Government Polytechnic College Karad: Second Year Diploma Engineering (I-Schme) A Project of
Government Polytechnic College Karad: Second Year Diploma Engineering (I-Schme) A Project of
Government Polytechnic College Karad: Second Year Diploma Engineering (I-Schme) A Project of
Karad
A PROJECT OF
“LED FLASHER”
SUBMITED BY
Mr. Girish Deshmukh(1520)
GUIDE
Mr. Kadam.
(DEPARTMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION )
Have successfully completed the project report titled as “LED FLASHER” prescribed by
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education for S.Y. Semester III during year 2019-20.
Date :
The micro project “LED FLASHER” is incomplete till we thanks those people who
help and guide us. We thanks Prof. Kadam for her valuable support and guidance. We also
thanks to our HOD Prof. Sarvade. We specially thanks Dr.V.S.Bandal for encouragement and
support.
We also thanks to all my friends, teachers and non-teaching staff for their moral support.
2 Basic 6
4 Analysis 7
5 Testing 8
6 Application 8
7 Conclusion 9
7 Reference 10
Abstract
This report will explain the processes to synthesize a test and troubleshoot the
system we had to build as well as the technique we had to implement and
efficiently completing this as a team.
Introduction
The mini project we built is an electronic system, like many others it uses an
Input-Processing-Output structure. The first system had an output of a flashing
LED. The second system, the output was a speaker. Both were processed by a
555 Integrated Circuit. The report explains how to build the circuit, the
problems that may arise, and the lessons learned.
(Left to right) 555 Integrated Circuit, (3) Resistors (4.7K, 10K, and 1K), C1-10
uF Capacitor, LED
The components [2] in FIGURE 2 used in the IPO process were placed on the
breadboard of a RadioShack Electronics Learning Lab. For the input—we used
a 6 Volt source which powered the circuit. The The input was processed first
through a series of resistors, which limit the electric current received from the
power source. This current is then sent to the capacitor, which continually stores
a given amount of charge and will discharge once it’s full. Once the capacitor is
full it discharges current into the 555 Integrated Circuit periodically (pulse rate)
to time when the integrated circuit should output current itself. Then the circuit
in FIGURE 3 directs current to the LED output which flashes
The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse
generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time
delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide two
(556) or four (558) timing circuits in one package.[2]
Introduced in 1972[3] by Signetics,[4] the 555 is still in widespread use due to its
low price, ease of use, and stability. It is now made by many companies in the
original bipolar and in low-power CMOS technologies. As of 2003, it was
estimated that 1 billion units were manufactured every year.[5] The 555 is the
most popular integrated circuit ever manufactured.[6][7]
The capacitor is a component which has the ability or “capacity” to store energy
in the form of an electrical charge producing a potential difference (Static
Voltage) across its plates, much like a small rechargeable battery.
There are many different kinds of capacitors available from very small capacitor
beads used in resonance circuits to large power factor correction capacitors, but
they all do the same thing, they store charge.
In its basic form, a capacitor consists of two or more parallel conductive (metal)
plates which are not connected or touching each other, but are electrically
separated either by air or by some form of a good insulating material such as
waxed paper, mica, ceramic, plastic or some form of a liquid gel as used in
electrolytic capacitors. The insulating layer between a capacitors plates is
commonly called the Dielectric.
When a voltage is applied across the electrodes the current flows from the anode
(P side) to the cathode (N side). When an electron meets a hole at the P-N
junction it falls in to a lower energy state. The difference in energy of the two
states is called the ‘Band gap’which is a characteristic of the material
comprising the P-N junction.
The excess energy of the electron is emitted as a Photon. More is the ‘Band
Gap’ higher is the energy difference and shorter is the wavelength of the light
emitted.
From Felder’s learning style inventory, when describing components and circuit
functions, our team were more visual than verbal. The visual representations of
the circuits [2] we built were a valuable aid in understanding the configurations
[3] as well as the function. The organization of information we gathered adhered
closely to the inductive method—that is to be given facts and observations. As a
team, we progressed towards understanding sequentially rather than globally,
following step-by-step procedural methods.
FIGURE A timed 555 Integrated Circuit powered by a 6 volt source with an LED output.
Applications
Following the diagram in FIGURE 6, we implemented a speaker by replacing the R2 resistor with a
100K
Potentiometer. R2 controls the frequency of the tone. The higher resistance controlled by the
we approached the task. It was easy to build the circuit by using the workbook, which demonstrates
how we lean more towards visual-style learning, rather than verbally. In Bloom’s taxonomy, we
actually
went down the pyramid in order of the “Cognition” domain. Multisim™ allowed us to simulate the
circuit without the potential of damaging any components in the process. Through teamwork, we
learned about the components needed to construct two different IPO systems. The first was an LED
flasher with a frequency controlled by a potentiometer. The second was a system using an audible
output (speaker). The potentiometer in this system controlled the frequency of the tone. This project
portrays
[2] Mims III, F. M., “Basic Electronics Workbook I,” RadioShack, Fort Worth, TX.
[3] Mims III, F. M., “Electronic Sensor lab Workbook,” RadioShack, Fort Worth, TX.