He was succeeded by the Pnei Yehoshua (see
ffzff 5472 1712 ffzff 5490\1730) — who had (previously) left Lvov,
after losing his family (see 5463\1702) — and had
The Siftei Chachamim was arrested. since then been the rabbi in a number of towns.
R.Shabbetai (Meshorer) Bass — the author of
Siftei Chachamim (see 5449\1689) — was ar-
rested on the charge that his printing press in
Dyhernfurth (Silesia, a region between Germany and Poland) The whole Jewish section of Nikolsburg (Mikulov,
was printing books that were spreading hatred Moravia) was completely destroyed by fire.
against Christians. He was later released. Shimshon Wertheimer — an extremely wealthy
R.Eliyahu Shapiro of Prague (see 5514\1754) — SHTADLAN from Vienna, who was a scholar, and
a disciple of the Magen Avraham, and a brother financially supported other scholars, besides
in law of the Chok Yaakov (see 5494\1733) — his many activities on behalf of Jews through-
was author of Eliyahu Rabba and Zuta (Halacha, on out Europe — organized the raising of funds
the Levushim). He died on the 8th Nissan. to rebuild the community.

R.Yoel Ba’al Shem (ben Yitzchak Halpern) — a The Jews of Budapest (Hungary) were attacked
grandson of R.Yoel (also a Ba’al Shem), and au-
thor of Toldot Adam (KABBALA) — died on the 4th
Tishrei 5474\1713.
Living in the Year 1720
Mishneh LeMelech (R.Yehuda Rosannes)b.1657?, d.1727.
R.Meir Eisenstadt — known as the Maharam Esh Seder HaDorot (R.Yechi’el Heilprin) b.1660?, d.1747?.
(or Ash) (an abbreviation of Eisenstadt) — became Pnei Yehoshua (R.Yaakov Yehoshua Falk) b.1680, d.1756.
rabbi in Eisenstadt, which had just recovered R.Yaakov Culi (Me’am Lo’ez) b.1689?, d.1732.
from the Hungarian Revolution (see 5464\1704). R.Yonatan Eybeshutz b.1690?, d.1764.
He wrote Panim Me’irot (Chidushim and SH’ELOT UTESHUVOT). Sha’agat Aryeh (R.Aryeh Leib Gunzberg) b.1695?, d.1785.
Or HaChayim (R.Chaim (ib)n Attar) b.1696, d.1743.
ffzff 5475 1715 ffzff R.Yaakov Emden b.1697?, d.1776.
Ba’al Shem Tov b.1698, d.1760.
Eight hundred and ninety-two Jews died in a Maggid of Mezeritsch (R.Dov Ber) b.1698?, d.1772.
plague in Boskowitz (Moravia). Ramchal (Luzzatto) b.1707, d.1747.
Korban HaEida (R.David Frankel) b.1707, d.1762.
Pnei Moshe (R.Moshe Margolis) b.1710?, d.1781.
ffzff 5476 1716 ffzff Noda BiYehuda (R.Yechezk’el Landau) b.1713, d.1793.
The Jews of Posen (Poznan, Poland) were attacked R.Elimelech of Lizensk b.1717?, d.1786.
— a few years after an epidemic (of Ergot disease) R.Zushya of Annopol b.1718?, d.1800.
had decimated the community — and many Vilna Gaon b.1720, d.1797.
Jews subsequently left the town (see 5496\1736).

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247
14b — Acharonim and Early Chassidim
Chapter 14b,
Acharonim and Early Chassidim

The year 5500 carried a centuries-old predic- R.David Frankel (Mirels) — author of Korban
tion from the Zohar (see 5050\1290) — that HaEida (commentary on Talmud Yerushalmi, now
the GATES OF WISDOM would be opened in the printed in standard editions) (see Illustrations, Text F, #4)—
“sixth hundred year of the sixth (thousand)” was appointed rabbi of Berlin.
(5500) [Zoh.1.117a] — which coincides with the in-
creased development of the new sciences and
technologies of the Industrial Revolution, ush- ffzff 5505 1745 ffzff
ering in a new era in the history of mankind.
A number of Jews were massacred in Roudnice
(Bohemia), and — in a decree issued by Maria
ffzff 5501 1741 ffzff Theresa (empress of Austria) (see 5506\1746,
5534\1774) in 1744 — all Jews were expelled
The Or HaChayim arrived in Eretz Yisrael. from Prague (see 5501\1741). They were al-
lowed to return three years later.
Due to persecutions and famine, R.Chaim (ib)n R.Shneur Zalman (see 5530\1770) — the son
Attar — author of Or HaChayim (commentary on of R.Baruch, who was a direct descendant of
CHUMASH (Bible)) (see ILLUSTRATIONS, TEXT A, #12) and other the Maharal of Prague — was born on the 18th
works — left Morocco, where he was born. He Elul (see 5369\1609, 5458\1698). His mother,
travelled to Italy (via Algiers), where he sought Rivka, was a scholarly woman who had daily
to publish his works. His popular reception SHI’URIM (study-sessions).
there inspired him to seek (financial) support
for his proposed YESHIVA in Yerushalayim (some
disciples had followed him). After more than a ffzff 5506 1746 ffzff
year in Italy, he sailed (with 30 people) to Eretz
Yisrael, arriving in 1741. He stayed in Acco All Jews were expelled (by Maria Theresa, see
(Acre) for a year because of a plague (see 5505\1745) from Buda (Budapest, Hungary).
5507\1747) in Yerushalayim, where he finally
arrived, only to live one year before he died ffzff 5507 1747 ffzff
(at 47).
R.Yonatan Eybeshutz (see 5510\1750) — an R.Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (Ramchal) died in
orphan who was raised by the Maharam Esh Acco (Acre).
(see 5474\1714) — was author of Creti UPeleti
R.Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (see 5490\1730) —
and Urim VeTumim (Pilpul (fine and sharp distinctions)
author of Mesilat Yesharim (Mussar) and other
on Halacha). He was appointed rabbi in Metz (N.E.
works, who had left Amsterdam and settled in
France) in 1741, when the Pnei Yehoshua left
Eretz Yisrael — died, in a plague (see
(see 5494\1733, 5514\1754). Before R.Yonatan
5501\1741) in Acco (Acre) on the 26th Iyar, some
had a chance to leave, the French army at-
four years after he had arrived there. Many Jews
tacked Prague (see 5505\1745), but they per-
in nearby Tzfat (Safed) also died of a plague (see
mitted him to leave for Metz (in France). However,
5520\1759).
the (defending) Austrian government confis-
Five Jews were killed in a BLOOD LIBEL in Izyaslav
cated his belongings for this “treason”.
(Poland).
R.Avraham Gershon of Kitev (Kuty, Poland) — a Torah
ffzff 5502 1742 ffzff scholar respected by R.Yonatan Eybeshutz and
the Noda BiYehuda — left Europe to settle in Eretz
All Jews were expelled from — most of what was Yisrael at the request of his brother-in-law, the
then — Russia (see 5532\1772). Ba’al Shem Tov, of whom he was a follower.
Section >>
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ffzff
PROMINENT Vilna
TOWNS Lithuania
AMONG Belarus
CHASSIDIM
ffzff
Warsaw
Poland
Lublin
Mezeritch
Kiev
Volhyn
Cracow Ukraine
Medzibuzh
Galicia
Podolia
CzechÐSlovakia
Eger
Hungary Rumania
Moldavia
Kalliv
Debrecen
Bukovina
Budapest Ottoman
Empire
Transylvania
250
Section >>
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Major Admurim
& Chassidic Leaders
Listed in order of date of birth.
(*) Date of birth unknown.
Estimated on life of 60 years.
Ba’al Shem Tov b. 1698 d. 1760.
Maggid of Mezeritsch (R.Dov Ber) b. 1698? d. 1772.
R.Avraham Gershon of Kitev (*) b. 1701? d. 1761.
R.Nachman of Horodenka (*) b. 1705? d. 1765.
R.Elimelech of Lizensk b. 1717? d. 1786.
R.Zushya of Annopol b. 1718? d. 1800.
R.Yechi’el Michel of Zlotchov b. 1721? d. 1786?
R.Yaakov Yosef of Polannoe (*) b. 1724? d. 1784?
The Shpoler Zeideh b. 1725 d. 1812.
R.Shmelke of Nikolsburg b. 1726? d. 1778?
R.Pinchas of Koretz b. 1728 d. 1790.
R.Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk b. 1730? d. 1788.
R.Nachum of Chernobyl b. 1730 d. 1797.
R.Pinchas Horowitz b. 1730 d. 1805.
R.Yisrael (Maggid) of Kozhnitz b. 1733? d. 1814.
R.Aharon of Karlin b. 1736 d. 1772.
R.Shlomo of Karlin b. 1738 d. 1792.
R.Levi Yitzchak of Berditchev b. 1740 d. 1810.
R.Avraham of Kalisk b. 1741 d. 1809.
Adm.R.Yitzchak Aisik of Kalliv b. 1744? d. 1821.
R.Shneur Zalman (Rav of Lyady) b. 1745 d. 1813.
Chozeh of Lublin b. 1745? d. 1815.
R.Baruch of Medzibuzh b. 1753? d. 1811.
Adm.R.Avrham YhoshuaHeschel of Apta b. 1755 d. 1825
Adm.R.Mnachem Mendel of Rymanov (*) b. 1755? d. 1815
Yismach Moshe (R.Moshe Teitelbaum) b. 1759 d. 1841
Adm.R.Meir of Apta b. 1760 d. 1827
Adm.R.Naftali Tzvi of Ropshytz b. 1760 d. 1827
Adm.R.Klonymos Kalman of Cracow (*) b. 1763? d. 1823
Adm.R.Asher of Stolin b. 1765 d. 1826
The Yehudi of Pershisskha b. 1766 d. 1814
Adm.R.Simcha Bunim of Pershisskha b. 1767 d. 1827
Adm.R.Mordechai of Chernobyl b. 1770 d. 1837
R.Nachman of Bratslav b. 1772 d. 1811
Adm.R.Dov Ber of Lubavitch b. 1774 d. 1827
Adm.R.Shalom of Belz b. 1779 d. 1855
Adm.R.Meir(el) Premishlaner b. 1780? d. 1850
Bnei Yissachar (of Dynov) b. 1783? d. 1841
Adm.R.Elazar Nissan Teitelbaum b. 1786? d. 1856
R.Mendel of Kotzk b. 1787 d. 1859
Tzemach Tzedek (of Lubavitch) b. 1789 d. 1866
Divrei Chaim (of Tzanz) b. 1793 d. 1876
R.Yisrael of Ruzhin b. 1797 d. 1850
Chidushei HaRim (of Gur) b. 1799 d. 1866
Adm.R.Shlomo of Radomsk b. 1803 d. 1866
Adm.R.Aisik of Komarno b. 1806 d. 1874
Adm.R.Yekutiel Yehuda of Sighet b. 1808 d. 1883
Divrei Yechezk’el (of Shinev) b. 1811? d. 1899
Adm.R.Yitzchak of Skvira b. 1812 d. 1885
251
continued ....... v
256

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received by the Noda BiYehuda. Mendelssohn and not use the German-sounding
R.Natan returned to Frankfort a few years later, name the family had adopted (see 5547\1787).
but the CHEREM (excommunication) against him was The Haskala rapidly spread its ideology, particu-
not removed until Elul 5560\1800, just weeks larly by opening schools for Jewish children —
before he died. such a school already being in existence in
Some restrictions on Jews were abolished in Berlin since 1778.
(expanded) Austria (see 5532\1772, 5534\
1774). However, they were directed to open Ger- ffzff 5545 1785 ffzff
man-language schools for their children — or to
send them to general schools — and they were The ‘Sha’agas Aryeh’, R.Aryeh Leib (ben Asher)
forbidden to use HEBREW or YIDDISH in business Gunzberg — author of Sha’agat Aryeh (SH’ELOT UTESHU-
and in communal records (see 5547\1787). VOT) and other works — died in Metz (N.E. France), where
These measures — that increased the assimi- he was rabbi for approximately twenty years.
lation (see 5547\1787) of Austrian Jews, as
some say they were designed to do, (see 5580\
1820) — were opposed by the Noda BiYehuda,
rabbi of Prague (see 5514\1754) (which was then
R.Elimelech of Lizensk died.
part of the Austrio-Hungarian Empire).
R.Elimelech of Lizensk (Lezajsk, Poland) — author
of No’am Elimelech, who had previously been
ffzff 5543 1783 ffzff one of the ‘itinerant Tzadikim’ (see 5494\1734)
Moshe Mendelssohn — Moses of Dessau (previ- — was the most influential disciple of the Mag-
ously a disciple of the Korban HaEida, R.David gid of Mezeritsch in Galicia (region of S.E.Poland, an-
Frankel) — became a rationalist philosopher of the nexed by Austria). His many disciples continued to
ENLIGHTENMENT. He believed in Jewish integration into gain followers (CHASIDIM) in the region after he
the surrounding society — opposing, for example, died on the 21st Adar.
the use of YIDDISH (see 5542\1782); insisting on the
use of the GERMAN language; and supporting an in- ffzff 5547 1787 ffzff
creased emphasis on secular studies as a neces-
sary preparation for Jews being recognized as equal The Constitution of the (newly independent)
(SOCIAL EMANCIPATION, see 5547\1787). United States of America granted Jews full
This ideology became the foundation of the equality together with other citizens (SOCIAL EMAN-
Haskala movement (the JEWISH-ENLIGHTENMENT). CIPATION). This concept spread, with time, to other
Mendelssohn — who had previously been criti- countries (see 5542\1782, 5549\1789, 5550\1790,
cized by R.Yaakov Emden for some advice he had 5570\1810, 5629\1869), affording the opportunity
given a Jewish community — published a GERMAN for all to (integrate, and then) assimilate, into
translation and commentary (Bi’ur) on the Bible the society around them (see 5570\1810). In-
in 1783. It was severely criticized by the Noda asmuch as society was also changing (see
BiYehuda and R.Pinchas Horowitz — the rabbi of 5500\1740) — and many people (non-Jews) were
Frankfort — author of Sefer Hafla’a (Halacha-Pilpul), relaxing the intensity of (and even leaving) their
and a disciple (some say secret) of the Maggid of religious beliefs and practices (becoming
Mezeritsch (see 5533\1772). (The Bi’ur was later non-religious) — a new alternative emerged for
tacitly approved by the scholars of Vilna.) Jews to assimilate with non-Jews, without hav-
Although it appears that Mendelssohn’s personal ing to accept (and convert to) their religion.
lifestyle conformed to Halacha — and he certainly All Jews of Austria were forced (see 5542\ 1782) to choose
frowned on converting to Christianity to gain the German-sounding names, from a prepared list.
social acceptance he promoted — four of his six chil-
dren did convert. At least one of the re-
maining Jewish grandchildren ffzff 5548 1788 ffzff
(Abraham) converted his whole
R.Aryeh Leib HaKohen Heller — respected author
family (in 1816), including his
of Ketzot HaChoshen and Avnei Millu’im (commen-
seven year old son Felix — later
taries on the Choshen Mishpat and Even HaEzer sections of SHULCHAN
regarded by many as one of the most
ARUCH) (see ILLUSTRATIONS, TEXT M, #9), as well as other works
prolific and gifted composers (although dy-
— became rabbi in Stry (Stryj, then Poland).
ing at age 38) — who chose to retain the name
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261
ffzff 5575 1814 ffzff because of his reputation for predicting person-
alities and events.
The Kozhnitzer Maggid, and the Yehudi of R.Yitzchak Albuker, the rabbi of Algiers, was
Pershisskha, died. killed with seven other Jewish leaders, when
internal Jewish (family) rivalries (see 5571\1811)
R.Yisrael — the Maggid of Kozhnitz (Kosienice, Aus-
spilled out into the wider community.
trian Galicia), a disciple of the Maggid of Mezeritsch,
R.Shmelke of Nikolsburg and R.Elimelech of
Lizensk — was among those who brought the ffzff 5578 1817 ffzff
teaching of the Ba’al Shem Tov to Poland. He
The first congregation initially founded on a
was author of a number of works on Talmud,
REFORM basis in Germany (see 5570\1810) was
Halacha, and KABBALA. He died on the 14th
opened in Hamburg, in the month of Tishrei
Tishrei (Erev Sukkot) 5575\1814 (when he was,
5578\1817 (despite the vehement opposition of
some say, over 80 years old).
R.Mordechai Benet); and a prayer book — with
Adm.R.Yaakov Yitzchak of Pershisskha (Prsyzucha,
significant ideological changes — was printed
Austrian Galicia) — a leading disciple of the Chozeh
there a year later.
of Lublin — was called HaYehudi HaKadosh (the
Holy Jew), because (some say that) the other dis-
ciples of the Chozeh did not want to call him by ffzff 5579 1819 ffzff
name — inasmuch as his first names were iden-
tical with those of the Chozeh — so they gave Anti-Jewish (Hep! Hep!) riots spread throughout
him an appropriate pseudonym. Germany.
Although he died ten months before the Chozeh An ANTI-JEWISH RIOT broke out in Wurtzburg (Ger-
— on the 19th Tishrei (during Chol HaMo’ed Suk- many) with the attacking mobs using the cry of
kot) before he was 49 — he had already estab- “Hep! Hep!”, and similar RIOTS quickly spread to
lished his own following, to a variation of the (cur- many towns. (The MASKILIM and the REFORMERS re-
rent Polish-Galician) style of Chasidim. He placed frained from reporting — in their periodicals —
a different emphasis on the role of the REBBE (AD- details on these destructive incidents, lest they
MUR, ‘TZADIK’) — as being more of a spiritual guide
and inspiration for honest introspective devotion
in prayer and the study of Torah, rather than be-
ing a ‘miracle worker’ — and he demanded higher Living in the Year 1820
standards — in Torah study, and in prayer — from
his followers (CHASIDIM). This difference of style Chayei Adam (R.Avraham Danziger) b.1748, d.1820.
caused friction between him and other disciples R.Chaim Volozhiner b.1749, d.1821.
of the Chozeh, and eventually with the Chozeh Yismach Moshe (R.Moshe Teitelbaum) b.1759, d.1841.
himself. He was succeeded (primarily) by his lead- Chavat Da’at (R.Yakv.of Lissa/Netivot) b.1759?, d.1832.
ing disciple Adm.R.Simcha Bunim of Pershisskha. R.Ephrayim Zalman Margolis b.1760, d.1828.
R.Akiva Eger b.1761, d.1837.
ffzff 5575 1815 ffzff Chassam Sofer b.1762, d.1839.
The Chozeh of Lublin, and R.Mendel of Bnei Yissachar (R.Tzvi Elmlch.of Dynov) b.1783?, d.1841.
Rymanov, died. R.Mendel of Kotzk b.1787, d.1859.
Adm.R.(Menachem) Mendel of Rymanov (Austrian Tzemach Tzedek (of Lubavitch) b.1789, d.1866.
Galicia) — a disciple of R.Elimelech of Lizensk — Divrei Chaim (of Tzanz) b.1793, d.1876.
died on the 19th Iyar. R.Yisrael of Ruzhin b.1797, d.1850.
The Chozeh of Lublin — R.Yaakov Yitzchak Chidushei HaRim (of Gur) b.1799, d.1866.
Horowitz, a follower (CHASID) of the Maggid of Minchat Chinuch (R.Yosef Babad) b.1800?, d.1874.
Mezeritsch, and a disciple of R.Elimelech of Kitzur Shulchan Aruch (R.Shl.Ganzfried) b.1804, d.1886.
Lizensk — died on Tisha B’Av. He was the lead- R.Shimshon Raphael Hirsch b.1808, d.1888.
ing REBBE (ADMUR, ‘TZADIK’) in Poland and Gali- Malbim (R.Meir Leib[ush]) b.1808?, d.1879.
cia (region of S.E.Poland, annexed by Austria), and many R.Yisrael Salanter b.1810, d.1883.
of his disciples were the leading ADMURIM in these Divrei Yechezk’el (of Shinev) b.1811?, d.1899.
regions. He was called the Chozeh (seer) by his Pitchei Teshuva (R.Avraham Tzvi Hirsch) b.1813, d.1868.
followers (after his death, according to some)

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265
Chapter 14c
Later Acharonim
& Changing Society

torture, a number confessed, and one converted
Adm.R.Yisrael of Ruzhin (to Islam). It became an international affair —
was released from imprisonment. involving the governments of Turkey, Egypt,
France, and Austria — and on the island of
Adm.R.Yisrael of Ruzhin (Russia) — a great-grandson Rhodes, the rabbi and leading Jewish people
of the Maggid of Mezeritsch, and a grandson of were also arrested (by the Turks). The release
R.Nachum of Chernobyl — was released from of all the Jews was negotiated by a delegation
prison, where he had been for almost two years. of international Jewish notables, including
He had been denounced — on a charge of having Sir Moshe Montefiore (see 5587\1827).
(revolutionary) ambitions to be ruler of the Jews This act of (successful) Jewish international
(his regal lifestyle was cited as evidence), and for cooperation spurred the eventual formation of
implication in the informers affair (see 5598\1838) the ALLIANCE ISRAELITE UNIVERSELLE (see 5620\1860).
— and although he was released, he was kept un-
der continuous surveillance. He subsequently left
Russia, and settled in Sadgora (Austrian Bukovina), where ffzff 5601 1840 ffzff
he continued his regal lifestyle, which caused a
controversy with other Chasidim in the region. R.Avraham David of Butshatsh (Buczacz, Austrian E.Galicia)
Many Jews were arrested in a notorious BLOOD LIBEL — a disciple of R.Levi Yitzchak of Berditchev, author
in Damascus (known as the Damascus Affair), in- of Da’at Kedoshim (Halacha) among other works —
cluding over sixty children (in order to extract a died on Erev Rosh Chodesh Cheshvan 5601\1840.
confession from their mothers). Two Jews died of
Living in the Year 1840 The Bnei Yissachar, Adm.R.Tzvi Elimelech of Dynov
— a disciple of the Maggid of Kozhnitz, the Chozeh
Yismach Moshe (R.Moshe Teitelbaum) b.1759, d.1841.
of Lublin, and R.Menachem Mendel of Rymanov,
and author of Bnei Yissachar, among many other
Bnei Yissachar (R.Tzvi Elmlch.of Dynov) b.1783?, d.1841.
works — was rabbi and REBBE (ADMUR, ‘TZADIK’) in
R.Mendel of Kotzk b.1787, d.1859.
many towns, including Dynov (Austrian Galicia) and
Tzemach Tzedek (of Lubavitch) b.1789, d.1866.
Munkatch (Munkacevo, Austrian Hungary, near Galicia). He
Divrei Chaim (of Tzanz) b.1793, d.1876.
died on the 18th Tevet 5601\1841.
R.Yisrael of Ruzhin b.1797, d.1850.
The Yismach Moshe, Adm.R.Moshe Teitelbaum (see
Chidushei HaRim (of Gur) b.1799, d.1866.
5568\1808), died on the 28th Tammuz in Uhel
Minchat Chinuch (R.Yosef Babad) b.1800?, d.1874.
(Ujhely — Satoraljaujhely — N.E. Hungary). He was succeeded
Kitzur Shulchan Aruch (R.Shl.Ganzfried) b.1804, d.1886.
as R EBBE (A DMUR , ‘T ZADIK ’) by his only son,
R.Shimshon Raphael Hirsch b.1808, d.1888.
Adm.R.Elazar Nisan — who was the rabbi of
Malbim (R.Meir Leib[ush]) b.1808?, d.1879.
Drahavitsch (Drogobych, then Austrian E.Galicia) — and by
R.Yisrael Salanter b.1810, d.1883.
his grandson (and disciple), Adm.R.Yekutiel Yehuda
Divrei Yechezk’el (of Shinev) b.1811?, d.1899.
of Sighet (Marmaros-Sziget, N.W.Rumania) (see 5618\1858),
Pitchei Teshuva (R.Avraham Tzvi Hirsch) b.1813, d.1868.
who became rabbi of Uhel until he was forced to
Aruch HaShulchan (R.Yechi’el Epstein) b.1829, d.1908.
leave by the Mitnagdim (opponents to Chasidim).
Sdei Chemed (R.Chaim Chizkyah Mdini) b.1832?, d.1904.
Some manuscripts of R. Chaim Palaji were de-
Ben Ish Chai (R.Yosef Chaim Al-Chakkam) b.1833?, d.1909.
stroyed in a fire in Izmir (Turkey)— neverthe-
less, 26 of his works survived. (He would make a
festive meal and ate a new fruit, for the blessing of
“She’he’cheyanu.”, each time he published a new book.)
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271
14c — Later Acharonim & Changing Society
— despite having made many (mild) changes in over the course of a few years (see 5657\1897). Many
Russia — was assassinated by revolutionaries Jews were killed, some synagogues were sacked, and
on 12th Adar-2. POGROMS (ANTI-JEWISH RIOTS) broke out Torah scrolls were desecrated.
in southern Russia (see 5642\ 1882), and swept An inquiry by the Russian government into “the
across the whole country (often with the open POGROMS of 1881” concluded that Jews were to
encouragement of local officials). The POGROMS blame, because of their ‘economic exploitation’
continued (sporadically) over the next three of others. Consequently, the government passed
years, resulting in many injuries, enormous a series of laws (called the May Laws) in which
damage to Jewish property (including syna- — among other discriminatory provisions — all
gogues), and the desecration of Torah scrolls. Jews were expelled from the SHTETLACH (villages and
MASKILIM were disillusioned by the attitude of rural settlements) and were only allowed to live in
non-Jewish intellectuals, who often demon- the towns (see 5603\1843, 5651\1891). Al-
strated open support for the RIOTERS. though there is no evidence the expulsion was
Assimilationists (mostly socialists) were disillusioned fully accomplished, it was immortalized by the
at the expressions of rejection from all strata of the YIDDISH writer Sholom Aleichem — in a story to
Russian society (into which they believed they had become famous as Fiddler on the Roof (which
successfully assimilated). portrayed Jews as required to leave legendary
Many Jews directed their thoughts to Eretz Yisrael. “Anatevka”.) (Shalom Rabinovitz (YIDDISH writers used
Small groups were formed — generally called pseudonyms then, usually because they were spurned by the
Chovevei Tzion (Lovers of Zion) — to discuss emigration intelligentsia and MASKILIM who idealized HEBREW) created (and
(Aliya). They were supported and joined by some rabbis immortalized) — in humorous satires — many
(see 5653\1893, 5655\1895, 5656\1896). Others saw characters and terms that became part of clas-
Jewish nationalism as an alternative ideology — giv- sic YIDDISH. (Among them: Shver tzu Zayn a Yid; Tsezeyt un
ing momentum to a developing secular nationalis- Tsershpreyt; Boiberick; Yehupetz.))
tic concept of ‘the Return to Zion’ (see 5655\1895) — A number of Jews were accused in a BLOOD LIBEL in
as distinct from those seeking only to emigrate, settle, Tisza-Eszlar (Hungary), and — although they were
and work the land, with no political goals. later acquitted — the accusation led to many ANTI-
For many, living in Russia became untenable — JEWISH RIOTS throughout the country.
2 million left in the next 32 years. Most emi-
grated to the economically appeal- ffzff 5643 1882 ffzff
ing U.S.A., where approxi-
mately 280,000 Jews were Adm.R.Shmuel of Lubavitch, had travelled to
living at this stage (see Western Europe a number of times, attempting
5660\1900, 5685\1925), and to influence large bankers to withhold much-
(some say) 200 synagogues needed loans to the Russian government, until
already existed at this stage — there was a change in their “Jewish policy” (see
only twelve of which were not REFORM (see 5605\1844). 5641\1881, 5642\1882). He died on 13th Tishrei
Many of those arriving in the U.S.A. discontinued 5643\1882, and was succeeded — ten years later
religious observances — work on Saturday was — by his second son (twenty-two years old, at
mandatory (see 5698\1938) — and focused on this stage) Adm.R.Shalom Dov Ber.
Jewishness as a culture and ethnic identity.
Some of the idealistic Chovevei Tzion groups emi- ffzff 5643 1883 ffzff
grated to Eretz Yisrael — where over 20,000 Jews
at this stage (see 5675\1915) were living under harsh R.Yisrael Salanter had lived in Paris for two
economic conditions. These groups were small (the years (see 5617\1857) before returning to Ger-
famous Bilu group were only 53 immigrants — and many, where he died on the 25th Shvat.
number of them returned or left for the U.S.A.). The Yetev Lev, Adm.R.Yekutiel Yehuda Teitelbaum
The YESHIVA (of Chabad) in Starodub (Russia) was (see 5618\1858), died on the 6th Elul, and he was
closed by the government after a denunciation by succeeded by his son Adm.R.Chananyah Yom Tov
one of the local MASKILIM (see 5590\1830). Lipa, as rabbi and REBBE (ADMUR, ‘TZADIK’) in Sighet
(Marmaros-Sziget, N.W.Rumania).
ffzff 5642 1882 ffzff R.Shmuel Ehrenfeld died. He was a grandson of the
Chassam Sofer, author of Chatan Sofer (Halacha), and
The Jews were attacked in Algiers and other cities rabbi in Mattesdorf (Mattesburg-Nagymarton, Austria).
of Algeria, in ANTI-JEWISH RIOTS that arose (sporadically)
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279
14c — Later Acharonim & Changing Society
this stage (see 5685\1925, 5699\1939). ffzff 5694 1934 ffzff

Many were killed in a clergy-incited Arab POGROM
(see 5681\1921) — 60 in Hevron, where the commu- 25 Jews were killed, and many were wounded
nity was destroyed (see 5696\1936) and survivors in attacks by the (French-incited) Muslim popu-
moved to Yerushalayim (see 5680\1920, 5685\1925). lation of Constantine (Algeria). The attacks ceased
After seven years of paralysis, Franz Rosenzweig when the Jews organized a resistance.
— a German Jew who had become interested in
JUDAISM, after almost converting to Christianity — ffzff 5695 1935 ffzff
died (at the age of 43). After a fifteen-year search
for a meaningful Jewish expression, he arrived R.Avraham Yitzchak Kook (see 5680\1920) — au-
at a full observance of Halacha. His works of those thor of many works, who was considered a philoso-
years had a major impact on (German-Jewish) pher and a mystic — died on 3rd Elul. He had nar-
secular-oriented scholars. rowed the sphere of his influence as ASHKENAZI Chief
Adm.R.Yosef Yitzchak of Lubavitch Rabbi of Yerushalayim (and Eretz Yisrael) by some
visited Eretz Yisrael and the of his politically unpopular opinions.
U.S.A. — to encourage re- On December 25, 5696\1935, the head
ligious observance (see of the Liberal (REFORM) Rabbis Association
5641\1881) and to collect in the city of Offenbach (Germany) ordained
funds. He arrived on Elul a woman (Regina Jonas) to serve as a rabbi.
12th — just weeks before
the great Wall Street stock-mar- ffzff 5696 1936 ffzff
ket crash of 25th Tishrei (October
29th, 1929). He spent ten months in the U.S.A. 18 Jews were killed in Arab RIOTS in Tel Aviv in Nis-
— visited eight major cities, and had audience with san (see 5689\1929) — strikes, terror and unrest
the President (Hoover) — before he returned continued for three years — called “the Arab Revolt”
to Europe and later settled in Warsaw. (against Jewish immigration (see 5699\1939)).
A total of almost 500 Jews were killed, despite well
organized HAGANA (Jewish-defense) units. The Jew-
ish community of recently resettled Hevron (see
Living in the Year 1930 5689\1929) ceased to exist again.
Nevertheless, some 60,000 Jews entered Eretz Yis-
rael (legally and illegally) during those three years
Rogatchover Gaon (R.Yosef Rozin) b.1858, d.1936.
(164,000 had arrived in the previous 3 years).
Torah Temima (R.Baruch Epstein) b.1860, d.1942.
Three Jews were killed and 60 wounded in a
Kaf HaChayim - R.Yaakov Chaim (Sofer) b.1870, d.1939.
POGROM in Przytyk (Poland).
Chazon Ish - R.Avraham Yeshaya Karelitz b.1878, d. 1953.
Two Jews were killed in a bomb attack in
R.Meir Shapiro - Daf Yomi b.1887, d. 1934.
Timisoara (Temesvar, then Rumania).
R.Shlomo Yosef Zevin - Talmud Encyclopedia b.1890, d. 1978.
Baba Sali [Praying Father] R.Yisroel Abuchatzeira b.1890, d. 1984 ffzff 5698 1938 ffzff
See also chart “Noteworthy Contemporaries” page 311
The Jews were attacked in many cities of Poland
during this year.
ffzff 5693 1933 ffzff The five day (forty-hour) working week
R.Yechezk’el Abramsky, author of Chazon Yech- was introduced in
ezk’el (commentary on Tosephta), had been released the U.S.A. — other
after two of years of hard labor (see 5680\1920) countries fol-
in Soviet Russia. He was permitted to leave and lowed later.
he settled in London, where he became a very This allowed for
influential rabbi. increased levels
The Nazis — a virulently ANTI-JEWISH, extreme right- of Shabbat observance
wing political party, led by Adolph Hitler — came to in the industrialized West-
power in Germany on the 3rd Shvat. The 500,000 ern countries (see 5641\1881).
Jews of Germany (see 5699\1939) began to suffer On the 7th Tammuz, delegates of 32 countries met
immediate hardships (economic sanctions, ar- in Evian (France, near Swiss border, on Lake Geneva) — at the
rests, torture, and in some cases murder). request of the U.S. President (Franklin D. Roosevelt) — to
The Chafetz Chaim died on the 24th Elul. facilitate Jewish emigration from Germany and Aus-
280

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tria, and solve the growing refugee problem. All del- all the broken glass.
egates expressed sympathy for the refugees, yet
all countries (except for the Dominican Republic)
offered excuses for not accepting refugees. Later
(in 1939 and 1940) a bill to admit 20,000 Jewish In Shvat Hitler indicated that there would be a
refugee children was defeated in the U.S. Senate. war, and that all the Jews of Europe would be
All Jews of foreign origin were expelled from exterminated.
Italy in Elul (by the extreme right wing government of Mussolini, There were over 400,000 Jews in Eretz Yisrael
who had been in power since 1922). (see 5689\1929, 5696\1936, 5709\1949) — when the
British Government announced their new poli-
ffzff 5699 1938 ffzff cies for Eretz Yisrael (called “the White Paper”), which
restricted Jewish immigration (see 5696\1936) to
Jews were attacked in the
10,000 a year, and also restricted the ability of
Kristallnacht POGROMS in Germany.
Jews to buy land there.
The Nazi government of Germany in- A German ship arrived in Cuba with 1,000 Jews
cited a massive series of country- fleeing Europe, but they were not permitted to
wide POGROMS, which swept through disembark, and no country would agree to accept
Germany and Austria on the them. They eventually returned to Europe — only
night of the 16th Cheshvan. 287 were SURVIVORS of World War II.
36 Jews were killed — and 300,000 German Jews had left the country —
many hundreds took their since the Nazi rise to power (see 5693\1933) —
own lives — 30,000 were ar- when the German troops started World War II
rested and sent to CONCENTRATION by invading Poland on the 17th Elul. 55,000
(prison) CAMPS. 300 synagogues — and had gone to Eretz Yisrael; 70,000 to England
over 1,000 private Jewish properties — were com- and France; and 65,000 to the U.S.A.
pletely destroyed. Hundreds of Torah scrolls were Over 100,000 Jews had left Austria since the
desecrated and destroyed — over 60 in the cities of Nazi-German annexation in Adar-2 5698\
Bamberg and Darmstadt alone — and many Jew- 1938, and 66,000 had remained. 10,000 had
ish cemeteries were ruined. gone to Eretz Yisrael, 30,000 to England, and

The POGROM was called Kristallnacht because of 28,000 to the U.S.A.
[5699\1939 continued in Chapter 15a.].
u
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See page 294
284
290

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killed, and only a few escaped to the forests. exhortations of the young to fight created an
The mass deportation of Jews from the Warsaw immediate skirmish. He was killed on that Erev
ghetto (see Kislev 5700\1939, Sivan 5702\1942) to the DEATH Rosh HaShanah in Treblinka; Shaindel — the
CAMPS began on Erev Tisha B’Av, at a daily rate of daughter of Adm.R.Yosef Yitzchak of Lubavitch
5,000 or more (see Elul 5702\1942). The Nazis lured (see Adar-2 5700\1940) — was killed there on the
the starving people to the assembly points — with 2nd day of Rosh HaShanah 5703\1942.
food and promises for resettlement — although
most Jews had grave doubts. Adam Czierniakov,
the head of the Judenrat (Nazi approved Jewish self gov-
ernment of the ghetto), committed suicide rather than 3,000 Jews of Baranowice (Poland-Lithuania) were
co-operate in the deportations. Most of the Jews killed by the Nazi-Germans on the day after
were deported to the Treblinka DEATH CAMP — 100 Yom Kippur (11th Tishrei) 5703\1942.
kilometers away — where they were killed. The Jews of Kobrin (Poland) (see Sivan 5702\1942) at-
More than 200 Jews were killed in Ivye (Poland- tacked their Nazi killers on the 3rd Cheshvan (see
Lithuania) on the 9th Av (Tisha B’Av); 10,000 Jews Adar-2 5703\1943); the Jews of Bereza Kartuska (Po-
of Minsk (Russia) were massacred on the 14th Av land) set their ghetto on fire on the 4th Cheshvan
(see Adar 5702\1942, Shvat 5703\1943); over 5,000 Jews — when the Nazi’s came to remove them — and
of Novardok (Novogrodek, Russia) (see Kislev 5702\1941) members of the Judenrat (see Av 5702\1942) took their
were killed on the 24th Av; and 40,000 Jews from own lives. The Nazis killed many of the Jews in
Lvov (Lemberg, Poland) were killed in two weeks, com- the burning ghetto, and 1,800 Jews were killed
mencing the 27th Av (see Tammuz 5701\1941, Sivan outside of the town.
5703\1943). The Nazi-Germans shot 300 Jewish children —
700 Jews were killed in Gorlice (Poland) on the of the orphanage in Cracow (Poland), together with
1st Elul; on the 4th Elul 600 Jews were killed — the patients and inmates of the Jewish hospi-
when thousands were deported — in Drogobych tal and the old age home (see 15th Elul 5702\1942)
(Drahavitsch, Poland) (see Tammuz 5701\1941); during five — when they were selecting 6,000 Jews to be
days, commencing on the 6th Elul, 7,000 Jews sent to Belzec DEATH CAMP, on the 17th Cheshvan
were killed on a hill outside Lutzk (Poland) (see Tam- 5703\1942.
muz 5701\1941); and 1,000 were killed in The last 16,000 Jews in Pinsk (Russia) were killed
Minsk-Mazowiecki (Poland) on the 8th Elul. The by the Nazis on the 18th Cheshvan 5703\1942,
children, sick, and elderly — 500 Jews — were and the last 3,000 Jews of Baranowice (see
killed in Chortkov (Czortkow, Poland) (see Tammuz Tishrei) were killed on the 9th Tevet.
5701\1941) on the 15th Elul, when thousands of
others were transported to the DEATH CAMPS; 4,000
Jews were killed in the prison courtyard of Ludmir ffzff 5703 1943 ffzff
(Vladimir Volynski, Poland) beginning the 19th Elul; and —
outside of the town — another 14,000 were killed 250 Jewish children and old people were shot
within two weeks. 1,000 Jews were killed in by the Nazis (see Cheshvan 5703\1942) in the
Dzialoszyce (Poland) — and thousands more were ghetto of Chestochova (Czestochowa, Poland) on
deported — on the 21st Elul, the same day that the 27th Tevet (see Elul 5699\1939), the day after
over 600 Jews were killed in Lachva (Poland-Lithuania) some Jewish resistance fighters fought a battle
when they resisted the Nazi invasion of the ghetto there; hundreds of Jews were shot in Radomsk
— and many escaped to the forests. (Poland) on the 28th Tevet, when they resisted
The Nazis killed all of the 11,000 Jews of Stolin the deportation of thousands of Jews to the
(Russia) (in a nearby forest) — including Adm.- Treblinka DEATH CAMP. 10,000 Jews were killed
R.Moshe of Karlin-Stolin (see 5552\1792) — on the in Stanislav (Poland) (see Tishrei 5702\1941).
29th Elul, Erev Rosh HaShanah. Nazi-Germany experienced massive losses in the
90,000 Jews were deported from the Warsaw battle of Stalingrad.
ghetto (see Av 5702\1942) on Erev Rosh HaShanah,
the 29th Elul, completing a total of 300,000 de- The turning point of World War II came (see
portations and killings in 53 days (see Nissan 5701\1941) when the Germans lost the battle for
5703\1943). Stalingrad (Volgograd, Russia) — surrendering to the
Hillel Zeitlin, a writer and thinker — who had Russians on the 25th Shvat — a deciding fac-
returned to Jewish religious observance — wore tor being a new airplane (La-5) designed by a
his Tallit at the deportation assembly point; his Jewish engineer. (Another engineer — Mikhail Gurevich
292

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An organized uprising began in the these Jews — with the assistance of Jewish col-
Bialystok ghetto. laborators (see Kislev 5705\1944) — that because Ger-
An organized uprising broke out in the ghetto of many was losing battles in the war (the 933 day
Bialystok (Poland) on the 15th Av which was sup- siege of Leningrad had just been broken on the
pressed after a few days, and the Nazis deported 2nd Shvat) they were no longer killing Jews but
all the remaining 40,000 Jews (see Tammuz merely resettling them. This tactic made for
5701\1941) to the DEATH CAMPS. When the Jews of smooth and accelerated deportations to the DEATH
Glubokoye (Poland) (see Tammuz 5702\1942) at- CAMPS — mainly Auschwitz — and 300,000 Hun-
tempted to resist deportation to the DEATH CAMPS garian Jews were killed within three months.
— on the 19th Av — the whole ghetto was set When deportations to Auschwitz began, Carl Lutz
afire by the Nazis, and over 1,000 Jews perished. — Swiss Vice-Consul to Hungary — increased his
staff from 15 to 150 and started to issue tens of
The Danish people quietly rescued thousands of “protective letters”, even though he
93% of their Jews to safety. only had eight thousand official certificates. In
With the help of Danish captains and fishermen order to hide this, he always repeated the num-
— in the three weeks before Rosh HaShanah — bers 1 to 8,000, and then grouped each 1,000 to-
over 7,000 Jews escaped across the straits from gether into one Swiss collective passport placing
Denmark to neutral Sweden. When the Nazi-Ger- them under formal Swiss protection. He helped
mans came to round up the Jews — on the night 62,000 Jews survive the war — including thou-
after Rosh HaShanah — less than 500 Jews re- sands of Jewish children emigrating to Eretz
mained, most of whom were also fortunate and Yisrael — and when the Budapest Jews were
became SURVIVORS of the war. herded into a ghetto, he placed some 30,000 people
into protected houses.
ffzff 5704 1943 ffzff Many Jews escaped from the Koldychevo CON-
CENTRATION CAMP on the 27th Adar, and 10 Nazi
Jews escaped in the guards were shot.
Sobibor DEATH CAMP uprising. The Nazis forced all the Jews of the ancient com-
When the transports of new victims to the Sobibor munity of Canea (Crete) into a boat which was
DEATH CAMP had ceased, the remaining 300 forced
towed out to sea and sunk, on the 9th Sivan.
laborers realized that they were no longer needed Almost one year after the Italians had removed
and would certainly be killed. They staged an Hitler’s friend Mussolini from power, the Allied
uprising on the 15th Tishrei, and 170 escaped forces that had landed in Italy pushed back
alive, although all but 30 were captured again, German armies, and entered Rome — the first
and killed. (Estimated total killed in Sobibor: 250,000.) capital city to be LIBERATED from the Nazis — on
The Nazi-Germans subsequently shut down the the 13th Sivan. Jews of Rome — SURVIVORS of the
Janowska Road CONCENTRATION CAMP (near Lvov, Ukraine) deportations — emerged from their hiding
on the 22nd Cheshvan, for fear of an uprising there. places. Two days later, on the 15th Sivan,
They removed all traces of this particularly brutal 150,000 service-men of the Allied forces landed
DEATH CAMP where Jews were tortured for the enter-
on the beaches of Normandy (France) — using over
tainment of Nazi officers. (A laundry cleaner later 5,000 ships and 11,000 airplanes to secure a
testified that she had regularly to clean the very beach-head — taking nearly 10,000 casualties,
bloodied clothes of a German officer.) with over 4,000 killed.
Adm.R.Aharon (ben Yissachar Dov) of Belz (see The retreating Nazi-Germans began evacuat-
5615\1855) had managed to move from ghetto to ing some of the DEATH CAMPS and CONCENTRATION
CAMPS by marching the inmates to other loca-
ghetto during the course of the war until he
escaped to Eretz Yisrael via Hungary. tions in what became known as DEATH MARCHES,
as many of the captives died on the way. They
also began eliminating — killing — many of their
ffzff 5704 1944 ffzff Jewish slave laborers, 3,000 of them at Ponary
(see Sivan 5701\1941) on the 12th Tammuz.
300,000 Hungarian Jews were killed in 3 months. On the 15th Av the Nazis discovered the Amster-
The Germans invaded Hungary (their previous dam family hideout of Anne Frank — a 15 year old
ally (see Sivan 5701\1941)) on the 25th Adar, and girl of a family of Jewish-German refugees —
deportations of Hungarian Jews to Auschwitz whose diary of suffering (discovered and published
started shortly thereafter. The Nazis convinced after the war) was later received internationally
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301
Chapter 15 — The Melaktim & the Current Era
15b — The Independent State of Israel
Yar (see Tishrei 2

075 1
\ 1
49 ) . This was part of a se- the government of Israel had consistently main-
ries of such arrests, which did not succeed in tained could be “returned” to the Arabs.
curbing the increasing courage with which the
Jews of Russia (see 1 75 2\12
59 ) began to speak
up, particularly in their petitions and requests
to leave for Eretz Yisrael. 1,000 Jews were per- 100,000 Jews from Russia had arrived in Eretz
mitted to leave Russia in 1970, and 14,500 Yisrael since 1967 (see 1375 1\ 179 , 257 1\ 29 ) .
were permitted to leave in 1971 (see 573\1975) . The birthrate among Halacha-observant Jew-
ish families was very high, and there were great
ffzff 5734 1973 ffzff Torah centers emerging in the U.S.A. — par-
ticularly in and around New York City — and in
2,500 Jewish soldiers were killed Eretz Yisrael, only thirty years after the total de-
in the Yom-Kippur-War. struction of the European Torah centers.
Egyptian and Syrian troops had been gather-
ing at the frontiers of Eretz Yisrael for a number of ffzff 5736 1976 ffzff
days, but the government of the State of Israel
was confident that this did not signal an immi- 100 Jews — who had been passengers on a
nent war. In the early afternoon of Yom Kippur, plane hijacked by Arab terrorists (see
Egypt and Syria attacked. The Arab armies were 5730\1970) — were held as hostages in the
initially successful in advancing on both fronts, Entebbe airport near Kampala (Uganda, Africa) .
due to surprise and numbers — less than 500 They were miraculously rescued — from deep
Jewish soldiers were on duty (Yom Kippur) de- in the African continent — in a spectacular raid
fending 100 miles along the Suez Canal — they by the Jewish army of Israel.
were attacked by 70,000 Egyptian soldiers. Never- Arab infiltrators continued their constant at-
theless within days, the Israeli defense forces staged tacks on Jews in Eretz Yisrael, and all over
a successful counter attack, crossed the Suez Ca- the world (see Iyar 5727\1967) .
nal into North Africa, and (in Syria) advanced to
within firing range of Damascus. Russia — which ffzff 5737 1977 ffzff
was continuously airlifting new supplies of arms to
the Arabs during the fighting — used the United Adm.R.Yisrael of Gur, the “Beis Yisroel”, who had
Nations to intervene and stop the fighting, in which lost his family in the Holocaust of World War II —
the Arabs had lost very large numbers of soldiers as did a many of his followers (CHASSIDIM) who were
(18,500) and massive amounts of arms (2,100 a surviving minority of the pre-war predominant
tanks). The war was over after twenty days of fight- Polish Chassidim — died on the 2nd Adar, and
ing, in which 2,522 Jewish soldiers were killed. was succeeded by his brother, Adm.R.Simcha
After the defeat in the Yom Kippur War, the Arab Bunim, later called the “Lev Simcha”.
countries threatened not to sell their crude-oil
to countries who supported the Jewish state — ffzff 5739 1979 ffzff
which proved an effective weapon, considering
they were the world’s largest oil suppliers — and The president of Egypt, Anwar Sadat, had visited
the State of Israel became politically isolated par- Yerushalayim in Kislev 5778\1977 — on the invi-
ticularly in the United Nations. It became increas- tation of the newly elected prime minister of Is-
ingly difficult to purchase armaments. rael, Menachem Begin — and after long negotia-
tions, a peace treaty was signed on the 27th Adar
ffzff 5734 1974 ffzff 1979, supported by the U.S.A. Under the terms
of the agreement all Jewish forces and settlements
A group of mostly young religious nationalists — were withdrawn from Sinai (see 5734\1973). Men-
calling themselves Gush Emunim — established achem Begin then visited Cairo.
a settlement in the newly captured Syrian terri- Adm.R.Yoel of Satmar — who was vehement in
tory, in Iyar, in an attempt to pre-empt the Israeli his opposition to the State of Israel (on religious
government from withdrawing from that territory. grounds, see Iyar 5708\1948) — died on the
They saw this as their first action towards their 26th Av, and was succeeded by his nephew,
goal — of establishing settlements in all parts of Adm.R.Moshe (ben Chaim Tzvi) of Sighet (see
Biblical Eretz Yisrael, captured since 1967, that 56 4\1904) .
304

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On 17th Cheshvan R.Meir Kahane was assassi- The United States government was successful
nated by an Arab in New York City, where years in arranging (some say co-ercing) for Israel to
earlier he had founded a group of vigilantes — meet with other Arab countries on the 22nd
the Jewish Defense League. He had subsequently Cheshvan, to discuss peace (see 5739\1979).
moved to Eretz Yisrael where the political party It was anticipated that this process would be
he formed was banned. It was considered ultra- a long one; and was based on the assumption
extreme for his fundamentalist application — to that the Jewish State would deliver territories
the contemporary situation — of Biblical state- west of the Jordan River (that had been sur-
ments of war and expulsion. rendered to Israel, see 5727\1967) to some
form of Arab rule. These territories had many
Jewish settlements by this time, and many
ffzff 5751 1991 ffzff more were planned (see 5734\1974).
One person was killed and much damage was
caused when Iraq fired a total of 39 missiles ffzff 5752 1992 ffzff
(with conventional explosive war-heads) into
Israel, as international forces led by the U.S.A. 29 people were killed and 242 injured when a
swept into Kuwait to drive the Iraqis out. car bomb exploded in the Israeli Embassy in
From the 27th Nissan , Adm.R.Menachem Buenos Aires,(Argentina) on 12th Adar-2.
Mendel Schneersohn of Lubavitch (see 5710\1950) The USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) was dis-
significantly increased his predictions of the banded as the formal government of Russia, and
imminent coming of the Mashiach (Messiah). was replaced by a Commonwealth of Indepen-
Many of his followers claimed that he was al- dent States (CIS) which included the newly inde-
ready here, and — privately at first — gave him pendent (Communist free) states of Russia,
petitions proclaiming their allegiance to him Byelorussia and the Ukraine. This did not have
as Mashiach. any immediate effect on the uncertain situa-
In a dramatic airlift (see 5710\1950) beginning on tion of Jews in these countries (see 5747\1987),
the 11th Sivan, 15,000 Jews were flown out of nor did the structure of commonwealth survive
Ethiopia — after 20,000 had arrived in previous the gravitation to localized national indepen-
years, 7,000 of them in a similar operation in dence.
5744\1984 — and although they believed them- Adm.R.Simcha Bunim (see 5737\1977) died on
selves to be of biblical Hebrew descent there was the 7th Tammuz. He was succeeded by his half-
considerable Rabbinic discussion about their brother Adm.R.Pinchas Menachem, another son
ultimate acceptance as full Jews. of the Imrey Emess of Gur (see Sivan 5708\1948).
On the 9th Elul an ANTI-JEWISH POGROM broke out in Some 350,000 Jews had left “Russia” (what was for-
the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn — after a merly the Soviet USSR) and settled in Eretz Yisrael in
non-Jewish black child was killed in a car acci- the previous three years (see 5740\1980, 5747\1987).
dent — and Yankel Rosenbaum, a Jewish student There were 4,250,000 Jews living in Eretz
visiting from Melbourne (Australia) was killed. For Yisrael at this time (see 5729\1969).
three days the police (apparently under orders not
to further incite the attackers) stood by as ANTI-JEW-
ISH RIOTERS attacked Jews and their property. Although
virtually no Jews retaliated with violence, the
A secret agreement signed in Oslo.
news-media described the event as “Jews and
blacks fighting each other”. A secret agreement (Declaration of Principles of future
On the 18th Elul the absolute rule of the Commu- peace) — signed in Oslo (Norway) on the 3rd Elul,
nist party (see 5677\1917) in Russia was ended (see between Israel and the PLO — caused serious
5747\1987, 5752\1992), fundamentally changing the controversy when it was publicly announced ten
formal structure of government there. days after the event. Diplomats in the non-Jew-
Jews from the former Soviet Union were offi- ish world were also startled that discussions would
cially offered the right to settle in Germany — be held with the murderous PLO — with whom
to help rebuild Jewish communities, elimi- every Jewish leader had vowed not to negotiate
nated by the country’s Nazi regime. with. In the next 5 years more Jews were killed
306

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Chapter 15c — The Post-Holocaust Era.

when a Palestinian suicide bomber blew him-
ffzff 5755 1995 ffzff self up in a Purim-holiday shopping crowd at a
A commission of inquiry was established in Tel Aviv mall.
Eretz Yisrael on the 7th Shvat, to investigate Adm.R.Pinchas Menachem Alter — the Gerer
allegations of disappearance of (mostly) Rebbe (Pnei Menachem), last of the sons of the
Yemenite immigrant children between 1948 Imrey Emess (see 5708\1948) — died on 16th
and 1954 (see 5710\1950), after reports sub- Adar , and was succeeded by his nephew
mitted by two previous committees did not sat- Adm.R.Yisrael Aryeh Alter (son of Adm.-
isfy the families and the Yemenite community R.Simcha Bunim (see 5752\1992).)
in Israel — the accusations persisted that many
infants were spirited away from their parents ffzff 5757 1997 ffzff
to be “sold” for adoption. Eventually this com-
mission (also) found no organized activity of On 29th Tevet — shortly after the Swiss par-
this nature had taken place. This did not sat- liament had prohibited the destruction of
isfy many, nor answer the numerous anecdotal documents relating to “dormant accounts”
indications (especially of parents being told (bank accounts belonging to Jews exterminated during the
their healthy infant had died, and being ignored HOLOCAUST, which the Swiss banks had refused to disclose
when requesting to visit a grave). for more than fifty years) — a security guard at a
R.Shlomo Zalman Auerbach — one of the fore- bank found some documents in the shred-
most POSKIM (halacha decision makers) and ROSHEI YE- ding room that were from the HOLOCAUST era.
SHIVA — died on 20th Adar, and so many people Realizing the potential significance of these fi-
attended the levaya (funeral) (300,000, some say nancial records, he took some to authorities.
500,000) that many secular Jews, who had He was fired from his job, received death
never heard his name (not having consulted threats, and forced to leave his country, find-
this independent and politically-low-profile ing refuge in the United States where Con-
POSEK) — wondered why they hadn’t. gress passed a special bill granting perma-
nent residence for him and his family. (After
ffzff 5756 1995 ffzff extensive legal action by claimants, a payment settlement of
U.S. $1.25 billion was eventually reached.).
Seven school girls were murdered by a Jorda-
Yitzchak Rabin was Assassinated. nian soldier at Naharayim on the 6th Adar-1 —
Yitzchak Rabin — Prime Minister of the State the Jordanian king (later) sent $1 million for
of Israel — was assassinated on the 12th compensation to families
Cheshvan and a young extremist was indicted Suicide bombers killed 24 people in three sepa-
for the murder — ostensibly his vengeful re- rate attacks — one in Tel Aviv and two in
sponse to the implementation of the Oslo Ac- Yerushalayim — on the 14th Adar-1 (Purim
cords (see 5753\1993). As usual, many ques- Katan). On the 25th Tammuz two consecutive
tions remained unanswered. suicide bombings in the Mahane Yehuda mar-
ket in Yerushalayim killed 16 people and
wounded 178.
25 were killed and some 90 wounded when ffzff 5759 1999 ffzff
Arab suicide bombers (from Hamas — an ex-
tremely radical fundamentalist-Islamic The Reform Movement’s rabbinical body (num-
group) attacked a Yerushalayim bus on 5th bering some 1,500 members) meeting in Pitts-
Adar; another 20 were killed when a Hamas burgh in Sivan, encouraged (in a Statement of Prin-
suicide bomber blew up a bus in Yerusha- ciples) performance of mitzvot and returning to
layim on the 11th Adar; and 14 were killed traditional practices (see Pittsburgh Platform
and 130 wounded on 13th Adar (Taanit Esther) 5645\1885, issued by less than 20 members.)
<< Chapter

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309
Chapter 15 — The Melaktim & the Current Era
15c — The Post-Holocaust Era
28 people were killed and 134 injured when a Shabbat (and later, together with the remains
suicide bomber blew himself up at a Pesach of his diary found strewn on the Texas land-
(Passover) SEDER (14th-15th Nissan) in a Netanya scape, was a page on which he had written a
resort hotel. Shabbat prayer so that he could recite it prop-
The Jewish population in Eretz Yisrael was erly while in space.)
5.3 million in Iyar, and in Tammuz a record
number (400) of North American immigrants
arrived together to settle. ffzff 5764 2003 ffzff
The total number of attacks in the 2nd Intafada
(from Elul 5760\2000) until Tammuz 14th was The Neve Shalom Synagogue (see 5746\1986)
13,421. 561 were killed and 4,208 persons in Istanbul (Turkey) and another nearby syna-
were injured. gogue were attacked by car bombs on 20th
Cheshvan during Shabbat prayer services. 21
Jewish people (and 3 non-Jews) were killed
ffzff 5763 2003 ffzff and 60 were wounded.
Jewish astronaut with Torah scroll ffzff 5764 2004 ffzff

in fiery return from space.
The first Israeli astronaut (Ilan Ramon) (who had Total Casualties in Eretz Yisrael.
been a pilot in the air raid which destroyed the
Iraqi nuclear reactor, see 5741\1981) — dis- Since the establishment of the State of Israel
played to the world on the 28th Shvat, (during in 1948, 22,700 people were killed in traffic
a live tele-conference from a US space craft, be- accidents on the country’s roads; in the same
fore its tragic disentigration on re-entry into the time span 21,600 lost their lives in wars and
earth’s atmosphere) an exceptionally small To- security-related incidents.
rah scroll that he was given to take into space. A fence was erected (a massive wall, in places)
(It had originally been given by a rabbi to a thir- along the border of Jewish and Arab habitation,
teen year old bar mitzvah boy in Bergen Belsen and the casualties from terrorism were down by
(Nazi CONCENTRATION CAMP) who was now a scientist.) 44% in this year compared to the previous year,
He also took a silver kiddush cup for use on although the project was not yet complete.
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Baltic Courland Riga Latvia

Sea Shaty Doblai
Telsh Krupie Pozvol
VITEBSK
Dv
Rejitsa Nevel
Kelm K
ins
OVNO Opotchka
k
Memel Kovno Polotzk Vitebsk
Troki Komai Horodok
Malati Sventzian Dinaburg Moskova
VILNA Smolensk
I
LK
Liozhna
Germany Babinovich Rudnia
Lyady
WA
Suwalki Podprozie Dubrovna Orsha

Krasnaya
Lubavich
Smorgon Khalopenich Kopys
(Prussia) Vilna Doksyci
Monastyrchina
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Staroseli
KasloviciHorki
VolozhinZembin
Borisov
n
czyDombrova Ostryna Mogilev
Kolno Szczu Minsk
Grodno R USSIA
PLOCK Lomza
LOMZA Bialystok
Volpa
Mir
Novardok
Nezhvij MOGILEV
Kletzk Bobroisk Bychov
Zambrow Zabludov Slutzk Klimovitchi
Slonim Rogatchev Beyond the Pale
KALISH WARSAW GRODNO MINSK Zhlobin
Rechitza
Kamenetz of Settlement
Warsaw Litevsk Pruzhany Porietche Homel Starodub
Nemirow
OV
SHEDLITZAlexandriv
Brisk Kobryn
Stolin Pinsk Rechitza
ROK
RADOM Strielsk
Svarin Kamenka
PIOT
KIELCE
Radom CHERNIGOV
LUBLIN Koursk
Kielce Lublin VOLHYNIA Ovruch
Chernobyl
Koretz
Chernigev
Lutzk RovnoMezeritch Radomisl Konotop
Dubno Ostrog Makarov
Kremenetz Kiev Niejin

Brody Zhitomir Byelaya POLTAVA
For more detail over here Zlochiv Berditchev Tzerkov
Kharkov
Premyshlany Skvira Cherkassy Gadiytch
see maps of Poilen Medzibuzh Machnovka
Zydochiv Vinnitzya IEV K Poltava
(Poland) and Galicia P
ODOLIA Shpola Ortchek
[next page — 320] UmanTolna
Kamenetz-Podolski
Kolomea Bratzlav Kremenchug
Yampol YEKATERINESLAV
BE
(Czech-Slovakia) Kosiv Chernovitz

Yekaterinoslav
© CODEX JUDAICA 2005

Vyzhnytzia
SS
(Dnepropetrovsk)
Prague Austria-Hungary
ER
KHERSON
AB
IA
Pressburg
Vienna
Budapest
Rumania Kishinev
Nikolayev
Kherson
Odessa
Sea of
ffzff Black
Sea Crimea
Azov
THE PALE
LEGEND:
OF SETTLMENT Accuracy is not possible in this map due to:
limited space,
Minsk Village/Town/City
changing borders, Minsk Capital City
R USSIAN E MPIRE referenced maps with differing borders,
many duplicate (or very similar) names MINSK Gubernia (Province)
ffzff Besides the gubernias (provinces) and their capitals,

other cities/towns/villages shown are either famous, of
interest, or at random.
319

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for
the
B rowser
Section >>
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A ncientient
CODEX JUDAICA - Chronological Index of Jewish History
P ersia
&
B nia
abylonia
Map 1
322

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I slamic
Conquestsin
F
the irst
Y
ears
100
Note:
The conquests include
Bavel, which was the
center of Jewish
learning (see
4397\637)
Map 4
325

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E1360
Population of Europe
urope
1300 to 1600 — showing affects of the Black Death Plague
Note:
 Provence (south-east France), see Index.
 Change of rule in Spain, see other maps
 Size of Lithuania, Poland and Hungary
Map 7
328
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E urope
1815
Map 12
CODEX JUDAICA - Chronological Index of Jewish History  333

Section >>
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Note:
The extent of Russia that included parts of Poland.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire which also included parts of Poland,
CODEX JUDAICA - Chronological Index of Jewish History Galicia and the Ukraine.
Europe 1913
before
World
War1
Map 13
334
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Finland
HELSINKI ffzff
TORAH TOWNS
Sweden
STOCKHOLM
TALLINN
OF GREATER
Estonia LITHUANIA
“D ER LITTEH ”
Latvia ffzff
RIGA
Dvinsk Russia
Slobodka
Ponevitch Vitebsk
Telz
Lubavich
Kelem Lithuania
Shklov
Kovno VILNA
Smorgon
Mohilev
Radun MINSK
Russia Novardok Volozhin
KALININGRAD Slonim Mir
Baranovich
Bialystok Kletsk Kajdanow Dn
Slutsk Zhlobin
Gdansk Grodno eip
er
Belarus
Poland
Kamentez-Litovsk
Pinsk
WARSAW Brisk
Pozen
KIEV
Lodz
Lublin Rovno
Ger- (Wroclaw)
Breslau Ukraine
© C O D E X JU D A I C A 2005
many
Katowice
Osweicim Lemberg
(Auschwitz) Cracow (Lvov)
Kamenetz-
Czech Podolski
PRAGUE
Republic
Brno Slovakia Moldavia
KISHINEV
(Bratislava)
PRESSBURG Yassi
VIENNA BUDAPEST Romania
Austria (Cluj)
Hungary Klausenburg
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338
<< Chapter
3 Glossary 4 — ILLUSTRATIONS — Classical Texts
363
Home | TOC | Index
Text F.
3
4
2
Illustration: Talmud Yerushalmi (Jerusalem Talmud,

also called Talmud Eretz Yisrael).
Gemara (Talmud)
1. Text of the Mishna (Talmud)
with commentaries 2. Text of the Gemara (Talmud)
3. Pnei Moshe (see 5541\1780)
4. Korban HaEida (see 5503\1743)
368

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CODEX JUDAICA — Chronological Index of Jewish History 3
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Text J.
1
2
3
1. Shulchan Aruch - R.Yosef Karo (Beit oY sef) (see 5330\1570)

2. Hagahot of the Ramo (Map ah) (see 5330\1570)
Shulchan Aruch 3. Taz (see 5406\1646)
ORA
ACCH CHAYIM
AY
4.
5.
Magen Avraham (see 5433\1673)
Ba'er Heitev (see 5483\1723)
with commentaries 6. Gra (see 5558\1797)
7. Machatzit HaShekel (see 5567\1807)
372

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CODEX JUDAICA — Chronological Index of Jewish History 3
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Text N.
Illustration: Later commentaries of the

Talmud Ð who focused on delving into the
Commentaries commentaries of Rashi and Tosaphot Ð addendum
on the earlier commentaries to standard edition of the Talmud (Vilna Shas).
of the Talmud 1. Maharshal (see 5334\1573)

2. Maharsha (see 5374\1614)
3. Maharam (see 5376\1616)
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INDEX
37

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374
Home | TOC | Index
(A) = Amora
(E) = Exilarch
(G) = Gaon
(K) = King
(L) = Acharon
(P) = Prophet
(Q) = Queen
(R) = Rishon
(S) = Shofet (Judges)
s. = son of
(T) = Tanna
(V) = Savurai
This index gives the as the reference, not the .

YEAR PAGE
someIt instances
is advisable to read the whole entry for the year given, because in
the reference to a specific year may relate to more than
one occurence (and entry) in that year (see page vi).
listing.
An asterisk “*”denotes that the JEWISH CALENDAR YEAR is used on that
(Chapter
The J EWISH CALENDAR YEARis used until the beginning of Section IV
12) “Universal Dispersion”, which begins with the year
4800\1040.
wellSubjects which appear in earlier years — in Sections I to III — as
as also appearing in Section IV, (e.g. Yerushalayim, which
appears throughout), are listed in the index twice — in both formats,
JEWISH CALENDAR YEAR and SECULAR CALENDAR YEAR, as separate listings — to
retain clarity.
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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q RST U V W X Y Z Index 375
R.Aharon HaLevi (see Ra'ah). Amudei HaGola: 1280.

R.Aharon Kotler: 1941, 1962. Anah *: 2192.
Adm.R.Aharon of Belz: 1943. Anan ben David *: 4523.
I NDEX R.Aharon of Karlin: 1772, 1792.

R.Aharon of Lunel: 1306.
R.Aharon of Neustadt: 1421.
Anarchy (Eretz Yisrael) *: 3761,
3770, 3781, 3815, 3825.
Anatevka: 1882
R.Aharon Shmuel Kaidanover: 1655. Anatoly Sharansky: 1986
R.Aharon Te'omim: 1690. Ancona (Italy): 1556, 1577, 1798.
Ahasueras (see Achashverosh). Andalusia (Spain): 1483.
A R.Aisik(el) of Komarno: 1874. Aneinu (prayer) *: see chart TAKKANOT
Akeda *: 2084. HAGE ' ONIM
Aaron (see Aharon). R.Akiva *: 3856, 3864, 3880, 3887, Aner *: 1693.
Abarbanel (see R.Yitzchak). 3893, 3894. Anilevitch (Mordechai): 1943.
Abayey *: 4085, 4098, 4111. R.Akiva Eger: 1814, 1821, 1825, 1836. Anjou Maine (France): 1289.
R.Abba (G) *: 4628, 4631. Al-Chakkam (R.Yosef Chaim): 1869. Anne Frank: 1944.
Abba Aricha (see Rav). Albuker (R.Yitzchak): 1815. Anshei Knesset Hagdola *: 3406,
R.Abba Mari of Montpellier: 1305. Aleppo (Syria): 1947. 3413, 3426, 3448.
Abel (see Hevel). R.Alexander (Susskind) Wimpen: 1307. Antigonus (Ish Socho) *: 3488, 3530.
AbiChatzira (R.David): 1920. Alexander (the Great) *: 3448, 3449, Antigonus (s. Aristoblus) *: 3721.
AbiChatzira (R.Yaakov): 1880. 3454. Antigonus (s. Yannai I) *: 3668.
AbiChatzira (R.Yitzchak): 1980. Alexander (Yannai II) (K) *: 3668, anti-Jewish rioters: 1991
Abohab (see R.Yitzchak). 3670, 3680, 3686, 3688. Antiochus *: 3454, 3610.
Abraham (see Avraham). Alexander II (s. Aristoblus) *: 3715. Antipas (s. Herod I) *: 3770.
Abraham Geiger: 1851. R.Alexander Sender Schorr: 1733. Antipater *: 3700, 3715.
Abramsky (R.Yechezk'el): 1933. R.Alexander Zisslin: 1349. Anussim (see Marranos).
Absalom (see Avshalom). Alexandria *: 3454, 3874, 3877, Aphlala *: 2218.
Abudraham: 1342. 4174, 4715. Appey Ravrevei: 1613.
Acco: 1291, 1747, 1799. Alfasi (see Rif). Apta (Poland): 1656.
Ach'av (K) *: 3021, 3041, 3047, Alfasi Zuta: 1570. Apta Rav (see R.Avraham Yehoshua).
3055. Alfred Dreyfus: 1895. Apustomus *: 3610.
Mar R.Acha I (G) *: 4519. Algeria: 1805, 1811, 1815, 1882, Aquinas (Thomas): 1271.
R.Acha II (G) *: 4617. 1960. Arab settlers (Eretz Yisrael) *: 4421.
R.Achai (V) *: 4236. Algiers: 1391, 1882. Arabia (North) *: 4392.
R.Achai Gaon *: 4515. Ali (Caliph)*: 4420. Arabia (South) *: 4285.
Achashverosh I *: 3389. aliya: 1187, 1203, 1211, 1260, Arabia *: 4234, 4392.
Achashverosh II *: 3395, 3404, 1267, 1336, 1510, 1516, 1536, Arabic: 1167, 1204.
3405, 3406. 1553, 1621, 1700, 1723, 1741, Arabs *: 4397.
Achaz (K) *: 3183, 3187, 3303. 1747, 1764, 1777, 1809, 1837, Arafat, Yasser: 2000, 2004.
Achazyahu I (K) *: 3041, 3043. 1860, 1861, 1878, 1880, 1881, Aragon: 1263, 1391.
Achazyahu II (K) *: 3055, 3056. 1900, 1909, 1915, 1925, 1929, Aram *: 1558, 2000, 2218.
Acher *: 3909. 1939, 1945, 1947, 1949, 1958, Archelaus (s. Herod I) *: 3761, 3770.
Achi'ezer: 1941. 1960, 1969, 1975, 1980, 1992. Argentina: 1992, 1994.
Achille Lauro: 1985 aliya *: 3908, 3925, 4058, 4085, Ari Halberstam: 1994.
Achitofel *: 2921. 4349, 4515. Ari'zal: 1553, 1570, 1572.
Achiyah Hashiloni *: 2406, 2964, Alkabetz (R.Shlomo): 1570. Arida *: 2218.
2985. Alliance Israelite Universelle: 1860. Aristoblus II (K) *: 3688, 3696,
Mar R.Achunai *: 4523, 4528. Alsace: 1336, 1525, 1789. 3700.
Acre (see Acco). Alshich (see R.Moshe). Aristotle *: 3448.
Adam *: 1, 235, 930, 2255. Alter (see Gur/Admurim). Arles (Provence): 1494.
Adam VeChava (Sefer): 1334. Altshuler (R.Yechi'el Hillel): 1770. Armledder bands: 1336.
Aden (Egypt): 1947. Alusina (Spain): 1088. Arnhem (Holland): 1451.
R.Adin Steinsaltz: 1967. Amalek *: 2216. Arnstadt (Germany): 1264, 1466.
Adina *: 2218. Amathla'a *: 1948. Arpachshad *: 1558, 1658, 1693,
Adler (R.Natan): 1782. Amatzya (K) *: 3100, 3115, 3130, 2096.
Adler, R.Nathan (Marcus): 1890 3142. Aruch HaShulchan: 1874.
Admon *: 3715. Ameimar *: 4112. R.Aryeh Leib (Der Shpoler Zeideh):
Adolph Eichmann: 1962. American Civil War: 1862. 1811.
Adolph Hitler: 1939. American Revolution: 1776. R.Aryeh Leib Gunzberg (`Sha'agas
Adon *: 2218. R.Ami *: 4050, 4060. Aryeh'): 1785.
adult bris mila: 1987 R.Amittai *: 4631. R.Aryeh Leib Heller (Ketzot
Adoniyahu *: 2924. R.Amnon (martyr) *: 4772. HaChoshen): 1788.
Africa (North): 1198, 1391, 1435, Amnon *: 2912, 2921. R.Aryeh Levin (Tzadik of
1492. Amon (K) *: 3283. Yerushalayim): 1969.
Africa (North) *: 3883. Amon *: 2048. Asara Harugei Malchut *: 3893,
Agadir (Morocco): 1960. Amora'im *: 3990, 4050, 4085, 3894.
Agrippa I *: 3781. 4111, 4187, 4235. Asher *: 2195, 2218.
Agrippa II *: 3804, 3815, 3825, Amoram *: 2218. R.Asher ben Yechi'el (see Rosh).
3826, 3830. Amorrah *: 2006, 2048. Adm.R.Asher of Stolin: 1792, 1798.
Aguda (Sefer): 1349. Amos (P) *: 3115, 3142, 3167. R.Ashi *: 4131, 4152, 4187, 4235.
Agudat Yisrael: 1912, 1988. Amotz *: 3142. Ashkenaz *: 1787.
afikoman *: 2171. Amram *: 2255, 2368, 2406. Ashkenazi (see R.Betzal./
Ahalivamah *: 2192. R.Amram Gaon *: 4613, 4618, 4636. Shitta.Mekub.).
R.Aharon (G) *: 4704, 4720. Amshinover Rebbe (see R.Shimon Ashkenazi (see R.Elchan./Sidrei
Aharon *: 2365, 2487. Sholom.) Tahara).
Aharon ben Meir *: 4683. Amsterdam: 1710.
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Ashkenazi (see R.Gershon/ R.Avraham I (G) *: 4519, 4521. Balta (Poland): 1768.
Avdat.HaGersh.). R.Avraham ibn Ezra: 1158, 1164. Bamberg (Germany): 1478.
Ashkenazi (see R.Tzvi/Chacham Mar R.Avraham II (G) *: 4577, 4588. baptism, forced: see forced
Tzvi). Adm.R.Avraham Mordechai of Gur: 1905, conversions
Ashkenazi (see R.Yaakov). 1912, 1925, 1940, 1948. Bar (Ukraine): 1651.
Ashkenazim *: 4715 R.Avraham of Kalisk: 1772, 1777, Bar Kappara *: 3949.
Ashkenazim: 1298 1809. Bar Kochba *: 3887, 3893.
Ashmua *: 1056. Adm.R.Avraham of Slonim: 1884. Barak *: 2654.
Ashur *: 1558, 1996. Adm.R.Avraham of Sochatchev: 1910, 1925. Baranowice (Poland-Lithuania):
Ashurit (Ktav) *: 3389, 3448. R.Avraham Shmuel Binyamin Sofer: 1942.
Assa (K) *: 2983, 2986, 2993, 2998, 1839. Barbarians *: 4155, 4215.
3024. R.Avraham Tzvi Hirsch Eisenstadt: Barcelona: 1303, 1367, 1391.
Assyria: (see Ashur) 1856. Bari (Italy): 1290.
Astorga (Spain): 1230. R.Avraham Yaakov Pam: 2001. Bari (Italy) *: 4692, 4715.
astronaut: 2003. Adm.R.Avraham Yehoshua of Apta: 1825, Baruch (ben Neriyah) (P) *: 3321,
Ateret Zekeinim: 1689. 1855. 3346, 3413.
Athalya (Q) *: 3047, 3056, 3061. R.Avraham Yeshayahu (see Chazon Adm.R.Baruch (of Vizhnitz): 1884.
Attila (the Hun) *: 4215. Ish). R.Baruch ben Yitzchak I: 1126.
Atzei Chayim: 1904. R.Avraham Yitzchak Bloch: 1941. R.Baruch ben Yitzchak II: 1203.
Auerbach (R.Menachem Mendel): R.Avraham Yitzchak Kook: 1920, 1935. R.Baruch Epstein (Torah Temima):
1689. R.Avraham Zacuto: 1491, 1492, 1496, 1874.
Augsburg (Germany): 1349, 1435. 1504. R.Baruch Frankel: 1830.
Augustow (Poland): 1941. Avram *: 2048. R.Baruch of Medzibuzh: 1811.
Augustus *: 3725. Avshalom *: 2921, 2935. Baruch Spinoza: 1656.
Auschwitz Album: 1945. Avtalyon *: 3696, 3715. Baruch Ta'am (Sefer): 1830.
Auschwitz: 1940, 1941, 1942, 1944, R.Avumai *: 4573, 4581. Basel (Switzerland): 1349, 1397.
1945. Azaryah (Uziyahu) (K) *: 3115. Basil *: 4631.
Australian: 1917 Azaryah *: 3319, 3340, 3426. Basmat *: 2158.
Austria: 1146, 1267, 1350, 1421, Azkiri (R.Elazar): 1592. Bass (see R.Shabbetai).
1496, 1551, 1670, 1686, 1745, R.Azriel Hildesheimer: 1869. bat-mitzva: 1922
1772, 1782, 1820, 1938, 1939, R.Azriel Rabinovitz: 1941. Bat Sheva *: 2912, 2924.
1941. Azulai (R.Chaim Yosef David - see Bava (ben Buta) *: 3742.
auto da fe: 1481. Chida). Bavaria: 1450, 1551.
R.Avahu *: 4060. Bavel *: 3319, 3327, 3338, 3339,
Avdon (S) *: 2802.
Avi Assaf: 1217.
B 3342, 3390, 3413, 3610, 3721,
3775, 3874, 3894, 3979, 3986,
Avi HaEzri: 1217. 4019, 4111, 4215, 4246, 4311,
Ba'al HaIttur: 1179.
Avigayil *: 2884. 4318, 4349, 4397, 4705, 4798.
Ba'al HaMa'or: 1150.
Avigdor (Moshe) *: 2368. Bayit Chadash (Bach): 1640.
Ba'al HaTanya VeShul.Aruch (see
R.Avigdor Miller: 2001. Baytuss *: 3530.
R.Shneu).
Avihu *: 2449. Baytussim *: 3530.
Ba'al HaTurim (see Tur).
Avila (Spain): 1491, 1499. Bazin (Hungary): 1529.
Ba'al Shem (R.Eliyahu): 1636.
Avimael *: 1757, 2218. Be'er HaGola: 1655.
Ba'al Shem (R.Yisrael/see Ba.Sh.Tov).
Mar R.Avimai *: 4571, 4575. Be'er LaChay Ro'i: 1913.
Ba'al Shem (R.Yoel): 1713.
Avimelech (ben Gideon) (S) *: 2734. Beersheeba.: 1917
Ba'al Shem of Michelstadt: 1782.
Avimelech *: 2048, 2084, 2123. Bedek HaBayit: 1293.
Ba'al Shem of Virmyze: 1636.
R.Avina *: 4235. Bedzin (Poland): 1939, 1943.
Ba'al Shem Tov: 1698, 1734, 1757,
Avinadav *: 2871. Begin (Menachem): 1979.
1759, 1760, 1764, 1772.
Aviyah (K) *: 2981. Bei Rav (see Yaakov).
Ba'asha (K) *: 2986, 2993, 3009.
Aviyah *: 2881. Beilis (Mendel): 1911.
Ba'er Heitev 1: 1723.
Avnei Millu'im: 1788. Beit Ephrayim: 1828.
Avnei Nezer: 1910. Beit HaBechira: 1270.
Avner *: 2884, 2892. Beit Hamikdash *: 3835, 3877,
Avodat HaGershuni: 1670. 3883, 4121, 4215, 4421.
Babad (R.Yosef): 1874.
Avodat HaKodesh: 1310, 1492. Beit Hamikdash I *: 2892, 2928,
Babi Yar: 1941, 1971.
Avot D'Reb Natan *: 3908. 2935, 2964, 2969, 3084, 3187,
Babylon (city) *: 4234.
Avraham *: 1693, 1723, 1948, 3303, 3338.
Babylonia (see Bavel).
1958, 1973, 1996, 2000, 2018, Beit Hamikdash II *: 3390, 3391,
Bach (R.Yoel Sirkes): 1619, 1640,
2023, 2033, 2048, 2061, 2084, 3395, 3408, 3412, 3610, 3622,
1646, 1661, 1670, 1689.
2096, 2123, 2255, 2332. 3742, 3750, 3829.
Bacharach (R.Yair): 1689.
R.Avraham Abele (see Magen Beit Hillel: 1655.
Bachrach (Germany): 1096, 1147,
Avraham). Beit Shmuel: 1689.
1283, 1286.
R.Avraham Abulafia: 1280. Beit Yisrael: 1977.
Rbnu.Bachya I (ibn Paquda): 1161.
R.Avraham ben David (see Ra'avad). Beit Yosef: 1522, 1542.
Rbnu.Bachya II (ben Asher): 1291.
R.Avraham ben Ismael: 1334. Belaya Tzerkov (Poland): 1703.
Baden (Germany): 1470.
R.Avraham ben Natan HaYarchi: 1203. Belgium: 1350, 1940, 1943.
badge (see Jews badge).
R.Avraham Binyamin (Wolf) Hamburg: Belitz (near Berlin): 1243.
Baghdad: 1190, 1393, 1941.
1830. Belshatzar *: 3386, 3389.
Baghdad *: 4234.
R.Avraham Danziger: 1810. Belz (Admurim/see Adm.R.Aharon).
BaHaG *: 4519.
R.Avraham David of Butshatsh: 1841. Belz (Admurim/see Adm.R.Shalom).
Bahia (Brazil): 1625.
R.Avraham di Boton: 1575. Belz (Admurim/see
Bakri (David): 1805, 1811.
R.Avraham Gershon of Kitev: 1747. Adm.R.Yehoshua).
Bakri (Joseph): 1811.
R.Avraham HaNagid (Maimuni): 1204, Belzec: 1942.
Balak *: 2487.
1237. Ben Ami *: 2048.
Balbira *: 41.
Ben Gurion (David Green): 1948.
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Index 377
Ben Ish Chai: 1869. book burning: 1559, 1601, 1656, Castille: 1370, 1391.
Ben Sira (Yehoshua) *: 3488. 1686, 1720, 1757, 1793, 1938. Catalonia (Spain): 1358, 1391.
Adm.R.Ben Tziyon of Bobov: 1941. book burning (see Talmud). Catherine the Great: 1791
Benayahu *: 2924. Borislav (Poland): 1941, 1943. censored: 1263
Bendin (Poland): 1939, 1943. Born (Netherlands): 1309. Chabad (Chasidut): 1798.
Benet (see R.Mordechai). R.Boruch Ber Leibovitz: 1941. Chabakuk (P) *: 3228.
Benjamin (see Binyamin). Boskowitz (Moravia): 1715. Chacham Tzvi: 1660, 1686, 1710,
Benmelech *: 2084. Brabant (province): 1271. 1718, 1750.
Benveniste (R.Chaim): 1673. Brailov (Russia): 1942. Chafetz Chaim: 1873, 1912, 1925,
Beraitot *: 3949. Brandenburg (Germany): 1446, 1933.
Berbers *: 4773. 1510, 1543, 1573, 1670. Chagay (P) *: 3392, 3408, 3426,
Berditchev (Russia): 1941. Braslav (Poland): 1942, 1943. 3448.
Berditchev (see R.Levi Yitzchak). Bratislava: 1806. R.Chaim (ib)n Attar: 1741.
Bereza Kartuska (Poland): 1942. Bratslav (Poland): 1551, 1664. R.Chaim Benveniste: 1673.
Bergen Belsen: 1944, 1945. Bratslav (R.Nachman of): 1810. R.Chaim Berlin: 1909.
Berlin: 1446, 1510, 1571, 1573, Brazil: 1647. R.Chaim Brisker: 1892, 1912, 1925.
1670, 1945. Brescia (Italy): 1494. R.Chaim Chizkiyah Medini: 1899.
Berlin (R.Chaim): 1909. Breslau (Silesia): 1349, 1360, 1453, Adm.R.Chaim Elazar of Munkatch: 1913.
Berlin (R.Naftali Tzvi): 1893. 1749. R.Chaim HaKohen Rappaport: 1759.
Berne (Switzerland): 1294, 1349, Brest Kuyavsk (Poland): 1656. Adm.R.Chaim Halberstam (Divrei Chaim):
1427. Brest-Litovsk (Lithuania): 1636, 1830 1876, 1913.
Bertinura (see R.Ovadya). 1941. R.Chaim Mordechai Margolis: 1828.
Berurya *: 3909. Breuer, R.Yosef: 1980. R.Chaim Ozer Grodzinski: 1941.
Besht (see Ba'al Shem Tov). Brisk (Lithuania): 1636, 1892, 1941. R.Chaim Palaji: 1841
Betar *: 3893. Brisker (see R.Chaim). R.Chaim Solovetchik (see R.Ch.
Beteira (Family) *: 3715, 3729. Brit Bein Habetarim *: 2018, 2418, Brisker).
Betuel *: 2049. 2448. Adm.R.Chaim Tzvi Teitelbaum of Sighet:
Betzalel *: 2449. British: 1940, 1942, 1945, 1947. 1904.
R.Betzalel Ashkenazi: 1553. Brittany (France): 1240. R.Chaim Vital: 1572.
Beziers (Provence): 1209. Brno (Moravia): 1454. R.Chaim Volozhiner: 1821.
Bialystock (Russia): 1906, 1941, Brody (Poland-Russia): 1696, 1757. R.Chaim Yeshayahu Halbesberg: 1886.
1943. Broin (R.Shlomo Zalman): 1948. R.Chaim Yosef David Azulai (see Chida).
Mar R.Bibi HaLevi *: 4540, 4548, 4550. Brussels: 1349, 1370. Chaluka: 1878.
Bichov (Poland-Lithuania): 1659. Brzesc Kujawski (Poland): 1656. Cham *: 1557, 1658.
Bil'am *: 2487. Brzeziny (Poland): 1656. Chamudan *: 2218.
Bilhah *: 2192. Buber (Martin): 1965. R.Chana (G) *: 4380, 4400.
Binyamin *: 2195, 2208, 2218. Bucharest: 1593, 1801, 1822, 1897, Chanah (and 7 sons) *: 3610.
R.Binyamin HaLevi: 1697. 1941. Chanah *: 2830.
Binyamin of Tudela: 1173. Buchenwald: 1945. Chanah Senesh: 1944.
Birkat HaMazon *: 3908. Buczacz (Poland): 1943. R.Chanan (from Ishkiya) *: 4349,
Birkat HaZevach: 1655. Budapest: 1686, 1720, 1746. 4368.
Birkei Yosef: 1806. Bugoslav (Ukraine): 1919. Chanan *: 3715.
Birkenau: 1941, 1944. Bulgaria: 1941. Rbnu.Chananel: 1050, 1088, 1105.
Bilu: 1881. Buenos Aires: 1992, 1994. Chananyah (ben Azur) *: 3331.
Bischofsheim (Germany): 1235, Burgsdorf (Switzerland): 1349. Chananyah *: 3319, 3340, 3426.
1298. burning (see book burning). Adm.R.Chananyah Yom Tov Lipa of Sighet:
Bisenz (Moravia): 1605. Bury S.Edmunds (England): 1181, 1883, 1904.
Bitul Ikarey HaNotzrim: 1391. 1190. R.Chanina ben Tradyon *: 3909.
Black Death massacres: 1349, 1350, Busnach (Naftali): 1805. R.Chanina I (G) *: 4368, 4396.
1435. Bustenai (E) *: 4420. R.Chanina II (G) *: 4380, 4400.
Bloch (R.Avraham Yitzchak): 1941. R.Bustenai (G) *: 4410, 4449. Mar R.Chanina III (G) *: 4449, 4457.
Blois (France): 1171. Butshatsh (Poland): 1943. Mar R.Chanina IV (G) *: 4524, 4531.
blood libel: 1144, 1167, 1171, 1181, Bzenec (Moravia): 1605. Mar R.Chanina V (G) *: 4528, 4536.
1182, 1192, 1235, 1243, 1247, R.Chanina VI (G) *: 4543, 4546.
1255, 1278, 1281, 1283, 1285,
1286, 1288, 1290, 1294, 1312,
C R.Chanina VII (G) *: 4699, 4704.
R.Chanoch (HaShavui): 1055.
1332, 1401, 1407, 1430, 1435, R.Chanoch (HaShavui) *: 4715, 4785.
Caesaria *: 3727.
1467, 1470, 1474, 1475, 1478, Chanoch I *: 130, 987.
Caf HaChayim: 1904.
1480, 1491, 1494, 1506, 1529, Chanoch II *: 622.
Cain *: 41.
1537, 1590, 1619, 1636, 1639, Chanuka *: 3623.
Cairo: 1165, 1524, 1948.
1650, 1659, 1670, 1710, 1726, Charkov (Russia): 1942.
Cairo *: 4715.
1736, 1737, 1747, 1753, 1755, Charlemagne *: 4560.
calendar *: 4121.
1761, 1763, 1790, 1801, 1840, Chartumim (see Khartumim).
Caligula *: 3800.
1882, 1899, 1903, 1911, 1948. Chashmona'im *: 3621, 3623, 3628,
Calvin (John): 1543.
Bnei Yissachar: 1841. 3686, 3688, 3721, 3725.
Campo S.Pietro (Italy): 1494.
Bo'az *: 2785, 2854. Chassam Sofer: 1782, 1806, 1839,
Canaan *: 1557, 1658, 2495.
Bobov (Admurim/see Adm.Ben 1861.
Canea (Crete): 1944.
Tziyon; Adm.R.Shlomo; Chassidei Ashkenaz: 1217,
Cantonists: 1827, 1853.
Adm.R.Naftali). Chasidim: 1734, 1760, 1772, 1781,
Carinthia (Austria): 1496.
Bochnia (Poland): 1605. 1798, 1814.
Carlebach, Shlomo: 1994
Bohemia: 1241, 1310, 1337, 1541, Chatam Sofer (see Chassam Sofer).
Carnival: 1466, 1667.
1557, 1899. Chatan Sofer: 1883.
Carpentras (Provence): 1269, 1459,
Boiberick: : 1882 Chava *: 1.
1525, 1569.
Bologna (Italy): 1569. Chavat Da'at: 1809, 1821, 1822,
Casablanca (Morocco): 1907.
1836.
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Chavat Ya'ir: 1689. collaborators *: 3600, 3610, 3804.

Chaver *: 2368. Colmar (Alsace): 1349, 1510. Danube (River): 1942.
Chayei Adam: 1810, 1872. Cologne (Germany): 1096, 1147, Danziger (R.Avraham): 1810.
Chayes (R.Yitzchak): 1613. 1217, 1266, 1349, 1424. Darius I (Daryavesh I) *: 3389,
Chazon Ish: 1911, 1953. Coltbus (Germany): 1510. 3390.
Chazon Yechezk'el: 1933. Columbus (Christopher): 1491. Darius II (Daryavesh II) *: 3408,
Cheb (Bohemia): 1350, 1421, 1430. communism: 1920 3426, 3438.
Checiny (Poland): 1656. Communist party: 1991 Darkei Moshe: 1570.
Chelkat Mechokek: 1640, 1655. communists: 1991 Darkei Teshuva: 1828, 1913.
Chelm (Poland): 1940. concentration camps : 1940 Daryavesh (see Darius).
Chelmno: 1942. Conservative: 1885, 1896, 1922, David (Green) Ben Gurion: 1948.
Chemdat Shlomo: 1821. 1983, 1988. David (King) *: 2854, 2883, 2884,
Cherkassy (Ukraine): 1919. Constance (Germany): 1326, 1430, 2892, 2912, 2924, 2928, 3729,
Chernobyler Maggid: 1837 1533. 3769.
Chernovitz (Rumania): 1941. Constanta (Rumania): 1940. David (Mickey) Marcus: 1948.
Cheshanov (Poland): 1656. Constantine (Algeria): 1934. R.David AbiChatzira: 1920.
Chestochova (Poland): 1939, 1943. Constantine I *: 4073. R.David Abudraham: 1342.
Chetzron *: 2410. Constantinople: 1453, 1665. David Bakri: 1805, 1811.
Chevron: 1518, 1929, 1936. Constantinople *: 4482. R.David ben Shmuel (see Taz).
Chevron *: 930, 1996, 2084, 2884, conversion sermons: 1241, 1278, David ben Zakkai (E) *: 4677, 4687,
2921. 1428, 1577, 1630. 4688, 4690.
Chida: 1754, 1781, 1806. Conversos (see Marranos). R.David Frankel (Korban HaEida): 1743
Chidushei HaRadal: 1838. Copenhagen: 1807. 1783.
Chidushei HaRim: 1821, 1846, 1859, copyright: 1487. R.David Gans: 1613.
1866. Cordova: 1148, 1473, 1483. R.David HaNagid (Maimuni): 1237,
Chilkiyahu (KG) *: 3298, 3303. Cordova *: 4715, 4773. 1285, 1290.
R.Chinena *: 4280, 4298, 4318. Cordovero (see Ramak). R.David ibn Zimra (see Radvaz).
Chinon (France): 1321. Coresh (see Cyrus). R.David Kimchi (see Radak).
R.Chisda *: 4058, 4060, 4069. Corfu: 1406. R.David Luria: 1838, 1846.
R.Chisdai Crescas I: 1367. Corinth *: 4155. Adm.R.David of Skvira: 1919.
R.Chisdai Crescas II: 1367, 1388, 1391, Cosenza (Italy): 1495. David Re'uveni: 1532.
1413. Cossacks: 1648, 1650, 1651, 1652, R.Davidai (G) *: 4521, 4524.
Chisdai ibn Shaprut *: 4692, 4715. 1664, 1919. death march : 1940
Chiune Sugihara: 1941 Council of Four Lands (see Va'ad de Medina (R.Shmuel): 1575.
Chivi *: 2216. Arba). De'Min Acco: 1291.
Mar R.Chiya (G) *: 4479. Courland (Latvia): 1760. de Vidas (R.Eliyahu): 1575.
R.Chiya *: 3949. Cracow (Poland): 1407, 1454, 1464, debate: 1240, 1254, 1263, 1413,
R.Chizkiyah (Gaon): 1038, 1040. 1503, 1580, 1640, 1655, 1658, 1530, 1543, 1757.
R.Chizkiyah (Gaon) *: 4798. 1677, 1682, 1939, 1942, 1943. Deborah (see Devorah).
R.Chizkiyah da Silva: 1692. Cranganore (India): 1523. Deggendorf (Germany): 1336.
Chizkiyahu (Hezekiah) (K) *: 3199, Cremieux (Isaac): 1827. Demetrius *: 3454.
3213. Cremona (Italy): 1225, 1559. Denmark: 1940, 1943.
Chmielnick (Poland): 1655. Crete: 1944. deniers (Holocaust): 2000.
Chmielnitzki: 1650, 1655, 1683. Creti UPeleti: 1741. DeRashotR.David: 1237.
Chmielnitzki massacres: 1648, 1650, Crimea: 1942. Derisha: 1614.
1651, 1652, 1683. Croatia: 1941. desecration libel (see libel).
Chochmat Shlomo: 1573. Cromwell (Oliver): 1656. desecration of the host (see libel).
Chofetz Chaim: 1873 Crusaders: 1197, 1236, 1320. Devorah (S) *: 2654, 2694.
Chok Yaakov: 1733. Crusaders (1st): 1096. di Boton (R.Avraham): 1575.
Chomutov (Bohemia): 1421. Crusaders (2nd): 1147. R.Dimi Surgo (V) *: 4320.
Choni Ham'agel *: 3680. Crusaders (3rd): 1190, 1196. Dinah *: 2195, 2205, 2208.
Chonyo I (KG) *: 3488. Ctesiphon *: 4318. Diskin (R.Yitzchak Yerucham): 1920.
Chonyo II (KG) *: 3488, 3550, 3580, Cuba: 1939. Disna (Lithuania): 1943.
3610. Culi (R.Yaakov): 1724. displaced persons: 1945, 1946
Chonyo III (KG) *: 3600, 3610. Cyprus: 1945, 1947, 1949. Disputation (see debate).
Chonyo's Temple *: 3610. Cyprus *: 3874. Divrei Chaim: 1830.
Chortkov (Poland): 1941, 1942. Cyrene *: 3874. Divrei Yechezk'el: 1876.
Chovat HaLevavot: 1161, 1167. Cyrus (Coresh) *: 3389, 3390, 3391, Dnepropetrovsk (Russia): 1905.
Chovevei Tzion: 1881 3395. Do'eg Ha'Adomi *: 2884.
Chozeh of Lublin: 1808, 1814, 1815, Czar (Nicholas II): 1905, 1917 Dokshytz (Poland): 1942.
1823, 1827, 1841, 1855, 1859, Czarnetzki (Stefan): 1655. Dolhinov (Poland): 1942.
1874. Czechoslovakia: 1942. Dominican Republic: 1938
Chuldah (Prophetess) *: 3285, 3303. Czestochowa (Poland): 1939, 1943. Domitian *: 3841.
ChurvatR.Yehuda Chasid: 1720, Czortkow (Poland): 1941, 1942. Don Yitzchak Abarbanel (see
1837, 1948. R.Yitzchak).
Rbnu.Chushiel: 1050.
R.Chushiel *: 4715.
D Dona Gracia: 1553.
R.Donash ben Lavrat *: 4715.
Chushim *: 2255. Dorot HaRishonim: 1914.
da Silva (R.Chizkiyah): 1692.
Civil War *: 3696, 3700, 3827. R.Dov Ber (see Maggid of Mezeritsch).
Da'at Kedoshim: 1841.
Clermont-Ferrand (France) *: 4336. Adm.R.Dov Ber of Lubavitch: 1812, 1825,
Dachau: 1945.
Cleveland (Ohio): 1941. 1827, 1837.
Daf HaYomi: 1923.
Cluny (France): 1254. R.Dov Ber Wiedenfeld: 1939.
Damascus: 1392, 1840, 1969.
Cochem (Germany): 1418, 1589. Dovev Mesharim: 1939.
Dan *: 2195, 2218.
Cochin (India): 1523, 1662. Drahavitsch (Ukraine): 1941, 1942.
Daniel *: 3319, 3327, 3340, 3352,
coliseums *: 3829. Dreyfus (Alfred): 1895.
3386, 3389, 3392, 3404, 3426.
Drobitzky Yar: 1942.
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Index 379
Drogobych (Ukraine): 1941, 1942. Eliyahu (Elijah) *: 2964, 3021, 1397, 1404, 1418, 1424, 1426,
Druya (Lithuania): 1942. 3041, 3043, 3055. 1427, 1428, 1430, 1435, 1436,
Dubno (Poland): 1648. R.Eliyahu (see Vilna Gaon). 1442, 1446, 1453, 1454, 1457,
Dubno (see Maggid of). R.Eliyahu Ba'al Shem: 1636. 1458, 1460, 1466, 1470, 1472,
Dubnow (Simon): 1941. R.Eliyahu (ben Shemayahu) *: 4772. 1475, 1477, 1478, 1479, 1483,
Dubrovnik (Yugoslavia): 1502. R.Eliyahu de Vidas: 1575. 1485, 1489, 1490, 1492, 1493,
Dunayevtsy (Ukraine): 1942. R.Eliyahu Menachem of London: 1255. 1494, 1495, 1496, 1498, 1501,
Dynov (Admur of/see R.Tzvi R.Eliyahu Mizrachi: 1525. 1504, 1505, 1510, 1515, 1516,
Elimelech). Eliyahu Rabba and Zuta: 1712. 1519, 1526, 1529, 1539, 1541,
Dzialoszyce (Poland): 1942. R.Eliyahu Shapiro: 1712, 1754. 1550, 1551, 1557, 1563, 1567,
Elkana *: 2830. 1569, 1573, 1589, 1590, 1597,
E Elyakum *: 1656.
Elyoram *: 2216.
1620, 1630, 1655, 1668, 1709,
1710, 1742, 1760, 1774, 1778,
emancipation: 1787. 1804, 1822, 1829, 1862, 1867,
earthquake: 1759, 1837, 1960.
Emden (Germany): 1762. 1882, 1891, 1938.
earthquake *: 4508.
Emden (see R.Yaakov). expulsion (minor) *: 4174, 4372,
Edels (see Maharsha).
Emden-Eybeshutz controversy: 1750, 4392.
Edward VII (King, England): 1890.
1753, 1754, 1764. expulsion (minor/many): 1349,
Eger (Bohemia): 1350, 1421, 1430.
Emunot VeDeyot: 1167. 1350, 1435, 1450, 1491.
Eger (see R.Akiva).
Emunot VeDeyot *: 4690. expulsion (Yerushalayim) *: 3893,
Eglei Tal: 1910.
Endingen (Germany): 1470. 4389.
Eglon *: 2573, 2854.
Engel (R.Yosef): 1906. Eybeshutz (see Emden controversy).
Egypt: 1250, 1303, 1948, 1956,
England: 1211, 1216, 1255, 1278, Eybeshutz (see R.Yonatan).
1967, 1969, 1973.
1290, 1656, 1939. Eylam *: 1558.
Egypt *: 3346, 3454, 3610, 3628,
Enlightenment (Jewish): 1783. Eylon (S) *: 2792.
3668, 3800, 3874, 3877, 4234.
Enns (Austria): 1421. Eyn Yaakov: 1516.
Ehrenfeld (R.Shmuel): 1883.
Enosh *: 235, 1140. R.Eyna *: 4280, 4300.
Ehud (S) *: 2573, 2654.
Ensisheim: 1286. Ezekiel (see Yechezk'el).
Ehvil M'rudach *: 3364, 3386.
Ephrayim *: 2235. R.Ezra (HaNavi): 1227.
Eichmann (Adolph): 1962.
R.Ephrayim AlNakava: 1391. Ezra *: 3392, 3413, 3414, 3426,
Eilat *: 2218.
R.Ephrayim HaKohen: 1655, 1660. 3448.
Einstein, Albert: 1945.
R.Ephrayim Karo: 1492, 1522.
Eisav *: 2108, 2123, 2158, 2171,
2192, 2205, 2216, 2255.
R.Ephrayim Zalman Margolis: 1828.
epidemic: 1558, 1572, 1750, 1848.
F
Eisenstadt (R.Tzvi Hirsch): 1856.
Epstein (R.Baruch/Torah Temima):
Elah (K) *: 3009, 3010. Falk (R.Yaakov Yehoshua/see Pnei
1874.
Elazar (ben Aharon) (KG) *: 2487, Ysh.II).
Epstein (R.Yechi'el M./Aruch
2495, 2516. Falk (R.Yehoshua/see Meginei
HaShulchan): 1874.
R.Elazar (ben Shimon) (T) *: 3909. Shlomo).
Eretz Yisrael: 1165, 1516, 1799,
R.Elazar HaKalir *: 3909. Falk (R.Yehoshua/see Sma).
1836, 1878, 1881, 1900, 1915,
Elazar (Chashmona'i) *: 3621, 3628. Family of Beteira *: 3715, 3729.
1917, 1920, 1925, 1929, 1939,
R.Elazar Azkiri: 1592. famine: 1648
1946, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1967,
R.Elazar ben Azaryah *: 3844, 3856, Fastov (Ukraine): 1768, 1919.
1969, 1992.
3864, 3867, 3878. Fatima *: 2061.
Eretz Yisrael *: 3883, 3893, 3925,
Adm.R.Elazar Nissan Teitelbaum: 1841. Felix Mendelssohn: 1783
3979, 4046, 4085, 4111, 4123,
R.Elazar Roke'ach: 1197, 1237. Feinstein (R.Moshe): 1959.
4374, 4389, 4397, 4421, 4508,
R.Elchanan: 1184. Ferrara (Italy): 1583, 1756.
4690, 4764.
R.Elchanan Ashkenazi: 1780. Fez (Morocco): 1088, 1165, 1465.
Erev Rav :* 2448; 2448
R.Elchanan Wasserman: 1941. Fez (Morocco) *: 4795.
Erfurt (Germany): 1221, 1349,
Eldad (P) *: 2449, 2516. Fiddler on the Roof : : 1882
1458.
Eldad HaDani *: 4631. Finkel (R.Eliezer Yehuda): 1941.
Esau (see Eisav).
Eli *: 2779, 2830, 2854, 2870. fire: 1360, 1689, 1696, 1706, 1708,
Eshkol *: 1693.
Elie Wiesel: 1986 1711, 1719, 1723, 1754, 1767,
R.Eshtori HaParchi: 1306.
R.Eliezer (ben Hyrkanos) *: 3834, 1822, 1827, 1917.
Essenes *: 3580.
3841, 3842. Firuz *: 4229, 4246.
Estella (Spain): 1328.
Eliezer *: 2061. Firuz-Shabur *: 4320, 4396, 4420.
Esther *: 3399, 3404, 3405, 3408.
R.Eliezer ben Natan: 1161. Five kings *: 2006.
Ethiopia: 1991
R.Eliezer ben Yaakov I *: 3834. Fiyorda (Germany): 1689.
Ethiopian Jews: 1991
R.Eliezer ben Yoel HaLevi: 1217. Flanders: 1125.
Etz Chaim: 1572.
R.Eliezer of Chinon: 1306, 1321. Florence (Italy): 1790.
Europe: 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942,
R.Eliezer of Metz: 1161, 1217. Forced baptism: 1096, 1190, 1290,
1943, 1944, 1945, 1947.
R.Eliezer of Touques: 1290. 1309, 1349, 1421, 1475, 1495,
Europe *: 2573, 4234.
R.Eliezer Silver: 1941. 1496, 1497, 1563, 1630, 1666,
Eve *: 1.
R.Eliezer Yehuda Finkel: 1941. 1827, 1858.
Even HaEzel: 1925.
R.Eliezer Yehuda Waldenberg: 1945. forced conversion: 1096, 1126, 1148,
Even HaEzer (Sefer): 1161.
Adm.R.Eliezer Zusia Portugal: 1982 1165, 1190, 1230, 1247, 1290,
Ever *: 1723, 1757, 2048, 2171,
Elijah (see Eliyahu). 1293, 1303, 1309, 1320, 1349,
2187.
R.Elimelech of Lizensk (No'am 1391, 1407, 1413, 1421, 1435,
Evian: 1938
Elimelech): 1772, 1781, 1786, 1475, 1489, 1495, 1496, 1497,
Exilarch (see Reish Galuta).
1814, 1815, 1823, 1825, 1827. 1563, 1573, 1630, 1661, 1666,
expulsion (major): 1290, 1306,
Eliphaz *: 2216. 1753, 1792, 1827, 1839, 1858.
1394, 1421, 1435, 1492, 1496,
Elisha (P) *: 3043, 3055, 3083, forced conversion *: 4178, 4234,
1670, 1678, 1950.
3098. 4295, 4336, 4342, 4372, 4389,
expulsion (minor): 1125, 1182, 1206,
Elisha ben Avuya *: 3909. 4454, 4482, 4692, 4764, 4767,
1225, 1240, 1252, 1269, 1275,
Elishua *: 1056. 4772.
1294, 1320, 1322, 1360, 1370,
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Fostat (Egypt): 1165. Gersonides (see Ralbag). Haidamack massacres: 1703, 1734,
Four Captives *: 4715. Gestapo: 1942 1736, 1768.
Four Lands, The: 1580 Get (divorce document) *: see chart Haifa: 1940.
France: 1190, 1198, 1211, 1236, TAKKANOT HAGE ' ONIM Hakdama (Introduction to sefer) *:
1242, 1269, 1290, 1306, 1315, Geviha *: 3448. 4519.
1320, 1350, 1363, 1388, 1394, Gezerot Tach VeTat: 1648. Halachot Gedolot *: 4519.
1789, 1793, 1939, 1940, 1960. Ghent (Belgium): 1125. Halberstam (see Adm.R.Chaim).
France *: 3338, 4336, 4560, 4767. ghetto: 1516. Halberstam, Ari: 1994.
Frank (Anne): 1944. Gibraltar: 1860. Halbesberg (R.Chaim Yeshayahu):
Frank (see Jacob). Gideon (S) *: 2694. 1886.
Frankel (see R.Baruch/Baruch Gifter (R.Mordechai): 1945, 2001. HaLevi (R.Yitzchak/Dorot
Ta'am). R.Giza *: 4320. HaRishonim): 1914.
Frankel (see R.David/Korban Glikl (Glueckel) of Hameln: 1691. Halle (Germany): 1206.
HaEida). Gloucester (England): 1167. HaMa'or: 1150.
Franklin D. Roosevelt: 1938 Glubokoye (Poland): 1942, 1943. Haman *: 3404.
Frankfort: 1241, 1349, 1510, 1614, Glueckel (Glikl) of Hameln: 1691. Hamas: 1996.
1711. Goldmann, Nachum: 1952. Hamburg (R.Avraham Binyamin):
Frankfurter (R.Moshe): 1723. Goldstein, Baruch: 1994. 1830.
Frankists: 1757, 1759, 1761, 1773. Golem: 1599. Hanover: 1349, 1451.
Franz Rosenzweig: 1929. Goliath (see Golyath). Hanover (R.Natan Nata): 1683.
Freiburg (Germany): 1349. Golyath (Goliath) *: 2883. Haran *: 1948.
French `Sanhedrin': 1807. Gomel (Russia): 1903. Haskala: 1783.
French Revolution: 1789, 1793. Gomer *: 1556. Haskala (see maskilim).
Fribourg (Switzerland): 1428. Gon *: 2418. Haskamot (approbations): 1487.
Fuerstenfeld (Austria): 1312. Gorbachev, Mikhail: 1987 Hasmoneans (see Chashmona'im).
Fuerth (Germany): 1689. Gorlice (Poland): 1942. Hatach *: 3404.
Fulda (Germany): 1235. Gorodenka (Poland): 1942. HeAruch (Sefer): 1105.
Gotha (Germany): 1303. Hebrew Language: 1782, 1861,
G Gra (see Vilna Gaon).
Gracia Nassi: 1553.
1882, 1890, 1914.
Hebrew Language*: 2023.
Graetz (Heinrich): 1851. Hebrews *: 1723, 3338.
Gad (P) *: 2884.
Granada: 1055, 1066, 1491. Hebron (see Chevron).
Gad *: 2195, 2218.
Granada *: 4773. Heilbronn (Germany): 1298, 1490.
Galati (Rumania): 1812, 1859.
Great Poland: 1580 Heilprin (R.Yechi'el): 1711.
Gallus *: 4111.
Greece: 1941. Heinrich Graetz: 1851.
Rbn.Gamliel I *: 3769, 3810.
Greek revolution: 1821, 1822. Heinrich Himmler: 1942.
R.Gamliel II *: 3828, 3829, 3834,
Gregorian calendar: 1577. Helena *: 3810.
3835, 3836, 3841, 3842, 3844,
Grodno (Lithuania): 1790. Hellenists *: 3570, 3600, 3610,
3846, 3856, 3864.
Grodzinski (R.Chaim Ozer): 1941. 3628, 3634.
R.Gamliel III *: 3949.
Groningen (Netherlands): 1710. Heller (R.Aryeh Leib - Ketzot
R.Gamliel IV *: 3990.
Gubbio (Italy): 1485. HaChoshen): 1788.
R.Gamliel V *: 4060, 4069.
Guide for Perplexed: 1204. Heller (see Tos.Yom Tov).
R.Gamliel VI *: 4189.
Gunzberg (R.Aryeh Leib): 1785. Hep! Hep! riots: 1819.
Gans (R.David): 1613.
Gur (Admurim/see Adm.R.Avraham Herod I (K) *: 3715, 3725, 3727,
Ganzfried (R.Shlomo): 1886.
Mord.). 3729, 3742, 3750, 3760, 3761.
Gaon *: 4349.
Gur (Admurim/see Adm.R.Simcha Herod II *: 3804.
Gaon of Vilna (see Vilna Gaon).
Bunim). Hertzog (R.Yitzchak): 1947.
R.Gavriel Zinner: 1988.
Gur (Admurim/see Adm.R.Yisrael). Heydrich, Reinhard: 1942
Ge'onim *: 4349, 4617.
Gur (Admurim/see Chidushei Herzl (Theodore): 1895.
Gedalyah (ben Achikam) *: 3338,
HaRim). R.Heschel (`the RebbeR.Heschel'): 1654.
3339.
Gur (Admurim/see Sfass Emess). Heshiv Moshe: 1808.
R.Gedalyah ibn Yachya: 1575.
Gur Aryeh: 1599. Heter Iskah: 1599.
Geiger (Abraham): 1851.
Gurevich, Mikhail: 1943. Hevel *: 41.
Gemara *: 4152, 4187, 4235, 4236,
Hezekiah (see Chizkiyahu).
4320.
Geneva: 1490. H Mar R.Hilai I *: 4550, 4558.
R.Hilai II *: 4583, 4587.
Geniza: 1896.
Mar R.Hilai III *: 4658, 4665.
Genoa (Italy): 1493, 1515, 1550, Ha'amek Davar: 1893.
Hilchot Nida (Sefer): 1421.
1567. HaChinuch: see Sefer HaChinuch.
Hildesheim (Germany): 1457.
Georgia (U.S.A.): 1915. Hadassa *: 3399.
Hildesheimer (R.Azriel): 1869.
Ge'onim *: see chart TAKKANOT Hadrian *: 3877, 3883, 3893, 3903.
R.Hillel: 1655.
HAGE ' ONIM Hadura *: 2218.
Hillel (HaZaken) *: 3696, 3729,
German Reparation Payments: 1952. Hagaddah *: 4236
3769, 3829.
Germany: 1211, 1286, 1290, 1303, Hagahot (Ramo - Shulchan Aruch):
Hillel II *: 4119, 4121.
1328, 1336, 1442, 1446, 1450, 1570.
Hillel Zeitlin: 1942.
1478, 1530, 1589, 1614, 1630, Hagahot Ashri: 1380.
Himmler (Heinrich): 1942.
1648, 1648, 1655, 1691, 1810, Hagahot HaRaShash: 1872.
Hiram *: 2928, 2964.
1933, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, Hagahot HaShas: 1689.
Hirsch (see R.Shimshon Rapha'el).
1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1952, Hagahot Maimoniyot: 1298.
Hitler (Adolph): 1939.
1991. Hagar *: 2033, 2096.
Hodonin (Moravia): 1774.
Germany *: 2495, 3338, 4560. R.Hai Gaon (III): 1050.
Holland: 1940, 1942.
Gerona (Spain): 1194, 1391. R.Hai Gaon (III) *: 4757, 4798.
Holocaust: see survivors; deniers.
Rbnu.Gershom Me'or HaGola: 1040, 1105. R.Hai I (G) *: 4640, 4648.
Holy Ark *: 2870, 2871, 2884,
R.Gershon Ashkenazi: 1670. Mar R.Hai II (G) *: 4652, 4658.
2892, 2935, 3285.
Gershon Jacobson: 1959.
Homel (Russia): 1903.
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Hoover, President U.S.A.: 1927 Italy: 1260, 1475, 1492, 1553, 1569, Kahane (Meir): 1990, 2001.
Horodenka (Poland): 1942. 1798, 1938. Kahaneman (R.Yosef): 1941.
Horowitz (R.Yaakov Yitz. - see Italy *: 2573, 4631, 4692, 4715. Kaidanov (Russia): 1941.
Chozeh). Ithamar (ben Aharon) *: 2830. Kaidanover (see R.Aharon Shmuel).
Horowitz (see R.Pinchas Ba'al Ivan the Terrible: 1563. Kairou'an (Tunisia): 1050.
HaHafla.). Ivtzan (S) *: 2785. Kairou'an (Tunisia) *: 4715.
Horowitz (see R.Pinchas). Ivye (Poland-Lithuania): 1942. Kalev *: 2410, 2488, 2516, 2533.
Horowitz (see R.Yeshayahu - Shaloh). Iyov (Job) *: 2049, 2208, 2449. Kalisch (Poland): 1542, 1655, 1659,
Horowitz (see R.Yisrael). Izevel (Jezebel) *: 3021, 3041, 3055. 1706, 1708, 1763, 1914, 1919.
Horowitz (see R.Yitz. Izmir (Turkey): 1665, 1841. Kalischer (R.Tzvi Hirsch): 1836.
-R.Itzik.Hamburg). Izyaslav (Poland): 1747. Kalliver Rebbe: 1781.
Hoshea (K) *: 3187, 3195. Kalmana *: 41.
Hoshea (P) *: 3142, 3167.
Hotin (Bessarabia): 1941.
J Kamenka-Bugskaya (Poland): 1943.
Kaminetz-Podolski (Poland): 1757.
Huesca (Spain): 1377. Kanpanton (see R.Yitzchak).
Ja'en (Spain): 1391.
Huns *: 4215. Kanyev (Poland): 1768.
Jacob (see Yaakov).
R.Huna (A) *: 4018, 4050, 4058. Kaplan, Mordechai: 1922
Jacob Frank: 1757, 1759, 1772.
Huna (bar Kahana) (E) *: 4280. Kara'ites (see Kra'im).
Jacobson, Gershon: 1959.
R.Huna (V) *: 4320. Karelitz (R.Avrm.Yeshyhu/see
Jaffa (see Yaffo).
R.Huna Brei D'R.Yehoshua (A) *: 4112. Chazon Ish).
Japan: 1941.
R.Huna I (G) *: 4400, 4405, 4410. Karlin (Admurim/see R. Aharon).
Japanese diplomat: 1941
Mar R.Huna II (G) *: 4449, 4479. Karlin (Admurim/see R.Asher of
Jason (Yeshua) *: 3610.
Mar R.Huna III (G) *: 4546, 4548, 4549. Stolin).
Jassy (Moldavia): 1650, 1652, 1726,
Hungarian rebels: 1683, 1704. Karlin (Admurim/see R.Moshe).
1821, 1827, 1941.
Hungary: 1360, 1526, 1648, 1882, Karlin (Admurim/see R.Shlomo).
Jastrow (Marcus): 1903.
1941, 1944, 1956. Karo (see R.Ephrayim).
Jeremiah (see Yirmiyahu).
Hurodno (Lithuania): 1790. Karo (see R.Yitzchak).
Jeroboam (see Yerav'am).
Hussites: 1421. Karo (see R.Yosef).
Jerusalem (see Yerushalayim).
Hutzal *: 3342. Kasher (R.Menachem): 1925.
Jesus *: 3671, 3790.
Hymarites *: 4285. Kasztner (Rudolf): 1944.
Jethro (see Yitro).
Hyrkanos (Yoch.) (K) *: 3642. Katz (R.Reuven): 1673.
Jews/Hebrews *: 3338
Hyrkanos II (K) *: 3688, 3696, 3700, Kaunus (Lithuania): 1941.
Jewish `Enlightenment': 1783.
3713, 3715, 3725. Kayin *: 41, 130, 622, 1656.
Jewish clothing/dress (see Jews
Kazmierz (Cracow): 1677.
badge).
I Jewish Theological Seminary: 1983
Kedarla'omer *: 2006.
Kedushat Levi (see R.Levi Yitz.Berd.).
Jews badge: 1198, 1216, 1221, 1250,
kehilla : 1851
ibn Attar (see R.Chaim). 1257, 1266, 1267, 1269, 1271,
Kehot *: 2235, 2368.
ibn Chaviv (see Levi/Yaakov). 1278, 1303, 1393, 1406, 1412,
Kelin (R.Shmuel): 1807.
ibn Ezra (see R.Avraham). 1418, 1435, 1451, 1468, 1472,
Kesef Mishneh: 1575.
R.Iddi (bar Avin) *: 4191, 4211. 1517, 1525, 1530, 1551, 1555,
Kessarin (Caesaria) *: 3995, 4060.
Ido (KG) *: 3488. 1566, 1941.
Kesset HaSofer: 1886.
Ido (P) *: 2985. Jews badge *: 4610, 4764.
Keturah *: 2096.
Ifhauben (Austria): 1298. Jews Tax (see tax).
Ketzot HaChoshen: 1788.
Ifran (Morocco): 1792. Jezebel (see Izevel).
Keynan *: 325, 1235.
IggeretR.Sherira Gaon *: 4757. Jihlava (Bohemia): 1421, 1426.
Khartumim *: 2229; 2448.
Iggrot Moshe: 1959. Job (see Iyov).
Khazars *: 4500, 4715.
Iglau (Bohemia): 1421, 1426. Joel (see Yoel).
Khrushchev: 1959.
Ilan Ramon: 2003. John Calvin: 1543.
Kielce (Poland): 1946.
Ilya (Poland): 1942. Jonathan (see Yehon./Yon.).
Kiev (Russia): 1829, 1911, 1919,
Imrey Emess: 1948. Jordan: 1948, 1967, 1994.
1941.
Industrial Revolution: 1740. Joseph (king of Khazars) *: 4715.
Kimchi (R.David - see Radak).
Inquisition: 1252, 1278, 1288, 1319, Joseph (see Yosef).
Kishinev: 1903, 1907, 1941.
1320, 1553, 1559, 1570, 1756. Joseph II: 1774
Kitev (Poland): 1942.
Inquisition (Portuguese): 1540. Joseph Bakri: 1811.
Kitev (see R. Avraham Gershon).
Inquisition (Spanish): 1481, 1485, Joseph Lieberman (Senator): 2000.
kitniyos on Pesach *: see chart
1488, 1492. Josephus *: 3530, 3580, 3826, 3830.
TAKKANOT HAGE ' ONIM
Intafada: 1987, 2000, 2001, 2004. Joshua (see Yehoshua).
Kitzingen (Germany): 1243, 1778.
Irad *: 130. Josiah (see Yoshiyahu).
Kitzur Shulchan Aruch: 1886.
Iraq: 1293, 1948, 1950, 1990, 1991, Judah (see Yehuda).
Mar R.Kiyumi I *: 4587, 4590.
2003. Judenberg (Austria): 1312.
Mar R.Kiyumi II *: 4648, 4666.
Iraq (see also Bavel). Judith (see Yehudit).
Klausenberg (Adm.R.Yekutiel Yehuda
Iraq *: 4705. Julian *: 4121, 4123.
of): 1945.
Irith *: 2048. Julius Caesar *: 3713.
Kletzk (Lithuania): 1941, 1942.
Isaac Mayer Wise: 1844. Justinian I *: 4295.
Kli Yakar: 1619.
Ish Boshet (K) *: 2892.
Adm.R.Klonymos Kalman of Cracow: 1823.
Isaiah (see Yeshayahu).
Islam*: 4392, 4420, 4421.
K R.Klonymos of Rome: 1096.
Kluger (see R.Shlomo).
Islamic radicals: 1148, 2001.
Kabbala: 1290, 1730, 1757. knass *: see chart TAKKANOT HAGE'ONIM
Israel (see Yisrael).
Kadan (Bohemia): 1650. Knesset HaGedola: 1673.
R.Isser Zalman Meltzer: 1925, 1947,
Kaftor VaPherach: 1306. Koblenz (Germany): 1265, 1418.
1953.
Kagan (R.Yisrael Meir/see Chafetz Kobrin (Poland): 1942.
Isserles (see Ramo).
Chaim). Kobrin (see R.Moshe of).
Istanbul: 1453, 1665, 1986, 2003.
R.Kahana (A) *: 4112. Kohen Gadol *: 3550, 3648, 3668,
Mar R.Kahana (G) *: 4565, 4571. 3680, 3729, 3781.
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R.Kohen Tzedek I *: 4603, 4608. Leszno (Poland): 1706, 1709, 1767. R.Maari Surgo *: 4349, 4368, 4380.
Mar R.Kohen Tzedek II *: 4677, 4686, Levi *: 2195, 2218, 2332. Maccabees (see Chashmona'im).
4695. R.Levi ben Gershom (see Ralbag). Macedonians: 1940.
Koldychevo: 1944. R.Levi ibn Chaviv: 1516, 1538. Machalat *: 2000, 2171, 2218.
Komarno (Adm.R.Aizik(el) of): 1874. R.Levi Yitzchak of Berditchev: 1772, Machatzit HaShekel: 1807.
Kook (see R.Avraham Yitzchak). 1781, 1809, 1841. Machazik Bracha: 1806.
Korach *: 2449. R.Levi Yitzchak Schneersohn: 1944. Machberet *: 4715.
Korban HaEida: 1743. Levin (R.Aryeh/Tzadik of machines: 1857.
Korban Netanel: 1769. Yerushalayim): 1969. Machzor Vitry: 1105, 1290.
Koretz (Poland): 1941, 1942. Levushim (Sefer): 1557. Maday *: 1556.
Korneuburg (Austria): 1298. Libava (Latvia): 1941. maftir *: see chart TAKKANOT HAGE'ONIM
Korsun (Poland): 1734, 1768. libel: 1663, 1728, 1755, 1857. Magen Avot: 1407.
Kosciuszko: 1794. libel (desecration): 1243, 1298, Magen Avraham: 1648, 1660, 1673,
Kossov (Poland): 1941. 1312, 1326, 1336, 1338, 1367, 1712.
Kotler (see R.Aharon). 1370, 1377, 1404, 1421, 1453, Maggid Mishneh: 1344.
Kotzk (see Adm.R.Menachem 1478, 1492, 1504, 1510, 1556, Maggid of Dubno: 1804, 1820.
Mendel). 1605, 1630. Maggid of Kozhnitz (see R.Yisrael).
Kovno (Lithuania): 1941. libel (see blood libel). Maggid of Mezeritsch: 1770, 1772,
Kozhnitz (see R.Yisrael/Maggid of). Libya: 1970. 1783, 1786, 1809, 1814, 1827.
Kra'im (Kara'ites): 1165, 1791, 1827, Lieberman, Joseph (Senator): 2000. Magog *: 1556.
1863, 1853, 1942. Liepaja (Latvia): 1941. Maharal of Prague: 1573, 1592,
Kra'im (Kara'ites) *: 3628, 4523, Lifshitz (R.Shlomo Zalman/Chemdat 1599, 1609, 1616.
4690. Shlo.): 1821. Maharam (Lublin): 1616, 1640.
Krantz (R.Yaakov): 1804. Likutei MoHoran: 1810. Maharam Alashkar: 1492, 1510.
Krems (Austria): 1349. Lilienthal (Max): 1843. Maharam Esh: 1714, 1741.
Kremieniec: 1580 Lilli (Jacob) Meier: 1945. Maharam Levi: 1388.
Krochmal (see R.Menachem M.). Lima (see R.Moshe). Maharam Lublin: 1616, 1640.
Krotoszyn (Poland): 1656, 1704. Limburg (Netherlands): 1309. Maharam MeRothenburg: 1286,
Ktav Sofer: 1839, 1869, 1920. Lincoln (England): 1255. 1293, 1298, 1303, 1307.
Kurt Waldheim : 1987 Lindau (Germany): 1430. Maharam Mintz I: 1460.
Kush *: 1557. Lipshutz (R.Yisrael/Tiferet Yisrael): Maharam Mintz II: 1831.
Kuthim (Samaritans) *: 3391, 3395, 1837. Maharam Padua: 1565.
3426, 3448, 3570, 3580, 3648, Lisbon: 1449, 1506, 1540. Maharam Schick: 1861, 1869.
3810, 4046. Lissa (Poland): 1706, 1709, 1767. Maharam Schiff: 1631.
Kuty (Poland): 1942. Lithuania: 1495, 1503, 1566, 1648, Maharashdam: 1575.
Kuwait: 1990 1650, 1941. Maharay: 1421, 1454, 1460.
Kuzari: 1105, 1167. Little Poland: 1580 Mahari Mintz: 1565.
Ljubjana (Yugoslavia): 1515. Maharik: 1480, 1488.
L Lod (Lydda) *: 3858, 3867.
R.Loew (see Maharal).
Maharil: 1427, 1451.
Mahariv: 1451, 1454, 1460.
London: 1158, 1189, 1278. Maharsha: 1614, 1631.
Lachva (Poland-Lithuania): 1942.
Lorraine (France): 1477. Maharshak: 1655.
Ladino: 1724.
Lot *: 2048. Maharshal: 1557, 1573, 1614, 1619.
Laibach (Austria): 1515.
Louvain (Belgium): 1309. Maharyah: 1491, 1492, 1493.
Lakewood (New Jersey): 1941.
Lowicz (Poland): 1516. Maidanek: 1942.
Lampronti (R.Yitzchak): 1756.
Lubavitch (Admurim/see R.Dov Ber). R.Maimon ben Yosef: 1148.
Landau (Germany): 1468.
Lubavitch (Admurim/see R.Shneur Maimonides (see Rambam).
Landau (R.Yech. - see Noda
Zalman). Mainz (see Mayence).
BiYehuda).
Lubavitch (Admurim/see Majorca: 1435.
Lapidut *: 2654.
Schneersohn). R.Malachi: 1767.
Lau, R.Yisrael Meir: 1993
Lubavitch (Russia): 1941. Malachi (P) *: 3392.
Lausanne (Switzerland): 1349.
Lublin (Poland): 1580, 1636, 1655, Malbim: 1858, 1864.
Lavan *: 2049, 2192, 2205.
1939, 1945. Malchut *: 2061.
Le Brule (France): 1321.
Lucca (Italy): 1489. R.Malka I *: 4531, 4533.
Le Mans (France): 1289.
Lucene (Spain) (see Alusina). R.Malka II *: 4652.
Leah *: 2192, 2216.
Lud *: 1558. Malka Roth (Keren Malki): 2001.
learned women: 1190, 1585, 1614,
Ludmir (Poland): 1942. Malkiel *: 2218.
1646, 1689, 1733, 1745, 1917.
Lunel (Provence): 1148, 1150, 1202, Malkitzedek *: 1558.
learned women *: 3909.
1203. Mantua (Italy): 1478, 1602, 1630.
Lebanese Invasion: 1982.
Lunshitz (Poland): 1639, 1656. R.Mar (barR.Huna) *: 4369, 4380.
Lebanon: 1948, 1982, 1985, 2000.
Luria (see R.David/Radal). Mar bar Rav Ashi *: 4214, 4227.
Lecha Dodi (piyut): 1570.
Luria (see R.Shlomo/Maharshal). Mar Zutra (I) (E) *: 4280, 4298,
Lechem Mishneh: 1575.
Luria (see R.Yitzchak/Ari'zal). 4311, 4318.
Leczyca (Poland): 1639, 1656.
Luther Martin: 1543. Mar Zutra (II) *: 4318, 4349.
Lehman (Marcus): 1854.
Lutz, Carl: 1944. Mar Zutra (V) *: 4236.
R.Leibele Eger: : 1900
Lutzk (Poland): 1941, 1942. Marcus (David/'Mickey'): 1948.
Leibovitz (R.Boruch Ber): 1941.
Luzzatto (see R.Moshe Chaim). Marcus Aurelius Antoninus *: 3925.
Lemberg (see Lvov).
Lvov (Poland): 1580, 1664, 1702, Marcus Jastrow: 1903.
Lemech I *: 130, 395, 1656.
1757, 1918, 1941, 1942, 1943. Marcus Lehman: 1854.
Lemech II *: 874, 1651, 2255.
Lysyanka (Poland): 1768. Mareimar *: 4187, 4191.
R.Lemlein: 1500.
Margolis (R.Ephrayim Zalman):
Leningrad: 1944.
Leo Baeck: 1945 M 1828.
Margolis (R.Mordechai - Darkei
Leon Klinghoffer: 1985
Teshuva): 1828.
Rbnu.Leontin: 1040. Ma'or VaShemesh: 1823.
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Index 383
Margolis (R.Moshe - Pnei Moshe): Megaleh Amukot: 1640. Meshed (Persia): 1839.
1781. Meginei Shlomo (R.Yehoshua Falk): Mesilat Yesharim: 1747.
R.Mari I (G) *: 4511, 4519. 1640, 1670. Mesivta (see Metivta).
Mar R.Mari II (G) *: 4536, 4540. Mehalalel *: 395, 1290. Mesorat HaShas: 1689.
Maria Theresa: 1745, 1746, 1774. Mehr (Germany): 1096. Metivta *: 3995, 4349.
Marijampole (Lithuania): 1941. Meier (Jacob), Lilli: 1945. Metushael *: 130.
Marrakesh (Morocco): 1232, 1558. R.Meir (ben Yekutiel): 1298. Metushelach *: 687, 987, 1056,
Marranos: 1391, 1481, 1483, 1488, R.Meir (ib)n Gabbai: 1492. 1656.
1489, 1492, 1497, 1540, 1553, Meir (Marcus) Lehman: 1854. Metz (France): 1096, 1670, 1793.
1583, 1593, 1625, 1630, 1644, R.Meir (T) *: 3908, 3925. Metzudat David: 1770.
1647, 1649, 1652, 1655, 1656. R.Meir Abulafia: 1202. Metzudat Tzion: 1770.
Marranos (see also secret Jews). R.Meir ben Baruch (Maharam Levi): R.Mevasser *: 4677.
Martha (bat Baytuss) *: 3680. 1388. Mexico: 1528, 1649.
Martin Buber: 1965. R.Meir ben Baruch (see Maharam Mexico City: 1550.
Martin Luther: 1543. Roth.). Mey Shiloah: 1900
Masechtot Ketanot *: 4320. R.Meir Eisenstadt (see Maharam Esh). Michah (P) *: 3167.
maskilim: 1814, 1819, 1820, 1838, R.Meir Kahane: 1990 Michah *: 2573, 2964.
1843, 1844, 1857, 1864, 1879, R.Meir Leib(ush) (see Malbim). Michal *: 2883.
1881, 1882. Adm.R.Meir of Apta: 1827, 1866. R.Michal Dov Weismandel: 1944.
massacre: 1066, 1096, 1099, 1189, R.Meir of Lublin (see Maharam). Michiyahu (P) *: 3024, 3041.
1190, 1196, 1197, 1206, 1209, R.Meir Shapira (the Lubliner Rav): Michlal Yofi: 1636.
1221, 1230, 1232, 1235, 1236, 1923. Midrash David: 1237.
1241, 1244, 1247, 1260, 1264, R.Meir Simcha: 1888. Midrash Rbnu.Bachya: 1291.
1265, 1266, 1283, 1286, 1290, Adm.R.Meir(el) Premishlaner: 1850. Midyan *: 2096, 2218.
1291, 1298, 1301, 1303, 1309, Meiri: 1270. Miedzyborz (Poland): 1648.
1320, 1321, 1328, 1336, 1337, Meisharim (Sefer): 1334. Miessen (Germany): 1430.
1338, 1349, 1350, 1355, 1358, Meishiv Davar: 1893. MiG (airplane): 1943.
1360, 1370, 1389, 1391, 1399, Meknes (Morocco): 1247. Migdal Oz: 1336.
1400, 1401, 1421, 1449, 1453, Meltzer (see R.Isser Zalman). Mihu Yehudi: 1958, 1988.
1454, 1459, 1464, 1465, 1473, R.Menachem (G) *: 4617, 4619. Mikhail Gorbachev: 1987
1474, 1510, 1518, 1534, 1535, Menachem (K) *: 3154. Mikra'ot Gedolot: 1516.
1541, 1547, 1556, 1563, 1577, Menachem (Noach) *: 1056. Mikulov (Moravia): 1719.
1593, 1595, 1605, 1648, 1649, R.Menachem Azaryah of Fano: 1570. Milan (Italy): 1320, 1597.
1655, 1656, 1659, 1664, 1667, Menachem Begin: 1979. Milchamot HaShem: 1338.
1682, 1683, 1686, 1687, 1734, R.Menachem ben Saruk *: 4715. Milka *: 2049.
1736, 1749, 1753, 1761, 1767, R.Menachem ibn Zerach: 1306, 1328, Miller, R.Avigdor: 2001.
1792, 1795, 1801, 1805, 1822, 1370. Minchat Chinuch: 1874.
1839, 1859, 1860, 1864, 1882, R.Menachem Kasher: 1925. Minchat Yaakov: 1733.
1903, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1918, R.Menachem Mann Shach: 1988, 2001. minhag ASHKENAZIM *: see chart
1919, 1920, 1921, 1929, 1934, R.Menachem Me'iri: 1270. TAKKANOT HAGE ' ONIM
1936, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941, R.Menachem Mendel Auerbach: 1689. minhag SEPHARDIM *: see chart
1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1948, Menachem Mendel Beilis: 1911. TAKKANOT HAGE ' ONIM
1952. R.Menachem Mendel Krochmal: 1661, Minhagey Maharil: 1427.
massacre *: 3874, 3894, 3903, 4111, 1670. Minorca *: 4178.
4692, 4795. Adm.R.Menachem Mendel of Kossov: 1884. Minsk (Russia): 1941, 1942, 1943.
massacres (major)*: 3829, 3874, Adm.R.Menachem Mendel of Kotzk: 1827, Minsk-Mazowiecki (Poland): 1942.
3893, 4020. 1859, 1900, 1910. Mintz (R.Moshe/Maharam): 1831.
Massada *: 3727, 3831. Adm.R.Menachem Mendel of Lubavitch: Minyan Shtarot: 1517.
Mata Mechassiya *: 4131. 1827. Minyan Shtarot *: 3449.
Matanot Kehuna: 1584. Adm.R.Menachem Mendel of Rymanov: Mir (Lithuania): 1941.
Mathausen: 1945. 1812, 1815, 1827, 1841. Miriam (and 7 sons) *: 3610.
Matteh Aharon: 1690. R.Menachem Mendel of Shklov: 1809. Miriam (Herod's wife) *: 3725.
Matteh Ephrayim: 1828. R.Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk: 1772, Miriam *: 2361, 2487.
Mattityahu (Chashmona'i) *: 3621, 1777. Miriam Beilla: 1585.
3622. Adm.R.Menachem Mendel of Vizhnitz: 1884. Misgeret HaShulchan: 1886.
R.Mattityahu (G) *: 4617, 4619, 4628. Adm.R.Menachem Mendel Schneersohn: Misha'el *: 3319, 3340, 3426.
R.Mattityahu Treves: 1363. 1940, 1944, 1950, 1988, 1991; Mishkan *: 2449, 2488, 2503, 2870,
Mavoh LaTalmud: 1055. 1994. 2871, 2884, 2928.
Max Lilienthal: 1843, 1844. R.Menachem of Recanti: 1290. Mishmeret HaBayit: 1293, 1310.
Mayence (Germany): 1040, 1096, R.Menachem Zemba: 1943. Mishna *: 3925, 3949.
1257, 1281, 1283, 1298, 1349, R.Menasheh (G) *: 4548, 4549, 4556. Mishna Berura: 1873.
1460, 1483. Menasheh (K) *: 3228, 3283. Mishneh LeMelech: 1724, 1727.
Mayence (Germany) *: 4772. Menasheh *: 2235. Mishneh Torah: 1204.
Mayer Anschel Rothschild: 1836. Menasheh ben Yisrael: 1656. missiles: 1991
Me'am Lo'ez: 1724. Mendelovitz (R.Shraga Faivel): 1921. Mitnagdim: 1760, 1772, 1798, 1841.
Me'ir Eynei Chachamim: 1616. Mendelssohn (Moshe): 1783. Mitzrayim *: 1557.
Me'iri (R.Menachem): 1270. Menelaus *: 3610. Mizrachi (R.Eliyahu): 1525.
Mechilta *: 3894. Menora *: 3622. Mo'av *: 2048.
Mechuyael *: 130. Menorat HaMa'or: 1389. Mohammed (see Muhammad.)
Mechuza *: 4058, 4098, 4318. Merimat *: 2218. Mogilev (Poland-Russia): 1645, 1655,
Mecklenburg (Germany): 1492. Meriva *: 2061. 1723, 1825.
Medad (P) *: 2449, 2516. Merusha *: 2218. Mogilev-Podolski (Poland): 1761.
Medan *: 2096. R.Mesharshiya (G) *: 4590, 4601. Molcho (Shlomo): 1532.
Medini (R.Chaim Chizkiyah): 1899. Mesharshiya bar Tachlifa *: 4410. Moldavia: 1648
Medzibuzh (Poland): 1648. Meshech *: 1556. Mongols: 1260, 1291.
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Montefiore (Sir Moses): 1827, 1840,

1846, 1858, 1864.
N Neve Shalom synagogue: 1986, 2003.
New Amsterdam: 1654.
Moors *: 4471. New York: 1654, 1776, 1888, 1991
Moravia: 1454. Na'ama *: 395, 974, 1554. Newton, (Sir Isaac): 1664
Mordechai (Pirush): 1298. R.Nachman I (A) *: 4058. Nicholas II: : 1905, 1917
Mordechai *: 3327, 3390, 3399, R.Nachman II (bar Yitzchak) (A) *: niddui *: see chart TAKKANOT HAGE'ONIM
3404, 3405, 3406, 3426. 4112. Nikolayev (Russia): 1829.
Mordechai Anilevitch: 1943. R.Nachman III (bar Huna) (A) *: 4211, Nikolsburg (Moravia): 1719.
R.Mordechai ben Hillel Ashkenazi: 4214. Nimrod *: 1787, 1958, 1996, 2000,
1298. R.Nachman of Bratslav: 1810. 2123.
R.Mordechai Benet: 1817, 1827. R.Nachman of Horodenka: 1764. Nimukei Yosef: 1393.
R.Mordechai Gifter: 1945, 2001. Nachmanides (see Ramban). R.Nissim ben Reuven (see Ran).
Mordechai Kaplan: 1922. Nachor I *: 1849, 1997, 2049. Rbnu.Nissim Gaon: 1050, 1088.
Adm.R.Mordechai of Chernobyl: 1797, 1837. Nachor II *: 1948, 2048, 2049, Nitai (Ha'arbeli) *: 3610, 3623,
Adm.R.Mordechai of Lechevitch: 1798, 1884. 2084. 3688.
R.Mordechai Yaffe: 1557, 1592, 1599. Nachshon (ben Aminadav) *: 2449, Nitey Gavriel: 1988.
Adm.R.Mordechai Yosef Izbitzer: 1900. 2785. No'am Elimelech (see R.Elimel. of
Moreh Nevuchim: 1204. R.Nachshon (G) *: 4636, 4644. Liz.).
Morgentheim (Austria): 1298. Nachum (P) *: 3228. Noach *: 1056, 1536, 1554, 1656,
Morocco: 1465, 1493, 1668, 1741, Nachum Goldmann: 1952 1657, 1658, 1958, 2006, 2255.
1860, 1960. R.Nachum of Chernobyl: 1772, 1797. Noah (see Noach).
Morocco *: 4454. Nadav (K) *: 2985, 2986. Noda BiYehuda: 1754, 1782, 1783,
Morteira (see R.Shaul L.). Nadav *: 2449. 1810.
Moscow: 1891. Nadvorna (Poland): 1941. North Africa: 1198, 1391, 1435,
Moses (see Moshe). Naftali *: 2195, 2218. 1492, 1864, 1973.
R.Moshe (G) *: 4590, 4601. Naftali Busnach: 1805. North Africa *: 3883, 4234, 4715.
R.Moshe (HaShavui) *: 4715. Adm.R.Naftali of Ropshytz: 1812, 1827, Norway: 1940.
Moshe *: 2368, 2410, 2447, 2448, 1830. Norwich (England): 1144, 1190.
2488. Adm.R.Naftali Tzvi of Bobov: 2000. Novardok (Russia): 1941, 1942.
R.Moshe Alshich: 1572, 1575. R.Naftali Tzvi Yehuda Berlin: 1893. Novgorod-Seversk (Ukraine): 1918.
R.Moshe ben Maimon (see Rambam). Nagyszombat: 1494., 1537, 1539. Novi Sad (Yugoslavia): 1942.
R.Moshe ben Nachman (see Ramban). Mar R.Nahilai *: 4457, 4475. Novogrodek (Russia): 1941, 1942.
R.Moshe Chaim Luzzatto (Ramchal): Nancy (France): 1477. Novoselitsa (Bessarabia): 1941.
1738 1747. Naples (Italy): 1290, 1487, 1510, Novy Jicin (Moravia): 1563.
R.Moshe Cordovero (see Ramak). 1541. Nuremberg (Germany): 1298, 1349,
R.Moshe de Leon: 1290. Napoleon: 1798, 1799, 1807, 1812. 1467, 1498, 1946.
R.Moshe Feinstein: 1959. Narbonne (Provence): 1148, 1236. Nussach *: 4715.
R.Moshe Frankfurter: 1723. Narol (Poland): 1648.
R.Moshe HaDarshan: 1055, 1105.
R.Moshe Isserles (see Ramo).
Nassi *: 3550.
R.Natan (HaBavli) (T) *: 3908, 3925. O
R.Moshe Lima: 1640, 1655. Natan (P) *: 2892, 2924.
R.Natan Adler: 1782, 1806. oath more judaico: 1827.
R.Moshe Margolis: 1781.
R.Natan ben Yechi'el: 1105. Oberwesel (Germany): 1286.
Moshe Mendelssohn: 1783.
R.Natan Nata Hanover: 1683. Odessa (Russia): 1821, 1859, 1871,
R.Moshe Mintz (Maharam Mintz): 1831.
R.Natan Shapiro: 1640. 1905, 1941.
Moshe Montefiore (Sir) (see
Nathanson (R.Yosef Shaul): 1857. Ofran (Morocco): 1792.
Montefiore).
R.Natroy *: 4515, 4519. Og *: 1656, 2487.
R.Moshe of Coucy: 1236, 1240.
Natrunai (E) *: 4531. Oheiv Yisrael: 1825.
Adm.R.Moshe of Karlin/Stolin: 1942.
Mar R.Natrunai I (G) *: 4479, 4499. Olesnica (Silesia): 1492.
Adm.R.Moshe of Kobrin: 1884.
R.Natrunai II (G) *: 4613, 4618. Oliver Cromwell: 1656.
Adm.R.Moshe of Sighet: 1979.
Navarre (Spain): 1328, 1498. Ollelot Ephrayim: 1619.
R.Moshe Rivkes: 1655.
Navot *: 3041. Omri (K) *: 3010.
R.Moshe Schick: 1861.
Nazis: 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, Onias (Chonyo) *: 3610.
R.Moshe Sofer (see Chassam Sofer).
1943, 1944, 1945. Onkelus I *: 3841.
Adm.R.Moshe Teitelbaum (Yismach Moshe):
Nebuchadnetzar *: 3319, 3327, Onkelus II *: 3841.
1808, 1841.
3336, 3338, 3340, 3346, 3352, Opatow (Poland): 1656.
R.Moshe Zacuto: 1697.
3364. Or HaChayim: 1741.
Moslem (see Islam.)
R.Nechemyah (G) *: 4720, 4728. Or HaShem: 1391.
mosque *: 4421.
Nechemyah *: 3390, 3426, 3438. Or Same'ach: 1888.
Mostaganem (Algeria): 1897.
Nefesh HaChayim: 1821. Or Zaru'a: 1244.
R.Mottel of Chernobyl: 1797.
Neharde'a *: 3342, 3979, 3990, Orange (France): 1505.
Muehlhausen (Germany): 1349,
4019, 4058, 4396, 4420. Orchot Chayim: 1306.
1472, 1543.
R.Nehorai *: 3909. Orchot Tzadikim: 1540
Muenz (R.Moshe): 1831.
Nemirov (Poland): 1648. Oria (Italy) *: 4631, 4685.
Muhammad *: 4392, 4420.
Nero *: 3826. R.Oshiya *: 3949, 3995, 4060.
Munbaz *: 3810.
Nesvizh (Lithuania): 1941, 1942. Oshmyany (Lithuania): 1831, 1941.
Munich: 1285.
R.Netanel Weil: 1769. Oslo ªagreementº: 1993, 1995.
Munkatch (Admurim/see
Netanya: 1945 Oslo (Norway): 1993
Adm.R.Chaim Elaz.).
Netherlands: 1350. Osnat *: 2205, 2229.
Munkatch (Admurim/see
Netivot HaMishpat: 1809. Ostraha (Poland): 1941.
Adm.R.Tzvi Hirsch).
Netziv: 1893. Ostrog (Poland): 1580, 1941.
Mussar: 1540, 1848.
Neuchatel (Switzerland): 1288. Ostrov Mazovyetzka (Poland): 1939.
Mussolini: 1938.
Neuss: 1096, 1197. Oswiecim (Poland) (see Auschwitz).
Neutitschein (Moravia): 1563. Othniel (S) *: 2533, 2573.
Nevat *: 2964. Otzar HaPoskim: 1947.
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Index 385
Ovadya (P) *: 3021, 3024. Pinchas (ben Elazar) *: 2488, 2516, Pri Etz Chaim: 1572.
R.Ovadya Bertinura: 1488. 2830. Pri Megadim: 1773.
R.Ovadya Seforno: 1542. R.Pinchas Horowitz: 1585. Pri Tzadik : 1900
R.Pinchas Horowitz (Ba'al HaHafla'a): printing: 1475, 1487.
P 1772, 1782, 1783, 1806.
R.Pinchas of Koretz: 1760.
prisoner exchange: 1983, 1985
Procurator *: 3770.
Adm.R.Pinchas Menachem of Gur: 1992 R.Profiat (Yitzchak) Duran: 1391.
P.L.O.: 1964, 1969, 1970, 1982,
Pinsk: 1919. Proskurov (Ukraine): 1919.
1993.
Pinsk (Russia): 1942. Provence (S.E.France): 1172, 1350,
Pachad Yitzchak: 1756.
Piotrkow (Poland): 1590, 1939. 1485, 1489, 1501.
Pale of Settlement: 1791, 1853, 1917.
Piove Di Sacco: 1475. Prussia (Germany): 1772.
Palestine Liberation Org. (see P.L.O.).
Pirkei D'Rebbi Eliezer *: 3834. Przemysl (Poland): 1630, 1659,
Palestine Mandate: 1920.
Pirush Rash: 1187. 1939.
Palma (Majorca): 1391.
Pisa (Italy): 1221. Przytyk (Poland): 1936.
Palmyra *: 4019.
Piskei HaRecanti: 1290. Ptolemy *: 3454.
R.Paltui *: 4601, 4617.
Pitchei Teshuva: 1856. Pulkau (Austria): 1338.
Pam (R.Avrohom Yaakov ): 2001.
piyutim *: 3909, 4690, 4715, 4631, Pum Nahara *: 4112.
Pamplona (Spain): 1277.
4772 Pumpedita *: 4019, 4058, 4320,
Panevezys (Lithuania): 1941.
piyutim: 1040, 1055, 1105, 1171, 4349, 4479, 4671, 4798.
R.Pappa *: 4112, 4131.
1184, 1191, 1197, 1217, 1570, Purim (local): 1236, 1524, 1648.
Pappa bar Nazer *: 4019.
1869. Put *: 1557.
Pardes Rimmonim: 1570.
plague: 1342, 1349, 1677, 1680,
Paris: 1181, 1242, 1380, 1394.
Parthian *: 3986.
1708, 1709, 1715, 1716, 1741,
1747, 1770.
Q
partisan groups: 1942, 1943, 1944.
Plato *: 3339.
Passau (Germany): 1478.
Plonsk (Poland): 1948
Pastoureaux Crusaders: 1320.
Plunge (Lithuania): 1948.
Patras (Greece): 1595.
Plungyan (Lithuania): 1948.
Patria: 1940.
Pnei Moshe: 1781.
patrilineal descent: 1983
Pavia (Italy): 1225.
Pnei Yehoshua I: 1640.
Pnei Yehoshua II: 1702, 1718, 1730,
R
Pavoloch (Poland): 1736.
1733, 1741, 1754, 1772. Ra'ah: 1293, 1319.
Pe'at HaShulchan: 1809.
Podgaitsy (Poland): 1667. Ra'avad: 1198.
Peasants War: 1525.
Podhayetz (Poland): 1667. Ra'avad I: 1126.
Pekach (K) *: 3166, 3183, 3187.
Poesing (Hungary): 1529. Ra'avad II: 1198.
Pekachya (K) *: 3164, 3166.
Pogrebishche (Poland): 1736. Ra'avad III: 1150, 1172, 1198.
Peleg *: 1757, 1996.
pogrom: 1881, 1897, 1903, 1905, Rabbah (bar Nachmani) *: 4060,
Peliliah *: 2000.
1906, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1929, 4069, 4081.
Penijel, R.Raphael Meir : 1869.
1938, 1941, 1946, 1991. Rabbah Tospha'a *: 4227, 4234.
Pentagon (Washington D.C.) :2001.
pogrom (see massacre). Rabbanan Savurai (see Savurai).
Peremyshlany (Ukraine): 1941.
Poland: 1266, 1267, 1278, 1334, Rabbenu Tam: 1147, 1161, 1164,
R.Peretz (ben Yitzchak): 1349.
1407, 1454, 1464, 1483, 1537, 1171, 1175, 1187, 1189, 1190,
Peretz *: 2410.
1580, 1648, 1655, 1659, 1736, 1191, 1192.
R.Peretz HaKohen: 1391.
1757, 1764, 1772, 1791, 1792, Rabin, Yitzchak: 1948, 1995
R.Peretz of Corbeil: 1290, 1298.
1794, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1942, Rabinovitz (R.Azriel): 1941.
Perisha: 1614.
1943, 1944, 1945. Rabinowitz (R.Yitzchak HaLevi):
Perpignan (France): 1319, 1391,
Poland-Lithuania: 1096, 1350, 1580, 1914.
1485, 1493.
1648. Rachav *: 2488.
Pershisskha (Admurim/see
Polannoe (Poland): 1648. Rachel *: 2192, 2208.
Adm.R.Simcha).
Pollak (see R.Yaakov). Radak: 1148, 1191, 1232.
Pershisskha (Admurim/see Yehudi).
Polonnoye (Poland): 1648. Radin (Lithuania): 1942.
Persia: 1291, 1661.
Polotzk (Lithuania): 1563. Radomsk (Adm.R.Shlomo of): 1866.
Persia (see also Bavel after 3390).
Pompey *: 3700. Radomsk (Poland): 1943.
Persia *: 3390, 3412, 3448, 3721,
Ponary: 1941, 1944. Radomyshl (Poland): 1941.
3986.
Ponevitch (Lithuania): 1941. Radoshkovichi (Poland): 1942.
Persian Empire *: 3986.
Pope : i946. Radvaz: 1492, 1517, 1553.
Peru: 1570.
Pope (John Paul II): 1986, 1993 Radziwillow (Poland): 1942.
Perugia (Italy): 1485.
Portugal: 1391, 1483, 1492, 1496. Ralbag (Gersonides): 1338, 1344.
Perushim *: 3570, 3634, 3648,
Portugal: (see Skulener): 1982 Rama MiFano: 1570.
3680, 3688, 3700.
Posen (Poland): 1577, 1580, 1590, Ramah: 1202, 1232, 1244.
Pesaro (Italy): 1798.
1592, 1620, 1687, 1716, 1736, Ramak (Cordovero): 1570, 1572,
Pessel Michah *: 2573, 2870.
1755, 1821. 1575.
Petach Tikva: 1921.
Posquieres (Provence): 1198. RaMaZ: 1697.
Peter Stuyvesant: 1654.
Potiphar *: 2216. Rambam (controversy): 1202, 1232,
Peter the Great: 1706
Potiphera *: 2205, 2229. 1305.
Petrokov (Poland): 1590, 1939.
Poznan (see Posen). Rambam (Maimonides): 1135, 1148,
Pezinok (Hungary): 1529.
Prague: 1096, 1389, 1399, 1400, 1150, 1165, 1187, 1202, 1204,
Pharaoh *: 2033, 2229.
1557, 1568, 1592, 1613, 1629, 1232, 1285, 1305, 1310.
Pharisees (see Perushim).
1630, 1648, 1680, 1689, 1741, Ramban (Nachmanides): 1194,
Philo(n) *: 3800.
1745, 1754. 1227, 1232, 1244, 1263, 1267,
philosophy: 1305.
Premishlaner (R.Meir(el)): 1850. 1270, 1291, 1293, 1310.
pidyon haben *: see chart TAKKANOT
Premyshl (Poland): 1939. Ramchal (see R.Moshe C. Luzzatto).
HAGE ' ONIM
Pressburg (Hungary): 1096, 1806. Ramerupt (France): 1147.
Pilegesh BeGiv'a *: 2573.
Pri Chadash: 1692.
Pilsen (Bohemia): 1504.
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Ramo (R.Moshe Isserles): 1557, 1563, Riva: 1105, 1161. Sanhedrin *: 3670, 3715, 3729,
1573 , 1570, 1613, 1614. Rivam: 1171. 3769, 3789, 3828, 3829, 3834,
Ramon, Ilan: 2003. Rivan: 1105. 3841, 3844, 3846, 3867, 3903,
Ran (R.Nissim): 1344, 1349, 1367, Rivash: 1367, 1388, 1391, 1407. 3908, 3925, 3990, 3995.
1391. Rivevan: 1260. R.Sar Shalom *: 4608, 4613.
ransom: 1216, 1286, 1294, 1450, Rivka *: 2049, 2084, 2123, 2208. Saragossa (Spain): 1182, 1349.
1521, 1625, 1794, 1827. Rivkes (see R.Moshe). Sarah *: 1958, 1973, 2023, 2048,
Raoul Wallenberg: 1945. Rogatchover Gaon (R.Yosef Rozin): 2084.
Rappaport (R.Chaim HaKohen): 1889, 1943. Sarah Schenirer: 1917.
1759. Rogatyn (Poland): 1942. Sarai *: 2048.
Rashba: 1270, 1291, 1293, 1305, Roke'ach (Sefer): 1197, 1237. Sardinia: 1492.
1310, 1319, 1336. Roman Annexation *: 3770. Sassanids *: 3986.
Rashbam: 1105, 1161, 1171, 1175. Roman Empire *: 3874. Satmar (Admurim/see Teitelbaum).
Rashbatz: 1391, 1407, 1444. Roman Empire divided East/West *: Saudi Arabia: 1948.
Rashi: 1105, 1475. 4046. Saul (see Shaul).
Rav (A) *: 3949, 3979, 4007. Romans *: 3628, 3648, 3700, 3715, Savurai *: 4236, 4320.
Rav of Lyady (see R.Shneur Zalman). 3721, 3725. Schaffa (Moravia): 1822.
Rava *: 4098, 4111, 4112. Rome: 1105, 1257, 1320, 1322, Schaffhausen (Switzerland): 1401,
R.Rava I (G) *: 4400, 4405, 4410. 1466, 1553, 1555, 1577, 1583, 1472.
Mar R.Rava II (G) *: 4479. 1667, 1798, 1944. Schechter (Solomon): 1896.
Mar R.Rava III (G) *: 4533, 4542. Rome *: 3688, 3829, 3830, 3841, Schenirer (Sarah): 1917.
Ravan: 1161, 1217. 3856, 3908. Schick (Maharam): 1861.
Ravenna (Italy): 1491. Rosannes (R.Yehuda) (see Mishneh Schneersohn (R.Levi Yitzchak): 1944.
Ravensburg (Germany): 1430. LeMel.). Schneersohn (see Adm.R.Menachem
Ravina I (A) *: 4152, 4181. Rosenzweig (Franz): 1929. Mendel).
Ravina II (A) *: 4234, 4235. Rosh (R.Asher): 1303, 1305, 1306, Schneersohn (see Adm.R.Shmuel).
Raviyah: 1217, 1244. 1310, 1327, 1328, 1334, 1342. Schneersohn (see Adm.R.Sholom
Razah: 1150. Rosh Emanah: 1508. DovBer).
Re'u *: 1787, 2026. Roth, Malka (Keren Malki): 2001. Schneersohn (see Adm.R.Yosef
Reb Itzikel MeHamburg: 1764. Rothenburg (Germany): 1298. Yitzchak).
RebbeR.Ber (see Maggid of Rothschild: 1827, 1836. Schneersohn (see Tzemach Tzedek II).
Mezeritsch). Rottingen (Germany): 1298. Schorr (R.Alexander): 1733.
Rebbi (see R.Yehuda HaNassi). Roudnice (Bohemia): 1745. Schwab, R.Shimon: 1980.
Rebecca (see Rivka). Rovno (Poland): 1941, 1942. Schweidnitz (Silesia): 1453.
Recanti (Italy): 1569. Rozin (R.Yosef/see Rogatchover). science: 1305, 1664,
Rechav'am (K) *: 2964. Rudolf Kasztner: 1944. Sdei Chemed: 1899.
Rechitsa (Russia): 1905. Rumania: 1648, 1867, 1941. Sdom *: 2006, 2048.
R.Rechumai *: 4236. Russia: 1310, 1655, 1742, 1772, secret Jews: 1096, 1148, 1198, 1311,
Recife (Brazil): 1630, 1654. 1791, 1804, 1812, 1822, 1827, 1391, 1661, 1839.
Reconstructionist movement: 1922 1831, 1838, 1924, 1939, 1941, secret Jews (see Marranos).
Reform movement: 1810, 1817, 1945, 1952, 1969, 1971, 1973, secret Jews *: 4342, 4471.
1824, 1827, 1824, 1830, 1851, 1980, 1987, 1991, 1992. seder *: 2171.
1885 1983, 1988. Russian Revolution: 1917, 1918. Seder HaDorot: 1711.
Refusenik: 1986 Ruth *: 2785, 2854. Seder Olam *: 3909.
Regensburg (Germany): 1096, 1519. Ruzhany (Poland): 1659. Sefer Charedim: 1592.
Reggio di Calabria (Italy): 1475. Ruzhin (see Adm.R.Yisrael of). Sefer HaAgur: 1487.
Reggio Emilia (Italy): 1630. Rymanov (see Adm.R.Men.Mendel Sefer HaChasidim: 1217.
Reinhard, Heydrich: 1942 of). Sefer HaChinuch: 1285
Reish Galuta (Exilarch): 1190. Sefer HaIkkarim: 1413.
Reish Galuta (Exilarch) *: 3990,
3995, 4420, 4515, 4523, 4531,
S Sefer HaIttur: 1179.
Sefer HaKabbala: 1126.
4546, 4577, 4677, 4690. Sefer HaManhig: 1203.
S.S.: 1942
Reish Lakish *: 4050. Sefer HaNitzachon: 1399.
Rbnu.Saadya Gaon *: 4683, 4688, 4690,
Reisher (R.Yaakov): 1733. Sefer HaTeruma: 1203.
4702, 4715.
Reishis Chochma: 1575. Sefer HaTerumot: 1227.
Sadducees (see Tzedukim).
Rembrandt: 1656. Sefer HaYashar: 1171.
Safed (see Tzfat).
ReMeZ: 1697. Sefer Keritut: 1306.
Safov (Moravia): 1822.
Renchen (Germany): 1301. Sefer Me'irat Enayim (Sma): 1614.
Sak (see R.Yaakov).
R.Raphael Meir Penijel: 1869. Sefer Mitzvot Gadol: 1236.
Salant (R.Shmuel): 1909.
Reuven *: 2195, 2216, 2218. Sefer Mitzvot Katan: 1280.
Salanter (see R.Yisrael).
R.Reuven Katz: 1673. Sefer Or Zaru'a: 1244.
Salome I (see Shalomit).
R.Reva'i *: 4300, 4320. Sefer Yere'im: 1161.
Salome II *: 3760, 3761.
Rhodes: 1498, 1522, 1840. Sefer Yuchasin: 1504.
Salonika (Greece): 1545, 1665, 1917,
Ri (R.Yitzchak): 1161, 1175, 1184, Seforno (R.Ovadya): 1542.
1943.
1187, 1203, 1217. Segovia (Spain): 1474.
Salzburg (Austria): 1404, 1418,
Ri MiGash: 1103, 1105, 1135, 1141. Selestat (Germany): 1479.
1498.
Ribeuville (Germany): 1336. Seleucius *: 3454.
R.Sama *: 4320.
rice on Pesach*: see chart TAKKANOT Semicha: 1388, 1538.
Samaria (see Shomron).
HAGE ' ONIM Senesh (Chanah): 1944.
Samaritans (see Kuthim).
Richard the Lion Hearted: 1189. Senigallia (Italy): 1798.
Sambor (Poland): 1943.
Rif (Alfasi): 1088, 1103, 1105, 1126. Sephardim *: 4715
Samson (see Shimshon).
Riga (Latvia): 1941. Sepphoris (Tzippori) *: 3867.
Samuel (see Shmuel).
Rindfleisch massacres: 1298. Septuagint *: 3515.
Sancheriv *: 3213.
Ritva: 1319. Serach *: 2218.
Sandomierz (Poland): 1655.
Ritzba: 1187. Serayah (KG) *: 3339.
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Index 387
Serug *: 1819, 2049. Shi'ite's*: 4420. Shmuel (A) *: 3990, 4007, 4014.
Seth *: 130. R.Shila *: 3979, 3990. R.Shmuel (Beit Shmuel): 1689.
Sevastopol (Russia): 1829. Shim'i (ben Gerah) *: 2935. Shmuel *: 2830, 2854, 2871, 2881,
Seville: 1391, 1464, 1481, 1483. Shim'i (KG) *: 3488. 2883, 2884.
Seyir *: 2216. Shimon (ben Hillel) (T) *: 3769. R.Shmuel ben Eli: 1190.
Sfass Emess: 1866, 1905. Shimon (ben Shatach) *: 3668, R.Shmuel ben Klonymos: 1217.
Sh'chem *: 2205. 3670, 3680, 3688, 3696. R.Shmuel ben Meir: 1105.
Sh'elot UTeshuvot Min HaShamayim: R.Shimon (ben Yochai) *: 3908, 3909. R.Shmuel ben Natrunai: 1197.
1203. Shimon (Chashmona'i) *: 3621, R.Shmuel de Medina: 1575.
Sha'agat Aryeh: 1785, 1821. 3634. R.Shmuel Edels (see Maharsha).
Sha'ar Ephrayim: 1655. Shimon *: 2195. R.Shmuel Ehrenfeld: 1883.
Sha'arei Dura: 1303. Shimon Bar Kuziba *: 3887, 3893. R.Shmuel HaChasid: 1217
Sha'arei Ora: 1290. R.Shimon ben Gamliel I *: 3810, 3826, Shmuel HaKatan (T) *: 3836.
Sha'arei Teshuva: 1263. 3827. R.Shmuel HaNagid: 1055.
Shabbateans: 1676, 1683, 1718, R.Shimon ben Gamliel II *: 3878, 3908, R.Shmuel HaNagid *: 4773.
1730, 1757, 1759. 3925. R.Shmuel HaSardi: 1227.
R.Shabbetai Bass: 1655, 1689, 1712. R.Shimon ben HaSgan *: 3893. Mar R.Shmuel I (G) *: 4493, 4511.
R.Shabbetai HaKohen (see Shach). R.Shimon ben Lakish *: 4050. R.Shmuel ibn Tibbon: 1204.
Shabbetai Tzvi: 1665, 1666, 1676, R.Shimon ben Tzadok: 1286. R.Shmuel II (G) *: 4508, 4515.
1895. R.Shimon Duran I (see Rashbatz). R.Shmuel Kelin: 1807.
Shabur I *: 4020. R.Shimon Duran II: 1467. Adm.R.Shmuel of Lubavitch: 1866, 1882.
Shach (R.Shabbetai Kohen): 1640, R.Shimon HaGadol *: 4772 R.Shmuel Salant: 1909.
1646, 1654, 1655, 1660. Shimon HaPakuli (T) *: 3836. R.Shmuel Strashun: 1872.
Shach, R.Menachem Mann: 1988, Shimon Hatzadik *: 3426, 3448, R.Shmuel Uceda (Uzida): 1575.
2001. 3449, 3488, 3580. R.Shmuel Yaffe: 1584.
Shalmanessar *: 3195, 3205. Shimon II (KG) *: 3580, 3600. Shnei Luchot HaBrit (Sefer): 1621.
Shaloh (R.Yeshayahu Horowitz): R.Shimon Ish HaMitzpeh (T) *: 3834. R.Shneur Zalman (Rav of Lyady): 1745,
1615 1619, 1621, 1625. R.Shimon Kaira *: 4519. 1770, 1772, 1798, 1800, 1812,
Mar R.Shalom (G) *: 4665, 4671. R.Shimon Schwab: 1980. 1827.
Shalom (K) *: 3154. R.Shimon Shkop: 1941. Sho'el UMeshiv: 1857.
Adm.R.Shalom DovBer of Lubavitch: 1882, Adm.R.Shimon Sholom (Amshinov): 1941. Shomron *: 3010, 3205, 3648.
1920. R.Shimon Sofer: 1879. Shomronim (see Kuthim).
Adm.R.Shalom of Belz: 1855. R.Shimshon (Count of Coucy): 1236. Sholom Aleichem: 1882
R.Shalom of Vienna: 1393, 1421, 1427. Shimshon (S) *: 2810, 2830. Shpoler Zeideh: 1811.
Shalom Rabinovitz: 1882 R.Shimshon of Chinon: 1306. R.Shraga Faivel Mendelovitz: 1921.
R.Shalom Shachna: 1570. R.Shimshon of Ostropole: 1648. Shua *: 2218.
R.Shalom Shar'abi: 1777. R.Shimshon of Shantz: 1187, 1202, Shuach *: 2096.
Shalomit (Salome I) (Q) *: 3668, 1211. Shulchan Aruch: 1563, 1570, 1575,
3670, 3686, 3688, 3696, 3700. R.Shimshon Rapha'el Hirsch: 1851, 1614, 1646.
Shalshelet HaKabbala: 1575. 1869. Shulchan Aruch HaRav: 1770.
Shamai *: 3715, 3729. Shimshon Wertheimer: 1719. Shvut Yaakov: 1733.
Shamgar (S) *: 2654. Shimusha Rabba: 1290. Sichon *: 1656, 2487.
Shanghai (China): 1941. Shinev (see Adm.R.Yechezk'el). Sicily: 1221, 1428, 1474, 1492.
R.Shanui *: 4542, 4543. Shitta MeKubetzet: 1553. Siddur *: 4618.
Shapira (R.Meir/Lubliner Rav): Shkop (R.Shimon): 1941. Sidrei Tahara: 1780.
1923. Shlettstadt (Germany): 1479. Siedlice (Russia): 1906.
Shapira (see Munkatch/Admurim). Shlomo (Solomon) *: 2912, 2924, Siena (Italy): 1798.
Shapiro (R.Eliyahu): 1712. 2928, 2935, 2964, 3338. Sifra *: 3949.
Shapiro (R.Natan): 1640. R.Shlomo Alkabetz: 1570. Sifri *: 3949.
Shapiro (see R.Eliyahu). Shlomo bar Chisdai (E) *: 4515, 4519. Siftei Chachamim (see R.Shabbetai
Shar'abi (R.Shalom): 1777. R.Shlomo ben Shimon Duran: 1444, Bass).
Sharansky, Natan: 1986 1467. Siftei Kohen (Shach): 1646.
Shaul *: 2870, 2882, 2883, 2884. R.Shlomo Ephrayim: 1609, 1616, 1619. Siftei Yesheinim: 1689.
R.Shaul Levi Morteira: 1655, 1656, R.Shlomo Ganzfried: 1886. Sighet (Admurim/see Teitelbaum).
1697. R.Shlomo HaBavli *: 4772. Silesia: 1267.
She'arim BeIssur VeHeter: 1303. R.Shlomo ibn Aderet (see Rashba). R.Silano *: 4631.
She'arim HaMetzuyanim BeHalacha: R.Shlomo ibn Gvirol: 1055. Silva (R.Chizkiyah da): 1692.
1948. R.Shlomo Kluger: 1820. Silver, R.Eliezer: 1941.
She'ilat Yavetz: 1776. R.Shlomo Luria (see Maharshal). R.Simcha `Machzor Vitry': 1105.
She'iltot D'R.Acha(i) *: 4515. Shlomo Molcho: 1532. Adm.R.Simcha Bunim of Gur: 1977, 1992.
Shechitot UBedikot (Sefer): 1451. R.Shlomo Montpellier: 1232, 1263. Adm.R.Simcha Bunim of Pershisskha: 1814,
Shedlitz (Russia): 1906. Adm.R.Shlomo of Bobov: 1876. 1827, 1859, 1866.
R.Shephatia *: 4631. Adm.R.Shlomo of Bobov (2): 1941, 2000. Simferopol (Crimea): 1905.
Sheit *: 130, 1042. R.Shlomo of Karlin: 1772, 1781, 1792. Simla Chadasha: 1733.
Shelach *: 1693, 2126. Adm.R.Shlomo of Radomsk: 1866. Simon (see Shimon).
Shem *: 1558, 1958, 2048, 2158. R.Shlomo Yitzchaki (see Rashi). Simon Dubnow: 1941.
Shem HaGedolim: 1806. R.Shlomo Yosef Zevin: 1947. R.Simuna *: 4280, 4300.
R.Shem Tov ibn Gaon: 1336. R.Shlomo Zalman Aurbach: 1995. Sinai Campaign: 1956.
Shem'aya *: 3696, 3715. R.Shlomo Zalman Broin: 1948. Sir Moses Montefiore (see Montefiore).
R.Shemaryahu (HaShavui) *: 4715. R.Shlomo Zalman Lifshitz: 1821. Sisra *: 2654.
Shepharam *: 3908. Shma Yisrael *: 4295. Sivuv (Sefer): 1173.
R.Sherira Gaon *: 4728, 4757. R.Shmelke of Nikolsburg: 1772, 1781, Six Day War: 1967.
R.Sheshna *: 4410, 4420. 1814. Skalat (Poland): 1943.
Sheva (ben Bichri) *: 2924, 2964. Shmona Esrei *: 3836. Skulener Rebbe: 1982
Shibbolei HaLeket: 1260. Slonim (Poland): 1941.
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Sma (R.Yehoshua Falk): 1614, 1640. Tarrega (Spain): 1349. Torah Temima: 1874.
SMaG (Sefer Mitzvot Gadol): 1236. Tartars: 1241, 1393, 1400, 1551, Torat HaBayit: 1293, 1310.
SMaK (Sefer Mitzvot Katan): 1280. 1648, 1651, 1667. Torat Moshe Alshich: 1575.
Smyrna (Turkey): 1665. Tashbatz: 1407. Torquemada: 1483.
Sobibor: 1942, 1943. Tashbetz: 1286. Tortosa (Spain): 1413.
Sochatchev (Adm.R.Avraham of): tax: 1255, 1271, 1278, 1456, 1492, Tosaphot: 1105, 1147, 1175, 1187,
1910. 1524, 1791. 1286, 1290, 1553.
Sochatchev (Poland): 1556, 1619. Tax Collectors *: 3550, 3570, 3600. Tosaphot HaRosh: 1327.
Sofer (R.Avraham Shmuel Taz (R.David ben Shmuel): 1648, Tosaphot Rbnu.Peretz: 1290.
Binyamin): 1839. 1654, 1664, 1665. Tosaphot Rid: 1244.
Sofer (R.Moshe - see Chassam Sofer). Te'omim (Pri Megadim - see R.Yosef). Tosaphot Shantz: 1290.
Sofer (R.Shimon): 1879. Te'omim (R.Aharon): 1690. Tosaphot Tuch (Touques): 1290.
Sofer (R.Yaakov Chaim/Caf Teitelbaum (see Adm.R.Chaim Tzvi). Tosaphot Yom Tov: 1616, 1629,
HaChayim): 1904. Teitelbaum (see Adm.R.Chananyah 1640, 1654.
Solomon (see Shlomo). Yom Tov). Toulouse (France): 1278, 1319.
Solomon Schechter: 1896. Teitelbaum (see Adm.R.Elazar Tours (France): 1321.
Solovetchik (see R.Chaim Brisker). Nissan). Trajan *: 3858, 3874.
Solovetchik (see R.Yosef Ber). Teitelbaum (see Adm.R.Moshe). Transylvania: 1648
Sonnenfeld (R.Yosef Chaim): 1920. Teitelbaum (see Adm.R.Moshe/ Treblinka: 1942, 1943.
South America: 1570, 1630. Yisma.Moshe). Trent (Italy): 1475.
space travel: 1961, 1969, 2003. Teitelbaum (see Adm.R.Yekutiel Treves (see Matt./see Yoch.).
Spain: 1216, 1241, 1269, 1350, Yehuda). Treviso (Italy): 1547.
1391, 1481, 1492, 1493. Teitelbaum (see Adm.R.Yoel(ish)). Tripoli: 1864.
Spain *: 3338, 4372, 4454, 4471, Tel Aviv: 1909, 1936, 1948, 1984. Trnava (Czechoslovakia): 1494,
4618, 4715. Tel Aviv *: 3342. 1537, 1539.
special Jewish dress (see Jews badge). Tel Chai: 1920. Trostyanets (Ukraine): 1919.
Spektor (R.Yitzchak Elchanan): 1896. Telz (Lithuania): 1941. Troyes (France): 1096, 1105, 1288.
Speyer (Bavaria): 1096, 1196, 1349, Temesvar (Rumania): 1936. Trumpeldor (Yosef): 1920.
1435. Temple (see Beit Hamikdash). tsunami *: 235
Spinoza (Baruch): 1656. Ten Martyrs (see Appendix C). Tuchin (Poland): 1941.
Stamfordfair (England): 1190. Ten Martyrs *: 3893, 3894. Tudela (Spain): 1319.
Stanislav (Poland): 1941, 1943. Ten Tribes *: 3187, 3195, 3205, Tuebingen (Germany): 1477.
Staro-Konstantinov (Poland): 1648. 3298. Tulchin (Ukraine): 1648, 1919.
Stefan Czarnetzki: 1655. Tennessee (U.S.A). Tunis: 1535, 1864.
Steinsaltz (R.Adin): 1967. Terach *: 1878, 1948, 1958, 2000, Tunisia: 1250.
Stolin (Russia): 1942. 2048, 2083. Tur (R.Yaakov ben Asher): 1327,
Strasbourg: 1349, 1793. Terumat HaDeshen: 1460. 1328, 1340, 1342, 1475.
Strashun (R.Shmuel): 1872. Tetiyev (Ukraine): 1768, 1920. Turei Zahav (Taz): 1646.
Stry (Poland): 1943. Tetuan (Morocco): 1860. Turkey: 1492, 1986, 2003.
Stuyvesant (Peter): 1655. Teverya: 1837. Tuval Kayin *: 395, 1656.
Styria (Austria): 1421, 1496. Teverya *: 3846, 3995. Tykocin (Poland-Lithuania): 1941.
Sura *: 3990, 4300, 4369, 4671, Tevu'ot Shor: 1733. Tyrnau (Czechoslovakia): 1494,
4687, 4702. Theodore Herzl: 1895. 1537, 1539.
survivors: 1939, 1941, 1943, 1944, Theodosius II *: 4189. Tzadikim Nistarim: 1734.
1945, 1946, 1947, 1948 Theresienstadt: 1945. Mar R.Tzadok (G) *: 4581, 4583.
Survivors' Talmud: 1946 Thirty Year War: 1629, 1648, 1655. Tzadok (KG) *: 2924.
Sweden: 1655, 1659, 1943. Thurgau (Switzerland): 1491. R.Tzadok (T) *: 3789.
Swiss banks: 1997. Thuringa (Germany): 1430. Tzadok *: 3530.
Switzerland: 1436, 1472, 1491. Tiberius (see Teverya). Adm.R.Tzadok HaKohen: 1900
Syria: 1260, 1400, 1948, 1967, tidal wave (see tsunami). Tzal'lephunit *: 2810.
1973. Tiferet Shlomo: 1866. Tzanzer (see Adm.R.Chaim
Tiferet Yisrael: 1837. Halberstam).
T Tiglath Pil'esser *: 3187.
Tikkun Middot HaNefesh: 1055,
Tzaphnat Pane'ach (Sefer): 1889.
Tzaphnat Pane'ach *: 2229.
1167. Tzedukim *: 3530, 3570, 3628,
R.Tachana *: 4236.
Tiktin (Poland-Lithuania): 1941. 3634, 3648, 3668, 3670, 3696,
Tadmor *: 4019.
Timisoara (Rumania): 1936. 3770, 3815.
Takkanot: 1040.
Timna *: 2216. Tzeida LaDerech: 1328.
Takkanot HaGe'onim *: 4405, 4548.
Tiras *: 1556. Tzemach David: 1613.
Takkanot HaGe'onim *: see chart
TiszaEszlar (Hungary): 1882. R.Tzemach Duran: 1467.
TAKKANOT HAGE ' ONIM
Titus *: 3825, 3828, 3829, 3830, R.Tzemach I (G) *: 4631, 4640.
Talmud (censored): 1263, 1413.
3841. R.Tzemach II (G) *: 4644, 4652.
Talmud *: 4320.
Tivni *: 3010. R.Tzemach III (G) *: 4695, 4699.
Talmud Bavli *: 4111, 4152, 4187,
Tivyumi (A) *: 4214, 4227. Tzemach Tzadik: 1884.
4235, 4236.
Tlemcen (Algeria): 1517, 1534. Tzemach Tzedek (II): 1827, 1843,
Talmud burning: 1240, 1242, 1244,
Tluste (Poland): 1943. 1866.
1319, 1322, 1553, 1559, 1757.
Todos (Theodus) *: 3688. Tzemach Tzedek I (see Krochmal).
Talmud Encyclopedia: 1947.
Tolah (S) *: 2737, 2758. Tzena URena: 1622.
Talmud, Survivors': 1946
Toldot Adam: 1713. Tzephanya (P) *: 3298.
Talmud Yerushalmi *: 4050, 4111.
Toldot Yaakov Yosef: 1760, 1781. Tzfat: 1747, 1759, 1837.
Tamar *: 2912, 2921.
Toledo (Spain): 1355, 1391, 1488, R.Tzidkiyah HaRofeh: 1260.
Tanna'im *: 3729, 3949.
1490. Tzidkiyahu (K) *: 3327, 3331, 3336,
Tanya (Sefer): 1798.
Tolstoye (Poland): 1943. 3337, 3338, 3339, 3364.
Tarnobrzeg (Poland): 1655.
Tomas de Torquemada: 1483. Tzippori (Sepphoris) *: 3867.
Tarnopol (Poland): 1941, 1942.
Torah Sheleima: 1925. Tzivon *: 2192.
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Index 389
Tzoozmir: 1655 Visigoths *: 4155, 4372, 4454. R.Yaakov III (G) *: 4671, 4683.
Tzova *: 2000. Vital (R.Chaim): 1572. R.Yaakov Krantz: 1804.
Tztitz Eliezer: 1945. Vitebsk (Poland-Russia): 1708, 1825. R.Yaakov Landau: 1487.
R.Tzvi Ashkenazi (see Chacham Tzvi). Vitry (France): 1321. R.Yaakov Moellin (see Maharil).
Adm.R.Tzvi Elimelech of Dynov: 1841. Vitry (see Machzor). R.Yaakov of Corbeil: 1192.
R.Tzvi Hirsch Kalischer: 1836. Vizhnitz (Adm.R.Baruch of): 1884. R.Yaakov of Marvege: 1203.
Adm.R.Tzvi Hirsch of Zydachov: 1830, 1874. Vizhnitz (Adm.R.Menachem Mendel R.Yaakov Pollak: 1503, 1565, 1570.
Adm.R.Tzvi Hirsch Shapira of Munkatch: of): 1884. R.Yaakov Reisher: 1733.
1913. Vladimir Volynski (Poland): 1942. R.Yaakov Sak: 1655, 1660.
Volhynia: 1580 R.Yaakov Weil: 1451.
U Volozhiner (see R.Chaim).
R.Yaakov Yehoshua Falk (see Pnei
Ysh.II).
Volozhiner (see R.Yitzchak). R.Yaakov Yitzchak Horowitz (see
U.N.: see United Nations
Chozeh).
U.S.A.: 1824, 1881, 1888, 1900,
1915, 1925, 1939, 1940, 1975, W Adm.R.Yaakov Yitzchak of Pershisskha: 1814.
R.Yaakov Yosef (of New York): 1888.
1980, 1991.
R.Yaakov Yosef of Polannoe: 1760.
USSR: 1987, 1992 Waldenberg (R.Eliezer Yehuda):
Yachin UBo'az: 1467.
Uberlingen: 1332, 1349. 1945.
Yad Ephrayim: 1828.
Uhel (Admurim/see Teitelbaum). Wallenberg (Raoul): 1945.
Yad HaChazaka: 1204.
Uhersky (Moravia): 1683. War of Independence: 1949.
Yad Malachi: 1767.
Ukraine: 1736, 1918, 1919, 1941. Warsaw: 1483, 1790, 1795, 1939,
Yad Ramah: 1244.
Ukva (E) *: 4603. 1943.
Yaffe (see R.Mordechai/Ba'al
Ulysses S. Grant: 1862. Warsaw ghetto: 1942, 1943.
Levushim).
Uman (Poland): 1768. Wasserman (R.Elchanan): 1941.
Yaffe (see R.Shmuel/Yefei To'ar).
Ungarish Brod(a) (Moravia): 1683. Weil (R.Netanel): 1769.
Yaffo (Jaffa): 1921.
United Nations: 1948, 1980, 1981, Weissensee (Germany).
Yakshan *: 2096.
1991 Wertheimer (Shimshon): 1719.
Yaktan *: 1757.
Urim VeTumim: 1741. Wiedenfeld (R.Dov Ber): 1939.
Yalkut Re'uveni: 1673.
Uriyahu (P) *: 3327. Wiener-Neustadt (Austria): 1230,
Yam Shel Shlomo: 1573.
Uriyah *: 2912. 1298.
Mar R.Yaneka *: 4479.
Ursicinus *: 4111. Wienner Gezera: 1421.
Yannai I (see Yoch.).
Usha *: 3846, 3878, 3908. Wiesel, Elie: 1986
Yannai II (Alexander) *: 3670.
Utz *: 2049, 2218. Winchester (England): 1192.
Yaphet *: 1556.
utensids, holy*: 3829, 4215. Wise (Isaac Mayer): 1844.
Yarchei Kalla *: 3995.
utensils, holy: 1869. Wittenberg (Yitzchak): 1943.
Yaroslav (Poland): 1737.
Utzit *: 2218. Wojslawice (Poland): 1761.
Yasser (see Arafat).
Uziyahu (K) *: 3115, 3130, 3142. woman (learned): 1190, 1585, 1614,
Yaval *: 395.
1646, 1689, 1733, 1745, 1917.
Yavan *: 1556.
V woman (learned) *: 3909.
Worcester (England): 1275.
Yavetz *: 2533.
Yavetz - (see R.Yaakov Emden).
World Jewish Congress: 1952.
Va'ad Arba A. (participants/ Yavneh *: 3828, 3829, 3834, 3841,
World Trade Center (N.Y.): 2001
activity): 1557, 1585, 1599, 3846, 3856, 3858.
World War I: 1914.
1614, 1640, 1650, 1654, 1690, Yechanya (see Yehoyachin).
World War II: 1939, 1943, 1945.
1753, 1760. Yechezk'el (P) *: 3327, 3332, 3339,
World War III: 2001.
Va'ad Arba Aratzot: 1580, 1650, 3340, 3352.
Worms (Germany) (see Virmyze).
1753, 1764. R.Yechezk'el Abramsky: 1933.
Wormser (Sekel): 1782.
Valencia (Spain): 1391. R.Yechezk'el Landau (see Noda
Wuertemberg (Germany): 1519.
Valreas (France): 1247. BiYehuda).
Wurtzburg (Germany): 1147, 1298.
Vandals *: 4215. Adm.R.Yechezk'el Shraga of Shinev: 1876.
Vasco da Gama: 1496. R.Yechi'el Heilprin: 1711.
Vashti *: 3395. X R.Yechi'el Hillel Altshuler: 1770.
Vatican: 1869. R.Yechi'el Michel Epstein: 1874.
Vehu Rachum (prayer) *: see chart Xanten (Germany): 1096. R.Yechi'el Michel of Zlotchov: 1760,
TAKKANOT HAGE ' ONIM 1781.
Venice: 1393, 1480, 1506, 1516,
1553, 1630.
Y R.Yechi'el of Paris: 1240, 1260, 1280,
1286, 1290.
Venosa (Italy) *: 4631. Yefei To'ar: 1584.
Ya'ir (S) *: 2758.
Verdun (France): 1320. Yefuneh *: 2410.
R.Ya'ir Chaim Bacharach: 1689.
Vespasian *: 3825, 3826, 3827, Yeho'achaz I (K) *: 3083.
Yaakov *: 2108, 2123, 2171, 2185,
3828, 3831. Yeho'achaz II (K) *: 3316.
2192, 2205, 2208, 2238, 2255.
Vicenza (Italy): 1485. Yeho'ash I (K) *: 3056, 3061, 3084,
R.Yaakov AbiChatzira: 1880.
Victoria (Queen, England): 1890. 3098, 3100.
R.Yaakov Ashkenazi: 1622.
R.Vidal di Tolose: 1344. Yeho'ash II (K) *: 3083, 3098, 3100,
R.Yaakov Bei Rav: 1492, 1536, 1538.
R.Vidal Ephrayim Gerondi: 1391. 3115.
R.Yaakov ben Asher (see Tur).
Vienna: 1196, 1349, 1670. Yehonatan (ben Shaul) *: 2884.
R.Yaakov ben Meir (see Rbnu.Tam).
Vienne (France): 1252. Yehoram I (K) *: 3043, 3055, 3056.
R.Yaakov ben Yakar: 1096, 1105.
Vilkovishk (Lithuania): 1941. Yehoram II (K) *: 3047, 3055.
R.Yaakov Chaim (Sofer): 1904.
Vilna: 1592, 1635, 1655, 1687, Yehoshaphat (K) *: 3024, 3047.
R.Yaakov Culi: 1724.
1795, 1919, 1941, 1943. Yehosheva *: 3056.
R.Yaakov D'Orleans: 1189.
Vilna Gaon: 1772, 1781, 1797, 1798, R.Yehoshua (ben Chananyah) (T) *:
R.Yaakov Emden: 1750, 1776, 1783.
1809, 1821. 3830 3834, 3841, 3842, 3844,
Mar R.Yaakov I (G) *: 4475, 4493.
Vinitza (Russia): 1941. 3856, 3878, 3880.
R.Yaakov ibn Chaviv: 1492, 1516.
Virmyze (Germany): 1096, 1197, Yehoshua (ben Gamlah) *: 3680.
R.Yaakov II (G) *: 4558, 4573.
1349, 1614, 1689.
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390
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Yehoshua (ben Perachya) *: 3610, Yerubaal *: 2694. R.Yitzchak Abohab III: 1642, 1655,
3623, 3668, 3671, 3680, 3688. Rbnu.Yerucham: 1306, 1334. 1656.
Yehoshua (Joshua) *: 2406, 2488, Yerushalayim: 1099, 1187, 1244, Adm.R.Yitzchak Aisik of Kalliv: 1781.
2495, 2516. 1267, 1488, 1521, 1625, 1720, R.Yitzchak Albuker: 1815.
Yehoshua (KG) *: 3390, 3391, 3408. 1741, 1878, 1909, 1948, 1949, R.Yitzchak Alfasi (see Rif).
Yehoshua ben Sira *: 3488. 1958, 1967, 1984. R.Yitzchak Ba'al HaChotem: 1280.
R.Yehoshua Falk (see Meginei Shlomo). Yerushalayim *: 1558, 2084, 2892, R.Yitzchak ben Abba Mari: 1179.
R.Yehoshua Falk (see Sma). 3319, 3327, 3336, 3338, 3426, R.Yitzchak ben Asher I: 1105.
R.Yehoshua Heschel (RebbeR.Heschel): 3438, 3727, 3828, 3829, 3835, R.Yitzchak ben Asher II: 1105.
1654, 1689. 3883, 3887, 3893, 4374, 4389, R.Yitzchak ben Asher III: 1196.
Adm.R.Yehoshua of Belz: 1855, 1879. 4421, 4560. R.Yitzchak ben Sheshet (see Rivash).
Yehoyachin (Yechanya) (K) *: 3316, Yesdegerd II *: 4215. R.Yitzchak ben Shmuel (see Ri).
3327, 3364. Mar R.Yeshayah HaLevi (G) *: 4556, 4558. R.Yitzchak Chayes: 1613.
Yehoyada (KG) *: 3056, 3061, 3098. Yeshayahu (Isaiah) (P) *: 3142, R.Yitzchak Elchanan Spektor: 1896.
Yehoyakim (K) *: 3316, 3319, 3321, 3167, 3213, 3228. R.Yitzchak HaLevi Rabinowitz: 1914.
3327. R.Yeshayahu ben Abba Mari: 1388. R.Yitzchak Hertzog: 1947.
Yehu (ben Chanani) (P) *: 3009. R.Yeshayahu ben Avraham (Ba'er R.Yitzchak Horowitz: 1764.
Yehu (K) *: 3055, 3056, 3083. Heitev 1): 1723. R.Yitzchak I (G) *: 4396, 4420.
Yehuda (Aristoblus I) (K) *: 3670. R.Yeshayahu Horowitz (see Shaloh). Mar R.Yitzchak II (G) *: 4593, 4598.
R.Yehuda (bar Yechezk'el) (A) *: 4019 R.Yeshayahu of Trani: 1244. R.Yitzchak Kanpanton: 1463, 1493.
4050, 4058, 4060. yeshiva : 1821, 1941 R.Yitzchak Karo: 1496, 1522.
R.Yehuda (ben HaRosh): 1327, 1328, Yeshu (Jesus) *: 3671, 3790. R.Yitzchak Lampronti: 1756.
1349. Yeshua (ben Sitda) *: 3671. R.Yitzchak Luria (see Ari'zal).
R.Yehuda (ben Ila'i) (T) *: 3909, 3925. Yeshua (see Jason). Adm.R.Yitzchak Meir (see Chidush.HaRim).
Yehuda (HaMaccabi) *: 3621, 3622, Yetev Lev: 1858. R.Yitzchak of Acco: 1291.
3628. Yeven Metzula: 1683. R.Yitzchak of Corbeil: 1280.
Yehuda *: 2195, 2218, 2785. Yevesektzia: 1920. R.Yitzchak of Dura: 1303, 1349.
Yehuda Aristoblus (K) *: 3668. Yibum*: 3670 Adm.R.Yitzchak of Skvira: 1837.
R.Yehuda ben Beteira *: 3894. Yiddish: 1096, 1540, 1559, 1622, R.Yitzchak of Vienna: 1244, 1286.
R.Yehuda ben Binyamin: 1260. 1724, 1782, 1783, 1861, 1882, Yitzchak Rabin: 1948, 1995
R.Yehuda ben Natan: 1105. 1897, 1940, 1952. R.Yitzchak Sagi Nahor: 1227.
Yehuda ben Tabbai *: 3688, 3696. Yiphtach (S) *: 2758, 2779. R.Yitzchak Volozhiner: 1843, 1846,
R.Yehuda Chasid: 1700. Yir'iyah *: 3337. 1848, 1893.
R.Yehuda HaChasid: 1217, 1237, 1244. Yirmiyahu (P) *: 3298, 3321, 3331, Yitzchak Wittenberg: 1943.
R.Yehuda HaKohen (Rbnu.Leontin): 3332, 3337, 3338, 3339, 3346, Adm.R.Yitzchak Yehuda Yechi'el of Komarno:
1040. 3352. 1874.
R.Yehuda HaLevi: 1105, 1164. Yishai *: 2854. R.Yitzchak Yerucham Diskin: 1920.
Yehuda HaMa'amin: 1644. Yishbak *: 2096. Yo'av *: 2921, 2924.
R.Yehuda HaNassi *: 3925, 3949, Yishmael (ben Netanya) *: 3339. Yoch. Hyrk. (Yannai I) (K) *: 3642,
3979, 4050. Yishmael *: 2034, 2048, 2061, 2171, 3648, 3668.
R.Yehuda I (G) *: 4499. 3893. R.Yochanan (A) *: 3995, 4007, 4014,
R.Yehuda ibn Tibbon: 1148, 1167. Yismach Moshe: 1808. 4050.
R.Yehuda II (G) *: 4519, 4523. R.Yisrael (Maggid) of Kozhnitz: 1772, Yochanan (ben Kareyach) *: 3339.
R.Yehuda III (G) *: 4666, 4677. 1812, 1814, 1827, 1841, 1866. Yochanan (KG) *: 3621, 3622, 3623,
Adm.R.Yehuda Leib (see Sfass Emess). Yisrael (see Eretz). 3628, 3642.
R.Yehuda Liva (see Maharal). Yisrael *: 2205. R.Yochanan ben Zakkai *: 3713, 3810,
R.Yehuda Nessia I *: 3949, 3990. R.Yisrael Ba'al Shem (see Ba'al Shem 3828, 3829, 3834.
R.Yehuda Nessia II *: 3990, 4060. Tov). R.Yochanan HaSandlar *: 3894.
R.Yehuda Nessia III *: 4069, 4119. R.Yisrael Brunna: 1453, 1454, 1456. R.Yochanan Treves: 1388.
R.Yehuda of Paris: 1240, 1244. R.Yisrael Horowitz: 1568. Yocheved *: 2238, 2255, 2368.
R.Yehuda of Tiktin: 1723. R.Yisrael Isserlein (see Maharay). Yoel *: 2881.
R.Yehuda Rosannes (see Mishneh R.Yisrael Lipshutz: 1837. R.Yoel Ba'al Shem: 1713.
LeMelech). R.Yisrael Meir Kagan (see Chafetz R.Yoel Sirkes (see Bach).
R.Yehudai Gaon (see R.Yehuda II). Chaim). Adm.R.Yoel(ish) of Satmar: 1904, 1928,
Yehudi of Pershisskha: 1814, 1827, 1944, 1979.
R.Yisrael Meir Meir Lau: 1993
1859. Yom Kippur War: 1973.
Adm.R.Yisrael of Gur: 1948, 1977.
Yehudit (Chashmona'it) *: 3622. R.Yom Tov (ibn Ashvili) (see Ritva).
R.Yisrael of Krems: 1380, 1393.
Yehudit *: 2158. R.Yom Tov Kahana (G) *: 4683, 4687.
Adm.R.Yisrael of Ruzhin: 1840, 1884.
Yehupetz:.: 1882 R.Yom Tov Lipman Heller (see Tos.Y.T.).
R.Yisrael of Shklov: 1809.
Yekaterinoslav (Russia): 1905. R.Yom Tov Lipman Millhousen: 1399.
R.Yisrael Salanter: 1848, 1857, 1883.
R.Yekutiel (ben Moshe) *: 4772. Rbnu.Yona (Gerondi): 1263, 1310.
Yissachar *: 2195, 2218.
Adm.R.Yekutiel Yehuda of Klausenberg: Yona (P) *: 3083, 3115, 3154.
R.Yissachar Berman: 1584.
1945. Yonatan (ben Uziel) *: 3769.
Yitro *: 2449.
Adm.R.Yekutiel Yehuda of Sighet: 1841, Yonatan (Chashmona'i) *: 3621,
R.Yitzchak (Ai)Sekel Wormser: 1782.
1858, 1883. 3628, 3634.
R.Yitzchak (R.Profiat) Duran: 1391.
yellow badge/patch/star (see Jews R.Yonatan Eybeshutz: 1741, 1750,
R.Yitzchak (Ritzba): 1187.
badge). 1753, 1764.
R.Yitzchak (V) *: 4311.
Yemen: 1678, 1948, 1950. York: 1190, 1191.
Yitzchak *: 2048, 2084, 2123, 2171,
Yemen *: 4285. Yosee, ben Yo'ezer *: 3550, 3610.
2228, 2332, 2448.
Yemeni children: 1995. Yosee, ben Yochanan *: 3530, 3550,
R.Yitzchak Abarbanel: 1483, 1492,
Yerav'am I (K) *: 2964, 2981, 2985, 3570.
1493, 1494, 1508.
2986, 3009. R.Yosef (A) *: 4060, 4081, 4085.
R.Yitzchak Abohab I: 1389.
Yerav'am II (K) *: 3115. Yosef (ben Tuviyah) *: 3550.
R.Yitzchak Abohab II (see Maharyah).
Yered *: 460, 1422. R.Yosef (V) *: 4236, 4280.
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Index 391
Yosef *: 2195, 2199, 2216, 2229, Z

2238, 2309.
R.Yosef Albo: 1413. Zachreinu L'Chayim (prayer) *: see
R.Yosef Babad: 1874. chart TAKKANOT HAGE'ONIM
R.Yosef ben Avraham Gikatilya: 1290. Zacuto (see R.Avraham).
R.Yosef Ber Solovetchik I : 1892. Zacuto (see R.Moshe).
R.Yosef Ber Solovetchik II (see charts). Zakkai bar Achunai (E) *: 4531.
R.Yosef Breuer: 1980. Zaleshchiki (Poland): 1941.
R.Yosef Chaim Al-Chakkam: 1869. Zambrov (Poland): 1941.
R.Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld: 1920. Zbitkower (Yosef Shmuel): 1794.
R.Yosef Chaviva (see Nimukei Yos.). Zecharyah (KG) *: 3100.
R.Yosef Engel: 1906. Zecharyah (P) *: 3392, 3408, 3412,
R.Yosef HaNagid: 1055, 1066. 3426, 3448.
R.Yosef I (G) *: 4499, 4508. R.Zecharyah Mendel of Belz: 1723.
R.Yosef ibn MiGash: 1103. Zecharyahu (K) *: 3153, 3154.
Mar R.Yosef II (G) *: 4558, 4565. Zeitlin (Hillel): 1942.
Mar R.Yosef III (G) *: 4575, 4577. Zemba (R.Menachem): 1943.
R.Yosef IV (G) *: 4577, 4588, 4593. Zerach Hakushi *: 2983.
R.Yosef Kahaneman: 1941. R.Zerachyah HaLevi: 1150.
R.Yosef Karo: 1488, 1492, 1522, 1536, Zerubavel *: 3390, 3391, 3408,
1538, 1542, 1563, 1570, 1572, 3413, 3426.
1575. Zevin (R.Shlomo Yosef): 1947.
R.Yosef Kolon: 1480. Zevulun *: 2195, 2218.
R.Yosef Rozin (see Rogatchover). Zhabotin (Poland): 1768.
R.Yosef Saragossi: 1492. Zhitomir (Ukraine): 1753, 1905,
Yosef Saralvo: 1583. 1919, 1941.
R.Yosef Shaul Nathanson: 1857. Zholkva (Poland): 1757, 1770.
R.Yosef Shmuel of Cracow: 1689. Zilpah *: 2192.
Yosef Shmuel Zbitkower: 1794. Zimran *: 2096.
R.Yosef Te'omim: 1773, 1809. Zimri (K) *: 3010.
Yosef Trumpeldor: 1920. Zinner, R.Gavriel: 1988.
Mar R.Yosef V (G) *: 4598, 4601. Zionist movement: 1895.
Adm.R.Yosef Yitzchak of Lubavitch: 1920, Zlotchov ((Poland): 1941.
1924, 1927, 1940, 1950. Zobalotov (Ukraine): 1941.
R.Yosef Yoselman: 1525, 1530, 1543. Zohar: 1290, 1740.
R.Yosef Yoizel of Novardok: 1945. Zolkiew (Poland): 1757, 1770.
Yoselman (see R.Yosef). Zuleicha *: 2216.
Yoshiyahu (Josiah) (K) *: 3283, Zurich: 1349, 1436.
3285, 3298, 3303, 3316, 3389. R.Zushya of Annopol: 1772.
R.Yossi (ben Chalafta) *: 3909. Zydachov (Adm.R.Tzvi Hirsch of):
Yotam (K) *: 3167, 3183. 1874.
Yovav *: 1757, 2218.
Yugoslavia: 1941.
Yussuf *: 4285.
Section >>
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"A worthy contribution to
Author of the highly acclaimed unadalterated Jewish history."
Rabbi Mordechai Gifter,
Jewish Time Line Encyclopedia O.B.M.
ªThere is no other Jewish history book that provides

information in this highly specialized manner ..... The Jewish
Time Line Encyclopedia has already become an invaluable
reference tool for librarians, scholars, teachers and students.º
The Jewish Advocate, Boston
ªRabbi Mattis Kantor is blessed with extraordinary skills as
an educator. He has prepared an indispensable reference
work for every Judaic library. It provides a global perspective
on the whole panorama of Jewish history, allowing the ª...there is simply nothing else like it. What the gifted author
researcher and even the casual reader to perceive the patterns has done is to examine the broad span of history year-by-
of Jewish glory, survival and eternity.º year ..... The result is breathtaking.
"Kantor" will not only become a standard reference book; it
Rabbi J. Fishman, Torah Umesorah,
will also provide hours (perhaps years) of educational
National Society for Hebrew Day Schools enjoyment to the many who will browse, and browse again,
through its absolutely fascinating pages.º
Arthur Kurzweil,
ª...the references are most impressive ....Historians who are (then) Editor-in-Chief, Jewish Book Club
unfamiliar with the religious literature will be most thankful
to Rabbi Kantor for giving them access.... unique among the
single volume histories .... user friendly ....º ª...the volume does provide a very helpful tool ...... a library
The Australian Jewish News reference work...º
The Jerusalem Post
ªThe fine scholarship and painstaking thoroughness reflected

ªThe Jewish Time Line Encyclopedia is a feast for browsers
in this encyclopedic work are most impressive. The
...... a resoundingly Jewish book....º
encyclopedia is not only unique in its presentation of Jewish
history in light of Jewish tradition, but alsoÐand foremostlyÐ The Jewish Post
in its directing the reader to the wealth of talmudic and
rabbinic sources. For the student of History, it will serve as a ªThere is a uniqueness in the manner ... lends considerable
key to the treasures of Jewish traditional historical sources to importance to Rabbi Kantor©s literary accomplishment.º
which at present he hardly has any independent access.º
The Detroit Jewish News
Prof. Ezra Shereshevsky, Temple University
Dept. of Hebrew & Near Eastern Languages
ªRabbi Kantor has written a book of excellent scholarship
and great practical value .... the material is based on thorough
research of Talmudic and Rabbinic resources............º
ª.....The encyclopedia is constructed in a highly accessible
way......º Rabbi Berel Wein, Historian, Jerusalem,
The Jewish Week, N.Y. formerly - Shaarei Torah, N.Y.
ªI am deeply impressed by the grandeur of this book and its

ªKantor©s volume has something for everyone ..... no Jewish usefulness for scholars and students in Jewish history. Its vista
library should be without.º comprises the entire panorama of Jewish history. The special
The Canadian Jewish News value of this volume is its usefulness to the layman and the
academic community. It enables potential students and
scholars to correlate Jewish history and world history and to
understand the significance of Jewish movements in their
"..... a most important and necessary contribution historical context.º
....encouraging to see such a comprehensive yet concise Dr. Bernard Lander

documentation....so remarkable in its presentation and
President, Touro College
style...a valuable asset on the shelf of every Jewish adult and
student, teenager and bar mitzvah boy ....."
Rabbi Abraham B. Hecht,
President, Rabbinical Alliance of America
392
Section >>
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ABOUT
THE
AUTHOR
A ustralian born Rabbi Mattis Kantor studied in

Yeshivot in Cleveland, Israel and then New York,
where he received Rabbinical ordination from the Yeshiva
Tomchei Tmimim in 1966, and a Masters Degree in
Educational Administration from Fordham University in 1970.
He is a noted author and lecturer who has held a
number of educational positions in the United States and
Australia. He has recently retired as the rabbi of Congregation
Zichron Moshe in Monsey New York, and is currently writing
new works.
He is the author of three major works; all have been
featured as a MAIN SELECTION OF THE MONTH by the Jewish
Book Club in the USA.
A Guide for the Entangled; CHASSIDIC INSIGHTS was
first published in 1978. It is a system of contemporary religious
hashkafa philosophy with a mystical Kabala blend.
A Guide for the Entangled; T EN K EYS FOR
UNDERSTANDING HUMAN NATURE was published in spring of
1994. It is a system of personality analysis based on the Kabala.
THE JEWISH TIME LINE ENCYCLOPEDIA was first
published in 1989. The exceptional organization of this work
and its traditional approach to Jewish history have won it
some remarkable acclaim for its brief — yet comprehensive,
and simple scholarly, style. It has seen three editions.
393

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Covering 5,764 Years of

Zichron Press, New York, 2005

IV 14 The Acharonim — Later Scholars ................................................................. 233

THE FULL SPECTRUM

SECTION I — THE BEGINNINGS

SECTION II — THE NATION

SECTION III — RIVERS OF BABYLON,...

9. The Talmudic Era — The Mishna

Page with arrow keys >

2255 Yaakov died. -1506

© 2005 CODEX JUDAICA — Chronological Index of Jewish History

Page with arrow keys >

Home | TOC | Index

© 2005 CODEX JUDAICA — Chronological Index of Jewish History

3413 Ezra led the second return to Eretz Yisrael. -348

3515 72 Elders translated the Torah into Greek (Septuagint) -246

3623 CHANUKA WAS DECLARED A FESTIVAL. -138

Chapter 8d — Roman Client Kings & Rulers.

3725 Herod I ruled, killing all the Chashmona'im. -36

3834 R.Yochanan ben Zakkai died. 74

© 2005 CODEX JUDAICA — Chronological Index of Jewish History 36

4311 Mar Zutra proclaimed Jewish self-rule in Babylonia. 551

Chapter 11b — The GE'ONIM, and Arabic Dominion

4349 The Metivta of Pumpedita was reconstituted. 589

4800 Rbnu.Gershom Me'or HaGola died. 1040

5646 R.Shlomo Ganzfried (author of Kitzur Shulchan Aruch) died. 1886

5707 Publication of the Talmud Encyclopedia was commenced. 1947

Dispersion from Bavel after building the tower.

[Mid.Yal.Sh.1, Rab. Bam.14],

ffzff 2216 -1545 ffzff Yosef became Viceroy of Egypt.

The Second Beit Hamikdash

Chapter 8d — Roman Client Kings & Rulers.

3725 Herod I ruled, killing all the Chashmona'im. -36

CODEX JUDAICA — Chronological Index of Jewish History

ffzff 3454 -307 ffzff ffzff 3515 -246 ffzff

KINGS & RULERS OF THE

Jewish Year Secular Year

♦ Exact dates are not known for the Nessi'im.

131 CODEX JUDAICA — Chronological Index of Jewish History

ROMAN CLIENT KINGS & RULERS

Jewish Year Secular Year

PHOT (see 5050\1290), is referred to in Tosaphot as

ffzff 5003 1243 ffzff ffzff 5008 1248 ffzff

ffzff 5051 1291 ffzff ffzff 5053 1293 ffzff

KERCHIEFS — and they were subjected to severe eco-

ffzff 5323 1563 ffzff ffzff 5326 1566 ffzff

Beit Shmuel (R.Shmuel) b.1630?,d.1700?

ffzff 5474 1713 ffzff ffzff 5480 1720 ffzff

Jews subsequently left the town (see 5496\1736).

ffzff 5500 1740 ffzff ffzff 5503 1743 ffzff

died on the 19th Iyar. R.Yisrael of Ruzhin b.1797, d.1850.

followers (after his death, according to some)

ffzff 5600 1840 ffzff

this stage (see 5685\1925, 5699\1939). ffzff 5694 1934 ffzff

See page 294

Yar (see Tishrei 2

ffzff 5751 1990 ffzff ffzff 5752 1991 ffzff

Chapter 15c — The Post-Holocaust Era.