NIST Properties of Copper at Cryogenic Temperatures
NIST Properties of Copper at Cryogenic Temperatures
NIST Properties of Copper at Cryogenic Temperatures
Technology Administration
National Institute of Standards and Technology
N. J. Simon
E. S. Drexler
R. P. Reed
Sponsored by
February 1992
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402-9325
NOTE TO READERS
The number of digits in some of the tables is an artifact of the computer program used to
analyze the data. This program furnished tabular output with the same number of decimal places for all
numbers. Thus, the number of digits given in the table does not represent the number of significant
digits in the measured or calculated values.
The letters A, B, 0, ... that follow the reference number in the tables and graphs are used to
distinguishbetween data on alloys of different composition from the same reference.
Each subsection of the monograph is intended to be self-contained, and usually does not
require the reader to refer to other subsections. However, the table of characterization of materials and
measurements and the list of references are found only at the end of each numbered section. For
example, a subsection on thermal expansion of C10100-C10200 copper is self-contained, except for the
characterization table and reference list found at the end of section 7 on thermal properties.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
OXYGEN-FREE COPPER
2. TENSILE PROPERTIES 2-1
Magnetoresistance 8-23
Magnetic Susceptibility 8-29
Magnetization 8-38
V
TABLE OF CONTEhfTS
(continued)
BERYLLIUM COPPER
9. TENSILE PROPERTIES 9-1
vl
TABLE OF CONTENTS
(continued)
PHOSPHOR BRONZE
16. TENSILE PROPERTIES 16-1
Magnetoresistance 22-16
Magnetic Susceptibility 22-17
vii
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION
1-1
I
equipment at cryogenic temperatures. The higli good fabrlcabllity, adequate strength, and excel-
tliermal conductivity, combined witli good sol- lent toughness and fatigue resistance. They can
dering and brazing characteristics, has made their be easily soldered, brazed, and welded. Copper
use and transfer-line equipment
In refrigeration alloys are normally strengthened by cold work
very appropriate and resulted In efficient devices. (copper), solid-solution alloying (Cu-Sn alloys), or
Copper is used as the inner container in many 50 precipitation (Cu-Be alloys). At low temperatures
and 100 liter storage Dewars for liquid helium, the increase of strength from these mechanisms
hydrogen, and nitrogen. In this application, cop- is significantly greater than at room temperature.
per provides excellent thermal stability and its In all cases, at constant temperature, increased
fabrlcabllity serves to keep production costs low. strength leads to decreased electrical conductivi-
Copper alloys, especially the brasses and bronz- ty. Thus, in applications such as high-field, nor-
es, are used in structural applications that require mal metal magnets, there Is always a trade-off
reasonable strength, thermal conductivity, and, between conductivity, strength, and operating
sometimes, brazed or soldered joints. Copper temperature.
and copper alloys, as opposed to aluminum and Selected properties and characteristics of
steels, are easily formed and joined and have copper are contained in Table 1.1 (Source for
intermediate elastic, strength, and toughness data: References 1.1-1.5). Some rather specific
properties but lower strength-to-weight electronic characteristics are included, since the
ratios. primary use of copper at cryogenic temperatures
The increased use of NbjSn superconduc- isas an electrical conductor.
tors has placed more emphasis on knowledge of Crystallographic features of copper are sum-
the low-temperature properties of copper-tin al- marized in Table 1.2 (References 1.1 and 1.6).
loys. Usually, the reaction treatment to form The face-centered cubic structure leads to good
NbgSn includes the use of a bronze to provide ductility and excellent toughness at cryogenic
the source of tin for the process. The final prod- temperatures. The distance of closest atomic ap-
ucts of the (In situ) reaction Include copper, cop- proach In face-centered cubic alloys is along
per-tin, and NbgSn. Knowledge of the thermal, <110> on {111} planes.
directions
electrical, and mechanical properties of the In comparison to properties of many other
bronze alloy system permit better analysis of the elements, the properties of copper are well known
stabilizer/superconductor system. and have been studied for over 50 years.
most metals and alloys, copper and
Unlike
its used in applications where excellent
alloys are OTHER INFORMATION ABOUT COPPER AND
thermal and electrical conductivity, combined with COPPER ALLOYS
optimum strength and toughness, are both re-
quired. While the use of other commonly used Copper and copper alloys have played a
alloys at cryogenic temperatures, such as austen- major role in the development of civilization (Ref-
itic stainless steels or superconductors, demands erences 1.7-1.9). The first metal used by man,
either excellent strength or conductivity, copper some 10,000 years ago, was copper, probably as
alloys supply both requirements. Unfortunately, a substitute for stone for tools and utensils.
nature usually resists the combined achievement About three to six millennia ago, the extensive
of high strength and high conductivity. However, use of copper and copper-arsenic alloys led to
there is opportunity (supported by many applica- the use of the terms "copper age," followed by
development of copper thermo-
tions) for further the "bronze age," as civilization progressed. The
mechanical processing and alloying to optimize development of high-temperature clay kilns per-
strength and conductivity. mitted the smelting of copper. Primitive copper
metallurgy spread from Egypt (where copper was
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER mined and refined on the Sinai Peninsula as early
as 3800 B.C.) to Crete and Cyprus and, subse-
Copper and the copper alloys covered in quently, to much of the Roman Empire. The
this monograph are widely used because of their alloys processed in these early times had high
excellent electrical and thermal conductivities. arsenic contents, and there Is evidence that the
1-2
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION
Atomic Number 29
10""'''
Hall Coefficient -5.12 X mV(A«S)
Type of Structure A1
1-3
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION
mineral algodonite (CUgAs) was deliberately neering data, sources, specification cross Index,
added to copper to obtain greater hardness. The and cast-product alloy data. The American Soci-
later use of tin alloying led tomore controlled ety for Metals has prepared an excellent Source
alloy properties and to the bronze age. The Book on Copper and Copper Alloys (Reference
bronze age is judged to conclude with the intro- 1 .3) with many contributions from experts in se-
duction of iron alloys (iron age) in about 1500 lected areas. These include metallurgy, process-
B.C. ing, fabrication, and properties and designations.
It was not until the 20th century, however, Welding and soldering are addressed by papers
that propertymeasurements at cryogenic temper- contained in this book but more extensively in the
atures were conducted on copper. Perhaps the ASM Metals Handbook on Welding and Brazing,
earliest report of mechanical property testing was Reference 1.17.
the 1922 work of Guillet and Cournot (Reference Research on copper and copper alloys,
1.10) who studied the hardness and impact re- emphasizing thermodynamic data and processes
sistance of copper and brass at room tempera- and binary and ternary phase diagrams, has long
and several intermediate tempera-
ture, liquid air, been encouraged by the International Copper
tures. As early as 1907, Dorsey (Reference 1.11) Research Association QNCRA), which began a
had studied the thermal expansion of copper at Monograph Series in 1971, Reference 1.18. Since
temperatures ranging from room to liquid air. then, a series of review papers has been released
Sources of compilations or reviews of the by INCRA, now ICA, Ltd. (International Copper
properties of copper at low temperatures are rare. Association, Ltd.).A recent general book on
Reed and Mikesell (Reference 1.12) compiled the copper and copper-alloy manufacturing, prop-
mechanical properties of selected coppers and erties, and uses has been edited by Mendenhall
copper alloys (brasses, bronzes, aluminum bronz- (1986), Reference 1.19. Butts presented exten-
es, and cupronickel alloys) at cryogenic tempera- sive discussion of copper and copper alloy metal-
tures in 1967. A section in the Handbook on lurgical practices and property characteristics in a
Materials for Superconducting Machinery (1977) 1964 publication. Reference 1.20.
(Reference 1.13) is devoted to copper alloys. The
physical properties of copper at low temperatures JOINING
have been compiled by Touloukian (1 967) (Refer-
ence 1.2). Earlier, Wilkins and Bunn (Reference Copper and copper alloys can be easily
1.14) prepared a compilation of mechanical prop- welded, brazed, and soldered. The ASM Source
erties, at room temperature and above, that in- Book on Copper and Copper Alloys (1979) (Ref-
cludes copper, beryllium coppers, and tin bronz- erence 1.3), Metals Handbook on Welding and
es. Their book contains a comprehensive refer- Brazing (Reference 1.17), and Butts (Reference
ence list of early mechanical-property papers, 1 .20) have good discussions of copper joining
from about 1910 to the 1930's. Recently, Thomp- techniques. Welding of pure copper is dependent
son, et al. (Reference 1.15) have prepared a wall on oxygen concentration. Deoxidized and oxy-
chart with important low temperature properties gen-free pure coppers are joined using both gas
of copper. and arc welding. The high conductivity of pure
There are excellent general discussions of copper requires high heat inputs and, for thick
the uses, fabrication, product forms, and room- sections, preheating may be necessary. Oxygen
temperature properties of copper and copper al- segregates to form oxides at grain boundaries
loys. We describe several here The Copper during welding; therefore, there is difficulty in
Development Association supplies a series of obtaining sound welds of coppers that contain
Standards Handbooks for Wrought and Cast oxygen. Welding rods that contain no oxygen
Copper and Copper Alloy Products, Reference are also used. The commonly used welding
1.16. This series is a very useful reference source techniques for copper are inert-gas metal arc
for current standards and is an aid for specifica- (MIG) and inert-gas tungsten arc (TIG). The TIG
tions. Parts of this series include tolerances, process, capable of producing higher deposit
wrought-product alloy data, terminology, engi- rates, is usually used on thick sections. Copper
1-4
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION
ed using shielded metal arc, inert-gas tungsten tained from original, documented literature, rather
arc, inert-gas metal arc (He or Ar), and sub- than from surveys, handbooks, or other incom-
merged arc. Some alloys (including Cu-Sn) are pletely documented sources. In contrast to earli-
and preheating
"hot-short"; therefore, overheating er handbooks, all original data upon which design
should be avoided and low interpass tempera- curves and equations are based are presented as
tures maintained in these alloys. well as much more extensive characterization in-
formation on the test specimens, measurement
MONOGRAPH CONTENTS techniques, and thermomechanical treatment.
(The UNS specification given in the characteriza-
The objective of this monograph is to pro- tion tables is the closest that could be determined
vide a handbook of critically evaluated data on from the composition information presented In the
those coppers and copper alloys that are most document from which data were taken.) Data are
used in applications at cryogenic temperatures. usually presented as a function of temperature,
Handbook data that are critically evaluated pro- both in plots of individual data points and as plots
vide a basis for decisions on design allowables, where data scatter bands are included. The data
or alternatively, identify requirements for more scatter bands represent, statistically, plus and
characterization of existing materials or develop- minus two standard deviations (S.D.s). Emphasis
ment of new
materials. They provide guidance has been placed on identifying the effects of
for materialprocurement specifications, since chemistry and material-processing parameters
many key properties at low temperatures are such as cold work, grain size, aging temperature,
strongly influenced by chemical and metallurgical and alloy composition, since these effects are
differences within standard specifications. Critical more prominent at very low temperatures. Linear
data evaluation provided in handbook pages or and nonlinear regression analyses are used to
other formats forms the basis for decisions on quantify the dependencies of specific properties
material selection and for comparison of data ob- on these variables. Where sufficient data are
tained at different international laboratories on available, the dependence of mechanical and
competing materials. physical properties upon such parameters is pre-
Tensile, toughness, fatigue, creep, elastic- sented in the handbook pages with model equa-
constant, thermal, and electromagnetic properties tions and graphs.
are covered. Materials include C10100--C10700 With few exceptions, all low-temperature
coppers, C17000-C17510 beryllium coppers, and data for the specific alloys and properties are
C50500-C52400 phosphor bronzes. Commer- included in the critical review. However, not all
included in Tables 1.3-1.5. Tables 1.6-1.16 sum- critical review, that ensures self-consis-
a practice
marize other information on these materials, in- tency and originality. The only exceptions are
cluding typical uses, forms and tempers, and two comprehensive analyses of cryogenic copper
fabrication.Table 1.17 gives standard temper thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity,
designations for copper alloy flat stock and tem- recently completed at NIST [Equations (7-2) and
per equivalents for rolled and drawn product. (8-1)]. Except for these analyses, which em-
The temperature range for this monograph is ployed a combination of techniques, all interpreta-
liquid helium (4 K) to room temperature. (Data tions of data presented are relatively straightfor-
1-5
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION
Table 1 .3. Composition of Oxygen-free Copper in Wrougfit and Cast Form (percent maximum and
composition values in weight percent unless otherwise indicated). From Reference 1.21.
WROUGHT ALLOYS
Ag
C10100 OFE Oxygen Free Electronic 99.99 (a) 0.0005 0.0004 0.0003 0.0O10 (b)
(c) These are high conductivity coppers which have in the annealed condition a minimum conductivity of 100% lACS.
(d) Includes P.
CAST ALLOYS
Ag
C80100 99.95
C81100 99.70
1-6
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION
Table 1 .4. Composition of Beryllium-Copper Alloys in Wrought and Cast Form in Weight Percent
(percent maximum unless shown as a range or minimum). From Reference 1.21.
WROUGHT ALLOYS
ALLUY rnfcVIUUo Cu re Nl Co Si Be Pb OTHER
NO. TFWDE (incl. Ag) NAMED
NAME ELEMENTS
C17000 Beryllium Rem. (a) (b) (b) (b) 0.20 1.60-1.79 0.20% Al
Copper
CI 7200 Beryllium Rem. (a) (b) (b) (b) 0.20 1 .80-2.00 0.20% Al
Copper
C17300 Beryllium Rem. (a) (b) (b) (b) 0.20 1.80-2.00 0.20-0.6 0.20% Al
Copper
CAST ALLOYS
ALLOY Cu Ag Be Co Si Ni Fe Al Sn Pb Zn Cr
NO.
C82000 95.0 min. 0.45-0.8 2.4-2.7 (a) 0.15 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.10
C82400 96.4 min. 1.65-1.75 0.20-0.40 0.10 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.10
C82500 95.5 min. 1.90-2.15 0.35-0.7 (a) 0.20-0.35 0.20 0.25 0.15 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.10
C82510 95.5 min. 1.90-2.15 1.0-1.2 0.20-0.35 0.20 0.25 0.15 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.10
C82600 95.2 min 2.25-2.45 0.35-0.7 0.20-0.35 0.20 0.25 0.15 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.10
C82700 94.6 min. 2.35-2.55 0.15 1.0-1.5 0.25 0.15 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.10
C82800 94.8 min. 2.50-2.75 0.35-0.7 (a) 0.2O-0.35 0.20 0.25 0.15 0.10 0.02 0.10 0.10
(a) Ni + Co
1-7
—
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION
Table 1 .5. Composition of Phosplior Bronzes in Wrought and Cast Form in Weight Percent (percent
maximum unless shown as a range or minimum). From Reference 1.21.
WROUGHT ALLOYS
ALLOY PREVIOUS Ou Pb Fe Sn Zn P OTHER NAMED
NO. TRADE NAME (a) ELEMENTS
CAST ALLOYS
ALLOY Ou (a) Sn Pb Zn Fe Sb Ni (a) S P(a) Al Si Mn
NO. (incl. Oo)
090200 91.0-94.0 (b) 6.0-8.0 0.30 0.50 0.20 0.20 0.50 0.05 0.05 0.005 0.005
090250 89.0-91.0 (b) 9.0-11.0 0.30 0.50 0.25 0.20 0.8 0.05 0.05 0.005 0.005 0.10
090300 86.0-89.0 (b) 7.5-9.0 0.30 3.0-5.0 0.20 0.20 1.0 0.05 0.05 0.005 0.005
090500 86.0-89.0 (c) 9.0-11.0 0.30 1.0-3.0 0.20 0.20 1.0 0.05 0.05 0.005 0.005
090700 88.0-90.0 (b) 10.0-12.0 0.50 0.50 0.15 0.20 0.50 0.05 0.30 0.005 0.005
1-8
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION
Table 1 .6. Nominal Composition, ASTM Specification for Forms, Commonly Used Forms and Tempers,
Typical Uses, and Fabrication Processes and Properties for ClOlOO. From Reference 16, with
permission.
Composition — percent
Nearest Applicable ASTM Specifications
Nominal Mini
Forms and Tempers Ann— lid Tvnpan RoHsd or Drawn Tampart Hot
Most Commonly Used Finiiha
Nominal Gnin Sm mm
s £ =
S 5
8 8 8 I 8 3
1 I
S S II o
3
!
I s .s
Strip Rolled
Strip Drawn
Flat Wire Rolled
FLAT Flat Wire Drawn
PRODUCTS Bar, Rolled
Bar Drawn
Sheet « ••
Plate «
ROD
WIRE
TUBE
PIPE
SHAPES
DRAWN-GENERAL PURPOSE (H58) lempei is used HARD DRAWN (H80) temper is used LIGHT DRAWN-BENDING (H5i) leraper is
foi leneiml purpose tube only, usuallywhere there b only where there is need for a lube as used only where a tube of some stiffness, but
DO real lequiienient for Ugh ctzengtb or hardness on hard or as strong as is commercially yet capable of readily being t>ent (or other-
the one hand or for bending qualities on the other. feasible foi the size in question. wise modeiatety cold worked) is needed.
Typical Uses
ELECTRICAL AND bus bars, bus conductors and other conductors, wave guides, hol-
ELECTRONIC: low conductors, lead-in wires and anodes for vacuum tubes,
vacuum seals, transistor components, glass to metal seals, coaxial
cables and coaxial tubes, klystrons, micro-wave tubes, automotive
rectifiers
Fabrication Properties
Capacity for Being Cold Worked Excellent Suitability for being joined by;
Capacity for Being Hot Formed Excellent Soldering Excellent
Hot Forgeability Rating (Forging Brass =100) 65 Brazing Excellent
Hot Working Temperature 1400-1600 For 750-875 C Oxyacetylene Welding Fair
Annealing Temperature 700-I2(J0F or 375-650 C Gas Shielded Arc Welding Good
Machinability Rating (Free Cutting Brass = 100) 20 Coated Metal Arc Welding Not Recommended
Spot . Not Recommended
Resistance Welding { Seam Not Recommended
Butt Good
1-9
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION
Table 1 .7. Nominal Composition, ASTM Specification for Forms, Commonly Used Forms and Tempers,
Typical Uses, and Fabrication Processes and Properties for CI 0200. From Reference 1.16, with
permission.
Composition — percent
Nearest Applicable ASTM Specifications
Nominal Minimum I MsKimu
s £
0 H
8 s il S t
8 8 3 8 8 8
8 S ii
1 3
H
Strip, Rolled
Strip, Drawn
Flat Wire, Rolled
FLAT Flat Wire. Drawn
PRODUCTS Bar, Rolled
Bar, Drawn
Sheet
Plate
ROD
WIRE
TUBE
PIPE
SHAPES
DRAWN-GENERAL PURPOSE (HS8) temper ij uj«l HARD DRAWN (H80) temper Is used LIGHT DRAWN-BENDING (HSS) temper b
for fenCTftl purpose tube only, usually wb«re there U only where there is need for a tut)e as used only where a tube of some stiffness, but
no real requtrement for Ugh nrengtb or hardness on hard or as strong as is commercially yet capable of readily being bent (or other-
the one hand or tor bendins qualities on the other. feasible for the sbe in question. wise moderately cold woiiced) is needed.
Typical Uses
ELECTRICAL; bus bars and bus conductors, and other electrical conductors,
wave guides, copper to glass seals in electronic appliances
Fabrication Properties
Capacity for Being Cold Worked Excellent Suitability for being joined by:
Capacity for Being Hot Formed Excellent Soldering Excellent
Hot Forgeability Rating (Forging Brass = 100) 65 Brazing Excellent
Hoi Working Temperature ... 1400-1600 F or 750-875 C Oxyacetylene Welding Fair
Annealing Temperature 700-1 200 For 375-650 C Gas Shielded Arc Welding Good
Machinabilily Rating (Free Cutting Brass - 1001 20 Coated Metal Arc Welding Not Recommended
Not Reconunended
iSpot
Seam Not Recommended
Bult Good
1-10
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION
Table 1 .8.Nominal Composition, ASTM Specification for Forms, Commonly Used Forms and Tempers,
Typical Uses, and Fabrication Processes and Properties for C10400, C10500, and C10700. From
Reference 1.16, with permission.
Composition — percent
Nearest Applicable ASTM Specifications
Nominal Minimum MaMimum
o o iQ lO ID
S S S S 5
I i i I
S S S ' e I i I X iu
o »
£ s
r q I? § Q Q ii uf a
Strip, Rolled
Strip Drawn
Flat Wire. Rolled
FLAT Flat Wire. Drawn
PRODUCTS Bar, Rolled
Bar. Drawn
Sheet
Plate
ROD
WIRE
TUBE
PIPE
SHAPES
DRAWN-GENERAL PURPOSE (H58) tempa is used HARD DRAWN (H80) temper is used LIGHT DRAWN-BENDING (H55) temper is
for genenl purpose tube only, utually where there U only where there is need for a tube as used only where a tube of some stiffness, but
no mllequimnent for high ttmixth or hardness on hard or u strong as is conunerciatly yet capable of readily being 'bent (or other-
the one hind oi for bending quafities on the other. feasible for the size in question. wise moderately cold worked) is needed.
Typical Uses
AUTOMOTIVE : gaskets, radiators
Fabrication Properties
Capacity for Being Cold Worked Excellent Suitability for being joined by:
Capacity for Being Hot Formed Excellent Soldering Excellent
Hot Forgeability Rating (Forging Brass = 100) 65 Brazing Excellent
Hot Working Temperature. .1400 - 1600 f or 750-875 C
. -
Oxyacetylene Welding Fair
Annealing Temperature 900 1400 F or 475-750 C
- - -
Gas Shielded Arc Welding Good
Machinabiiity Rating (Free Cuttmg Brass = 100) 20 Coated Metal Arc Welding Not Recommended
Not Recommended
iSpot
Seam Not Recommended
Butt Good
1-11
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION
Table Nominal Composition, ASTM Specification for Forms, Commonly Used Forms and Tempers,
1 .9.
Typical Uses, and Fabrication Processes and Properties for C17000. From Reference 1.16, with
permission.
Composition — percent
Nearest Applicable ASTM Specifications
Nominal Minimum Maitimum
Forgings B5 70
Copper Flat Products B194, B196
(incl. silver) 98.3 R. m.
Pipe
Beryllium 1.7 1 60 1.79
Nickel + Cobalt .20
Rod B196
Shapes B570
Ni + Fe + Co .6
.20
Tube
Silicon
Wire
O hi
SIO I
o o o
W
ID
it
H
i/> tfi
1
S S S S £ 11 Tl
i
S
s
p S o o q
•-:
f is Z uj St i ^ i
Strip, Rolled
Strip, Drawn
Rat Wire, Rolled
FLAT Flat Wire, Drawn
PRODUCTS Bar. Rolled
Bar, Drawn
Sheet
Plate
ROD
WIRE
TUBE
PIPE
SHAPES
DRAWN-GENERAL PURPOSE (HSS) lempei U med HARD DRAWN (H80) temper is used LIGHT DRAWN-BENDING (H55) temper is
for general purpose tulw only, usually wtiere there is only where there is need for a tube as used only where a tube of some stiffness, but
no requirement for high stiength or hardness on
real hard or as strong as is commercially yet capable of readily being bent (or other-
the one hand or for bending qualities on the other. feasible for the size in question. wise moderately cold worked) is needed.
Typical Uses
HARDWARE bellows, bourdon tubing, diaphragms, fuse clips, fasteners, lock washers,
springs, switch parts, relay parts, electrical and electronic connectors,
retaining rings, roll pins
INDUSTRIAL valves, pump parts, spline shafts, rolling mill parts, welding equipment
Fabrication :ies
Capacity fur Being C old Worked Excellent Suilability lor being joined by
Capacity lor Being llol I-urmed Good Soldering Good
Hoi Forgeabilily Rjling (Forging Brass = OOl I Brazing Good
Hot Working l emperalurc .... 1200-1500 F or 650-825 C Oxyacelylene Welding Not Recommended
Annealing Teniperalurc 1425-1475 F or 775-800 C Gas Shielded Arc Welding Good
Mjchinuhilily Rjling Free ( ulting Brass = 100)
( 20 Coaled Metal Arc Welding Good
Good
iSpot
Seam ''sir
Butt Fair
1-12
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION
Table 1.10. Nominal Composition, ASTM Specification for Forms, Commonly Used Forms and Tempers,
Typical Uses, and Fabrication Processes and Properties for C17200 and C17300. From Reference
1.16, with permission.
i X
5 i I i
O O O O I
5
~
S i i
T. e f i -a
i % % p p I i 6 I
Strip, Rolled
Strip, Drawn
Rat Wire, Rolled
FLAT Flat Wire, Drawn
PRODUCTS Bar, Rolled
Bar, Drawn
Sheet
Plate
ROD
WIRE
TUBE
PIPE
SHAPES
DRAWN-GENERAL PURPOSE (H58) temper b laei HARD DRAWN (H80) temper is used LIGHT DRAWN-BENDING CH55) temper is
Typical Uses
HARDWARE: Bellows, bourdon tubing, diaphragms, fuse clips, fas-
teners, lock washers, springs, switch parts, relay parts,
electrical and electronic components, retaining rings,
roll pins
INDUSTRIAL: Valves, pump parts, spline shafts, rolling mill parts,
welding equipment
Fabrication Properties
Capacity for Being Cold Worked Excellent Suitability for being joined by:
Capacity for Being Hot Formed Good Soldering _ Good
Hot Forgeability Rating (Forging Brass = 100* Brazing Good
Copper Alloy No. 172 40 Oxyacetylene Welding Not Recommended
Copper Alloy No. 73 Not1 Recommended Gas Shielded Arc Welding Good
Hot Working Temperature 1200-1500 F or 650-825 C Coated Metal Arc Welding Good
Annealing Temperature 1425-1475 F 6r 775-800 C Spot Good
I
Machinability Rating (Free Cutting Brass = 100) Resistance Welding < Seam. Fair
Copper Alloy No. CI 7200 20 ( Butt Fair
Copper Alloy No. CI 7300 50
1-13
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION
Table 1.11. Nominal Composition, ASTM Specification for Forms, Commonly Used Forms and Tempers,
Typical Uses, and Fabrication Processes and Properties for C17500 and C17510. From Reference
1.16, with permission.
Pipe
Copper (incl. Silver) 96.9 Rem 978 Rem.
Iron .10 .10 Rod B44I
Nickel IB 1 .4 2.2
Shapes
Cobalt 2.55 2.4 2.7 .30
Silicon .20 20 Tube
Beryllium 55 .40 .7 4 .20 6
Aluminum 20 20 Wire
i S f I
£ f II
Strip, Rolled
Strip Drawn
Rat Wire Rolled
FLAT Flat Wire, Drawn
PRODUCTS Bar Rolled
Bar Drawn
Sheet
Plate
ROD
WIRE
TUBE
PIPE
SHAPES
DRAWN-GENERAL PURPOSE (H58) temper ii uied HARD DRAWN (H80) temper is used LIGHT DRAWN-BENDING CH5S) temper is
for general purpose tube only, usually where there is only where there is need for a tut>e as used only where a tube of some stiffness, but
no requirement for hl^h stren^h or hardness on
reel hard or as strong as is commercially yet capable of readily being bent (or other-
the one hand or for bending qualities on the other. feasible for the size in question. wise moderately cold worlced) is needed.
Typical Uses
Fabrication Properties
Suitability for being joined by:
Capacity for Being Cold Worked Excellent Soldering Good
Capacity for Being Hot Formed Good Brazing Good
Hot Forgeability Rating (Forging Brass = 100) Oxyacetylene Welding Not Recommended
Hot Working Temperature 1200-1625 F or 650-765 C Gas Shielded Arc Welding
Machinabilily Rating ( Free Cutting Brass = 100) Coated Metal Arc Welding F"'
Solution Heat Treating Temperature 1675-1725 F or 900-950 C Spot ,
Good
Resistance Welding Seam
Butt F"'
1-14
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION
Table 1.12. Nominal Composition, ASTM Specification for Forms, Commonly Used Forms and Tempers,
Typical Uses, and Fabrication Processes and Properties for C50500. From Reference 1.16, with
permission.
Composition — percent
Nearest Applicable ASTM Specifications
Nominal Minimum Maximum
Forms and Tempers An IMS lad Tampm RolM or Drawn Tampart Hot
FinHlMd
Most Commonly Used
Twnpar*
s - z
z
— _ 5 I
ee
I i c 1
s r I I
s s
r 9 I 3 I I
Strip, Rolled
Strip, Drawn
Flat Wire, Rolled
FLAT Flat Wire. Drawn
PRODUCTS Bar, Rolled
Bar, Drawn
Sheet
Plate
ROD
WIRE
TUBE
PIPE
SHAPES
DRAWN-GENERAL PURPOSE (H58) temper is lued HARD DRAWN (H80) temper is used UGHT DRAWN-BENDING (H5J) temper to
for terienl purpose tube only, usually wlieie there is only where there is need for a tube as used only where a tulM of some stiffness, but
no tequiiement for high strength or ttarliiess on
tea] liard or as strong as is commercially yet capable of readily being bent (or other-
the one hand or for bending qualities on the other. feasible for the size in question. wise moderately cold woticed) is needed.
Typical Uses
Fabrication ties
Capacity for Being Cold Worked Excellent Suitability for being joined by:
Capacity for Being Hot Formed Good Soldering Excellent
Hot Forgeability Rating ( Forging Brass = 100) Brazing Excellent
Hot Working Temperalure 1450-1600 F or 800-875 C Oxyacetylene Welding Fair
Annealing Temperature 900-I200F or 475-650 C Gas Shielded Arc Welding Good
Machinabilily Rating Free Cutting Brass = 100)
( 20 Coated Metal Arc Welding Fair
!Spot Not Recommended
Seam Not Recommended
Butt Excellent
1-15
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION
Table 1.13. Nominal Composition, ASTM Specification for Forms, Commonly Used Forms and Tempers,
Typical Uses, and Fabrication Processes and Properties for C51000. From Reference 1.16, with
permission.
Composition — percent
Nearest Applicable ASTM Specifications
Nominal Minimum Maximum
Bolts F468
Flat Products BIOO. B103. B139
Copper 94.8 Remainder Nuts F467
Lead .05 Pipe
Iron .10 Rod B139
Tin 5 4.2 5.8 Screws F468
Zinc .30 Shapes B139
Phosphorus .2 .03 .35 Studs F468
Tube
Wire BI59
s £
1 i i i i
^ ? CO a S
? I O c
M w M CO a 1 s i
O O O O
8 g 8 S S 2 ii
q q o o p i? J f if <^ Ul
Strip Rolled
Strip Drawn
Flat Wire Rolled
FLAT Flat Wire Drawn
PRODUCTS Bar Rolled
Bar Drawn
Sheet
Plate
ROD
WIRE
TUBE
PIPE
SHAPES
DRAVW-CENERAL PURPOSE (H58) tempei is wed HARD DRAWN (H80) temper is used LIGHT DRAWN-BENDING (H55) temper is
for geneitl pmpoae tube only, usually where there is only where there is need for a lube as used only where a tube of some stiffness, but
no real requirement for high strength or hardneu on hard oi as strong as is commercially yet capable of readily being bent (or other-
the one hand or for bending qusbties on the other. feasible for the size in question. wise moderately cold worked) is needed.
Typical Uses
ARCHITECTURAL: bridge bearing plates
HARDWARE beater bars, bellows. Bourdon tubing, clutch disks, cotter pins, diaphragms, fuse cUps,
fasteners, lock washers, sleeve bushings, springs, switch parts, truss wire, wire brushes
INDUSTRIAL chemical hardware, perforated sheets, textile machinery, welding rods
Fabrication lies
Capacity for Being Cold Worked Excellent Suitability for being joined by:
Capacity for Being Hot Formed Poor Soldering Excellent
Hot Forgeability Rating (Forging Brass =100) Brazing Excellent
Hoi Working Temperature F or C Oxyacetylene Welding Fair
Annealing Temperature 900-I250F or 745-675 C Gas Shielded Arc Welding Good
Machinability Rating (Free Cutting Brass = 100) 20 Coated Metal Arc Welding Fair
Good
iSpot
Seam Fair
Butt Excellent
1-16
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION
Table 1.14. Nominal Composition, ASTM Specification for Forms, Commonly Used Forms and Tempers,
Typical Uses, and Fabrication Processes and Properties for C51100. From Reference 1.16, with
permission.
Composition — percent
Nearest Applicable ASTM Specifications
Nominal Minimuin Maximuin
ii 1 i
i I I § § i I s I I a j
Strip, Rolled
Strip, Drawn
Rat Wire, Rolled
FLAT Rat Wire, Drawn
PRODUCTS Bar, Rolled
Bar, Drawn
Sheet
Plate
ROD
WIRE
TUBE
PIPE
SHAPES
DRAWN-GENERAL PURPOSE (HS8) lempa is uaed HARD DRAWN (H80) temper is used LIGHT DRAWN-BENDING (H5S) temper b
for fflnnil purpose tub« only, usually where there b only where there is need for a tutje as used only where a tube of some itifTneu, but
no ical lequtrement foi high stienjph oi hardneu on turd or as strong as is commercially yet capable of leadily being bent (or other-
the one hand oi for bendtne qualities on the other. feasible for the size in question. wise moderately cold wortced) b needed.
Typical Uses
ARCHITECTURAL: bridge bearing plates
HARDWARE, beater bars, bellows, clutch disks, connectors, diaphragms, fuse clips,
fasteners, lock washers, sleeve bushings, springs, switch parts, terminals
INDUSTRIAL: chemical hardware, perforated sheets, textile machinery
Blanking, drawing, forming and bending, roll threading and knurling, shearing, stamping
Fabricatibn ties
Capacity for Being Cold Worked Excellent Suitability for being joined by:
Capacity for Being Hot Formed Poor Soldering Excellent
Hot Forgeability Ralmg ( Forging Brass = 100) Brazing Excellent
Hoi Working Temperature F or C Oxyacetylene Welding Fail
Annealing Temperature 900-1250F or 475.675 c Gas Shielded Arc Welding Good
Machmahilily Rating Free Cutting Brass = 100)
( 20 Coaled Metal Arc Welding Fair
( Spot Good
Resistance Welding ] Seam
Fair
/ Butt Excellent
1-17
}
Table 1.15. Nominal Composition, ASTM Specification for Forms, Commonly Used Forms and Tempers,
Typical Uses, and Fabrication Processes and Properties for C52100. From Reference 1.16, with
permission.
Composition — percent
Nearest Applicable ASTM Specifications
Nominal Minimum Maximum
o^ 1
S I
S S S 8 IQ £
T q e! Q P q I I lE i £ St 9 3
Strip, Rolled
Strip, Drawn
Hat Wire, Rolled
FLAT Flat Wire, Drawn
PRODUCTS Bar, Rolled
Bar, Drawn
Sheet
Plate
ROD
WIRE
TUBE
PIPE
SHAPES
DRAWN-GENERAL PURPOSE (HS8) tompn b UKd tURD DRAWN (H80) temper is used LIGHT DRAWN-BENDING (H55) temper is
for genenl purpose tube only, usually where there is only where there is need for a lube as used only where a tube of some stiffness, but
no reqMrvinent for high stien^h oi luidness on
raal hard 01 as strong as is commercially yet capable of readily being bent (oi othei-
the one hand of for bending qualities on the other. feasibte for the size in question. wise moderately cold worked) is needed.
Typical Uses
(Same as for Phosphor Bronze, 5% (A), but for more severe service conditions)
ARCHITECTURAL: bridge bearing plates
HARDWARE: beater bars, bellows, Bourdon tubing, clutch disks, cotter .
Fabrication :ies
Capacity for Being Cold Worked Good Suitability for being joined by:
Capacity for Being Hot Formed Poor Soldering. Excellent
Hot Forgeabillty Rating (Forging Brass = 100) Brazing Excellent
Hot Working Temperature F or C Oxyacetylene Welding Fair
Annealing Temperature 900-1250 F or 475-675 C Gas Shielded Arc Welding Good
Machinability Rating (Free Cutting Brass = 100) 20 Coated Metal Arc Welding Fair
Good
iSpot Fair
Seam
Butt Excellent
1-18
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION
Table 1.16. Nominal Composition, ASTM Specification for Forms, Commonly Used Forms and Tempers,
Typical Uses, and Fabrication Processes and Properties for C52400. From Reference 1.16, with
permission.
Composition — percent
Nearest Applicable ASTM Specifications
Nominal Minimum Maximum
Fiat Products B103, B139
Copper 90 Remainder
Lead .05 Pipe
Iron .10
Rod BI39
Tin 10 9.0 1 1.0
Zinc .20 Shapes HI 39
Phosphorus .03 .35 Tube
Wire B159
= I
o a CO CD
I
— _ i I
CD
1 I
i
ij i
Z
I
8 !2
e ?
J f |E i & St
Strip Rolled
Strip Drawn
Flat Wire Rolled
FLAT Flat Wire Drawn
PRODUCTS Bar Rolled
Bar Drawn
Sheet
Plate
ROD
WIRE
TUBE
PIPE
SHAPES
DRAWN-GENERAL PURPOSE (H58) temper a uied HARD DRAWN (H80) temper is used LIGHT DRAWN-BENDING (H55) temper b
for general purpose tabe only, usually where there is only where there is need for a tube as used only where a tube of some stiffness, but
no leaj high strength or lurdness on
requlieineat for hard or as strong as is commercially yet capable of readily being bent (or other-
the one hand or for t>eiH]ijig qualities on the other. feasible for the size in question. wise moderately cold worlted) is needed.
Typical Uses
Fabrication Properties
Capacity for Being Cold Worked Good Suitability for being joined by:
Capacity for Being Hot Formed Poor Soldering Excellent
Hot Forgeability Rating Forging Brass = 100)
I Brazing Excellent
Hot Working Temperature F or C Oxyacetylcne Welding Fair
Annealing Temperature 900-12SOF or 475-675 C Gas Shielded Arc Welding Good
Machinabilily Rating (Fret Cutting Brass = 100) 20 Coaled M. i.il Arc Weldmg Fair
( Spot Good
Resisiance Welding {
Scam Fair
/ Butt Excellent
1-19
1
Table 1.17. Standard Temper Designations for Copper Alloy Flat Stock (adapted from References 1.3
and 1.22).
Quarter hard 1 21
Half hard 21 37
Three-quarters hard 29
Extra hard 50 75
Spring 60 84
Extra Spring 68 90
1-20
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION
ward. Only linear and nonlinear, multivariate plied us with a bibliography of over 2250 refer-
regression analyses techniques, with equal ences related to properties of copper and select-
weights for all data points, were employed. Stan- ed copper alloys. The assistance of F. R. Fickett
dard deviations used in this review were calculat- is gratefully acknowledged. Chris King, Luz
ed from all data points. The variance of the data Delgado, Rebecca Toevs-Wait, Grace Norman,
was assumed to be normally distributed and con- and Renee Deal expertly assisted us in prepara-
stant throughout the range of the independent tion of the manuscript and data analysis. Bill
variables, such as temperature or cold work. Bulla, until replaced by computer graphics, care-
fully drafted many of the figures for the copper
REFERENCES
2. Y.S. Touloukian, Thermophvsical Properties of High Temperature Solid Materials Vol. 1 Purdue . ,
3. Source Book on Copper and Copper Alloys, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH (1979).
4. Metals Handbook, Ninth Edition, Volume 2, Properties and Selection: Non-ferrous Alloys and Pure
Metals, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH (1979) 239-490.
7. "Purity: A Short History," AMAX Copper News, 12. No. 1 . (June, 1972).
8. G.T. Seaborg, Our Heritage of the Elements, Metallurgical Transactions A 11 A . 5-19 (1980).
9. M. Kranzberg and C.S. Smith, Part I. Materials in History and Society, Materials Science and
Engineering 37, 1-39 (1979).
10. L. Guillet and J. Cournot, "Sur la Variation des Properietes Mecaniques de quelques M6taux et
Alliages aux basses Temperatures," Revue de M6tallurgie (M6moires) _19, 213 (1922).
11. H.G. Dorsey, "Coefficient of Linear Expansion at Low Temperatures," Physical Review 25, 88-102
(1907).
12. R.P. Reed and R. P. Mikesell. Low Temperature Mechanical Properties of Copper and Selected
Copper Alloys NBS Monograph 101, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. (1967).
.
1-21
1. COPPER AND SELECT COPPER ALLOYS: INTRODUCTION
REFERENCES
13. Handbook on Materials for Superconducting Machinery Metals . and Ceramics Information Center,
Battelle, Columbus, OH (1977).
14. R.A. Wilkins and E.S. Bunn, Copper and Copper Base Alloys McGraw-Hill
. Book Co., New York
(1943).
15. C.A. Thompson, W.M. Manganard, and F.R. Fickett, Cryogenic Properties of Copper, International
Research Association, Ltd., New York (1990).
17. Metals Handbook-Welding and Brazing, 9th Edition, Vol. 6, American Society for Metals, Metals
Park, OH (1983).
18. International Copper Research Association, Monograph Series, Library Congress Card No. 82-
81882, ISBN No. 0-94 3642-08-6 (1971 -present).
19. Understanding Copper Alloys Eds. J.H. Mendenhall, R.E. Krieger Publishing Co., Malabor, FL
.
(1986).
20. A. Butts, Copper. The Metal, its Alloys and Compounds Reinhold Publishing Corp.,
. New York
(1964).
21. Application Data Sheet-Standard Designations for Copper and Copper Alloys .
1-22
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
ed. DISCUSSION
The regression equation found for the de-
pendence of ay upon d at 295 K was the usual The coefficient of the d''^'^ term in Equation
Hall-Petch relation: (2-1) is very dependent upon the data set that is
2-1
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES I
2-2
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Figure 2.1. The data shown were used to compute the linear regression of tensile yield strength at
295 K upon oT^^^ [Equation (2-1)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure,
including all points from Reference 2.13. All data are presented in Table 2.1. Products were in
2-3
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
200
z
LU
»—
CO
cm
Z
0.2 0.4
-^2
INVERSE SQUARE ROOT OF GRAIN SIZE, d"^\ (/i.m)
Figure 2.2. This figure shows the data for the larger grain sizes presented in Figure 2.1. Owing to the
expanded scales, the slope appears changed, but the equation represented by the line is the same
as that depicted in Figure 2.1. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All
data are presented in Table 2.1. Products were in plate, bar, and wire form.
2-4
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
200
29.5 K
- 25
O 160
Q.
20 I
o
z 120
LU
Of
I— - 15
*/% to
a O
80
10
Z
^ 40
m - 5
0
0.2 0.4 0.6
_1
INVERSE SQUARE ROOT OF GRAIN SIZE, d'^^, (yLim)
Regression analysis of this set of data for impurity content indicated no significant dependence.
Products were in plate, bar, and wire form.
2-5
OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
I
2.
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS amount of scatter in Figures 2.4-2.6 that separate
regression equations for as a function of each
A 84 measurements of tensile yield
set of variable, 7, d'^'^, and [I], would not be of much
strength from 4 to 300 K was selected for analysis value. However, when multivariate regression is
because grain size and impurity content were re- used to analyze the data set, a relatively small
ported. Grain size, d, ranged from 11 to 165 /xm; standard deviation of 9 MPa is obtained.
impurity content, [I], from 0.0053 to 0.10 wt%. Figure 2.7 indicates the fit of the data to the
Products were in plate, bar, and wire form. This multivariate regression expression. Equation (2-2).
data set (References 2.1-2.6 and 2.13-2.14) was The scatter band represents two standard devia-
used in regression analysis of tensile yield tions about the line that corresponds to complete
strength {a^) upon three variables, temperature agreement between measured and predicted val-
(7), d, and Data on the variation of
[I]. ues of CTy. The variance of the data was assumed
with silver content are presented on pages 2-20 to be normally distributed and constant through-
and 2-21 (cold-worked copper). out the range of the predicted values.
RESULTS DISCUSSION
Regression analysis indicated that the best The 7 dependence of in Equation (2-2) is
fit was obtained with a linear depen-
to the data small, as expected, and the coefficient for [I] has
dence of upon the three variables of T, the a sizeable uncertainty owing to the restricted
inverse square root of the grain size, d"'''^, and [I]: range of this variable in the data available. Also,
[I] was not determined and reported consistently
ay = - 8.60 - 0.03297 + 292cr^^^ + 150[l] in all the references.
(2-2) The disagreement between the coefficient
(S.D. = 9 MPa), for cf^^^ and that determined from the 295-K
measurements [Equation (2-1)] requires further
where MPa, 4 K < 7 < 300 K, d is in fim,
is in study. This coefficient can change considerably
and [I] wt%. The standard deviations of the
is in with the addition or subtraction of a few influential
four coefficients are 3.56, 0.0105, 20, and 67. points of the data set. The previous set of meas-
Table 2.2 presents the measured values of urements at 295 K (d from 0.056 to 320 /xm) in-
£7y, the values calculated from the i-egression cluded the measurements from 293 to 300 K of
equation, the temperature, cT^''^, and the reference this set (d from 1 1 to 165 /zm). Separate analy-
number. The available characterization of materi- ses of 4-K, 77-K, and 295-K data from the present
ials and measurements is given in Table 2.10 at set of 84 measurements gave d"^^^ coefficients of
the end of the tensile properties section. 352, 343, and 268, respectively. However, this 7
Figures 2.4-2.6 present the data as a func- dependence of the cT^^^ coefficient is not large
tion of each variable, 7, d, and [I], separately. enough to explain the difference between Equa-
Figure 2.4 depicts the data as a function of 7 tions (2-1) and (2-2). At present, the 295-K coeffi-
only, without showing the dependence upon d cient (112) is considered the most accurate be-
and [II. Figure 2.5 depicts the data as a function cause it was obtained over the largest range of d.
of gT ' only, without showing the dependence Since the extension of the range resulted mainly
upon 7 and [I]. Figure 2.6 depicts the data as a from work carried out at one laboratory (Refer-
function of [I] only, without showing the depen- ence 2.10), further studies would help resolve this
dence upon 7 and d. It is clear from the large question.
2-6
,
Table 2.2. Yield Strength Dependence on Grain Size, and Purity (4-300 K).
100 0 77 7 / D U. JUZ
83.0 69.2 77 0.224 0.1 6
35.7 30.0 77 0.137 0.0068 14
41.2 30.0 77 0.137 0.0068 14
38.6 30.0 77 0.137 0.0068 14
59.0 48.7 78 0.2 0.01 1
2-7
I
35 4 U.U [ 1 J
2-8
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
150
• REF. 1 20
O REF. 2
REF. 3
REF. 4
120 A REF. 6
O REF. 13
A REF. 14
- 15
O 90 O
Z
LU
Z
LU
to to
10
O O
m 60
CO A O
o - 5
|i 30
o
o
o
Figure 2.4.The data are shown as a function of temperature. The variation in grain size and impurity
content obscures the dependence of tensile yield strength upon temperature that is given in
Equation (2-2). For clarity, overlapping data points, including all points from Reference 2.5, are
omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 2.2. Products were in plate, bar, and wire
form.
2-9
I
150
• REF. 1 20
o REF. 2
REF. 3
REF. 4
120 REF. 5
O
REF. 6
REF. 13
A REF. 14 15
O 90 o
Z
UJ
z
UJ
I— I—
CO CO
10
O O
UJ 60
to
I- 30
O
O
o
o
Figure 2.5. The data are shown as a function of the inverse square root of grain size (cT^^^). The
variation in temperature and impurity content obscures the dependence of tensile yield strength
upon cT^^^ that is given in Equation (2-2). For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the
figure. All data are presented in Table 2.2. Products were in plate, bar, and wire form.
2-10
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
150
• REF. 1
o REF. 2 20
REF. 3
REF. 4
A REF. 5
120 REF. 6
O o REF. 13
A REF. 14
15
O 90 o
Z
LU
z
UJ
oc
«/> CO
10
Q
_j
a
uu 60
CO CO
Ao
o
Z
H- 30
o
o
Figure 2.6. The data are shown as a function of impurity content. The variation in temperature and
grain size obscures the dependence of tensile yield strength upon impurity content that is given in
Equation (2-2). For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are
presented in Table 2.2. Products were in plate, bar, and wire form.
2-11
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Figure 2.7. The data shown were used to compute the linear regression of tensile yield strength upon
temperature, the inverse square root of the grain size, and impurity content [Equation (2-2)]. For
clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 2.2.
2-12
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
same, so all data were combined. Polynomial smaller value for because ay for 0% CW
0% CW,
terms were included in the regression analysis is known to a higher accuracy (S.D. = 20 MPa).
because the dependence of tensile yield strength,
CTy, upon cold work, CW, is linear only for small DISCUSSION
amounts of CIV.
Some of the data from Reference 2.17 fall
RESULTS outside the scatter band (Figure 2.8). The copper
in these specimens is of very high purity; hence,
The regression equation for the dependence some recovery may have occurred before the
of (7y upon CW of less than 64% was found to be measurements were completed. These data were
included to assist those who may require cold-
ay = 63.5 + 1 0. 1 (CW) -0.0798(CW)^ worked copper of comparable purity. Variation in
(2-3) grain size also contributes to the scatter of the
(S.D. = 42 MPa), data; since grain size oftenwas not reported in
this data could not be included in the re-
set, it
where is in MPa, and CW is the percent of re- gression analysis. For small amounts of CW,
duction of thickness or area. The standard devia- grain size may influence more than the degree
tions of the three coefficients are 4.4, 0.4, and of CW; an estimate may be obtained from Equa-
0.0048. A constant value of 384 MPa was used tion (2-1).
to represent > 64%.
for CW
Table 2.3 presents the measured values of
ay, the values of ay calculated from the regression
23.0 63.5 0 7
69.0 63.5 0 6
52.0 63.5 0 1
34.5 63.5 0 2
10.3 63.5 0 2
15.0 63.5 0 2
24.0 63.5 0 2
2-13
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
27.0 63.5 0 13
oo.D U
25.4 63.5 0 13
27.3 63.5 0 13
35.4 63.5 0 13
50.0 63.5 0 7
62.0 63.5 0 7
29.1 63.5 0 8
30.4 63.5 0 8
33.3 63.5 0 8
34.2 63.5 0 8
31.7 63.5 0 8
32.2 63.5 0 8
37.8 63.5 0 8
50.7 63.5 0 6
J/.O D J.D u o
37.6 63.5 0 8
ca c:
D J.D U 8
40.6 63.5 0 Q
0 J.U DO. u Q
y
34.8 63.5 0 9
63.5 0 y
33.9 63.5 0 9
JD. 1 o<i.o u Q
y
^ i.y u Q
y
u Q
ly.D ca ci
U Q
y
D J.O u
73 4 63 5 Q 10
63.5 0 1
Jt.O CI R
D J.D U 1 1
78.8 63.5 0 12
40.0 63.5 0
14.8 63.5 0 12
63.0 63.5 0 12
24.0 63.5 0 12
73.5 63.5 0 20
84.1 63.5 0 20
46.0 63.5 0 30
43.0 63.5 0 30
31.0 63.5 0 31
90.0 63.5 0 21
54.0 63.5 0 22
82.7 63.5 0 22
45.0 63.5 0 23
34.0 63.5 0 24
45.0 63.5 0 25
48.0 63.5 0 25
62.0 63.5 0 25
2-14
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
86.2 63.5 0 18
103 53.5 0 18
75.8 63.5 0 18
40.0 63.5 0 17
106 73.6 1 22
113 83.5 2 27
137 97.0 3.4 27
130 103 4 27
101 112 5 28
103 112 5 28
107 112 5 28
101 112 5 28
101 112 5 28
153 121 5 19
228 121 6 22
184 121 6 27
194 125 6.4 27
189 130 7 27
196 139 8 27
203 144 8.5 25
205 144 8.5 25
173 148 9 32
174 148 9 32
220 152 9.4 27
230 152 9.4 27
228 155 9.8 27
209 157 10 19
208 157 10 30
208 157 10 30
208 157 10 27
188 165 11 20
331 165 11 18
207 165 11 18
231 165 11 18
186 165 11 18
175 220 18 17
242 225 19 32
247 225 19 32
260 234 20 23
296 234 20 28
307 234 20 28
296 234 20 28
304 238 21 25
2-15
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES I
252 239 21 18
296 239 21 18
252 239 21 18
147 241 21 31
275 241 21 5
268 241 21 5
269 267 25 19
259 267 25 19
269 267 25 30
259 267 25 30
287 290 29 32
286 290 29 32
338 291 29 26
365 292 29 18
279 292 29 18
334 292 29 18
290 292 29 18
316 295 30 28
314 295 30 28
321 295 30 28
190 295 30 17
194 301 31 20
310 315 34 21
323 325 36 24
324 329 37 31
342 329 37 5
342 329 37 5
283 329 37 29
393 329 37 25
'
395 329 37 25
372 330 37 18
303 330 37 18
355 330 37 18
314 330 37 18
313 337 39 32
317 337 39 32
347 341 40 19
338 341 40 19
334 341 40 21
341 341 40 28
340 341 40 28
205 341 40 28
376 354 44 17
321 354 44 18
369 354 44 18
324 354 44 18
330 363 47 18
334 366 48 23
337 366 48 32
2-16
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
326 370 50 30
379 370 50 30
334 370 50 18
372 370 50 18
331 370 50 18
379 380 56 18
341 380 56 18
372 380 56 18
338 380 56 18
355 383 59 32
363 383 59 32
323 384 60 16
316 384 60 15
383 384 61 18
352 384 61 18
376 384 61 18
345 384 61 18
386 384 65 18
362 384 65 18
379 384 65 18
352 384 65 18
350 384 66 23
390 384 69 IB
372 384 69 18
383 384 69 16
355 384 69 18
345 384 70 21
305 384 70 17
372 384 73 32
381 384 73 32
345 384 75 19
360 384 76 32
386 384 76 32
370 384 78 23
350 384 80 17
341 384 84 22
455 384 84 25
453 384 84 25
389 384 89 32
389 384 89 32
405 384 90 17
2-17
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES I
500
60
O
Z
LU
REF. 5
REF. 12
-40 OC
REF. 15 to
REF. 17
REF. 18
O
REF. 19
REF. 20
REF. 21
REF. 22
REF. 23 20 —
REF. 24 to
REF. 25
REF. 26
REF. 27
REF. 28
REF. 29
REF. 30
O REF. 32
—"0
40 60 80 100
WORK, percent
Figure 2.8. The data shown were used to compute the linear regression curve of tensile yield strength at
295 K upon cold work [Equation (2-3)]. For clarity, all data points from References 2.1-2.4,
2.6-2.11, 2.13, 2.16, and 2.31 and were omitted from the plot and overlapping data points from
other references were also omitted. All data are presented in Table 2.3. Products were in plate,
bar, and wire form.
2-18
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
500
0 20 40 60 80 100
COLD WORK, percent
Figure 2.9. Tensile yieid strengtlidependence upon cold work at 295 K. Tlie scatter band represents
two standard deviations about a second-order regression curve based upon 204 measurements of
yieid strength for a range of cold work from 0 to 90%. The regression equation is
ay (MPa) = 63.5 + 10.1 (CVV) - 0.0798(0^0^ (CIV < 64%) (S.D. = 42 MPa),
where {CW) is the percent of cold work (reduction of thickness or area). Products were in plate,
2-19
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
upon measurements of reported from different control creep in the cryogenic temperature range.
laboratories over a range of [Ag] values. How-
2-20
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
400
300
o
z
UJ
200
a
-J
LU
>-
LU
100
20 40 60
COLD WORK, percent
Figure 2.10. These data indicate that the yield strength of cold-worked copper is not strongly dependent
on silver content. (Silver content is unspecified for C10100, > 0.027 wt% for C10400, > 0.034 wt%
forCI 0500, and > 0.085 wt% for C10700.) Products were in plate (References 2.33 and 2.34) and
wire-bar form (Reference 2.28).
2-21
.
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS Figure 2.1 1 depicts the data as a function of
T only, for all levels of CW. Figure 2.12 depicts
A measurements of tensile yield
set of 74 the data as a function of CW only, without show-
strength from 4 to 300 K was selected for analy- ing the 7 dependence. It is evident from the
sis. Products were in plate, bar, and sheet form. large amount of scatter in Figures 2.1and 2.12
1
In most cases, the actual percent reduction of that separate regression equations for as a
thickness or area was specified, but in a few function of each variable, 7 and CW. would not
instances, the percent reduction was obtained be of much However, when multivariate
value.
from standard tables of temper designation (see regression use to analyze the data set, a rela-
is
Table 1.17). The amount of cold work, CW, (re- tively small standard deviation of 32 MPa is ob-
duction of thickness or area) ranged up to 60%. tained. Figure 2.13 presents recent measure-
Regression coefficients at 295 K were insensitive ments at 4, 76, and 295 K on CI 0400 plate, which
to the type of CW; hence, data for all methods of show the variation in with both 7 and CW.
CW were combined. This data set (References (These data were not available when the regres-
2.5, 2.15-2.16. 2.19, and 2.35-2.37) was used in sion analysis was carried out.)
regression analysis of tensile yield strength (o^) Figure 2.14 indicates the
fit of the data set to
upon temperature (7) and CW. Because of the Equation (2-4). The scatter band represents two
nonlinear dependence of upon CW, polynomial standard deviations about the line that corre-
terms were included in the analysis. sponds to complete agreement between meas-
ured and predicted values of o^. The variance of
RESULTS the data was assumed to be normally distributed
and constant throughout the range of the predict-
Regression analysis indicated that the best ed values.
fit to the datawas obtained with the following
equation: DISCUSSION
ay = 124 - 0.2417 + 14.1 (CIV) - 0.166(CWO^ The 7 dependence for cold-worked material
(2-4) is,as expected, larger than that of the annealed
(S.D. = 32 MPa), material; in Equation (2-2), the 7 coefficient is
0.0329. A second-order term is necessary to fit
where is in MPa, 4 K < 7 < 300 K, and CW is in the observed dependence of upon CW: this
percent. The standard deviations of the four coef- dependence tends to saturate, as shown in Fig-
ficients are 9, 0.035, 0.7, and 0.01 1 ure 2.12, in which the smaller 7 dependence is
Table 2.4 presents the measured values of neglected and the data are plotted as a function
CTy, the values calculated from the regression of CW only. The agreement between the coeffi-
equation, the temperature, CW, and the reference cients of CW dependence with those obtained at
number. The available characterization of materi- 295 K [Equation (2-3)] is satisfactory because
als and measurements is given in Table 2.10 at the data were obtained from a wide variety of
the end of the tensile properties section. sources.
30.5 123 4 0 5
432 431 4 37 5
431 431 4 37 5
326 353 4 21 5
2-22
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
90.0 123 4 0 35
315 191 4 5 35
325 251 4 10 35
375 302 4 15 35
425 381 4 25 35
465 431 4 50 35
427 427 20 37 36
441 427 20 37 36
404 390 20 60 16
207 251 72 12 37
407 413 76 37 36
421 413 76 37 36
375 377 76 60 16
30.5 105 76 0 5
408 413 76 37 5
401 413 76 37 5
315 336 76 21 5
378 376 77 60 15
73.8 105 77 0 19
58.7 105 77 0 19
82.7 105 77 0 19
63.6 105 77 0 19
209 105 77 0 19
209 186 77 6 19
190 186 77 6 19
196 186 77 6 19
155 186 77 6 19
2-23
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
2-24
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
500
A REF. 5
• REF. 15
REF. 16
A REF. 19
REF. 35 60
400 o—- REF. 36
0 0 REF. 37
O 300 o
Z z
LU
LU 40
I— I—
CO CO
O o
tu 200 —£r-
o 0
A
A
A 20 CO
100
A
A
Figure 2.1 1.The data are shown as a function of temperature for all levels of cold work. The variation
in cold work obscures the dependence of tensile yield strength upon temperature that is given in
Equation (2-4). For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are
presented In Table 2.4. Products were in plate, bar, and sheet form.
2-25
I
500
4-300 K
60
Q. 400
O
2 300 z
fid 40 Jf
i-
U)
REF. 5
O o
• REF. 15
o REF. 16
— 200
ijj
A REF. 19
REF. 35
REF. 36
O REF. 37
20 */>
I- 100
20 40 60 80 100
COLD WORK, percent
Figure 2.12. The data over the 4 to 300 K temperature range are shown as a function of cold work. The
variation in temperature somewhat obscures the dependence of tensile yield strength upon cold
work that Is given in Equation (2-4). For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure.
All data are presented in Table 2.4. Products were in plate, bar, and wire form.
2-26
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
500
400
CO
o o
z
LU
300 z
LU
0^
h-
to to
O Q
— 200 LU
>-
LU
—J
to CO
Z
»- 100
20 40 60
COLD WORK/ percent
Figure 2.13. These data from Reference 2.34 indicate tlie increase of tensile yield strength with
increased cold work or lowered temperature (C10400 plate).
2-27
I
Figure 2.14. The data shown were used to compute the regression of tensile yield strength upon
temperature and cold work [Equation (2-4)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from
the figure. All data are presented in Table 2.4. Products were in plate, bar, and sheet form.
2-28
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
because grain size and impurity content were Figures 2.15 and 2.16 that separate regression
reported. Grain size, d, ranged from 1 1 to 90 ^m, equations for as a function of each variable, 7
and impurity content, [I], from 0.0012 to 0.040 and would not be of much value. However,
d'^'^,
wt%. Products were in bar, sheet, and wire form. when multivariate regression is used to analyze
This data set (References 2.1, 2.3-2.6, 2.14, 2.19, the data set, a relatively small standard deviation
2.38-2.39) was used in regression analysis of ul- of 18 MPa is obtained.
timate tensile strength {a J on three variables, Figure 2.17 indicates the fit of the data to
temperature (7), d, and [1]. Data on the variation the multivariate regression expression, Equation
of a^J with silver content are presented on pages (2-5). The scatter band represents two standard
2-42 and 2-43 (cold-worked copper). deviations about the line that corresponds to
complete agreement between measured and
RESULTS predicted values of a^. The variance of the data
about the line was assumed to be normally dis-
Regression analysis indicated that the best tributed and constant throughout the range of the
fit was obtained by including a
to the data predicted values.
second-order term in T, and by representing the
grain-size dependence with a d^'^ term: DISCUSSION
= 419- 1.197 + 0.001447^ + ^56 d^'^ The 7 coefficient for of annealed material
(2-5) is much larger than that found for the yield
(S.D. = 18 MPa), strength [Equation (2-2)]. The coefficient for d'^'^
can change significantly with the addition or sub-
where is in MPa, 4 K < 7 < 300 K, and d is in few
traction of a influential points to the data set
nm. The standard deviations of the four coeffi- so the accuracy of this coefficient may not be as
cients are 8, 0.08, 0.00025, and 27. high as indicated by the standard deviation of the
Table 2.5 presents the measured values of coefficient. Also, this coefficient is determined as
a^J, the values of calculated from the regres- an average over the range 4 to 300 K, although it
sion equation, the temperature, d'^'^, and the apparently increases somewhat as 7 decreases.
reference number. The available characterization Not enough low-7 data over a sufficient range of
of materials and measurements is given in Table d were available to determine the coefficient at 77
2.10 at the end of the tensile properties section. and 4 K, but a separate determination from the
Figures 2.15 and 2.16 present the data as a data at 295 K gave a coefficient of 85 ± 34.
function of each variable, 7 and d, separately. The absence of an observable effect of [I]
Figure 2.15 depicts the data as a function of 7 could be due to inconsistent methods of deter-
only, without showing the dependence upon d. mining and reporting this variable in the different
Figure 2.16 depicts the data as a function of sources of data.
2-29
—
Z ^T75
Tensile Strength, Tensile Strength, Test Grain Size Reference
4 «3
Measured, Calculated, Temperature, 10 m-1 '12
No.
MPa MPa K
410 431 4 0.112 5
2-30
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
2-31
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
500
•
•
O - 60
O- 400
CO
•
•
££>
o O
cm o
z -o—<
uj 300
0£
to
40 »-
to
AO
A
to
to
200
o REF.
< REF.
1
3 20 <
REF. 4
REF. 5
S 100
T REF. 6
o REF. 14
A REF. 19
• REF. 38
REF. 39
Figure 2.15. The data are shown as a function of temperature. The variation in grain size somewhat
obscures the dependence of ultimate tensile strength upon temperature that is given in Equation
(2-5). For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in
Table 2.5. Products were in bar, sheet, and wire form.
2-32
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
500
O
A 60
^ 400
• 0
4 o
o z
z o 1X1
2 300
I— to
40
LU
_J
•
• m9 0
to
200
0 REF. 1
20
<
< REF. 3
REF. 4
— 100 REF. 5
T REF. 6
o REF. 14
A REF. 19
• REF. 38
REF. 39
Figure 2.16. The data are shown as a function of the inverse square root of grain size, d"^''^. The
variation in temperature obscures the dependence of ultimate tensile strength upon d"^^^ that is
given Equation (2-5). For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the
in figure. All data
are presented in Table 2.5. Products were in plate, sheet, and wire form.
2-33
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES I
Figure 2.17. The data shown were used to compute the regression of ultimate tensile strength upon
temperature and grain size [Equation (2-5)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from
the figure. All data are presented in Table 2.5. Products were bar, sheet, and wire form.
2-34
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
form. In most cases, the actual percent reduction rolling or drawing. The scatter band represents
of thickness or area was a few
specified, but in two standard deviations about the regression
instances the percent reduction was obtained curve. The variance of the data about the curve
from standard tables of temper designation (see was assumed to be normally distributed and con-
Table 1.17). The amount of cold work, CW, stant throughout the range of the independent
ranged up to 99%. Polynomial terms were includ- CW. Figure
variable, 2.19 presents the results in
175 230 0 17
228 230 0 40
210 230 0 29
263 230 0 20
212 230 0 32
210 230 0 32
238 230 0 18
203 230 0 18
241 230 0 18
231 230 0 18
255 230 0 25
219 230 0 25
249 230 0 25
2-35
1 1
£ JO 9in n
U 99
U 22
1 ZJU U
21 230 0 43
z1^ om
^oU 0 43
213 230 0 43
230 0 19
220 230 0 19
£.0\J 0 31
222 230 0 30
^ lO 9 in u in
9RQ 43
228 230 Q 44
991 9in u 4R
228 ^ JU n
U 46
9^ U 4/
9^7 n
u 47
221 230 Q 4ft
259 230 0 42
255 233 -| 99
94Q 4 ft 47
c
^^o 3 zo
228 246 5 9ft
218 249 g 19
237 256 6 5 25
949 9RR ft R
0.0 9S
zo
235 9RA Q 19
JZ
Q oZ
OAA 9Kn Q ft
3.0
OA 1 261 10 19
949
941 261 10 30
246 264 1 20
279 264 1 18
\-\
241 264 18
365 264 11 18
252 264 11 18
313 289 20 28
2-36
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
J (U on Q 25
J 19 on OR
to
276 291 20 7 18
on T -in
'
D 9Q1 on 7 1ft
oUf OQ1
^9 1 20.6 47
JUO 9Q1
^y 1
on ft
21 5
u 01 D
occ 21 31
^D 9Q7 01 Ai
4j
290 300 24 44
im 1Q
iy
JU J 0^; 1Q
ly
304 303 25 30
309 303 25 30
347 310 07 Q 47
our 11 OQ lO
JZ
317 313 29 32
352 314 29 2 26
352 314 29.4 18
303 314 29 4 18
396 314 29 4 18
303 314 29 4 18
205 316 30 17
323 316 in
OK) 9ft
322 iifi in
JU 9ft
ZO
IIR
O ID in
JU 9ft
ZO
324 316 in
JU 45
lift 11
J 1
9n
zu
117 1A
j*t 91
JO 1 JO OA
JJO 111 JO AA
ICQ 333 37 36
365 111 17
Jr 1R
JO
ODD J/ 5
1R7 111 17
Of c
O
333 37 29
343 333 37 31
351 333 37 47
365 333 37 47
396 333 37.1 25
397 333 37.1 25
372 334 37.2 18
324 334 37.2 18
396 334 37.2 18
324 334 37.2 18
332 336 39 32
344 338 39 32
2-37
I
341 340 40 28
349 340 40 28
349 340 40 28
352 340 40 21
352 340 40 19
383 350 44 18
338 350 44 18
396 350 44 18
341 350 44 18
352 363 50 18
396 363 50 18
359 363 50 18
360 363 50 19
367 363 50 30
360 363 50 30
338 363 50 45
323 363 50 46
331 363 50 46
390 363 50 47
345 363 50 48
372 365 51 42
365 372 54 44
393 375 55.5 18
365 375 55.5 18
334 384 60 16
396 384 60 1 47
400 385 60.5 18
379 385 60 5 18
315 403 70 17
2-38
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
386 412 75 45
393 412 75 44
418 412 75 47
386 412 75 48
403 413 75.5 32
426 413 75.5 32
396 415 77 45
365 420 80 17
403 425 83 45
376 426 84 22
457 427 84.4 25
454 427 84.4 25
417 427 84.8 47
372 428 85 42
433 431 87.5 47
400 431 87.5 48
421 432 88 45
417 434 89.4 32
426 434 89.4 32
450 435 90 17
424 435 90 45
425 435 90 47
434 438 92 45
435 440 93.4 47
439 440 93.4 47
441 440 94 45
465 443 96 45
469 444 97 45
469 446 98 45
469 446 98.2 45
469 446 98.4 45
476 446 98.6 45
486 447 98.8 45
486 447 99 45
496 447 99.3 45
2-39
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
500
Figure 2.18. The data shown were used to compute the regression of ultimate tensile strength upon
cold work [Equation (2-6)]. For clarity, overlapping data points, including all those from References
2.15, 2.24, 2.26, 2.31, 2.36, 2.40, and 2.43, were omitted from the figure. All data are presented in
Table 2.6. Products were in plate, bar, and wire form.
2-40
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Figure 2.19. Ultimate tensile strength dependence upon cold worl< at 295 K. The scatter l3and repre-
sents two standard deviations about a second-order regression curve based upon 209 measure-
ments of tensile strength for a range of cold work from 0 to 99%. The regression equation is
where CW is the percent of cold work (reduction of thickness or area.) Products were in plate, bar,
2-41
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
2-42
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
400
X 300
O 40 O
z
LU LU
fid
I—
to to
-I 2 00
CO • REF. 28. 0.0011X Ag CO
Z o REF. 28. 0.0537X Ag
REF. 28. 0.0755X Ag
REF. 33. 0.088 X Ag "J
LU 20
REF. 34. 0.027 X Ag
< <
^ 100
20 40 60
COLD WORK, percent
Figure 2.20. These data indicate the absence of a strong dependence of ultimate tensile strength of
cold-worked copper upon silver content. (Silver content is unspecified for C10100, > 0.027 wt% for
CI 0400, > 0.034 wt% for C10500, and > 0.085 wt% for C10700.) Products were in plate (References
2.33 and 2.34) and wire-fc>ar form (Reference 2.28).
2-43
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS where is in MPa, 4 K < 7 < 300 K, and CIV, in
percent, is the reduction of thickness or area.
A set of 79 measurements of ultimate tensile The standard deviations of the four coefficients
strength from 4 to 300 K was selected for analy- are 9, 0.034, 0.42, and 0.00548.
sis. Products were in plate, bar, and wire form. Table 2.7 presents the measured values of
In most cases, the actual percent reduction of a^^, values of calculated from the regression
thickness or area was specified, but in a few equation, the temperature, the percent CW (re-
instances, the percent reduction was obtained duction of thickness or area), and the reference
from standard tables of temper designation (see number. The available characterization of materi-
Table 1.17). The amount of cold work, CW, als and measurements is given in Table 2.10 at
ranged up to 99%. This data set (References 2.5, the end of the tensile properties section.
2.15-2.16, 2.19, 2.36, 2.40-2.41, and 2.48) was Figure 2.21 depicts the data as a function of
used in regression analysis of ultimate tensile 7 only, for all levels of CW. Figure 2.22 depicts
strength {a Jupon temperature (7) and CW. Poly- the data as a function of CW only without show-
nomial terms in 7 and CW were included in the ing the7 dependence. Figure 2.23 presents re-
analysis. cent measurements at 4, 76, and 295 K on
It is clear from the large amount of scatter in Cl 0400 plate, which show the variation in with
Figures 2.21 and 2.22 that separate regression both 7 and CW. (These data were not available
equations for as a function of each variable, 7 when the regression analysis was carried out.)
and would not be of much value. However,
CIV, Figure 2.24 indicates the fit of the data set to
when multivariate regression is used to analyze Equation (2-7). The scatter band represents two
the data set, a relatively small standard deviation standard deviations about the line that corre-
of 32 MPa is obtained. sponds to complete agreement between meas-
ured and predicted values of a^^. The variance of
RESULTS the data was assumed to be normally distributed
and constant throughout the range of the predict-
Regression analysis indicated that the best ed values.
fit to the data was obtained with the following
equation: DISCUSSION
= 412 - 0.6647 + 2.73(CIV) - 0.00695{CW)^ The magnitude of the coefficients of the CIV
(2-7) terms is in agreement with results at room tem-
(S.D. = 32 MPa), perature [Equation (2-6)].
410 409 4 0 5
514 548 4 60 16
503 501 4 37 5
509 501 4 37 5
440 464 4 21 5
446 464 4 21 5
478 399 20 0 41
496 399 20 0 36
517 490 20 37 36
524 490 20 37 36
2-44
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
336 362 76 0 5
469 453 76 37 36
476 453 76 37 36
458 500 76 60 16
452 453 76 37 5
442 453 76 37 5
375 416 76 21 5
400 361 77 0 36
457 500 77 60 15
352 361 77 0 19
343 361 77 0 19
352 361 77 0 19
342 361 77 0 19
372 377 77 6 19
361 377 77 6 19
363 377 77 6 19
347 377 77 6 19
310 359 80 0 48
552 557 80 96 48
365 356 85 0 40
531 521 85 75 40
412 352 90 0 41
2-45
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
2-46
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
600r-
80
O
a.
in
500
A
A
A
O o
z 60 z
LU LU
0£
400 6
h~ t—
CO to
O
IXJ LU
-J
300
A 40
A
A REF. 5
• REF. 15
< A REF. 16
i <
— 200 — REF.
REF.
19
36
o
A
o REF. 40
REF. 41
o REF. 48
20
100
100 200 300
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 2.21. The data are represented as a function of temperature, for all levels of cold work. The
variation in cold work obscures the dependence of ultimate tensile strength upon temperature that
is given in Equation (2-7). For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data
are presented in Table 2.7. Products were in plate, bar, and wire form.
2-47
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
600
4-300 K 80
O
5 5001
o
z — 60 z
LU
2 400
»—
CO to
A
UJ
_J
CO
Z 300^-
— 40
A REF. 5
< A
A
REF. 16 <
A A REF. 19
— 2004- REF. 36
• REF. 40
0 REF. 41
REF. 48
20
100
20 40 60 80 100
COLD WORK, percent
Figure 2.22. The data over the 4-to-300-K temperature range are represented as a function of cold worl<.
The variation in temperature obscures the dependence of ultimate tensile strength upon cold work
that is given in Equation (2-7). Forclarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All
data are presented in Table 2.7. Products were in plate, bar, and wire form.
2-48
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
600
80
500 4-K -
O ^— 76
60
P 400
z
LU
29 5 K
CO
LU 300
_J
40 —
I- 2 00
<
20 Li
100
20 40 60
COLD WORK, percent
Figure 2.23. These data from Reference 2.34 indicate the increase in ultimate tensile strength with
increased cold work or lowered temperature (C10400 plate).
2-49
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
600
Figure 2.24. The data shown were used to compute the regression of ultimate tensile strength upon
temperature and cold work [Equation (2-7)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from
the figure. All data are presented in Table 2.7. Products were in plate, bar, and wire form.
2-50
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Figure 2.25 shows data from References The authors of Reference 2.28 reported very
2.28, 2.33, and 2.34 on cold-worked coppers of change in elongation as [Ag] increased to
little
different silver content. These are the only data 0.085 wt%. However, these elongations were
available to estimate the variation in elongation considerably lower than those reported in Refer-
with silver content, [Ag].The available character- ences 2.33 and 2.34. Gage lengths for all speci-
ization of materials and measurements is given in mens were comparable. Different measurements
Table 2.10 at the end of the tensile properties of elongation on the same CI 0700 material gave
section. Measurements reported in Reference values from 21 to 25% (Reference 2.33).
2.28 were taken from square wire with initial di-
mensions (before rolling) of 0.63 cm x 0.63 cm. DISCUSSION
The thickness of the 40% cold-rolled plate used
for measurements reported in Reference 2.33 was Figure 2.27, based upon a different set of
1 .3 cm, but specimen thickness was 0.63 cm. data between 4 and 300 K, also indicates sub-
This was was cold-worked
the only material that stantial variation in this tensile property.
by a manufacturer. For the specimens used in
the measurements reported in Reference 2.34,
plate thickness before rolling was 1 .3 cm.
2-51
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
100
295 K
80
REF. 28, 0.0011X Ag
c o REF. 28. 0.0537% Ag
REF. 28. 0.0755X Ag
u REF. 33. 0.088 % Ag
o REF. 34. 0.027 % Ag
a
20 40 60
COLD WORK, percent
Figure 2.25. These data indicate a wide variation in tlie elongation, but do not show a strong
dependence of elongation of cold-worked copper upon silver content. (Silver content is unspeci-
fied for C10100, > 0.027 wt% for C10400, > 0.034 wt% for C10500, and > 0.085 wt% for C10700.)
Products were in plate (References 2.33 and 2.34) and wire-bar form (Reference 2.28).
2-52
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS ing the 7 dependence. It is clear from the large
amount of scatter in Figures 2.26 and 2.27 that
A 53 measurements of tensile elon-
set of 1 separate regression equations for as a function
gation from 4 to 300 K was selected for analysis. of each variable, 7 and CW, would not be of
Product forms included plate, bar, and wire. In much value. However, when multivariate regres-
most cases, the actual percent reduction of thick- sion is used to analyze the data set, a relatively
ness or area was specified, but in a few instanc- small standard deviation of 1 2% Is obtained.
es, the percent reduction was obtained from stan- Figure 2.28 presents recent measurements at 4,
dard tables of temper designation (see Table 1.?). 76, and 295 K on CI 0400 which show the
plate,
The amount of cold work, CW, ranged up to 96%. variation in elongation with both 7 and CIV.
This data set (References 2.3, 2.5-2.6, 2.14-2.16, (These data were not available when the regres-
2.19, 2.36, 2.38-2.39 and 2.50-2.56) was used in sion analysis was carried out.)
regression analysis of elongation upon tempera- fit of the data set to
Figure 2.29 indicates the
ture (7) and CW. Polynomial terms in T and CW Equation (2-8). The scatter band represents two
were Included in the analysis. standard deviations about the line, which corre-
sponds to complete agreement between mea-
RESULTS sured and predicted values of elongation. The
variance of the data was assumed to be normally
Regression analysis indicated that the best distributed and constant throughout the range of
fit to the datawas obtained with the equation: the predicted values.
where elongation is in percent, 4 K < 7 < 300 K, from several types of specimens were combined
and CW in percent, is the reduction of thickness
, in the analysis. Equation (2-8) should not be used
or area). The standard deviations of the three to predict exact elongation values. However,
coefficients are 2.0, 0.0094, and 0.051. since the effect of specimen type Is small com-
Table 2.8 presents the measured values of pared with the effects of CW and temperature, the
the tensile elongation, the values of elongation equation illustrates the effect of these variables.
calculated from the regression equation, the per- Note also that the only measurements on flat
cent of CW (reduction of thickness or area), the specimens (Reference 2.19) He within the scatter
temperature, and the reference number. The band shown in Figure 2.29, but are above the
available characterization of materials and mea- predicted values. Thus, other sources of uncer-
surements is given in Table 2.10 at the end of the tainty are probably larger than differences In
tensile properties section. specimen type, although differences In gage
Figure 2.26 depicts the data as a function of lengths also change measured elongation.
7 only, for all levels of CW. Figure 2.27 depicts See also Figure 2.25 and page 2-51.
the data as a function of CW only, without show-
101 58.2 0 4 56
77.0 54.2 0 77 56
61.0 42.1 0 295 56
2-53
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
57.0 54.2 0 76 5
RA 0 A c
f D.U U 4 D
52.5 53.7 0 85 38
4Q.5 R7 n U 1A
JO
48.0 57.0 0 25 36
HO.D Do. f U oo 1A
JO
43.0 53.7 0 85 38
40.5 47.1 0 205 38
39.0 50.1 0 150 38
" ^
36.5 57.0 0 25 38
35.0 54.0 0 80 38
35.0 50.1 0 150 38
35.5 46.5 0 215 OO
36.5 43.5 0 270 38
Jo.U U oAn 1A
JO
OO. 7
f
n
u AS
OO 1A
JO
OA R DU.4 u 140 JO
47 1 r\
U zuo 1A
00
R7 .U
Of n A
U ^0 lA
JO
RT
O J. 7 r u AS
00 1A
JO
OQ n 0U.4 U i>1 S
140 lA
00
A7
HI .
1
1
n iiUO lA
JO
Of .3 4 c;
i^l1.0
U ins
JUO lA
JO
Of .U 41 R
4 .01 U ins
JUO 1A
JO
OD.U yl1 c;
4 .0
1 U ms
oUO QA
JO
46 5 57 0 Q OS
^o '^A
JO
^7 n
0/ .u U OS
zo 1A
JO
"^0
OU. 1 U 1 sn 1A
00
Ju.U 4 1 .0 U ins
oUo 1A
00
ju.u R7 J
0/ .
"3 A
U on 1A
JO
an n
jU.U 54.0 0 80 38
28.5 54.0 0 80 38
23.0 41.5 0 305 38
18.5 41.8 0 300 38
57.6 53.3 0 93 50
44.6 49.9 0 153 50
47.0 47.7 0 193 50
47.0 45.5 0 233 50
40.2 43.9 0 263 50
48.0 42.1 0 295 50
67.0 53.3 0 93 50
51.0 42.1 0 295 50
21-54
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
45.0 57.3 0 20 36
44.0 54.2 0 77 36
38.0 47.6 0 195 36
36.0 41.8 0 300 36
57.2 47.6 0 196 54
57.3 46.6 0 213 54
56.2 44.4 0 253 54
55.0 42.2 0 293 54
60.0 54.2 0 77 6
48.0 42.2 0 293 6
58.3 54.2 0 77 19
56.3 47.1 0 205 19
55.8 45.5 0 233 19
53.5 42.0 0 297 19
68.5 54.2 0 77 19
63.0 47.1 0 205 19
60.8 45.5 0 233 19
62.2 42.0 0 297 19
63.0 54.2 0 77 19
56.8 47.1 0 205 19
54.3 45.5 0 233 19
51.2 42.0 0 297 19
69.8 54.2 0 77 19
65.3 47.1 0 205 19
58.8 45.5 0 233 19
58.4 42.0 0 297 19
68.1 57.3 0 20 39
67.8 57.3 0 20 39
70.7 57.3 0 20 39
59.7 54.2 0 76 39
60.8 54.2 0 76 39
59.8 54.2 0 76 39
53.3 47.6 0 195 39
53.1 47.6 0 195 39
53.4 42.1 0 295 39
54.2 42.1 0 295 39
75.1 58.2 0 4 14
2-55
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
66.0 54.2 0 77 14
64.6 54.2 0 77 14
65.4 54.2 0 77 14
43.3 51.1 6 77 19
61.8 51.1 6 77 19
58.5 51.1 6 77 19
67.5 51.1 6 77 19
48.7 47.4 21 4 5
36.6 43.4 21 76 5
54.0 38.2 37 20 36
57.0 38.2 37 20 36
35.0 35.1 37 76 36
35.0 35.1 37 76 36
20.0 28.5 37 195 36
31.6 39.1 37 4 5
19.5 35.1 37 76 5
18.7 35.1 37 76 5
41.0 27.2 60 4 16
42.0 26.4 60 20 16
29.0 23.3 60 76 16
20.0 16.7 60 195 16
8.2 21.0 64 80 53
2.20 9.75 64 283 53
6.30 4.47 96 60 53
1.00 -6.76 96 283 53
2-56
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
100
REF. 3 o REF. 38
REF. 5 REF. 39
4-300 K 0 REF. 6 m REF. 50
< REF. 14 REF. 51
• REF. 15 REF. 52
80 V REF. 16 A REF. 53 -
> REF. 19 T REF. 54
o REF. 36
>
c o
<
o <
u
o 60
CL o
o
Z o
o o
o
o
< 40 V-
o
o o o oo
20
A
100 200 300
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 2.26. The data for all levels of cold work are represented as a function of temperature. The
variation in cold work obscures the dependence of tensile elongation upon temperature that is
given in Equation (2-8). For clarity, overlapping points are omitted from the figure, including all
points from References 2.55 and 2.56. All data are presented in Table 2.8. Products were in plate,
2-57
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
100
4-300 K
80
REF. 3
REF. 5
c REF. 6
REF. 14
u REF. 15
O 601 REF. 16
Q. V REF. 19
V
REF. 36
REF. 38
V REF. 39
V REF. 50
< 40' i REF. 52
o REF. 53
z
o
—I
LU
20
20 40 60 80 100
COLD WORK, percent
Figure 2.27. The data over the 4 300 K temperature range are represented as a function of cold worl<.
to
The obscures the dependence of tensile elongation upon cold work that is
variation in temperature
given in Equation (2-8). For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure, including
all points from References 2.51, 2.54, 2.55, and 2.56. All data are presented in Table 2.8. Products
were in plate, bar, and wire form.
2-58
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
100
20 40 60
COLD WORK, percent
Figure 2.28. These data from Reference 2.57 indicate the decrease in elongation with increased cold
work or temperature (C10400 plate).
2-59
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Figure 2.29. The data shown were used to compute the linear regression of tensile elongation upon
temperature and cold work [Equation (2-8)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from
the figure, including all points from References 2.55 and 2.56. All data are presented in Table 2.8.
Products were in plate, bar, and wire form.
2-60
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
percent, is the reduction of thickness or area. to predict exact values of reduction of area.
The standard deviations of the two coefficients However, the data on flat specimens (References
are 0.7 and 0.028. The equation is valid for data 2.19 and 2.32), fall within the scatter band shown
between 4 and 300 K. No significant T depen- in Figure 2.32, and are often higher than the pre-
dence was observed for this set of data. dicted values. Thus, other sources of uncertainty
Table 2.9 presents the measured values of are larger than differences in specimen type, and
the tensile reduction of area, the reduction of area the equation illustrates the general trend of the
values calculated from the regression equation, data with temperature (no significant effect) and
the percent of CW (reduction of thickness or CW.
area), T, and the reference number. The available
81.0 80.5 0 4 56
83.0 80.5 0 77 56
82.0 80.5 0 295 56
87.0 80.5 0 295 5
87.0 80.5 0 76 5
82.0 80.5 0 4 5
77.0 80.5 0 93 50
2-61
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
75.0 60.5 Q 20 51
oU.O u 3 1
66 0 60 5 Q 296 -\
c. 1 J 54
* u.u 80 5 Q 253 54
70 0 80 5 Q 293 54
63 0 80 5 0 20 36
83.0 80.5 0 77 36
83 0 80 5 Q 195 36
89.0 60.5 0 300 36
80.0 80.5 0 4 57
85.0 60.5 0 78 57
86.0 80.5 0 300 57
82.4 60.5 0 4 14
83.1 80.5 0 77 14
62.5 80.5 0 77 14
63.6 60.5 0 77 14
82.3 80.5 0 20 39
82.6 80.5 0 20 39
83.8 80.5 0 20 39
63 4 60 5 Q 20 39
82.8 80.5 0 76 39
64.3 80.5 Q 76 39
65.6 60.5 0 76 39
85.4 60.5 Q 76 39
82.6 80.5 0 76 39
85 7 80 5 Q 195 39
84.3 60.5 0 195 39
64 0 60 5 Q
83.8 80.5 Q 195 39
00.3 OU.U n
u
85.4 60.5 0 295 39
87.7 80.5 0 295 39
85.1 80.5 0 295 39
72.0 80.5 0 60 53
76.0 60.5 0 283 53
74.5 80.5 0 77 19
79.7 60.5 0 205 19
79.0 80.5 0 233 19
95.0 60.5 0 297 19
2-62
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
oy. 1
n
U "77 1Q
ly
O 1 .*t
fin R n 9nR 1Q
7R A n zo J 19
92.2 80.5 0 297 19
CT Q
Df .9 ou.o n
U
7fi Q An R n 9nR 1Q
1
77 ^ 80 5 Q 233 19
87 5 80.5 0 297 19
61.0 79.7 g 77 19
ou.o 7Q 7 c
o 19
7ji
/
"a
4.0 7Q 7 D zoo 1Q
7Q 7 c
D 0Q7 1Q
9
1
71 Q 79 7 g 77 19
79 3 79 7 g 205 19
69.2 79.7 g 77 19
80.6 77.8 21 4 5
82.4 77.8 21 76 5
80.0 75.7 37 20 36
81.0 75.7 37 20 36
79.0 75.7 37 76 36
79.0 75.7 37 76 36
76.5 75.7 37 76 5
78.3 75.7 37 76 5
59.0 72.2 64 80 53
66.0 72.2 64 283 53
2-63
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
56.0 68.1 96 80 53
63.0 68.1 96 283 53
100
4-300 K
V
V
V o
- 80
c o
o o Oi
o
im
o T >
a
60
<
REF. 5
REF. 14
REF. 15
40
q REF.
REF.
16
19
I—
u REF. 32
REF. 36
a REF. 39
REF. 50
20 REF. 51
REF. 53
A REF. 57
Figure 2.30. The data for all levels of cold work are plotted versus the temperature. For clarity, overlap-
ping data points are omitted from the figure, including all points from References 2.1, 2.55, and
2.56. All data are presented in Table 2.9. Products were in plate, bar, and wire form.
2-64
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
100
1
1
1
>
1
^ 80 »
c >
a
< 60
LU
<
40
o • 4 K
o 76 K
295 K
o
20
20 40 60
COLD WORK, percent
Figure 2.31. These data from Reference 2.34 indicate the decrease in reduction of area with increased
cold worl< and the lack of significant temperature dependence (C10400 plate).
2-65
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
100
20 40 60 80 100
COLD WORK, percent
Figure 2.32. The data shown were used to compute the linear regression of reduction of area upon cold
work [Equation (2-9)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure, including all
points from References 2.1, 2.14, 2.50-2.51, and 2.55-2.57. All data are presented in Table 2.9.
Data from all temperatures between 4 and 300 K are included in this figure. (Regression analysis
indicated no significant dependence upon temperature.) Products were in plate, bar, and wire
form.
2-66
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
20 40 60 80 100
COLD WORK, percent
Figure 2.33. Tensile reduction of area dependence upon cold work from 4 to 300 K. The scatter band
represents two standard deviations about a linear regression based upon 112 measurements of
reduction of area for a range of cold work from 0 to 96%. The regression equation is
where CW is the percent of cold work (reduction of thickness or area). No significant temperature
dependence was observed over the range 4 to 300 K. Products were in plate, bar, and wire form.
2-67
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DISCUSSION
2-68
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
STRAIN
Figure 2.34. Stress-strain curves at three temperatures for annealed C10400 plate (Reference 2.5).
2-69
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Figure 2.35. Stress-strain curves at tiiree temperatures for half-hard C10400 plate (Reference 2.5).
2-70
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
STRAIN
Figure 2.36. Stress-strain curves at tliree temperatures for hard C10400 plate (Reference 2.5).
2-71
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
Reference No. 1 2 3 4
Composition (wt%)
Cu 99.99 + 99.98 99.99 99.8986
Ag 0.005 0.0014
Cu + Ag — —
O2
Bi 0.0005 0.00007
P — — 0.0004
Pb 0.002 0.0006
S — — 0.0011
Cq
Te — < 0.0002
Others Ni, 0.005; Zn, 0.001
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
2-72
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
5 6 7A 7B 8
— —
AS, Ca
re, KI!
(Ni,
Cn zji
on, 7n Ae>
AS, KI!
iNl,
Cn
on, Zj\ re, u.uw
<0.01 <0.01
A n r\ AO
Mflncalou, Q/^Q
9U0
1
l\. Mnneaiea, //o r\, Anneciled,
1 h, Ar, AC (a) 1.5 h, furnace 2 h 2h 773-973 K,
cooled 1.25-8.5 h
Rp 53 (c) —
Plate, Plate Plate Strip,
3.2-cm-thick 0.3-cm-thlck
Round Wire
0.64 cm 0.2 cm
4.19 cm 10 cm
0.6/min
11 12
(a) Other specimens: V^hard and hard (cold-rolled 50% from V^hard condition).
(b) V4-hard, 77 itm; hard, not measured.
(c) Vi-hard, Rp 80; hard, Rp 88.
2-73
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
Reference No. 9 10 11 12
Composition (wt%)
Cu 99.96 99.999 + 99.9 99.99 +
Ag
Cu + Ag
O2
Ri
P — '
'
'
— — —
Pb
S — •
— — —
Se
Te — — — —
Others
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
Grain Size 34, 190 itm 0.056-8.4 iim 20-90 iim 3.4-150 iim
No. of Specimens
2-74
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
13 14 15 16 17A
^4 n4 /v\
ClOiCX) O10100 r\f\
CIOIOO C10100 C10100
Annealed, 923 K, Vacuum annealed, Cold-worked, 60%, Cold-drawn, 60% Annealed. Others;
1 h 922 K, 0.5 h cross-rolled cold-rolled, 18-40%
3.18 cm 3.8 cm
2-75
i
I
i
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
Composition (wt%)
Cu 99.97 (a) 99.94 99.95 99.96
An
"9
Cu + Ag
O2 —
Bi
P MM
Pb —
S
Se
Te MM Mil —
Others —
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
Grain Size 38-80 /tm 15-40 iim 15-35 Mfn 45-48 iim (e)
9.3 cm
No. of Specimens
(a) Electrolytic.
(b) Cold-rolled, Rp 90-92 (60-kg load).
(c) Cold-rolled, Rp 92-95 (60-kg load).
(d) Other specimens: cold-worked, 6-75%, or hot-rolled and drawn.
(e) Cold-rolled, 25-46.5 iim; cold-drawn, 40-75 /tm.
(f) Annealed condition, 0.318 and 0.64-cm thick; cold-worked, 0.338 and 0.676-cm thick.
(g) Longitudinal and transverse orientations.
2-76
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
20 21 22A 22B 23
0.8S-1 h (d)
Dal £.UQ Ui
—
,
2.22-cm-dia. 2.54-cm-dia.
1 % area 0.02/min
reduction per min
2-77
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
^
:
I
Composition (wt%)
Cu 99.996 99.9943 99.9411 99.997
Ag 0.0011 0.0537
Cu + Ag
O2 not detected
Bi not detected 0.0001
p
Pb — 0.0002 0.0005
b 0.0011 0.0014 0.0016
Se — ^
0.0001 0.0003
Te not detected not detected
Others — Ni, 0.0011 Fe, 0.001 —
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
Hardness — — — Rg 37.2
Specimen Type Round Wire; square bar Wire; square bar Round
Width or Dia. 1.28 cm (d) (d) 0.64, 0.8 cm
Thickness
Gage Length 5.1 cm 5.0 cm
No. of Specimens
2-78
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
£.1
0.0025/min (d)
2-79
I
Cold-worked
Composition (wt%)
Cu 99.995 + 99.924 99.97
Aa 0.001 0.072 0 003
Cu + Ag
O2 0.0002 0.0002-0.0003 — 0.032
Bi not detected not detected
D
r not detected not detected
Pb 0.0003 0.0003 — —
S 0.002 0.002
Se — —
Te not detected not detected
Others — Fe, 0.005
(Only > 0.001 wt%
Material Condition Annealed (a) Annealed (a) Annealed, 873 K, Annealed, 723 K.
1 h (e) Others: cold-
rolled, 9.0-89.4%
No. of Specimens 11
(a) Other specimens: cold-drawn, 10 and 25%; 50% reduction achieved by cold-drawing 32% followed by cold-rolling.
(b) Cold-worked, 10%, 40 nm; 25%, 35 (im; 50%, unspecified.
(c) Cold-worked, 10%, VPN 91.0; 25%, VPN 101.3; 50%, VPN 111.0 (20-kg load).
(d) Cold-worked, 10%, VPN 93.4; 25%, VPN 102.0; 50%, VPN 115.0 (20-kg load).
(e) Other specimens: cold-worked, 21%, 37%.
(f) Cold-worked, 21%, VPN 70; 37%, VPN 104.
(g) Cold-rolled, D.P. 77-121.
2-80
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
oo OH o/
99.87
0.088 0.027 — — —
— 99.95 — — —
0.003 _ _ _
0.0022 — — — —
not dotficted
0.0008 — — — —
U.UUlU
Al, 0.0054; Sn, — — —
0.0093; Te,
0.001; Zr, 0.0022
Cold-rolled, 40% Annealed, 773 K, Annealed. Others: Hard, tested Annealed, 798 K,
D OO.fO
Hp OR 7R la\
\a} "b ^' v"'
oar [\),
_
2.5-cm-thick 3 X 8 X 28 cm 1 .9-cm-dia.
(d)
(a) Mean of 392 data points, standard deviation 1 .53, range 80.5-89.0.
(b) Other specimens: cold-rolled, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60%.
(c) Respective Rp vailues corresponding to 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60% cold work were 81, 82, 87, 89, 90, 91.
(d) One specimen per temperature and cold-worked condition.
(e) Hardness available on 21% cold-worked only, 92.8-93.2 (Vickers hardness scale).
(f) Other specimens: foil, annealed, 473 K, 8 h. He; wire, annealed.
(g) Foil, 14 iim; square wire, 11 iim.
2-81
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
Reference No. 38 39 40 41
Composition (wt%)
Cu 99.999 99.97 99.97
Ag 0.00003
Cu + Ag 99.99
O2
Bi 0.0001
P — — —
rD 0.0001
S 0.0001 — -
— —
Se 0.0001
Te 0.0002 — — —
Others
(Only > 0.001 wt%
No. of Specimens
2-82
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
42 43 44 45 46A
99.982 99.97
0.003
— — — —
— <0.0001 — — —
— —
0.001
— — — —
— — — —
re, u.uuo
773-923 K, 2 h, AC (c)
0.5-1 h (b)
— — — — —
VPN 88.5 (e)
5.1 cm 5.1 cm
2-83
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
46B 47A 47 B AO
Composition (wt%)
Cu 99.999 99.991 99.999
Ag — < 0.00003 0.0014 < 0.00003
Cu + Ag
O2 0.03
Bi < 0.00001 0.00002 < 0.00001
P —
Pb <0.0001 0.0003 <0.0001
S ^
— <0.0001 0.0037 < 0.0001
^ U.LnJU U.UUU
—
1 1
Hardness — — — —
Product Form — Bar, hot-rolled, Bar, hot-rolled. Cast bar,
0.794-cm-dia. 0.794-cm-dia. 0.952-cm-dia.
No. of Specimens
(a) Other specimens: cold-worked, 50%; type of cold work not specified.
(b) Other specimens: cold-drawn, 20.8-93.4%.
(c) Other specimens: cold-drawn, 4.8-93.4%.
(d) Other specimens: cold-drawn, 50-87.5%.
2-84
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
49 50 51 52 53
— — — — —
— — — —
— — — — —
— — — — —
— — — — —
AC Other: cold-drawn.
64% and 96%
150 iim — — — —
— — Brinell 59, 63 — —
Bar, Wire
2.54-cm-dia.
5.1 cm 3.0 cm
2-£t5
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
Reference No. 54 55 56 57
Composition (wt%)
Cu 99.98 99.96 99.95 99.99
Ag
Cu + Ag
O2
Ri
p — — — 0.0003
Pb
S - — — — 0.0018
Se
Te — - — -— —
Others
(Only > O.CX)1 wt%
2-86
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
REFERENCES
1. Geil, G. W., and Carwile, N. L, 'Tensile Properties of Copper, Nickel, and Some Copper-Nickel
Alloys at Low Temperatures," in NBS Circular 520, U.S. National Bureau of Standards,
Gaithersburg, MD, 67-95 (1952).
2. Knoll, H., and Macherauch, E., "Die plastische Verformung von Kupfervielkristallen im
Temperaturbereich von 90 bis 300 K," Zeitschrift fiir Metallkunde 55, 638-645 (1964).
3. Makin, M. J., "The Effect of Neutron Irradiation on the Mechanical Properties of Metals: Part Ill-
Copper and Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Han/vell, Great Britain, MIR 2080, 22
Nickel,"
pp. (1956).
4. Reed, R. P., Mikesell, R. P., and Clark, A. "Low Temperature Tensile Behavior of Copper-
P.,
5. Reed, R. P., and Walsh, R. P., National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, CO, private
communication (1986).
6. Tschegg, E., and Stanzl, S., "Fatigue Crack Propagation and Threshold in B.C.C. and F.C.C.
Metals at 77 and 293 K," Acta Metallurgica 29, 33-40 (1981).
7. Drefahl, K., Weinau, M., and Steinkamp, W., "Creep Properties and Design Data of Copper and
Copper Alloys for Apparatus Construction," Metall 36, 504-518 (1982).
8. Feltham, P., and Meakin, J. D., "On the Mechanism of Work Hardening in Face-Centered Cubic
Metals, with Special Reference to Polycrystalline Copper," Philosophical Magazine 2, 1 05-1 1
(1957).
9. Knapp, W., The Effects of Specimen Grain Size and Environment on the Fatigue Life of OFHC
Copper," University of Toronto, Canada, UTIAS Technical Note 124, 54 pp. (1968).
10. Merz, M. D., and Dahlgren, S. D., 'Tensile Strength and Work Hardening of Ultrafine-Grained
High-Purity Copper," Journal of Applied Physics 46, 3235-3237 (1975).
12. Thompson, A. W., and Backofen, W. A., 'The Effect of Grain Size on Fatigue," Acta Metallurgica
J9, 597-606 (1971).
Thompson, A. W., and Backofen, W. A., "Production and Mechanical Behavior of Very Fine-
Grained Copper," Metallurgical Transactions 2, 2004-2005 (1971).
13. Reed, R. P., National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, CO, private communication (1985).
14. Wells. J. M., Tien, J. K., Roth, L. D.. Wetzel, J. T., Yen, C. T., and Caulfield, T., "Creep of Copper
at Cryogenic Temperatures," International Copper Research Association, New York, NY, Final
2-87
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
REFERENCES
Report, Project No. 312. 77 pp. (1985). See also Yen, C, Caulfield, T.. Roth, L. D., Wells, J. M.,
and Tien, J. K., Cryogenics 24, 371-377 (1984).
15. Becker, H., Montgomery, D. B., and Reed, R. P., "Wanted: Cryogenic Mechanical Property Data
on Copper Alloys," Massachusetts Institute of Technology Plasma Fusion Center, Cambridge,
MA, private communication (1985).
16. Reed, R. P., and Mikesell, R. P., "Low-Temperature (295 to 4 K) Mechanical Properties of
Selected Copper Alloys," Journal of Materials 2, 370-392 (1967).
17. Witzel, W., "EinfluB der Walzrichtung auf die Mechanischen Eigenschaften von Kupfer mit
Wurfellage," Metall 36, 1 1 74-1 1 78 (1 982).
18. Wilkins, R. A., and Bunn, E. S., "Copper and Copper Base Alloys," McGraw-Hill Book Company,
New York, 355 pp. (1943).
19. Upthegrove, C, and Burghoff, H. L., "Elevated-Temperature Properties of Coppers and Copper-
Base Alloys," American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, Special Technical
Publication No. 181, 75 pp. (1956).
20. Liaw, P. K., Leax, T. R. Williams, R. S., and Peck, M. G., "Near-Threshold Fatigue Crack Growth
Behavior in Copper," Metallurgical Transactions 13A 1607-1618 (1982).
.
21. Jenkins, W. D., and Digges, T. G., "Influence of Prior Strain History on the Tensile Properties and
Structures of High-Purity Copper," Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards 49,
167-186 (1952).
22. Burghoff, H. L., and Blank, A. "The Creep Characteristics of Copper and Some Copper Alloys
I.,
at 300, 400, and 500 °F," Proceedings of the American Society for Testing and Materials 47,
725-753 (1947).
23. Thomsen, E. G., Holthuis, J. T., and Thomsen, H. H., "Flow Stresses of Prestrained Annealed
OFHC Copper and SAE 1018 Steel," Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 103 .
188-193 (1981).
24. Smith, C. S., and Wagner, R. W., "The Tensile Properties of Some Copper Alloys," Proceedings
of the American Society for Testing and Materials 41, 825-848 (1941).
25. Jackson, L. R., Hall, A. M.. and Schwope, A. D., "The Comparative Properties of Several Types of
Commercial Coppers, as Cold Worked and as Recrystallized," Transactions of the American
Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers 14. 1-10 (1947).
26. Anderson, A.R., and Smith, C. S., "Fatigue Tests on Some Copper Alloys," Proceeding of the
American Society for Testing and Materials 41, 849-858 (1941).
27. Taylor, M. T., Woolcock, A., and Barber, A. C, "Strengthening Superconducting Composite
2-88
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
REFERENCES
28. Schwope, A. D., Smith, K. F., and Jackson, L R., 'The Comparative Creep Properties of Several
Types of Commercial Coppers," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and
Metallurgical Engineers 185, 409-416 (1949).
29. Jones, P. G., and Moore, H. F., "An Investigation of the Effect of Rate of Strain on the Results of
Tension Tests of Metals," Proceedings of American Society for Testing and Materials 40, 610-624
(1940).
30. Benson, N. D., and McKeown, J., 'The Creep and Softening Properties of Copper for Alternator
Rotor Windings," Journal of the Institute of Metals 80, 131-142 (1952).
31. Dugdale, D. S., "Stress-Strain Cycles of Large Amplitude," Journal of the Mechanics and Physics
of Solids 7, 135-142 (1959).
Dugdale, D. S., "An Experimental Study of the V-Notch Fatigue Test," Journal of the Mechanics
and Physics of Solids 7, 282-287 (1959).
32. Cook, M., and Richards, T. L, 'The Tensile/Shear Stress Ratio in Rolled Copper Alloys," Journal
of the Institute of Metals 73, 541-551 (1947).
33. Murray, H., "Compact Ignition Tokamak, Toroidal Field Coil, Copper/Nickel Alloy Laminate
Development, FA01 Summary Documentation," Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton,
,
34. Reed, R. P., and Walsh, R. P., National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, CO, private
communication (1987).
35. Yoshida, K., Takahashi, Y., Tada, E., Shimada, M., Tokuchi, A., Tada, N., and Shimamoto, S.,
36. McClintock, R. M., Van Gundy, D. A., and Kropschot, R. H., "Low-Temperature Tensile Properties
of Copper and Four Bronzes," American Society for Testing and Materials Bulletin 240, 47-50
(1959).
37. Frye, J. H., Scott, J. L, and Woods, J. W., "Effect of Strain and Temperature on the Yielding of
Copper and Nickel," Journal of Metals 9(5). 708 (1957).
38. Carreker, R. and Hibbard, W. R., 'Tensile Deformation of High Purity Copper as a Function
P., of
Temperature, Strain Rate, and Grain Size," Acta Metallurgical, 654-663 (1953).
39. Warren, K. A.,and Reed, R. P., 'Tensile and Impact Properties of Selected Materials from 20 to
300 °K," U.S. National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC, Monograph 63, 51 pp. (1963).
40. McAdam, D. J., and Mebs, R. W., 'The Technical Cohesive Strength and Other Mechanical
Properties of Metals at Low Temperatures," Proceedings of the American Society for Testing and
Materials 43, 661-706 (1943).
2-89
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
REFERENCES
McAdam, D. J., Geil, G. W., and Woodward, D. H., "Influence of Strain Rate and Temperature on
the Mechanical Properties of Monel Metal and Copper," Proceedings of the American Society for
Testing and Materials 46, 902-950 (1946).
41. McCammon, R. D., and Rosenberg, H. M., 'The Fatigue and Ultimate Tensile Strengths of Metals
between 4.2 and 293 °K," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Mathematical and
Physical Sciences A242. 203-211 (1957).
42. Ellis, Greiner, E. S., "Effect of Prior Strain at Low Temperatures on the Properties of
W. C, and
Some Close-packed Metals at Room Temperature," Transactions of the American Institute of
Mining and Metallurgical Engineers 194 648-650 (1952). .
43. McKeown, J., and Hudson, 0. F., "Stress-Strain Characteristics of Copper, Silver, and Gold,"
Journal of the Institute of Metals 60, 109-132 (1937).
44. McAdam, D. J., Jr., Geil,G. W., and Cromwell, F. J., "Flow Fracture and Ductility of Metals,"
American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, Technical Publication No. 2296, 29 pp.
(1948).
45. Thompson, J. G., "Effect of Cold-Rolling on the Indentation Hardness of Copper," Journal of
46. Opie, W. R., Taubenblat, P. W., and Cale, N. H., "Effect of Oxygen on the Mechanical Properties
of Copper," Wire Journal 6(6), 53-58 (1973).
47. Yokelson, M. V., and Balicki, M., "Progressive Work-Hardening and Reannealing of Five Brands
of High Conductivity Copper," Wire and Wire Products 30, 1179-1194 (1955).
48. Smart, J. S., Smith, A. A., and Phillips, A. J., "Preparation and Some Properties of High-Purity
Copper," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers 143 .
272-283 (1941).
49. Kee, W. W., 'The Control of Properties and Structure in the Hot and Cold Rolling of Copper and
Copper-Base Alloys," Journal of the Institute of Metals 82, 307-322 (1954).
50. Colbeck, E. W., and MacGillivray, W. E., 'The Mechanical Properties of Metals at Low
Temperatures, Part II: Non-ferrous Materials," Transactions of the Institute of Chemical
Engineers 11, 107-123 (1933).
51. Haas, W. J., and Hadfield, R., "On the Effects of the Temperature of Liquid Hydrogen (-252.8 °C)
on the Tensile Properties of Forty-one Specimens of Metals," Philosophical Transactions of the
Royal Society of London A232 297-332 (1934). .
52. Hooper, W. H. L., and Inglis, N. P., "Non-ferrous Data for the Chemical Engineer," Chemistry and
Industry, 1334-1348 (1954).
53. Jeffries, Z., and Archer, R. S., in 'The Science of Metals," McGraw-Hill Book Company, New
York, 210-211 (1924).
2-90
2. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
REFERENCES
54. Pester, F., "Festigkeitsprufungen an Stangen und Drahten bei tiefen Temperaturen," Zeitschrift fur
Metallkunde 24, 67-72 (1932).
56. Lessman, G. Logson, W. A., Kossowski, R., Mathur, M. P., and Wells, J. M., "Structural
G.,
Materials for Cryogenic Applications," in Materials Research in Support of Superconducting
Machinery, Eds., R. P. Reed, A. F. Clark, and E. C. van Reuth, National Technical Information
Service, Springfield, VA, ADA 780596 (1974).
57. Nachtigall, A. J., "Strain-Cycling Fatigue Behavior of Ten Structural Metals Tested in Liquid
Helium (4 K), in Liquid Nitrogen (78 K), and in Ambient Air (300 K)," NASA TN D-7532, 30 pp.
(1974).
58. Blewitt, T. H., Coltman, R. R., and Redman, J. K., "Low Temperature Deformation of Cu Single
Crystals," Journal of Applied Physics 28, 651-660 (1957).
59. Ornstein, J. L, "Effect of Silver Additions on the Softening Temperature and Mechanical
Properties of Oxygen-free, High Conductivity Copper," Texas Instruments Inc., Attleboro, MA,
Engineering Report No. 1497, 8 pp. (1964).
2-91
3. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: IMPACT PROPERTIES
Charpy V-notch impact energy measure- able characterization of materials and measure-
ments from 76 to 295 K on annealed C10100 ments is given in Table 3.2 at the end of the im-
copper were obtained from References 3.1 and pact properties section.
3.2. The product forms of the material were bar
(Reference 3.1) and plate (Reference 3.2). Similar DISCUSSION
measurements over the same temperature range
on 60% cold-drawn C10100 copper were reported Impact energies are lower for the cold-
in Reference 3.3. Product was in bar form. Data worked copper, as expected. The measurements
at lower temperatures are not reported here be- reported in Reference 3.1 were made on half-size
cause of the large temperature rise that occurs in specimens, and were multiplied by a factor of
impact tests below 76 K in ductile materials. two.
RESULTS
142 295
141 295
144 295
155 195
153 195
156 195
182 76
168 76
180 76
168 79 2
173 123 2
173 173 2
162 224 2
152 291 2
130 295 3
137 195 3
129 76 3
3-1
3. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: IMPACT PROPERTIES
200
V V
V
V
150 S-
o — 100
o o >
>-
o o
cc
m
z 100
111
3D
o o
-<
<
50 Z
cr
50
REF. CONDITION
1 ANNEALED
A 2 ANNEALED
o 3 CW
TEMPERATURE. K
Figure 3.1. The impact energy dependence on test temperature indicates a decrease in impact energy
with increasing temperature for annealed material (References 3.1 and 3.2). The temperature
dependence for cold-worked material (Reference 3.3) is unclear. All data are presented in Table
3.1. Product forms include bar and plate.
3-2
3. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: IMPACT PROPERTIES
Reference No. 1 2 3
Composition (wt%)
Cu 99.50
Ag 0.002
Cu + Ag 99.99
O2 —
Bi
P 0.07
Pb — < 0.002
S 0.001
Se
Te —
Others Ni: 0.04; Fe; 0.001;
(Only > 0.001 wt%) As: 0.37; Sb: 0.003;
Sn: < 0.002
REFERENCES
1. Warren, K. A., and Reed, R. P., 'Tensile and Impact Properties of Selected Materials from 20 to
300 °K," U.S. National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC, Monograph 63, 51 pp. (1963).
2. Lismer, R. E., 'The Properties of Some Metals and Alloys at Low Temperatures," Journal of the
Institute of Metals 89, 145-161 (1961).
3. Reed, R. P., and Mikesell, R. P., "Low-Temperature (295 to 4 K) Mechanical Properties of Selected
Copper Alloys," Journal of Materials 2, 370-392 (1967).
3-3
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS Table 4.1 presents the number of cycles to
failure, the measured values of maximum stress,
Measurements of the maximum stress {a J the maximum stress values calculated from the
versus the number of cycles to failure {N) for regression equation, and the reference number.
annealed copper were obtained from 1 7 sources Selected points from the curves fitted to the 77
(References 4.1—4.17). /?-ratios, where stated, and 295 K data of Reference 4.17 are presented
were -1 except for tests reported in Reference
,
in Table 4.1 because the individual data points
4.12 which R varied from 0.12 to 0.19 (/? = mini- are so numerous. The available characterization
mum stress/maximum stress). In some cases, of materials and measurements is given in Table
the /?-ratio could not be determined from the 4.6 at the end of the fatigue properties section.
description of testing methods provided. The 148 Figure 4.1 indicates the fit of the data to
measurements of the data set were plotted to- Equation and Figure 4.2 presents these re-
(4-1),
gether and analyzed to determine whether the sults in summary form. The scatter bands repre-
- A/ relation could be expressed mathemati- sent two standard deviations about the straight
cally. line fitted by least squares to the data in logarith-
mic form. The variance of the data about the line
RESULTS was assumed to be normally distributed and con-
stant throughout the range of the independent
Because of the relatively small range of variable, log N.
compared to a variation in N over several orders
of magnitude, stress-controlled fatigue life data DISCUSSION
are often presented ina semi-logarithmic plot.
However, it was found that the data could best be An increase in the annealing temperature
by a log-log expression.
fitted In exponential has been shown to cause a decrease in the fa-
form, the equation obtained is tigue life (References 4.3 and 4.1 1). Variations in
annealing temperature may account for some of
a^(MPa) = 271 N^-°'\ (4-1) the variance of the data shown in Figure 4.1.
Table 4.1. Dependence of Maximum Stress upon Number of Cycles to Failure of Annealed Material
(295 K).
4-1
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
110.0 156.0 16
40000 112.0 153.0 \j
199.0 147.0 7
106.0 147.0 17
150.0 146.0 4
90.0 130.0 16
183.0 120.0 14
500000 130.0 119.0 4
183 0 116 0 14
546000 89.2 116.0 Q
760000 179.0 114.0 14
810000 183.0 113.0 14
890000 135.0 112.0 12
4-2
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
4-3
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
zUUUUUUU 11 1 .0 62.6 3
69.5 81 .4 1
O Q
1 . 1 o
^4000000 /o.o lo
LOUUUUUU 1 uo.u 7Q Q J
^OZUUUUU /D.f 7Q
/ y.o 1
JU lUUUUU f y.o 1
70 7Q n -1
1
J JsUUUUU 70 >1 o
O
oDUUUUUU / 1.1
7Q 1
1
J/ yuuuuu Cfl 7
OC3. f
77 1
JO^UUUUU oy.u T7 c;
10
OOOUUUUU CO 71
Do. 77 A 1
O^UUUUUU cc o 75.1 1
AA o
1 u^.u 00. f^
4-4
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
400
Figure 4.1. The data shown were used to compute the regression of maximum stress upon the number
of cycles to failure [Equation (4-1)]. For overlapping data points are omitted from the figure.
clarity,
All data are presented in Table 4.1. Tests discontinued before failure are marked by an arrow.
Product was predominately in bar form. The /?-ratios are discussed in the text.
4-5
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
Figure 4.2.Dependence of maximum stress at 295 K upon number of cycles to failure. The scatter
band represents two standard deviations about a linear regression equation based upon 148
measurements. The regression equation is -
The uncertainty of the exponent is ± 0.005, where 0.005 equals one standard deviation as deter-
mined in the regression analysis. The fl-ratios are discussed in the text.
4-6
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS from a figure presented in Reference 4.5. The ef-
fect of grain size is negligible for long fatigue life.
Data on the grain-size dependence of the The available characterization of materials and
life at 295 K were ob-
stress-controlled fatigue measurements is given in Table 4.6 at the end of
tained from Reference 4.5. The fl-ratio was -1 the fatigue properties section.
RESULTS
Figure 4.3. Data on the grain-size dependence of stress-controlled fatigue life are shown. The grain
sizes are indicated in the figure. A test discontinued before failure is marked by an arrow. This
figure is adapted from a figure presented in Reference 4.5. The R-ratio is -1
4-7
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
Measurements of the maximum stress below Results reported in References 4.4, 4.6, and
room temperature versus the number of cycles to 4.18 are in quantitative agreement. These results
failurewere obtained from References 4.4, 4.6, were obtained at one laboratory on the same
4.16, 4.18, and 4.19. The R-ratios were -1 for all apparatus. Results of References 4.16 and 4.17
measurements. All material was annealed. Be- are inapproximate quantitative agreement (with
cause of the large number of points at 77 K and each would be expected from the simi-
other) as
room temperature reported in Reference 4.17, larity in tensile strengths (380 and 340 MPa, re-
data were abstracted from the smoothed cun/es spectively, at 77 K). Although these two groups
fitted to the individual points. One extensive set of results are in qualitative agreement in that the
of data at 4, 20, 90, and 293 K is on a Cl 1000 fatigue life increases as the temperature decreas-
copper (Reference 4.4), but a few measurements es, there is considerable quantitative disagree-
on a 010200 copper in the same apparatus (Ref- ment, as is evident in Figure 4.4. Differences in
erence 4.7) showed the same magnitude of fa- ultimate tensile strengths could account for the
tigue life change with temperature. Measure- discrepancy. The tensile strength is not reported
ments below room temperature were obtained in References 4.6 and 4.18, but in Reference 4.4 it
with the specimens in a cryogenic liquid. is reported to be 430 MPa at 77 K for C1 1000
Table 4.2. Dependence of Stress-Controlled Fatigue Life upon Temperature (4-295 K).
4 85000 294 4
4 310000 288 4
4 630000 273 4
4 1800000 257 4
4 2000000 240 6
4 16000 320 18
4 41000 301 18
4 180000 292 18
4 500000 272 18
4 3000000 268 18
4-8
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
4 45000 236 17
4 45000 276 17
4 63000 209 17
H H r\r\f\f\
4 noooo 214 17
4 290000 199 17
4 j/UUUU on? 1
1
Tf
20 31000 298 4
cQr\r\c\
20 boUUU 293 4
20 T 20000 257 4
20 1 30000 282 4
20 140000 263 4
20 150000 271 4
20 150000 265 4
20 180000 250 4
20 210000 263 4
20 41UUUU 255
20 1190000 245 4
20 1 230000 232 4
20 10000000 236 4
20 1 44UUUUU 240 4
20 ^UUUUUU 220 b
1^ JUU JU 1 1 o
OAO 10
20 oUUUUU 261 18
20 ^bUUUUU 242
77 179 17
"77
tfUUUU i71
I/ 1
17
jY ouuuu 169 17
77 100UOU 162 17
f f OUUUUU 1 I
77 310000 152 17
77 290000 138 16
77 480000 131 16
1( 1U/UUUU 11/ lb
77 1 IbOUUU 124 16
on byuuu 208
90 160000 197 4
90 340000 188 4
90 950000 175 4
90 6200000 163 4
90 2000000 160 6
4-9
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
J loUUUUU 4
293 2000000 100 6
298 210000 90 16
298 460000 83 16
298 1050000 76 16
4-10
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
C10100, C10200, C 11 000: Annealed Stress-controlled Axial Fatigue
Life (Air/Liquid, 4-295 K)
250 o o —
^'^~^t^~..^20K ) o
o 200 -^.^^^
a.
^\t3 <
150
t—
K • F1EF. 4. 4 K
1EF. 4. 20 K
\293K '^EF. 4. 90 K
K HEF. 4. 293 K
o
X 100 ^> ^EF. 6. 4 K
A REF. 6. 20 K
< V\298 K REF. 6. 90 K
0 REF. 6, 293 K
REF. 16. 77 K
> REF. 16. 298 K
REF. 17. 4 K
< REF. 17. 77 K
« REF. 17. 295 K
T REF. 18. 4 K
V REF. 18, 20 K
Figure 4.4. Measurements of the stress-controlled fatigue life at different temperatures are shown. For
clarity, overlapping data points are eliminated from the figure. All data are presented in Table 4.2.
Products were in bar and sheet form. The tests reported in Reference 4.4 were carried out on
copper with an oxygen content of 0.03 wt%, which is closer to the C1 1000 specifications than to
CI 01 00 or CI 0200. All fl-ratios were -1.
4-11
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
DISCUSSION
4-12
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
C 11 000: Annealed Stress-controlled Axial Fatigue Life
(Air, Liquid/Vacuum, 77 K, 295 K)
Figure 4.5. Data on the differences in fatigue life of copper at 77 K and room temperature in various
atmospfieres and in vacuum are sfiown. Data are from References 4.1 and 4.16. Tests discontin-
ued before failure are marked by an arrow. The fl-ratios are -1
4-13
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
Measurements of the maximum stress (a^) The standard deviation of the exponent of N is
versus the number of cycles to failure (N) for 0.008. The standard deviation of the fit to the
copper cold-worked at room temperature were data in logarithmic form is 0.087.
obtained from References 4.7, 4.13, 4.21, and Table 4.3 presents the number of cycles to
4.22. The fl-ratios reported in References 4.7 and failure, the measured values of maximum stress,
4.13 were -1, and Reference 4.22 reported the maximum stress values calculated from the
R = 0. {R = minimum stress/maximum stress). regression equation, and the reference number.
In Reference 4.21, the ft-ratio could not be deter- The available characterization of materials and
mined from the description of testing methods measurements is given in Table 4.6 at the end of
provided. The total of 28 measurements on spec- the fatigue properties section.
imens with 5 to 82% cold work, CIV, (reduction of Figure 4.6 indicates the fit of the data to
area or thickness) were plotted and analyzed in Equation (4-2) and Figure 4.7 presents these
the same manner as were the measurements on results in summary form. The scatter bands rep-
annealed specimens. The mode of fatigue testing resent two standard deviations about the straight
reported in Reference 4.21 may not be axial; line fitted by least squares to the data in logarith-
however, the data were included because they mic form. The variance of the data about the line
were in agreement with other results, and was assumed to be normally distributed and con-
because these were the only data available on stant throughout the range of the independent
CI 0700 material. Also, Reference 4.23 reports variable, log N.
agreement at room temperature on fatigue life
determined from axial and bend tests. DISCUSSION
Table 4.3. Dependence of Maximum Stress upon Number of Cycles to Failure for Cold-worked Material
(295 K).
4-14
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
1 uuuuuu 1
1
70
1
n
^.u 1 03. 99
1 UUUUUU -1
1
n
Dy.u 09
4-15
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
Figure 4.6. The data shown were used to compute the regression of maximum stress upon the number
of cycles to failure [Equation (4-2)]. All data are presented in Table 4.3. Tests discontinued before
failure are marked by an arrow. Products were in bar and sheet form. The percent of cold work
refers to reduction of area or thickness. The H-ratios are discussed in the text.
4-16
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
1 rm I rrn i i 1 1 1 i rm \ Mil I
rrn \ rm —rm —
\ \
10^ 10^ 10"* 10^ 10^ 10^ 10^ lO' 10^° 10"
FATIGUE LIFE, cycles
Figure 4.7.Dependence of maximum stress at 295 K upon number of cycles to failure. The scatter
band represents two standard deviations about a linear regression equation based upon 28
measurements In which degree of cold work varied from 5 to 82% (reduction of area or thici<ness).
The regression equation is
°^'
a^(MPa) = 310 Ar°
The uncertainty in the exponent is ± 0.008, where 0.008 is one standard deviation as determined in
4-17
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS equation, and the reference number. Selected
points from the curves fitted to the data of Refer-
Measurements of the plastic strain range ence 4.19 are presented Table 4.4 because the
in
(Acp) at room temperature versus the number of individual data points are so numerous. The
cycles to failure were obtained from 8 sources
(A/) available characterization of materials and mea-
(References and 4.24-4.29). Fully re-
4.7, 4.19, surements is given in Table 4.6 at the end of the
versed cyclic fatigue measurements were report- fatigue properties section.
ed on annealed and cold-worked copper. Cold Figure 4.8 shows that the data follow the
work, CW, had been carried out at room tempera- Coffin-Manson law to a good approximation. A
ture. Results quoted in References 4.19, 4.26, least-squares analysis of the data in logarithmic
and 4.28 evidently refer to plastic strain ampli- form showed that the standard deviation of a fit of
tude; these results were multiplied by a factor of a straight line to the data is 0.21. Figure 4.9 pre-
two. It is unclear whether the data presented In sents this result in summary form. The scatter
Reference 4.24 refer to total or plastic strain bands represent two standard deviations about
range. /?-ratios, where stated, were equal to -1 the line in these figures. The variance of the data
{R = minimum strain/maximum strain). In some about the line was assumed to be normally dis-
cases, the /?-ratio could not be determined from tributed and constant throughout the range of the
the description of testing methods provided. independent variable, log N.
Except for Reference 4.27, which true strain
in
The standard deviation of the exponent of N is vacuum is reported in these references. Refer-
0.010. Table 4.4 presents the number of cycles ence 4.23 reports the equivalence of axial and
to failure, the measured values of plastic strain flexural strain-controlled fatigue life in air at room
range, the values calculated from the regression temperature.
4-18
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
Table 4.4. Dependence of Plastic Strain Range upon Number of Cycles to Failure, for Annealed and
Cold-worked Material (295 K).
piacti^ CtrAin
rlcldll^ Oil Clll1
Plactir* Qtrain
riaoLii^ OiiciiM
4-19
I
Cycles,
M
1
—— ;;; —:
Plastic Strain
— Plastic Strain
RanQ6,
Reference
NIn
INO.
4-20
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
4-21
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
5 1 I I I 1 1 I Mil I M il I I I 1 1 I I I 1 1 I I I 1 1 I I I 1 1 I I I 1 1 I I I 1
The data shown were used to compute the regression of plastic strain amplitude upon the
Figure 4.8.
number of cycles to failure [Equation (4-3)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from
the figure.All data are presented in Table 4.4. Tests discontinued before failure are marked by an
arrow. Product was predominately in bar form. Selected points from the curves fitted to the data
of Reference 4.19 are presented in this figure and in Table 4.4. See the text for a discussion of the
fl-ratios.
4-22
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
Figure 4.9.Dependence of plastic strain amplitude at 295 K upon number of cycles to failure. The
scatterband represents two standard deviations about a linear regression equation based upon 144
measurements. The regression equation is
The uncertainty in the exponent is ± 0.010, where 0.010 equals one standard deviation as deter-
mined in the regression analysis. See the text for a discussion of the fl-ratlos.
4-23
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS mental data. Plastic strain amplitude, rather than
plastic strain range, is shown in this figure. The
Data on the grain-size dependence of the available characterization of materials and mea-
strain-controlled fatigue life of annealed copper at surements is given in Table 4.6 at the end of the
295 K were obtained from Reference 4.19. The fatigue properties section.
H-ratio was -1
DISCUSSION
RESULTS
For larger grain sizes, the data do not follow
Figure 4.10 shows the improvement in fa- the Coffin-Manson law [Equation (4-3)]. See
tigue life with smaller grain size. This figure is Reference 4.19 for comparable data on the fa-
Figure 4.10. Data on the grain-size dependence of strain-controlled fatigue life are shown. The grain
sizes are indicated in the figure. Data are from Reference 4.19.
4-24
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS range, and the reference number. The available
characterization of materials and measurements is
Measurements of the plastic strain range given Table 4.6 at the end of the fatigue proper-
(Aep) below room temperature versus the number ties section.
of cycles to failure for annealed copper were ob- Figure 4.11 shows the data at room and low
tained from Reference 4.27. The /?-ratio was -1 temperatures. Very little dependence of fatigue
Measurements were made in ambient air (300 K), life upon temperature is observed; however, low-
liquid nitrogen (78 K) and liquid helium (4 K). temperature strain-controlled flexural fatigue mea-
surements made in vacuum do exhibit a clear
RESULTS temperature dependence (see References 4.30
and 4.31). Reference 4.23 indicates approximate
Table 4.5 presents the temperature, the equivalence of axial and flexural fatigue results at
number of cycles to failure, the plastic strain 295 K.
Table 4.5. Dependence of Strain-controlled Fatigue Life upon Temperature (4-300 K).
300 90 0.0572 27
4-25
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
C10100-C10200: Annealed Strain-controlled Axial Fatigue
Life (Air/Liquid, 4-300 K)
-3 I I I 1—U \ \ U
I— I I UJ \ I LU I I l_lJ
Figure 4.11. Measurements of the strain-controlled fatigue life at different temperatures are shown. All
4-26
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
4-27
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
-4
10
w
295 K >
E Anne aled —
E
-5
10 —
• R=0.1
O R = 0.3
R=0.5
R=0.7 o
<
X 10"^ p 0
•
c
O o t
dP •
CD
o
-7 m
^ 10
3
o
8
10 1 2 4 6 8 10
Figure 4.12. The data show the changes in fatigue crack growth rate with f?-ratio at 295 K in the
threshold region of fatigue crack growth rate. {R = minimum stress/maximum stress). This figure
is adapted from a graph presented in Reference 4.32.
4-28
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS {AK) with CW; data from Reference 4.32 show the
opposite effect of CW upon AK.
Data on C1 1000 copper were obtained from The available characterization of materials
References 4.22 and 4.32 on the change in fa- and measurements is given in Table 4.6 at the
tigue cracl< growth rate, da/dN, with room- end of the fatigue properties section.
temperature cold work. The data from Reference
4.32 are mostly in the threshold region of fatigue DISCUSSION
crack growth rate; data from Reference 4.22 in-
clude part of the threshold region and also ex- The data given in Figure 4.13 for annealed
tend to a da /c/A/ of 4 x 10"'' mm/cycle. The spe- specimens can be compared with other data at
cimens tested were deformed in tension (Refer- 295 K on ClOlOO and C10200 copper presented
ence 4.22) to a maximum of 20% reduction of in Figure 4.14 (see the following section on the
area or cold-rolled (Reference 4.32) to a maxi- temperature dependence of da/dN). This com-
mum of 31% reduction in thickness. parison shows that the data from Reference 4.22
approximately in the middle of the curves pre-
fall
Reference 4.32 show the opposite tendency. For case, the energy required to move a dislocation
a given da/dN, data from Reference 4.22 show over barriers would increase, as occurs when the
an increase in the stress intensity factor range temperature decreases into the cryogenic range.
4-29
I
C 11 000:
Annealed; Fatigue Crack Growth Rate
Cold-worked vs. Cold Work (295 K)
2 4 6 8 10 20
STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR RANGE, AK, MPax/i^^
Figure 4.13. Data from two references on the influence of room-temperature cold work on fatigue crack
growth rate are shown. The percent cold work refers to reduction in area (Reference 4.22) or
reduction in thickness (Reference 4.32). Individual data points are not shown; instead, curves were
fitted to the data points presented in the references. See the text for discussion of the disagree-
ment In the results from the two references.
4-30
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
4-31
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
C10100-C10200: Annealed; Fatigue Crack Growth
Cold-worked Rate (77, 295 K)
10"
-4
-2 10
E
E -5
10
o
-a 10-
<
10"
5
O
O 10
•REF.34. COLD-WORKED,
0.05<R^0.38
<J 10- REF.37,MEAN,COLD- WORKED:
UJ AND ANNEALED, R = 0.34 :
REF.35, ANNEALED-903 K, _
S3
I— R = -l
10
.< 10 REF.36, ANNEALED-1223 K, I
R=0
10
2 4 6 8 10 20 40
STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR RANGE, AK, MPav/ST
Figure 4.14. Data from three references on the decrease in da/dN from 295 to 77 K are shown. An
295 K are also shown for comparison (Reference 4.37). Data from
exteiisive set of data at
References 4.22 and 4.32 at 295 K are not shown, because the Intent of the figure Is to show the
effect of temperature. However, the data from Reference 4.22 (on annealed C1 1000 copper) are
approximately in agreement with the 295-K curves In the figure whereas the data from Reference
4.32 (also on annealed C1 1 000 copper) lie somewhat below the other curves. Room-temperature
data reported in Reference 4.35 were obtained In silicone oil; other room-temperature data were
obtained in air.
4-32
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
Reference No. 1 2 3 4
Composition (wt%)
Cu 99.96
Ag — — —
Cu + Ag — —
O2 0.04 0.03
Ri
P trace — — —
Pb trace
S trace
Se — — — —
Te
Others
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
673 or 873 K, 1 h, FC
(c)
Hardness —
Product Form Bar Bar, Bar,
"R" Ratio -1 -1 -1
Test Frequency 37 Hz 30 Hz 1000 Hz 225 Hz
No. of Specimens 19 4 26 37
4-34
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
5 6 7 8 9
99.4
< 0.0003 — —
•
—
0.0006 z
— — — — —
— — — — —
-1 -1 -1 (e) -1 -1
30 Hz 225 Hz 0.17 Hz (min.) 133 Hz 33 Hz
27 4 (f) 6 2
4-35
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
Reference No. 10 11 12 13
Composition (wt%)
OU 99.96 Balance 99.95
Ag 0.0002 0.001
Cu + Ag — — — —
O2 0.04
Bi I
P trace — —
Pb trace < 0.0001
S trace — — —
Co
Te
Others — Fe: 0.001 —
^uniy > u.iAJi wiTb)
k"
IVIolOl VAI BUI 11
AnnoaloH 1l^fO
MilllCalcU, r\, Mill lcalc;U Mliriccllcu, 1 l^o i\|
^
"R" Ratio -1 0.12-0.19 -1
Test Frequency 37 Hz 104 Hz (c) 30 Hz 17.7 kHz
4-36
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
14 15 16 17 18
1 99.99 99.99
1 z
1 — — — —
1
1 z z
1 — — — —
1
1 — — — —
1
1
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1
50 Hz 33 Hz 20 Hz (d) 225 Hz
17 6 17 45 13
4-37
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
Reference No. 19 21 22 24
Composition (wt%)
Cu 99.98 99.96
Ag 0.085 —
Cu + Ag
O2 < 0.0003
Bi
P
Pb — — < 0.001 —
S
Se — —
Te —
Others Fe: 0.001; Sn:
(Only > 0.001 wt%) < 0.001
Hardness
"R" Ratio -1 0 -1
Test Frequency 100 Hz 60 Hz (h)
4-38
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
25 26 27 28 29
— — — — —
— — — — —
— — — — —
0.0003
0.0018
— — — — —
— — — — —
Annealed, 673 K, Annealed (d) Annealed, 920 K, Annealed, 823 K, Annealed, 773 K,
1 h, vacuum, FC 1 h, vacuum 1 h, vacuum 1 h, vacuum (f)
(a)
. —
— 200 — 30 fim 25 iim
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1
0.11-0.28 Hz (b) 80 Hz 1.2, 33 Hz (e) (h)
25(c) 28 18 9 5
4-39
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
Reference No. 32 34 35 36
Composition (wt%)
99.93 !»y.!>yy yy.y yy.yyy
Ag
Cu + Ag
O2
Bi
P — — —
Pb
S — — —
Se
Te —
Others
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
Hardness
Specimen Type Wedge-open-loading Singled edge slit Singled edge slit Single edge slit
(c)
Test Temperature 295 K 77, 295 K 77, 293 K (d) 77. 295 K
4-40
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
37
CI 0200
99.97
Annealed, 873 K, 1h
(a) or cold-worked
Sheet
Center slit
cm
23 or 25
cm0.32
23 or 25 cm (gage)
0.34
3, 30 Hz (b)
37(c)
295 K
4-41
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
REFERENCES
1. Gough, H. J., and Sopwith, D. G., "Some Further Experiments on Atmospheric Action in
2. Bullen, F. P., Head, A. K., and Wood, W. A., "Structural Changes During the Fatigue of Metals,"
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A216 332-343 (1953). .
3. Thompson, N., Wadsworth, N., and Louat, N., 'The Origin of Fatigue Fracture in Copper,"
Philosophical Magazine 1, 113-126 (1956).
4. McCammon, R. D., and Rosenberg, H. M., 'The Fatigue and Ultimate Tensile Strengths of Metals
Between 42 and 293 "K," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A242 203-211 (1957). .
5. Thompson, A. W., and Backofen, W. A., 'The Effect of Grain Size on Fatigue," Acta Metallurgica
19,597-606 (1971).
6. Hull, D., "Annealing in Slip Bands in Copper Fatigued at 90 °K," Philosophical Magazine 3,
513-518 (1958).
7. Benham, P. P., "Axial-Load and Strain-Cycling Fatigue of Copper at Low Endurance," Journal of
the Institute of Metals 89, 328-338 (1961).
8. Frost, N. E., "Alternating Stress Required to Propagate Edge Cracl<s in Copper and Nickel-
Chromium Alloy Steel Plates," Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 5, 15-22 (1963).
9. Clarebrough, L. M., Hargreaves, M. E., Head, A. K., and West, G. W., "Energy Stored During
Fatigue of Copper," Transactions, American Institute of Metallurgical Engineers, Journal of Metals
7, 99-100 (1955).
10. Gough, H. J.,and Sopwith, D. G., "Inert Atmosphere as Fatigue Environments," Journal of the
Institute of Metals 72, 415-421 (1946).
11. Wright, M. A., and Greenough, A. P., 'The Effect of High-Temperature Intermediate Annealing on
the Fatigue Life of Copper," Journal of the Institute of Metals 93, 309-313 (1964).
12. Masuda, H., and Duquette, D. J., 'The Effect of Surface Dissolution on Fatigue Crack Nucleation
in Polycrystalline Copper," Metallurgical Transactions 6A. 87-94 (1975).
13. Awatani, J. Katagiri, K., Omura, A., and Shiraishi, T., "A Study of the Fatigue Limit of Copper,"
Metallurgical Transactions 6A. 1029-1034 (1975).
14. Nakano, Y., and Sandor, B. I., "Fatigue Behavior of Copper with Intermediate Surface Layer
Removal," Journal of Testing and Evaluation 2, 16-22 (1974).
15. Burmeister, R. A., and Dodd, R. A., 'The Effect of Electrodeposited Metals on Fatigue,"
Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials 62, 675-680 (1962).
16. Laird, C, and Krause, A. R., "On the Temperature Effect in the Fatigue Fracture of Copper and
Cu-7.9 Wt Pet Al Alloy," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical
Engineers 242, 2339-2342 (1968).
4-42
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
REFERENCES
17. Holt, D. L, and Backofen, W. A., "Fatigue Fracture in Copper and tlie Cu-8Wt Pet Al Alloy at Low
Temperature," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers 239 .
264-269 (1967).
18. MacCrone, R. K., McCammon, R. D., and Rosenberg. H. M., 'The Fatigue of Metals at 1 7oK,"
Philosophical Magazine 4, 267-268 (1959).
19. Luk^s, P., and Kunz, L, "Effect of Grain Size on the High Cycle Fatigue Behaviour of
Polycrystalline Copper," Materials Science and Engineering 85, 67-75 (1987).
20. Wadsworth, N. J., and Hutchings, J., 'The Effect of Atmospheric Corrosion on Metal Fatigue,"
Philosophical Magazines, 1154-1166 (1958).
21. Smith, W. E., Taubenblat, P. W.. Graviano, A. R., and Batra, R., "A New Oxygen-free High-
Conductivity Heat-Resistant Copper," Wire Journal International r7, 52-55 (1984).
22. and Yukawa, K., 'The Role of Dislocation Substructures in Fatigue Crack Propagation
Ishii, H., in
23. Blatherwick, A. A., and Mowbray, D. F., "Stress-Strain Relationships in Low- and Intermediate-
Cycle Fatigue," Proceedings of the American Society for Testing and Materials 64, 561 -578
(1964).
24. Boettner, R. C, Laird, C, and McEvily, A. J., Jr., "Crack Nucleation and Growth in High-
Strain-Low Cycle Fatigue," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical
Engineers 233, 379-387 (1965).
25. and Tavernelli, J. F., 'The Cyclic Straining and Fatigue of Metals," Transactions
Coffin, L. F., Jr.,
of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers 215, 794-807 (1959). Also in a
report from General Electric Research Laboratory, Research Information Section, The Knolls,
Schenectady, New York, Report No. 58-RL-2100, 32 pp. (1958).
26. Luk^s, P., and Klesnil, M., "Cyclic Stress-Strain Response and Fatigue Life of Metals in Low
Amplitude Region," Materials Science and Engineering 11. 345-356 (1973).
27. Nachtigall, A. J., "Strain-Cycling Fatigue Behavior of Ten Structural Metals Tested in Liquid
Helium (4 K), in Liquid Nitrogen (78 K), and Ambient Air (300 K)," NASA Scientific and
in
Technical Information Facility, B.W.I. Airport, MD, NASATN D-7532, 30 pp. (1974).
28. Pol^k, J., and Klesnil, M., "Cyclic Stress-Strain Response and Dislocation Structures in
29. Wang, R., and Mughrabi, H., "Secondary Cyclic Hardening in Fatigued Copper Monocrystals and
Polycrystals," Materials Science and Engineering 63, 147-163 (1984).
30. Yakovenko, L. F., and Grinberg. N. M., 'The Fatigue Life and Plastic Deformation Character of
Copper at Low Temperatures," International Journal of Fatigue 5, 239-243 (1983).
4-43
4. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
REFERENCES
31. Verkin, B. I., Grinberg, N. M., Serdyuk, V. A., and Yakovenko, L. F., "Low Temperature Fatigue
Fracture of Metals and Alloys," Materials Science and Engineering 58, 145-168 (1983).
32. Liaw, P. K., Leax, T. R., Williams, R. S., and Peck. M. G., "Near-Threshold Fatigue Crack Growth
Behavior in Copper," Metallurgical Transactions 13A 1607-1618 (1982).
.
33. Liaw, P. K., and Logsdon, W. A., "Fatigue Crack Growth Threshold at Cryogenic Temperatures:
A Review," Engineering Fracture Mechanics 22, 585-594 (1985).
34. Yeske, R. A., and Weertman, J., "Fatigue Crack Propagation Under Varied Mean Stress
Conditions," Metallurgical Transactions 5, 2033-2039 (1974).
35. Tschegg, E., and Stanzl, S., "Fatigue Crack Propagation and Threshold in B.C.C. and F.C.C.
Metals at 77 and 293 K," Acta Metallurgica 29, 33-40 (1981).
36. Ishii, H., and Weertman, J., "Fatigue Crack Propagation in Copper and Cu-AI Single Crystals,"
Metallurgical Transactions 2, 3441-3452 (1971).
37. Frost, N. E., Pook, L P., and Denton, K., "A Fracture Mechanics Analysis of Fatigue Crack
Growth Data for Various Materials," Engineering Fracture Mechanics 3, 109-126 (1971).
38. Luk^§, P., "Models for AK^^ and Near-Threshold Fatigue Crack Growth," Fatigue 84 Conference
Proceedings, Vol. 1, 479-495 (1984).
4-44
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES
Most creep tests are done at temperatures The coefficients a^ and a^ that resulted from
above 295 K, so low-temperature data are not fitting the data from Reference 5.2 to Equation (5-
plentiful. The amount of creep is larger and 1) are given in Table 5.1 along with the test dura-
easier to measure at high temperatures; the long- tion and the applied stress. The results of the
term stability required for strain measurements at regression analysis were not satisfactory for the
lower temperatures makes experiments difficult. coefficient of Equation (5-1). It is thought that
References 5.1-5.5 provide data at room tem- this was due to small long-term fluctuations in the
perature obtained over total test durations of 1 to total straindue to extraneous factors, such as
25 000 h. The applied stresses were usually well vibration and temperature variation (Reference
above the yield strength of the materials. All of 5.2), that were reflected in the coefficient a^. The
the longer-duration creep tests are on annealed equation obtained for the coefficient a^ is
able characterization of materials and measure- the data to this equation, which applies to copper
ments is given In Table 5.4 at the end of the with Cu + Ag = 99.99 wt%, annealed at 923 K for
creep properties section. Figures 5.1 and 5.2 1 h, with a yield strength of about 25 MPa. Fur-
present data from References 5.1-5.5 with differ- ther limitations on the use of this equation to
ent creep-strain scales. Creep strain, as plotted predict creep strain are discussed below.
in Figures 5.1 and 5.2 for selected data from
Reference 5.2, was obtained by subtracting the DISCUSSION
initial strain, e^, from the raw strain data. Creep
straindata were reported in the other references. Typical creep curves from Reference 5.2 are
Reference 5.6 reported creep data which were shown inFigure 5.4. For f < 10"* min, the creep
not plotted as they were not in agreement with strain is approximately logarithmic. However, at
data on similar material from other sources. f > 10"* min. the dependence of strain on time
Because of the variety of materials, material increases, relative to a logarithmic dependence.
conditions, and test durations, and the use of From Figure which shows the same data
5.5,
applied stresses up to a factor of ten times the plotted on a it can be seen that the
linear scale,
yield strength, most of the data are presented in creep rate, e, decreases as the elapsed time
graphical form and were not subjected to further increases. Since the test temperature is far below
analysis. However, in the tests reported in Refer- 0.2 7^, where is the melting point of copper,
ence 5.2, the applied stress ranged from about steady-state creep (e = a constant) should not
two-thirds to twice the 25-MPa yield strength of be expected (Reference 5.7). Creep data from
the material, and the analysis of this data, avail- References 5.3 and 5.4 over longer time periods
able alsoin Reference 5.2, will be reported here. of up to 23 000 h (1.4 X 10^ min) also exhibit de-
For each level of applied stress, the raw strain creasing strain rates with elapsed time.
data were fitted to an equation of the form At 300 °C (573 K), the addition of Ag has
= «o + a^lnf + a^t (5-1) been shown to increase the applied stress re-
«true
quired for a given creep rate, although the tensile
where t is elapsed time in min. The coefficients strength of the material is not affected (Refer-
a., and are a function of the test temperature ences 5.8 and 5.9). For example, the applied
and the applied stress, ag. Linear regression stresses required for a creep rate of 0.001 %/h are
analysis was used to obtain a predictive equation 33, 41, and 50 MPa for C10200, C10200 + 0.054
for the dependence of and aj upon the cTg. wt% Ag, and CI 0200 + 0.076 wt% Ag, respective-
5-1
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES
ly. These 5%
cold-worked material
results are for ed, and different creep mechanisms may be im-
tested for about 20 h. The Ag on creep
effect of portant in the cryogenic temperature range.
rates at lower temperatures has not been report
Table 5.1. Dependence of the Coefficients and from Equation (5-1) on Applied Stress (295 K).
Applied Stress, Applied Stress Initial Strain, 10"^ ag. 10"^ Duration of
ai,
MPa Yield Stress 10-3 Test, min
5-2
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES
ELAPSED TIME, d
Figure 5.1. Data on the dependence of the creep strain of copper on elapsed time for various applied
stresses. The sources of these data from tests conducted at room temperature were References
5.1 and 5.4. Product form was wire.
5-3
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES
ELAPSED TIME, d
3000
Figure 5.2. Data on the dependence of the creep strain of copper on elapsed time for various applied
stresses. The sources of these data from tests conducted at room temperature were References
5.1-5.5. Data indicated with an asterisk in the legend were from material that was cold-worked.
Asterisked data from Reference 5.2 were cold-rolled 20.7%; from Reference 5.3 were stretched 8%;
and from Reference 5.5 were cold-worked 60%. Product forms were bar, wire, and plate.
5-4
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES
0 I 1 1 1 \ 1 1 1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Figure 5.3. The fit of the room-temperature data (Reference 5.2) to Equation (5-2) shows the depen-
dence of the coefficient upon the applied stress.
5-5
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES
Figure 5.4. Typical creep-strain versus elapsed-time curves for four different applied stress levels,
obtained at room temperature from Reference 5.2. Data are plotted on a logarithmic time scale.
5-6
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES
C10100-C10200, C 11 000: Annealed; Creep Strain vs.
Cold-worked Time (295 K)
ELAPSED TIME, d
10 15 20 25 30
600 1 1 1 1 1 1
500
400
<
300
I-
(/)
Q.
lU
lAJ
o 200
if
100 4 5.3 MPa
A 3 5.4 MPa
3 D.O MPa
2 0.2 MPa
Figure 5.5. Typical creep-strain versus elapsed-time curves for four different applied stress levels,
obtained at room temperature from Reference 5.2. Data are plotted on a linear time scale.
5-7
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES
Most creep tests are done at temperatures The coefficients and 83 that resulted from
above 295 K, so cryogenic data are not plentiful. fitting the data from References 5.2 to Equation
The amount of creep is larger and easier to mea- (5-1 ) are given in Table 5.2 along with the test
sure at high temperatures; the long-term stability duration and the applied stress. The results of
required for strain measurements temper-
at lower the regression analysis were not satisfactory for
atures makes experiments difficult. References the coefficient 83 of Equation (5-1). It is thought
5.1. 5.2, 5.5, 5.10, and 5.11 provide data at 77 K that this was due to small long-term fluctuations
obtained over total test durations of 1 to 1600 h. in the total strain due to extraneous factors, such
The applied stresses ranged from one half to well as vibration and temperature variation (Reference
above the yield strength of the materials. All of were reflected in the coefficient 83. The
5.2), that
the longer-duration creep tests are on annealed equation obtained for the coefficient a., is
material. Products were in wire (Reference 5.1),
(10-^) = 0.62 + 0.087 (5-3)
bar (References 5.2 and 5.10), and plate form
(Reference 5.5). The available characterization of
materials and measurements is given in Table 5.4 (S.D. = 0.83 X 10"^),
Because of the short test duration, and the agreement. Further limitations on the use of this
use of applied stresses up to a factor of ten times equation to predict creep strain are discussed
the yield strength, the data from References 5.1 below.
and 5.5 are presented in graphical form and were
not subjected to further analysis. However, in the DISCUSSION
tests reported in References 5.2 and 5.10, the
applied stress ranged from about half to twice the Typical creep curves from Reference 5.2 are
yield strength of the material. Therefore, these shown in Figure 5.9. Within the experimental
data were analyzed further. Details of this analy- uncertainty, the creep strain is approximately
sis are also available Reference 5.2. For each
in logarithmic.From Figure 5.10, which shows the
level of applied stress, the strain data were fitted same data plotted on a linear scale, can be it
to an equation of the form seen that the creep rate, 1, decreases as the
elapsed time increases. Since the test tempera-
«true
= e„ + ajn? + a^t (5-1)
ture is far below 0.2 7^, where T^ is the melting
point of copper, steady-state creep {l = a con-
where t is elapsed time in min. The coefficients stant) should not be expected (Reference 5.7).
and are a function of the test temperature Figure 5.1 1, in which I is plotted versus for
and the applied stress, cTq. Linear regression data from both References 5.2 and 5.10, also
analysis was used with the data from Reference shows the decrease in I with time.
5.2 to obtain a predictive equation for the depen-
dence of and upon a^.
5-8
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES
Table 5.2. Dependence of the Coefficients and ag from Equation (5-3) on Applied Stress (77 K).
Applied Stress, Applied Stress Initial Strain, a^, 10"^ a2. 10"^ Duration of
MPa Yield Stress 10'^ Test, min
5-9
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES
ELAPSED TIME, d
10'
8000 T
REF. 1, MPa
372
REF. 1, MPa
333
REF. 1, MPa
294
REF. 1, MPa
255
REF. 1, MPa
216
REF. 1, 137 MPa
REF. 1, 98 MPa
10^
Figure 5.6. Data on the dependence of the creep strain of copper on elapsed time for various applied
stresses. The sources of these data from tests conducted at 77 K were References 5.1, 5.5, and
5.10. Data (Reference 5.5) indicated with an asterisl< in the legend were from material cold-worked
60%. Product forms were wire, plate, and bar.
5-10
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES
ELAPSED TIME, d
600
500 -
400
<
300
I-
(/)
Q-
UJ
UJ
200
o
100
Figure 5.7. Data on the dependence of the creep strain of copper on elapsed time for various applied
stresses. The sources of these data from tests conducted at 77 K were References 5.1, 5.2, 5.5,
and 5.10. Some of the data at longer elapsed times exhibited fluctuations due to extraneous
factors; these data are not shown here. Data indicated with an asterisk in the legend were from
material that was cold-worked. Material from the data asterisked from Reference 5.2 was cold-
rolled 20.7%, and from Reference 5.5 was cold-worked 60%. Product forms were wire, bar, and
plate.
5-11
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES
/ A
4
o
— A
<
O REF . 2
A REF . 10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Figure 5.8. The fit of the 77-K data (References 5.2 and 5.10) to Equation (5-4) shows the dependence
of the coefficient upon the applied stress.
5-12
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES
ELAPSED TIME, d
-3 10"* 10"'
10 10® 10'
600
45.0 MPa
41.3 MPa
35.4 MPa
500 A 29.7 MPa
I 400
o ^ /jr
T// _
<
cc 300 /
^7 ^
H //
A
(/)
Q.
A
UJ
UJ
GC
200
O '
100
A
10' 10' 10*
ELAPSED TIME,
10'
min
10* 10'
Figure 5.9. Typical creep-strain versus elapsed-time curves for four different applied stress levels,
obtained at 77 K from Reference 5.2. Data are plotted on a logaritlimic time scale. Some of the
data at longer elapsed times exhibited fluctuations due to extraneous factors; these data are not
shown here.
5-13
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES
ELAPSED TIME, d
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
500
Figure 5.10. Typical creep-strain versus elapsed-time curves for four different applied stress levels,
obtained at 77 K from Reference 5.2. Data are plotted on a linear time scale. Some of the data at
longer elapsed times exhibited fluctuations due to extraneous factors; these data are not shown
here.
5-14
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES
C10100: Annealed; Creep Strain vs.
Cold-worked Time (77 K)
TIME INTERVAL
REF. 2. 3.6 X 10' < t < 7.2 x 10* s
Figure 5.1 1 . The dependence of the creep rate on the applied stress for data obtained at 77 K from
References 5.2 and 5.10.
5-15
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS 1) are given in Table 5.3 along with information
on test duration and the applied stress. The re-
Most creep tests are done at temperatures sults of the regression analysis were not satisfac-
above 295 K, so cryogenic data are not plentiful. tory for the coefficient aj of Equation (5-1). It is
The amount of creep is larger and easier to mea- thought that this was due to small long-term fluc-
sure at high temperatures; the long-term stability tuations in the total strain due to extraneous fac-
required for strain measurements temper-
at lower tors,such as vibration and temperature variation
atures makes experiments difficult. References (Reference 5.2), that were reflected in the coef-
5.2 and 5.10 provide data at 4 K obtained over ficient aj. The equation obtained for the coeffi-
total test durations of 1 7 to 355 h. The applied cient a^ is
tion. Figure 5.12 presents all the data from Refer- of the data to this equation, which applies to
ence 5.10 and selected data from Reference 5.2. copper with Cu + Ag = 99.99 wt%, annealed at
Creep strain from Reference 5.2 was obtained by 923 K for 1 h, with a yield strength of about 30
subtracting the initial strain, e^, from the raw MPa at 4 K. However, as shown in the figure, the
strain data. Creep strain data were reported in data from Reference 5.10, also on annealed cop-
Reference 5.10. per, are in reasonable agreement. Further limita-
Regression analysis of this data was carried tions on the use
of this equation to predict creep
out as follows. For each level of applied stress, strain are discussed below. Compared with Fig-
the strain data were fitted to an equation of the ures 5.3 and 5.8, which show a^ as a function of
form at 295 and 77 K, a^ at 4 K is much lower.
DISCUSSION
where f is elapsed time in min. The coefficients
and are a function of the test temperature Typical creep curves from Reference 5.2 are
and the applied stress, a^. Linear regression shown in Figure 5.14 (logarithmic time scale) and
analysis was also used with the data from Refer- Figure 5.15 (linear time scale). The apparent
ence 5.2 to obtain a predictive equation for the scatter in the data at 4 K, compared with that
dependence of and upon a^. Further infor- shown in Figures 5.3 and 5.4 (295 K) and 5.9 and
mation on the analysis is available in Reference 5.10 (77 K), reflects the expanded strain scale
5.2. used to depict the relatively small amount of
creep at 4 K. Since the test temperature is far
RESULTS below 0.2 7^, where T^ is the melting point of
copper, steady-state creep (I = a constant)
The coefficients a-^ and aj that resulted from should not be expected (Reference 5.7).
fitting the data from Reference 5.2 to Equation (5-
Table 5.3. Dependence of the Coefficients a^ and aj from Equation (5-4) on Applied Stress (4 K).
Applied Stress, Applied Stress Initial Strain, a^ 10'^ aj, 10^ Duration of
MPa Yield Stress 10-^ Test, min
30.0 1.00 2.199 0.005 1.119 1027
5-16
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES
5-17
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES
Figure 5.12. Data on the dependence of the creep strain of copper on elapsed time for various applied
stresses. The sources of these data from tests conducted at 4 K were References 5.2 and 5.10.
Some of the data at longer elapsed times exhibited fluctuations due to extraneous factors; these
data are not shown here. Product form was bar.
5-18
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES
O 1 ^EF. 2
A 1 ^EF. 10
__ —
( >
o
A.
O
O
o o
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Figure 5.13.The fit of the 4-K data (References 5.2 and 5.10) to Equation (5-5) shows the
dependence of the coefficient upon the applied stress.
5-19
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES
Figure 5.14. Typical creep-strain versus elapsed-time curves for four different applied stress levels,
obtained at 4 K from Reference 5.2. Data are plotted on a logarithmic time scale. Some of the
data at longer elapsed times exhibited fluctuations due to extraneous factors; these data are not
shown here.
5-20
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES
Figure 5.15. Typical creep-strain versus elapsed-time curves for four different applied stress levels,
obtained at 4 K from Reference 5.2. Data are plotted on a linear time scale. Some of the data at
longer elapsed times exhibited fluctuations due to extraneous factors; these data are not shown
here.
5-21
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
Reference No. 1 2A 2B 3
Ck)mposition (wt%)
uu 99.99
Ag — — —
Cu + Ag
O2
Bi — —
P
Pb
S — —
Se
Te
Others
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
Hardness Rb22 Rp 80
Specimen Type 1
1
Width or Dia. 1
1
Thickness 1
1
Gage Length 1
1
Appl. Stress Range 59-372 MPa (a) 20-60 Mf^a 281, 241 fvlPa 38.6-145 MPa
(a) 77-K data reported with applied stresses of 59-372 MPa; 295-K data with applied stresses of 59-177 MPa.
5-22
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
4 5 10 11
— — — —
— — — —
— — — —
— — —
— — — —
— — —
Wire; Plate Bar —
silver-plated
(a) Applied stress of the 77-K data is 340 MPa, whereas, at 295 K the data reported is for an applied stress of 284 MPa.
5-23
5. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
REFERENCES
1. Wyatt, O. H., 'Transient Creep in Pure Metals," Proceedings of the Physical Society B66, 459-480
(1953).
2. Reed. R. P., Sinnon, N. J., and Walsh, R. P., "Creep of Copper: 4 to 295 K," in Advances in
Cryogenic Engineering-Materials, Vol. 36B, Eds., R. P. Reed and F. R. Fickett, Plenum Press, New
York, NY, 1175-1183 (1990).
Reed, R. P., and Walsh, R. P., National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, private
communication (1989).
3. Davis, E. A., "Creep and Relaxation of Oxygen-free Copper," Journal of Applied Mechanics 10,
A-101-A-105 (1943).
4. Gohn, G. A., and Fox, A., "New Methods for Determining Stress-Relaxation," Materials Research and
Standards!, 957-967 (1961).
5. Becker, H., Montgomery, D. B., and Reed, R. P., "Wanted: Cryogenic Mechanical Property Data on
Copper Massachusetts
Alloys," Institute of Technology Plasma Fusion Center, Cambridge, MA,
private communication (1985).
6. Bhattacharya, S., Congreve, W. K. A., and Thompson, F. C, 'The Creep/Time Relationship under
Constant Tensile Stress," Journal of the Institute of Metals 81= 83-92 (1952).
7. Evans, R. W., and Wilshire, B.. Creep of Metals and Alloys The
, Institute of Metals, London, England
(1985).
9. Schwope, A. D., Smith, K. F., and Jackson, L. R., 'The Comparative Creep Properties of Several
Types of Commercial Coppers," Journal of Metals 1, 409-416 (1949).
10. Yen, C, Caulfield, T., Tien, J. K., Roth, L. D., and Wells, J. M., "Cryogenic Creep of Copper," Paper
8305-030, Metals/Materials Technology Series,American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH
(1983).
Yen, C. T., Long-term Creep of Copper ar Cryogenic Temperatures Ph.D. Thesis, Columbia .
Yen, C, Caulfield, T., Roth, L. D., Wells, J. M., and Tien, J. K., "Creep of Copper at Cryogenic
Temperatures," Cryogenics 24, 371-377 (1984).
11. McDonald, L. C, and Hartwig, K. T.,"1100 Hour Creep Test Results for OFHC Copper: Validation
of Previously Published Results," in Advances in Cryogenic Engineering- Materials, Vol. 38, Eds., R.
P. Reed and F. R. Fickett, Plenum Press, New York, NY, in press.
5-24
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
C10100-C10400: Annealed Young's Modulus vs.
Temperature (4 300 K)
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS Figure 6.1 indicates the fit of the data to
Equation (6-1). Figure 6.2 presents these data in
Only measurements based upon dynamic summary form. The bands represent two
scatter
methcxls were considered. (See Reference 6.1 standard deviations about the curve in each fig-
for a comparison of measurement techniques.) ure. The variance of the data about each curve
These methods determine the adiabatic rather was assumed to be normally distributed and con-
than the isothermal modulus, but this difference stant throughout the range of the independent
of a few percent at most is smaller than the errors variable, T.
usually associated with the staticmethods of
measurement. Single-crystal, second-order elas- DISCUSSION
tic constant measurements at cryogenic temper-
atures were compiled and averaged in Reference References 6.6 and 6.9 discuss different
6.1. Polycrystalline moduli were derived from methods of averaging single-crystal elastic con-
these data using an averaging technique de- stants to obtain polycrystalline elastic constants.
scribed in Reference 6.1. These data were given For engineering design purposes, the Volgt-
a weight of six (corresponding to six extensive Reuss-Hill method used in Reference 6.1 is ade-
sets of cryogenic data), and combined with other quate. Reference 6.9 also provides a critical
polycrystalline measurements (References 6.2- evaluation of room-temperature polycrystalline
6.8) In a polynomial regression analysis of elastic constants. The value found for E is about
Young's modulus (E) upon temperature, T. 3% higher than the value given in Equation (6-1).
This difference is less than twice the standard
RESULTS deviation of 2.5 GPa.
More elaborate mathematical expressions
The best fit to the data is given by the equa- have been developed to represent the depen-
tion: dence of the elastic constants upon T (Reference
6.10). However, the differences in the fit are sig-
E (GPa) = 137 - 1.27 X 10"^ 7^ (6-1) nificant only if the coefficient of variation of the
data is very small: for example, if data from one
(S.D. = 2.5 GPa), individual set of measurements are to be fitted.
6-1
a OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
C10100-C10400: Annealed Young's Modulus vs.
Temperature (4-300 K)
138 137 4 8
139 137 5 6
139 137 20 6
143 137 j 23 5
137 137 25 1
138 136 40 6
137 136 50 1
138 136 60 6
136 136 73 2
136 136 75 1
132 136 77 7
137 136 80 6
134 136 93 2
133 135 99 4
136 135 100 1
6-2
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
6-3
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
160
110
100 200 300
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 6.1. The data shown were used to compute the regression of Young's modulus upon
temperature [Equation (6-1)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All
data are presented in Table 6.1. Reference 6.1 refers to an average based upon six extensive sets
of single-crystal measurements; these data were correspondingly weighted in the analysis that
determined the curve shown in this figure.
6-4
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
160
150
O
Q.
o
140
a
O
to
130
b
o
120
110
100 200 300
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 6.2. Dependence of Young's modulus upon temperature; 4-300 K. The scatter band represents
two standard deviations about a second-order regression equation based upon dynamic measure-
ments on polycrystailine copper and an averaged curve derived from several measurements of
single-crystal elastic constants (Reference 6.1). The regression equation is
6r5
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS Results at 295 K of Reference 6.12 are also
in apparent disagreement with those of Reference
Measurements based upon dynamic meth- 6.8. An initial decrease was observed in E with
ods were compiled for copper that was cold- small amounts of CW, less than 10% strain in
worked at room temperature. (See Reference 6.1 tension. However, as strain was increased to
for a comparison of the accuracy of static and higher levels, an increase in E was observed, with
dynamic measurement techniques.) Reference the sign of the effect becoming positive at strains
6.13 presents room-temperature data on the de- around 20 to 30%, comparable to the amount of
crease in Young's modulus (AE/E); Reference 6.8 CIV reported in Reference 6.8. This change in
presents data at room temperature and 4 K. In direction of the effect was also reported in Refer-
contrast to the case where both cold work, CW, ences 6.14 and 6.15 forCW at 77 K (see Figure
and measurements are carried out at 77 K, rela- 6.5), but the extent of CW was not as large as
tively few data are available. The measurements that reported in References 6.8 and 6.12. Differ-
are summarized in Table 6.2 below. ent types of CW may change the microstructure
of the material in different ways. Also, the meas-
DISCUSSION urements Reference 6.12 were made by static,
of
rather than by dynamic methods, and the material
The results of Reference 6.13 at 295 K indi- was C1 1000 copper, with 0.037 wt% O2.
cate a greater effect of CW upon Young's mod- Reference 6.8 gives a brief discussion and
ulus, E, than the data presented in Reference 6.8. presents additional references on the theoretical
The larger effect probably results from the short explanations of the decrease in modulus with CW.
time period that elapsed before the measure- References 6.16 and 6.17 present data at
ments of Reference 6.13 were made, which did 295 K on the variation in E with orientation after
not allow much recovery from cold-working. 95 and 75% reduction by cold-rolling.
Average of measurements made in the rolling direction and the two orthogonal directions. The change in Young's modulus
is obtained by comparison of these results with measurements on annealed C10400 copper.
Total amount of cold work not available; % cold work estimated from hardness measurements and standard tables of
temper designation.
6-6
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS Table 6.3 presents the measured values of
AE/E ratio, the values calculated from the regres-
Measurements based upon dynamic meth- sion equation, the temperature, and the reference
cxls were compiled. (See Reference 6.1 for a number. The available characterization of materi-
comparison of the accuracy of static and dynam- als and measurements is given Table 6.10 at the
ic measurement techniques.) Data were obtained end of the elastic properties section. Figure 6.3
from References 6.14 and 6.15 on the percent de- indicates the fit of the data to Equation (6-2). The
crease in Young's modulus (AE/f) measured at scatter bands represent two standard deviations
about 77 K without warmup after cold work had about the curve in this figure. The variance of the
been done at or near 77 K. All specimens were data about the curve was assumed to be normal-
polycrystalline. Regression analysis was carried ly distributed and constant throughout the range
out to determine the dependence of AE/E upon of the independent variable, CW.
cold work, CW.
DISCUSSION
RESULTS
Studies of recovery of Z^/E at higher tem-
Although AE/E = 0 for CIV = 0, the magni- peratures after CIV at 77 K indicated that very
tude of AE/E increases very rapidly with very little recovery takes place until the temperature is
small amounts of CW. To allow the use of simple raised to 120-140 K (References 6.14 and 6.15).
polynomial expressions, a constant term was However, Reference 6.18 reports observable re-
included in the analysis, and the range of the covery of Young's modulus starting at about
equation restricted as indicated below. A third- 100 K after CIV at 4 K.
order equation gave the best fit to the data, but Theoretical explanations for the large de-
introduced a non-physical inflection point at crease in modulus for relatively small amounts of
about 15% CW. Consequently, AE/E was set CW are presented in References 6.14, 6.15, and
equal to a constant between 15 and 17% CW in 6.18-6.21.
the following expression. The measurements reported above were
carried out on copper of 99.999% purity. Refer-
AE/E (%) = - 8.60 - 1.94 CIV + 2.63 x ^0-\CW)^ ence 6.15 also presents data on dilute Cu-Au
- 8.56 X 10-^ {CW)^ alloys of 99.97% purity that show approximately a
0.3% <CW < 15% 30% decrease in the effect of a given amount of
= - 7.40 15% <CW < 17% CW on the modulus.
(6-2)
Table 6.3. Change in Young's Modulus with 77-K Cold Work (77 K).
6-7
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
6-8
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
20
Figure 6.3.The data shown were used to compute the regression of the percent decrease in Young's
modulus with cold work at 77 K [Equation (6-2)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted
from the figure. All data are presented in Table 6.3.
a OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
C10100: Cold-worked Change in Young's Modulus
at4K vs. Cold Work (4 K)
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS changes took place upon deformation. Since the
authors state that the specimen geometry was
Only measurements based upon dynamic not constant, the result should be considered as
methods were considered. (See Reference 6.1 an approximation.
for a comparison of the accuracy of static and
dynamic measurement techniques.) One mea- DISCUSSION
surement of the change in Young's modulus
(AE/f) after cold work at 4 K was located, and is Reference 6.18 also presents measurements
given Table 6.4 below. This result was calcu-
in of ^E/E after recovery at temperatures of 100 K
lated from the resonant frequencies presented in and higher. A small increase of the modulus
Reference 6.18 assuming no dimensional (< 2%) occurred after a 16-h anneal at 100 K.
13% 3% 4 C10100 18
6-10
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
C10100-C10400: Annealed Shear Modulus vs.
Temperature (4-300 K)
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS equation, the temperature, and the reference
number. The measured values cited under Refer-
Only measurements based upon dynamic ence 6.1 were tal<en from the published curve
methods were considered. (See Reference 6.1 that gives the average of single-crystal data from
for a comparison of measurement techniques.) several sources. The available characterization of
These methods determine the adiabatic rather materials and measurements is given in Table
than the isothermal modulus, but this difference 6.10 at the end of the elastic properties section.
of a few percent at most Is smaller than the errors Figure 6.4 indicates the fit of the data to Equation
usually associated with the static methods of (6-3). Figure 6.5 presents these data in summary
measurement. Single-crystal, second-order elas- form. The bands represent two standard
scatter
tic constant measurements at cryogenic tempera- deviations about the curve in each figure. The
tures were compiled and averaged In Reference variance of the data about each curve was as-
6.1. Polycrystalline moduli were derived from sumed to be normally distributed and constant
these data using an averaging technique de- throughout the range of the Independent variable,
scribed in Reference 6.1. These data were given T.
The best fit to the data Is given by the equa- evaluation of room-temperature polycrystalline
tion: elastic constants. These results agree with Equa-
tion (6-3) within the uncertainty represented by
G (GPa) = 51.2 - 4.63 x 10"^ T^ (6-3) the standard deviation.
More elaborate mathematical expressions
(S.D. = 0.5 GPa), have been developed to represent the depen-
dence of the elastic constants upon 7" (Reference
where 4 K < 7 < 300 K. The standard deviations 6.10). However, the differences in the fit are sig-
of the two coefficients are 0.1 and 0.18 x 10'^. nificant only if the coefficient of variation of the
These standard deviations do not reflect the actu- data is if data from one
very small: for example,
al variance of elastic constant measurements, measurements are to be fitted.
individual set of
since average values derived from a compilation The simpler polynomial used here Is adequate for
of single-crystal measurements (Reference 6.1) expressing the average results of a number of
were used in the analysis. measurements and meets the thermodynamic
Table 6.5 presents the measured values of requirement that the slope be 0 at 7 = 0 K.
G, the values calculated from the regression
52.5 51.2 4 8
51.7 51.2 5 6
6-11
a OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
51.6 51.2 40 6
51.3 51.1 50 1
51.4 51.1 60 6
51.1 51.0 75 1
50.0 51.0 77 7
51.2 50.9 80 6
6-12
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
54
44 I \ 1 \ \ \ 1
Figure 6.4.The data shown were used to compute the regression of the shear modulus upon
temperature [Equation (6-3)]. All data are presented in Table 6.5. Reference 6.1 refers to an
average based upon six extensive sets of single-crystal measurements; these data were corre-
spondingly weighted in the analysis that determined the cun/e shown in this figure.
6-13
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
C10100-C10400: Annealed Shear Modulus vs.
Temperature (4-300 K)
54r
Figure 6.5. Dependence of the shear modulus upon temperature; 4-300 K. The scatter band represents
two standard deviations about a second-order regression equation based upon dynamic measure-
ments on polycrystalline copper and an averaged curve derived from several measurements of
single-crystal elastic constants (Reference 6.1). The regression equation is
6-14
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS of the shear modulus. The change in shear mod-
ulus is obtained by comparison of these results
Only measurements based upon dynamic withmeasurements on annealed C10400 copper.
methods were considered. (See Reference 6.1 These results are summarized in Table 6.6 below.
for a comparison of the accuracy of static and
dynamic measurement techniques.) Reference DISCUSSION
6.8 presents data on the change of shear mod-
ulus (aG/G) on C10400 copper that had been Reference 6.8 gives a brief discussion and
cold-worked at 295 K and allowed to recover for presents additional references on the theoretical
some months before measurements were made explanations of the decrease in modulus.
Average of measurements made in the rolling direction and the two orthogonal directions.
Total amount of cold work not available; % cold work estimated from hardness measurements and standard tables of
temper designation.
6-15
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS Table 6.7 presents the measured values of
aG/G, the values calculated from the regression
Measurements based upon dynamic meth- equation, the temperature, and the reference
cxJs were compiled. (See Reference 6.1 for a number. The available characterization of materi-
comparison of the accuracy of static and dynam- alsand measurements is given in Table 6.10 at
ic measurement accuracy.) Data were obtained the end of the elastic properties section. Figure
from References 6.15, and 6.19-6.21 on the per- 6.6 indicates the fit of the data to Equation (6-4).
cent decrease in the shear modulus (AG/G) mea- The bands represent two standard devia-
scatter
sured at about 77 K without warmup after cold The variance
tions about the cun/e in this figure.
work, CW, had been done at or near 77 K. All of the data about the curve was assumed to be
specimens were polycrystalline. Regression anal- normally distributed and constant throughout the
ysis was carried out to determine the dependence range of the independent variable, CW.
of AG/G upon CW.
DISCUSSION
RESULTS
Studies of recovery of AG/G at higher tem-
Although = 0 for CW = 0, the magni-
AG/G peratures after CW at77 K indicated that very
tude of AG/G increases very rapidly with very little recovery takes place until the temperature is
small amounts of CW. To permit the use of sim- raised to 120-140 K (References 6.15 and 6.19).
ple polynomial expressions, a constant term was Theoretical explanations of the large de-
included in the analysis, and the range of the crease in modulus for relatively small amounts of
equation restricted as indicated below. A third- CIV are given in References 6.8, 6.13-6.15, and
order equation gave the best fit to the data, but 6.18-6.21.
introduced a non-physical inflection point at The measurements reported in References
about 15% CW. Consequently, AG/G was set 6.15, 6.20,and 6.21 were carried out on copper
equal to a constant value between 15 and 17% of 99.999% purity. However, Reference 6.19
CW in the following equation: gives data on copper of lesser purity (99.9%) that
indicates a comparable effect of CW on the shear
A G/G(%) = - 16.3 - 2.65 CW modulus. References 6.15 and 6.21 indicate
+ 3.00 X 10-^(CVV)2 some decrease in the magnitude of the effect if
- 9.42 X 10-^(CW)3 small additions (-0.03 at% of Au) are made to the
0.03% <CW < 15% high-purity copper.
= - 20.2 15% <CW < 17%
(6-4)
Table 6.7. Change in the Shear Modulus with 77-K Cold Work (77 K).
6-16
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
6-17
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
C10100-C10400: Cold-worked Change inShear Modulus
at 77 K vs. Cold Work (77 K)
Figure 6.6.The data shown were used to compute the regression of the percent decrease in shear
modulus with cold work at 77 K [Equation (6-4)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted
from the figure. All data are presented in Table 6.7.
6-18
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS number. The measured values cited under Refer-
ence 6.1 were taken from the published curve
Only measurements based upon dynamic that gives the average of single-crystal data from
methcxJs were considered. (See Reference 6.1 several sources. The available characterization of
for a comparison of measurement techniques.) materials and measurements is given in Table
These methods determine the adiabatic rather 6.10 at the end of the elastic properties section.
than the isothermal modulus, but this difference Figure 6.7 indicates the fit of the data to Equation
of a few percent at most is smaller than the errors (6-5). Figure 6.8 presents these data in summary
usually associated with the static methods of form. The bands represent two standard
scatter
measurement. Single-crystal, second-order elas- deviations about the curve in each figure. The
tic constant measurements at cryogenic tempera- variance of the data about each cun/e was as-
tures were compiled and averaged in Reference sumed to be normally distributed and constant
6.1. Polycrystalline moduli were derived from throughout the range of the independent variable,
these data using an averaging technique de- T.
The best fit to the data is given by the equa- evaluation of room-temperature polycrystalline
tion: elastic constants. These results agree with Equa-
tion (6-5) within the uncertainty represented by
8 (GPa) = 142 - 5.70 x 10"^ T^ (6-5) the standard deviation.
(S.D. = 2 GPa), More elaborate mathematical expressions
have been developed to represent the depen-
where 4 K < 7 < 300 K. The standard deviations dence of the elastic constants upon 7 (Reference
of the two coefficients are 0.4 and 0.96 x 10"^. 6.10). However, the differences in the fit are sig-
These standard deviations do not reflect the actu- nificant only if the coefficient of variation of the
al variance of elastic constant measurements, data is if data from one
very small: for example,
since average values derived from a compilation measurements are to be fitted.
individual set of
of single-crystal measurements (Reference 6.1) The simpler polynomial used here is adequate for
were uses in the analysis. expressing the average results of a number of
Table 6.8 presents the measured values of measurements and meets the thermodynamic
S, the values calculated from the regression requirement that the slope be 0 at 7 = 0 K.
equation, the temperature, and the reference
1.44 1.42 5 6
1.44 1.42 20 6
1.42 1.42 25 1
6-19
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
1.42 1.42 50 1
1.44 1.42 60 6
1.41 1.42 75 1
1.32 1.42 77 7
1.44 1.42 80 6
6-20
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
C10100-C10200: Annealed Bulk Modulus vs.
Temperature (4 300 K)
160
150
0 0 o O o
O ( o O
°
CL 0 ,
o; 140 1
o
o—o-
1
a
O
130
• R EF. 1
CO O R EF. 6
R EF. 7
120
110
100 200 300
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 6.7. The data shown were used to compute the regression of the buli< modulus upon
temperature [Equation (6-5)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All
data are presented in Table 6.8. Reference 6.1 refers to an average based upon six extensive sets
of single-crystal measurements; these data were correspondingly weighted in the analysis that
determined the curve shown in this figure.
6-21
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
C10100-C10200: Annealed Bulk Modulus vs.
Temperature (4-300 K)
160
Figure 6.8. Dependence of the bulk modulus upon temperature; 4-300 K. The scatter band represents
two standard deviations about a second-order regression equation based upon dynamic measure-
ments on polycrystalline copper and an averaged curve derived from several measurements of
single-crystal elastic constants (Reference 6.1). The regression equation is
6-22
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS equation, the temperature, and the reference
number. The measured values cited under Refer-
Only measurements based upon dynamic ence 6.1 were taken from the published curve
methods were considered. (See Reference 6.1 that gives the average of single-crystal data from
for a comparison of measurement techniques.) several sources. The available characterization of
These methods determine the adiabatic rather materials and measurements is given in Table
than the Isothermal modulus, but this difference 6.10 at the end of the elastic properties section.
of a few percent at most is smaller than the errors Figure 6.9 indicates the fit of the data to Equation
usually associated with the static methods of (6-6). in sum-
Figure 6.10 presents these data
measurement. Single-crystal, second-order elas- mary form. The bands represent two
scatter
tic constant measurements at cryogenic tempera- standard deviations about the curve in each fig-
tures were compiled and averaged in Reference ure. The variance of the data about each curve
6.1. The polycrystalline Poisson's ratios were de- was assumed to be normally distributed and con-
rived from these data using an averaging tech- stant throughout the range of the independent
nique described in Reference 6.1. These data variable, T.
were given a weight of six (corresponding to six
extensive sets of cryogenic data), and combined DISCUSSION
with other polycrystalline measurements (Refer-
ences 6.6, 6.7, and 6.8) in a polynomial regres- References 6.6 and 6.9 discuss different
sion analysis of Poisson's ratio (u) upon tempera- methods of averaging single-crystal elastic con-
ture, T. stants to obtain polycrystalline elastic constants.
For engineering design purposes, the Voigt-
RESULTS Reuss-Hill method used in Reference 6.1 is ade-
quate. Reference 6.8 also provides a critical
The best fit to the data is given by the equa- evaluation of room-temperature polycrystalline
tion: elastic constants. These results agree with Equa-
tion (6-6) within the uncertainty represented by
»/ = 0.339 + 7.03 X 10"° (6-6) the standard deviation.
(S.D. = 0.002). More elaborate mathematical expressions
have been developed to represent the depen-
where 4 K < 7 < 300 K. The standard deviations dence of the elastic constants upon 7 (Reference
of the two coefficients are 0.0003 and 6.10). However, the differences in the fit are sig-
0.60 X 10"°. These standard deviations do not nificant only if the coefficient of variation of the
reflect the actual variance of elastic constant data is very small: for example, if data from one
measurements, since average values derived from individual set of measurements are to be fitted.
a compilation of single-crystal measurements The simpler polynomial used here is adequate for
(Reference 6.1) were used in the analysis. expressing the average results of a number of
Table 5.9 presents the measured values of measurements and meets the thermodynamic
u, the values calculated from the regression requirement that the slope be 0 at T = 0 K.
0.340 0.339 4 8
0.340 0.339 5 6
0.340 0.339 20 6
6-23
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
C10100-C10400: Annealed Poisson's Ratio vs.
Temperature (4-300 K)
0.340 0.340 40 6
0.339 0.340 50 1
0.341 0.340 60 6
0.339 0.340 75 1
0.336 0.340 77 7
0.341 0.340 80 6
0.340 0.340 100 1
6-24
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
Temperature (4-300 K)
0.37
0.36
H- 0.35
Z
o
CO
i2 0.34
O
o.
0.33
0.32
100 200 300
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 6.9. The data shown were used to compute the regression of Poisson's ratio upon temperature
[Equation (6-6)]. All data are presented in Table 6.9. Reference 6.1 refers to an average based
upon six extensive sets of single-crystal measurements; these data were correspondingly weighted
in the analysis that determined the curve shown in this figure.
6-25
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
0.37
0.36
0.32
100 200 300
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 6.10. Dependence of Poisson's ratio upon temperature; 4-300 K. Tlie scatter band represents
two standard deviations about a second-order regression equation based upon dynamic measure-
ments on polycrystalline copper and an averaged curve derived from several measurements of
single-crystal elastic constants (Reference 6.1). The regression equation is
6-26
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
Reference No. 2 3 4 5
Composition (wt%)
Cu 99.98
Ag — — —
Cu + Ag
O2
Bi
P — — — —
Pb
S — — — —
Se
Te —
Others — — —
Material Condition _ Annealed, 1073 K Annealed Annealed, 423 K,
10 h
RRR
Grain Size — — — —
Hardness — — — —
Product Form
No. of
Measurements
6-28
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
C10100-C10400: Annealed; Elastic Constants (All)
Cold-worked
6 7 8 13 14
—
60 (im — 60 iim (e) —
DPHN 45 (a) Rp 53, 80, 88
(a) 1 kg load.
(b) Measurements were also made on the as received cold-rolled plate and on a plate given a further 60% reduction.
(c) Some measurements made on CI 01 00 copper.
(d) Subsequently extended by 1%.
(e) Reported for one specimen only.
(f) Some measurements made on bar stock.
(g) Specimens cold-worked at 83 K in tension for test measurements.
6-29
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
C10100-C10400: Annealed; Elastic Constants (All)
Cold-worked
Reference No. 15 18 19 20
Composition (wt%)
Cu qq qqq QQ Q
99.9 QQ QQQ
Ag —
Cu + Ag
O2
Bi — — —
P
Pb
S — — —
Se
Te — -— —
Ot tiers
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
RRR ..
— 123
_ ^
Hardness — — — —
Product Form Wire
No. of
Measurements
Test Temperature 77 K 83 K 77 K
6-30
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
C10100-C10400: Annealed; Elastic Constants (All)
Cold-worked
21
C10100
99.999
Bar
0.15 cm
3.0 cm
78 K
6-31
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
REFERENCES
1. Ledbetter, H. M., and Naimon, E. R., "Elastic Properties of Metals and Alloys. II. Copper,"
Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 3, 897-935 (1974).
2. Stokes, H. J., "Apparatus for the Measurement of Young's Modulus, Between -200 and 700 °C
by Transverse Vibration in Vacuum," Journal of Scientific Instruments 37, 117-120 (1960).
3. Koster, W., "Die Temperaturabhangigkeit des Elastizitatsmoduls reiner Metalle," Zeitschrift fur
Metallkunde 39, 1-9 (1948).
4. Biller, E., and Helow, R., "Uber die Temperaturabhangigkeit des komplexen Elastizitatsmoduls
5. Bordoni, P. G., "Elastic and Anelastic Behavior of Some Metals at Very Low Temperatures,"
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 26, 495-502 (1954).
7. Frederick, J. R., "A Study of the Elastic Properties of Various Solids by Means of Ultrasonic
Pulse Techniques," Thesis, University of Michigan (1947).
9. Ledbetter, H. M., "Sound Velocities and Elastic-Constant Averaging for Polycrystalline Copper,"
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 13, 1879-1884 (1980).
10. Varshni, Y. P., 'Temperature Dependence of the Elastic Constants," Physical Review B 2,
3952-3958 (1970).
11. Jackson, L. R., Hall, A. M., and Schwope, A. D., 'The Comparative Properties of Several Types of
Commercial Coppers, as Cold Worked and as Recrystallized," Transactions of the American
Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers 179 1-10 (1947).
.
12. Soliman, M. R., Youssef, T. H., and Essawi, R. A., "Effect of Annealing and Cold-working on
Young's Modulus of Electrolytic Copper," Indian Journal of Physics 45, 77-82 (1971).
13. Smith, A. D. N., "The Effect of Small Amounts of Cold-Work on Young's Modulus of Copper,"
Philosophical Magazine 44, 453-466 (1953).
6-32
6. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
C10100-C10400: Annealed; Elastic Constants (All)
Cold-worked
REFERENCES
14. Lems, W., The Change of Young's Modulus of Copper and Silver after Deformation at Low
Temperature and its Recovery," Physica 28, 445-452 (1962).
Lems, W., "Young's Modulus of some Metals after Deformation at Low Temperature and its
15. Brouwer, A. J., and Groenenboom-Eygelaar, C, 'The Elastic Constants of Polycrystailine Cu after
Plastic Deformations at 77 "K," Acta Metallurgica^S, 1597-1602 (1967).
16. Alers, G. A., and Liu, Y. C, 'The Nature of Transition Textures in Copper," Transactions of the
Metallurgical Society of American Institute of Mechanical Engineers 239 210-216 (1967).
.
17. Bunge, H. J., Ebert, R., and Gunther, F., "On the Angular Variation and Texture Dependence of
Young's Modulus in Cold-rolled Copper Sheet," Physica Status Solidi 31, 565-569 (1969).
18. Bruner, L. J., and Mecs, B. M., "Modulus and Damping of Copper after Plastic Deformation at
4.2 °K," Physical Review 129, 1525-1532 (1963).
19. Druyvesteyn, M. J., Schannen, 0. F. Z., and Swaving, E. C. J., "Influence of Cold Work on the
Rigidity of Copper," Physica 25, 1271-1274 (1959).
20. Collet, M. G., 'The Irreversible Amplitude Dependence of Plastically Deformed Polycrystailine
Cu," Physica 34, 246-250 (1967).
21. van den Beukel,A., and Brouwer, C, 'The Influence of Impurities on the Modulus Effect of Cold
Worked Copper," Physica 17, 453-460 (1968).
6-33
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS log Cp = + 1.131 - 9.454 (log T) + 12.99 (log 7)^
Because copper has been used as a calo- - 5.501 (log T)^ + 0.7637 (log 7)',
7-1
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
copper severely deformed (at room temperature) earlier work by Giaque (Reference 7.12) that
by a reduction in thickness of about 96% showed shows a decrease in Cp after moderate cold work
an increase in Cp of up to 2% (Reference 7.19). (at room temperature) is apparently in error (see
These measurements were carried out only the discussion in Reference 7.1). These data
in the temperature range of 1 .5 to 4.2 K. Small were not used in the present analysis.
amounts of magnetic impurities also can have a
Table 7.1. Coefficients for Cp(J/kgK) = S >A|^ T^, 30 < T < 300 K (Reference 7.15).
10'"' 10"''^
Aj = -4.602942501 x Ag = +7.171999996 x
10"^*"
A3 = +2.232376993 x 10'^ A^O = -1.557097446 x
10"'* 10"^°
A4 = -5.304015312 x All = +2.156752094 x
10"^''
Ag = +7.312456301 x 10"° Ai3 = +5.534827423 x
The scatter of the fitted data is generally withiri 0.2 percent above 100 K, within 0.5 percent in the 50 to 100 K range and within
2 percent in the 30 to 50 K range.
7-2
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
7-3
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
7-4
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
7-5
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
50.00 Qn Rnn IB
50.00 96 fiOO 90.600 1C
50.00 96 600 qn BOO 1
7-6
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
7-7
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C10100-C10200: Annealed; Specific Heat vs.
Cold-worked Temperature (4-300 K)
7-8
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C10100-C10200: Annealed; Specific Heat vs.
Cold-worked Temperature (4 300 K)
7-9
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
Tsst Rof A r An
Temperature, Messured Predicted No.
K J/(kg.K) J/(kQ<K)
7-10
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C10100-C10200: Annealed; Specific Heat vs.
Cold-worked Temperature (4-300 K)
7-11
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
Table 7.3. Calculated Specific Heat Values [Equation (7-1)] (4-300 K).
7-12
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C10100-O10200: Annealed; Specific Heat vs.
Cold-worked Temperature (4-300 K)
7-13
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C10100-C10200: Annealed; Specific Heat vs.
Cold-worked Temperature (4-300 K)
Figure 7.1.The data shown were used to compute the regression of the specific heat, Cp, upon
temperature [Equation (7-1)]. For clarity, many overlapping data points are omitted from the figure,
including all points from References 7.4, 7.9, and 7.10. All the data used in the analysis are
presented in Table 7.2.
7-14
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C10100-C10200: Annealed; Specific Heat vs.
Cold-worked Temperature (4-300 K)
Figure 7.2. Dependence of specific fieat, Cp, upon temperature, 7; 4-300 K. The scatter band
represents two standard deviations about a fourth-order logarithmic regression equation based
upon 456 measurements on annealed and cold-worked copper. The equation is
log Cp = 1.131 - 9.454 (log T) + 12.99 (log 7)^ - 5.501 (log 7)^ + 0.7637 (log 7)^
7-15
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C10100-C10200: Annealed; Thermal Conductivity vs.
Cold-worked Temperature, RRR (1-300 K)
An
RRR
extensive analysis of the temperature de-
pendence of the thermal conductivity of high- units (p273 K ^ IS-S nQ-m)
exert a substantial effectupon the thermal con- points reported References 7.21-7.42 were se-
in
ductivity, A; the temperature (T) dependence of lected for use in the analysis of Reference 7.20.)
the A of C10100-C10200 coppers between 1 and Figure 7.3 presents most of the data from Refer-
200 K is not single-valued. See the electromag- ences 7.21-7.42 used in the analysis (data below
netic properties section for further discussions of 1 K and above 300 K are omitted from the figure).
the RRR of copper. Calculated curves of A vs. T for several RRR val-
Data sets for the analysis described in Refer- ues are given in Figure 7.4.
ence 7.20 were selected from 22 references cov-
ering a range of T from 0.2 to 1250 K and a range DISCUSSION
of RRR from 19 to 1800. These data were fitted
to the function given below and the constants The effects of both impurities and cold work
determined with a nonlinear least-squares upon A from 1 to 300 K can be predicted from a
analysis. knowledge of the RRR, which is readily deter-
mined experimentally. Recent measurements of
RESULTS the RRR on coppers that met the C10200 specifi-
cation ranged from 5 to 520. This variability indi-
It was found that the T dependence of the A cates the necessity of measuring the RRR for
could be represented to within ± 15% of the ex- individual coppers for which the cryogenic-tempe-
perimental values by the following equation for A: rature dependence of A is required. Further infor-
mation on measurement techniques is referenced
HW/m-K) ^{W^^W,* WJ-\ (7-2)
in the electromagnetic properties section.
7-16
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C10100-C10200: Annealed; Thermal Conductivity vs.
Cold-worked Temperature, RRR (1 300 K)
totalthermal resistance above 60 K consists of actions with impurities and physical defects be-
electron-phonon interactions so electron inter- come less important in this temperature range.
Table 7.4. Thermal Conductivity Calculated from Equation (7-2) for Various RRR Values (1-300 K).
-(
46 156 471 1574 4726
91 312 942 3147 9434
3 137 468 1413 4710 14044
4 183 624 1880 6243 18380
228 779 2343 7715 22170
5 274 933 2796 9075 25084
7 319 1085 3232 10260 26834
Q 365 1235 3642 11197 27328
g 409 1380 4015 11836 26756
10 454 1520 4343 12172 25496
12 541 1778 4844 12127 22264
14 624 2002 5144 11544 19150
16 703 2186 5267 10725 16398
18 777 2324 5231 9771 13924
20 843 2408 5054 8727 11683
25 960 2381 4215 6135 7271
30 999 2119 3245 4151 4573
35 970 1784 2436 2859 3028
40 900 1467 1841 2047 2122
45 814 1205 1423 1531 1568
50 731 1002 1135 1196 1216
60 597 740 799 824 832
70 513 601 634 547 651
7-17
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
20,000
10,000 —
o
E
4 o
A
o > o
4i
>- V
I*
—
I—
1000
o
o
z REF.21
O o REF.22
REF.23
REF.24
REF.24
REF.25
uj 100 A REF.26
REF.27
0 REF.28
V REF.29
V REF.30
> REF.31
REF.32
< REF.33
20 I I L
10 100 300
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 7.3. The data shown were used in the analysis described in Reference 7.20 to compute the
constants for Equation (7-2). (Data below 1 are not shown in this figure.) For
K and above 300 K
clarity, many overlapping data points are omitted from the figure, including all points from
References 7.34 and 7.35. All data are presented graphically in Reference 7.20, which may also be
consulted for detailed figures showing the deviations of the data from Equation (7-2). This figure is
7-18
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
10 100 300
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 7.4. Thermal conductivity for C10100-C10700 copper is shown as a function of temperature
calculated from Equation (7-2) at selected values of the RRR. This figure is adapted from a figure
presented In Reference 7.20.
7-19
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS conductivity. However, data from Reference 7.44
on a specimen with an RRR of 62 showed that A
The most extensive sets of longitudinal nnag- at 5 T was about 87% of the zero-field conductivi-
netothermal conductivity data were obtained from ty. This effect is too small to distinguish on the
Reference 7.43. The test temperatures ranged scale of Figure 7.5, but is evident in Figure 7.6,
from 5 to 21 K and magnetic field from 1 to 8 T. which presents data from the two references for
Some additional data at 4 K for fields from 1 to copper of intermediate RRR's of 107 and 163. In
5 T were obtained from Reference 7.44. Residual heavily alloyed materials, most of the thermal
resistance ratios (RRR) from 62 to 1520 were conduction is due to phonons (lattice vibrations)
reported in References 7.43 and 7.44. which are relatively unaffected by magnetic fields.
RESULTS DISCUSSION
in very pure materials most of the thermal Additional data from Reference 7.34 on the
transport by electronic conduction. Thus,
is magnetothermal conductivity in a smaller field of
when a magnetic field of several tesia is applied, 0.9 T between 4 and 50 K indicate that the effect
Lorentz forces cause a sizeable decrease in the of the field disappears above ~ 45 K, where elec-
thermal conductivity, A. This is shown in Figure tron-phonon interactions dominate the total ther-
7.5 for a high-purity copper with an RRR of 1520. mal resistance.
Thermal conductivity at 5 K for this speci-
men in a 4-T field was about 25% of the zero-field
7-20
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
Figure 7.5.Longitudinal magnetothermal conductivity data from Reference 7.43 on a high purity CI 01 00
copper with RRR = 1520 as shown as a function of temperature. This figure is adapted from a
figure presented in Reference 7.43.
7-21
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
Figure 7.6. Longitudinal magnetothermal conductivity data from Reference 7.43 on a C10200 copper
with RRR = 107 are shown as a function of temperature from 5 to 21 K. Data from Reference 7.44
for copper with RRR = 163 are plotted at 4 K.
7-22
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS and 0.1290. (The size of the residuals at low
temperatures where the magnitude of a decreas-
Measurements of the coefficient of thermal es is much lower than the linear standard devia-
expansion, a, were obtained from 16 sources tion of 0.14 x 10"^ K"\ Residuals near 300 K con-
(References 7.13, 7.45-7.59). A compilation (Ref- more to the standard deviation).
tribute
erence 7.59) was used as a source of some of Table 7.5 presents the temperature, the
the data reported before 1 973. Reference 7.56 measured values of a, the values calculated from
reports results on several types of specimens: the regression equation, and the reference num-
their reported mean values were used In this ber. The available characterization of materials
analysis. All a-values from Reference 7.60 were and measurements is given in Table 7.8 at the
removed from the analysis because of sizeable end of the thermal properties section. Figure 7.7
deviations from the rest of the data; however, the indicates the fit of the data to Equation (7-3).
deviations appeared to be random and the inte- Figure 7.8 presents these results in summary
grated values reported in that reference were form. The bands represent two standard
scatter
used in the regression analysis for mean thermal deviations about the curve in each figure. The
expansion (see the following section). A total of variance of the data was assumed to be normally
322 measurements from 4 to 300 K were used in distributed and constant throughout the range of
the final data set. In carrying out regression anal- the independent variable, log 7. The center curve
ysis on this data set it was found that a logarith- representing Equation (7-3) was omitted from Fig-
mic transformation was desirable to provide a ure 7.7 to allow a clearer presentation of the data
good fit without a large number of coefficients. points.
Because Equation (7-3) is in logarithmic
RESULTS form, a set of calculated values of q for
4 K < 7 < 300 K is presented in Table 7.6.
log a = - 1 1 .27 + 37.36 (log 7) - 66.59 (log T)^ Apparently, q is insensitive to impurity levels
+ 63.49 (log 7)^ - 31.49 (log 7)^ and to cold-working. Reference 7.50 reports data
+ 7.748 (log 7)^ - 0.7504 (log r)^ (7-3) on Asarco copper, OFHC copper, free-machining,
tough-pitch copper, and copper deformed by
where a has units of 10"^ K""" and 4 K < 7 < 300 K. 70% (at room temperature). The differences in a
The logarithmic standard deviation of the fit of at 283 K were less than 0.2%. Additions of 0.2
this equation to the data is 0.03 and the linear wt% Fe and 0.2 wt% Mn resulted in changes in a
standard deviation is 0.14 x 10"^ K"\ The stan- (from pure copper) of 0.2% and 0.7%, respec-
dard deviations of the seven coefficients of Equ- tively.
Table 7.5. Dependence of Thermal Expansion Coefficient upon Temperature (4-300 K).
7-23
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C10100-C10200: Annealed; Thermal Expansion Coefficient
Cold-worked vs. Temperature (4-300 K)
7-24
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
7-25
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C10100~C10200: Annealed; Thermal Expansion Coefficient
Cold-worked vs. Temperature (4-300 K)
£f .1 U. f lOUU n 79'jnn
U. r £.jUu
97 4 n Aonnn
U.OsUUU U. 1 'KjUU
^ c^ortrtrt A c;
40
34.7 l.boUUU 1 .D<;UUU
7-26
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
K
49.0 3.77000 3.63000 45
50.0 3.70000 3.79000 48
50.0 3.62000 3.79000 47
50.0 3.51000 3.79000 50
50.0 3.90000 3.79000 13
50.0 3.85000 3.79000 57
50.0 3.87000 3.79000 58
50.8 4.20000 3.92000 52
51.3 4.10000 4.00000 45
51.5 4.12000 4.04000 49
52.9 4.32000 4.27000 52
53.0 4.22000 4.28000 45
54.4 4.66000 4.51000 52
55.1 4.84000 4.63000 45
57.0 5.17000 4.94000 43
57.5 5.09000 5.02000 56
56.9 5.10000 5.25000 45
60.0 5.65000 5.43000 46
60.0 5.34000 5.43000 47
60.0 5.16000 5.43000 50
60.0 5.60000 5.43000 13
60.0 5.48000 5.43000 57
60.0 5.61000 5.43000 58
60.4 5.58000 5.49000 49
61.0 5.59000 5.59000 45
63.9 5.80000 6.05000 45
65.0 6.26000 6.22000 56
66.3 6.22000 6.42000 45
69.5 6.92000 6.89000 49
70.0 7.10000 6.97000 49
70.0 7.10000 6.97000 46
70.0 6.35000 6.97000 45
70.0 6.88000 6.97000 47
70.0 6.63000 6.97000 50
70.0 7.10000 6.97000 13
70.0 7.00000 6.97000 57
73.3 6.75000 7.44000 45
75.0 7.69000 7.68000 56
76.7 6.80000 7.91000 45
79.7 8.32000 8.29000 49
80.0 8.40000 8.34000 46
80.0 8.24000 8.34000 47
80.0 8.05000 8.34000 50
80.0 8.80000 8.34000 13
80.0 8.35000 8.34000 57
80.0 8.45000 8.34000 58
81.7 7.65000 8.55000 46
85.0 8.94000 8.95000 56
85.7 9.12000 9.02000 49
87.5 8.73000 9.23000 45
88.0 9.44000 9.29000 53
7-27
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C10100-C10200: Annealed; Thermal Expansion Coefficient
Cold-worked vs. Temperature (4-300 K)
7-28
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
lO.^OOUO "
"1 C A An A
O.ZUOOJ 57
2Cj.O
200.0 I0..ii0000 1 5,2COCC 55
01 r n 1 0.4UUUU 1 0.4\AJO\j
O.U lO.OUUUO 1
1
1; AAAA
O.OuUUU t:
0J
1 O.DUUUU C
110.' TAAAA
U-^OU 0^
220.0 1 0.bOUuU 10. / UUO J 57
220 0 1 ^ . QUUUU 1 . f uuuu 58
n
/ eo.\j I O.OoJUU 10.' OoUU DJ
=i Qfinnn
230 0 10.' UUOU 11 0.3UUUU 49
1 0.oUuUU 1 0.3U>jUU J4
z J J. J 1 O.OUJUU 10.3 JUO J JJ
^ Z A/»^/^A C AAAAA
240.0 10.90000 15.00000 54
240.0 1 b.UUUuU 16.00000 57
C A/~1J^/^A C AAAAA
240.0 10. 00000 16.0C0C0 58
7-29
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
7-30
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C10100-C10200: Annealed; Thermal Expansion Coefficient
Cold-worked vs. Temperature (4-300 K)
Table 7.6. Calculated Values of the Thermal Expansion Coefficient [Equation (7-3)] (4-300 K).
7-31
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
7-32
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
20
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 7.7. The data shown were used to compute the regression of the thermal expansion coefficient,
a, upon temperature [Equation (7-3)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the
figure. All data are presented in Table 7.5.
7-33
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 7.8.Dependence of the thermal expansion coefficient, q, upon temperature; 4-300 K. The
scatterband represents two standard deviations about a sixth-order logarithmic regression equation
based upon 322 measurements on annealed and cold-worked copper. The regression equation is
log a = - 1 1.27 + 37.36 (log T) - 66.59 (log 7)^ + 63.49 (log T)^ - 31.49 (log 7)"*
7-34
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
were eliminated from the regression analysis. given in Table 7.8 at the end of the thermal prop-
The total number of measurements used in the erties section. Figure 7.9 indicates the fit of the
final curve fitting was 312. data to Equation (7-4). Figure 7.10 presents
these results in summary form. The scatter
RESULTS bands represent two standard deviations about
the curve each figure. The variance of the data
in
The polynomial regression analysis carried was assumed to be normally distributed and con-
out on the data set indicated that a satisfactory fit stant throughout the range of the independent
could be obtained with a second-order equation variable, temperature.
Table 7.7. Dependence of Mean Thermal Expansion upon Temperature (4-300 K).
4 11.6 11.5 69
4 11.3 11.5 57
4.2 11.3 11.5 64
5 11.1 11.5 8
6 11.3 11.5 57
7 11.7 11.6 69
8 11.4 11.6 57
10 11.3 11.7 8
10 11.5 11.7 57
12 11.9 11.8 69
12 11.6 11.8 57
14 11.7 11.9 57
16 11.8 11.9 57
18 11.9 12.0 66
18 11.8 12.0 57
20 11.8 12.1 63
20 11.9 12.1 48
20 11.9 12.1 71
20 11.7 12.1 6
20 11.9 12.1 57
7-35
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
40 12.5 12.8 8
40 12.8 12.8 57
43 13.0 12.9 66
43.5 1 2.9 12,9 49
45 1 3.0 12.9 57
50 13.0 13.1 63
50 13.3 13.1 64
50 13.2 13.1 48
50 13.0 13.1 8
50 13.2 13.1 Of
53 13.5 13.2 66
60 13.4 1 J.
60 13.5 13.4 71
60 13.3 13.4 46
60 13.4 13.4 8
60 13.5 13.4 57
60.4 13.5 13.4 49
63 13.9 13.5 66
69.5 13.9 13.7 49
70 13.8 13.7 63
70 13.9 13.7 48
7n 1 J.Q 1 0. 46
70 13.9 13.7 57
73 14.2 13.8 66
75 14.0 13.9 64
77 14.1 13.9 65
78 14.2 13.9 8
79.7 14.2 14.0 49
80 14.0 14.0 63
80 14.1 14.0 71
80 13.8 14.0 46
80 14.3 14.0 8
7-36
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C10100-C10200: Annealed; Mean Thermal Expansion vs.
Cold-worked Temperature (4-300 K)
80 14.2 14.0 57
82 14.2 14.1 69
83 14.0 14.1 62
63 14.6 14.1 66
83 14.0 14.1 70
85.7 14.3 14.1 49
87.7 14.1 14.2 67
87.7 14.4 14.2 61
88 14.4 14.2 53
90 14.2 14.3 63
90 14.4 14.3 49
90 14.4 14.3 54
90 14.1 14.3 46
90 14.5 14.3 8
90 14.4 14.3 57
91 14.4 14.3 65
93 14.8 14.3 66
93 14.4 14.3 68
93 14.5 14.3 53
94.2 14.5 14.4 61
7-37
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
7-38
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
7-39
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
U / 1\
1 1 u / 1\
7-40
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
7-41
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
Figure 7.9.The data shown were used to compute the regression of the mean thermal expansion,
AL/bAT, upon temperature [Equation (7-4)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from
the figure. All data are presented in Table 7.7.
7-42
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
Figure 7.10.Dependence of the mean thermal expansion, AL/{bAT), upon temperature; 4-300 K. The
band represents two standard deviations about a second-order regression equation based
scatter
upon 312 measurements on annealed and cold-worked copper. The equation is
I —
L AT
(10-^/K) = 11.32 + 3.933 x lO'^T - 7.306 x IQ-^r^,
where AL/(L-A7) = [Z.(293 K) - L(7)]/[L(293 K) (293 K- 7)] for 4 K < 7 < 300 K except that at
7 = 293 K, this quantity is {1 /L){dL/dT).
7-43
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
Reference No. 1A 18 1C 2A
Composition (wt%)
Cu 99.999 99.999 99.999
A9 —
Cu + Ag
Bi — — — —
p
Pb — — — —
S
Se — — — —
Te
Others — — Mg: < 0.0001; —
(Only > 0.001 wt%) Si: < 0.0001
RRR
Hardness 45 (c)
(a) Measured in "as cast" condition. Specimen was large crystal with much smaller crystals at edges.
(b) Reduction in area of 33%, machined without specimen heating. Average strain in specimen - 0.2%, determined by x-ray
analysis.
(c) Diamond pyramid, determined with 0.2-kg load.
7-44
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C10100, C10200, C10500, C11000: Thermal Properties (All)
Annealed; Cold-worked
2B 3 4 5 6
— — — — —
— — — — —
— — — — —
— — — —
— —
15 tim (d)
102 (a) — — —
— — — — —
310 g 60g 878 g
dilatational specific heat) or represents other unpublished specific heat data also obtained at the University of California.
7-45
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C10100, C 10200, C10500, C 11000: Thermal Properties (All)
Annealed; Cold-worked
Reference No. 7 8 9 10
Composition (wt%)
Cu 99.96 99.999
Ag 0.001-0.01 not detected
Cu + Ag
0, —
Bi < 0.001 not detected
P 1 —
Pb < 0.001 1 not detected
S 1 < 0.0001 —
be 1 < O.CXXJl
Te — 1 not detected —
Others Sb: 0.001-0.01; 1
(Only > 0.001 wt%) Ca, Fe, Mg, Ni, Si:
< 0.001
RRR
Grain Size — — —
—
Product Form Wire
Specimen
Type/IVIass 143 g 604g
Width or Dia.
Thickness
Length
(a) Two or more series of measurements made; 17 values reported from a smoothed curve derived from all measurements.
7-46
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C10100, C10200, C10500, C 11000: Thermal Properties (Ah,
Annealed; Cold-worked
11 12 13 21 22
1781 1530
—
^
— — — — —
Bar — — Bar Bar
8 cm
62 (below 300 K) 57 12 24
7-47
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
Composition (wt%)
Cu 99.999 99.97 99.999 99.9988
Ag 0.034 - 0.0005 - 0.0005
Cu + Ag —
O2
Bi
P — —
Ph - U.UU4
s — —
Se
Te — ^ — .
—
Others Ni: < 0.0003;
(Only > 0.001 wt%) Pb: < 0.0004
Grain Size
Hardness — —
Product Form Bar Bar
No. of 27 (annealed) 37
Measurements
7-48
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
Annealed; Cold-worked
26 27 28 29 30A
— 99.999 — 99.98
< 0.0001
— — —
0.0013 0.00 1
< U.UUUUo
— — 0.0008 — 0.0008
— — — — —
— — 0.0001
Nl: 0.0007 Ni: 0.0007
250 — — 270 —
— — — — ~ 50
54 Brinnell D.P.H.
Rar
Daf OM llci cu Dal
58 (runs) 21 24
7-49
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
Composition (wt%)
Cu QO OA QQ OR
Ag 0.001 0.001
Cu + Ag
O2
Bi — — —
P 0.007
Pb I < 0.001
S — — —
Se
Te 0.56
Others Fe: 0.01; Ag: 0.001; Fe: 0.001; Si: Ge: 0.02 Fe- 0 0043
(Only > O.CX)1 wt%) Zn: 0.001 0.001; Zn: 0.001
RRR 18 (a) 38
No. of 27 33
Measurements
(a) This specimen identification appears to be interchanged with that of 36B in one of the figures in this reference.
7-50
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
Annealed; Cold-worked
32 33 34 35 36
r\i /v\
O IQIQU UlOlOO O10100 C10100 (c)
99.999 99.99
— — — — —
0.001
— — — — —
0.001
— — —
0.001
— — — —
Annealed, 1223 K, Soldered at 433 K
6 h
— 900 45 55 —
— 574 iim — — —
—
Bar Plate Bar Bar
27 18 (a) 38 24 14 and 20
7-51
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
Annealed; Cold-worked
Reference No. 37 38 39 40
Composition (wt%)
Cu 99.999 ;'
99.99
Ag —
Cu + Ag — —
Bi
2
— — —
p
Pb — —
s MM
Se — — —
Te
Others
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
Grain Size
Hardness — —
Product Form Bar Bar
No. of 43 7
Measurements
7-52
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
Annealed; Cold-worked
99.9
— — — — —
— — — — —
— — — — —
— — — — —
Zr: 0.20; Ni: 0.002;
Fe: 0.002
107 1520 62
— — — —
Bar Wire
37 cm 2.3 cm 2.3 cm
7-53
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
Composition (wt%)
Cu 99.9 99 999 99 999
Ag
Cu + Ag —
n
Bi — — — —
P
Pb —
S —
Se
Te < 0.0002 —
Others
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
RRR 103
Grain Size
Hardness — —
Product Form Wire Bar
No. of 11 25 23 68
Measurements
7-54
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
Annealed; Cold-worked
48 49 50 51 52
C10200 U 1 U 1 UU L-1U1U0
99.999 99.99
0.004 < 0.0005
— — — —
— 11 — — —
11
— 11 — 0.0001 0.003
11
— — — —
— — — Sn: 0.002
48 h
— — — —
— — — —
Bar Bar
10 cm 8.14 cm
-60 20 -250 - 90
7-55
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C10100, C10200, CI 0500, C 11 000: Thermal Properties (All)
Annealed; Cold-worked
Specification
Composition (wt%)
99.99 99.999 99.999
Ag < 0.0002 < 0.00001
Cu + Ag
O2 f 0.003 0.001
Bi
P — — ,1
—
Pb
S — — 0.003 < 0.0001
Se
Te — —
U-UU^, Vv. U.UI^, K^. U.Uc.\, vv. U.UUo
(Only > 0.001 wt%) Zn: 0.008
Material Condition Annealed, vacuum Annealed, 1073 K, Vacuum cast Cast in graphite
(b) vacuum
Grain Size
Hardness
Product Form
(a) Eleven specimens of varying purity and dimensions were tested; averaged curve used in the present analysis.
(b) Some of the eleven specimens were not annealed.
7-56
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
Annealed; Cold-worked
56A 56B 57 58 60
— — — —
0.0004
— — — — —
— — — — —
— — — — —
Si: 0.001
vacuum 1 h, vacuum
— — 600-1500 — —
— — — — —
7-57
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
Reference No. 61 62 63 64
Composition (wt%)
Cu 99.979 — 99.98 99.999
Ag
Cu + Ag — — —
O2 0.02
Bi — — — —
P
Pb — — —
c
Se — — - — —
Te
Others — — — —
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
.
No. of 141 11
Measurements
7-58
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
Anriealed; Cold-worked
65 66 67 68 69
— — — — —
— — — — —
— — — — —
Sb: 0.015; Fe: 0.010; — — — —
S: 0.007
— — — — —
— — — — —
(a) Length of Inner vacuum vessel constructed from electrolytic copper. Thermal expansion measured at atmospheric
pressure.
7-59
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
Composition (wt%)
Cu QQ go la\
Ag —
Cu + Ag
O2 — '
Bi
P — —
Pb — —
S
Se
Te
Others
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
1
Material Condition Annealed, 811 K
RRR
Grain Size -
_— — 63
——
,
1
Hardness -
Product Form Bar Bar
Test Temperature 1
82-1207 K 20-800 K
(a) Estimated from RRR. About 0.012 wt% dissolved impurities estimated.
7-60
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
REFERENCES
1. Martin, D. L, 'The Specific Heat of Copper from 20° to 300 "K," Canadian Journal of Pfiysics 38,
17-24 (1960).
2. Ahlers, G., "Heat Capacity of Copper," Review of Scientific Instruments 37, 477-480 (1966).
3. Holste, J. C, Cetas,C, and Swenson, C. A., "Effects of Temperature Scale Differences on the
T.
Analysis of Heat Capacity Data: The Specific Heat of Copper from 1 to 30 K," The Review of
Scientific Instruments 43, 670-676 (1972).
4. Chang, Y.-S. A., "Dilation Contribution to Heat Capacity of Metals and Alloys," Ph.D. Thesis,
University of California, 79 pp. (1963).
5. Dockerty, S. M., 'The Specific Heat of Copper From 30° to 200 °K," Canadian Journal of
Research ISA, 59-66 (1937).
6. Kok, J. A., and Keesom, W. H., "Measurements of the Atomic Heats of Platinum and of Copper
from 1.2 to 20 °K," Physica 3, 1035-1045 (1936).
7. Sandenaw, T. A., "Heat Capacity of Copper Below 300 °K, a Test of Two Calorimeter Designs,"
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory of the University of California, Los Alamos, NM, LA-2307, 19
pp. (1959).
8. Jelinek, F. J., and Collings, E. W., "Low Temperature Thermal Expansion and Specific Heat
Properties of Structural Materials," in Materials Research for Superconducting Machinery-ll, Eds.
A. F. Clark, R. P. Reed, E. C. van Reuth, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA,
ADA 004586 (1974).
9. Franck, J. P., Manchester, F. D., and Martin, D. L, 'The Specific Heat of Pure Copper and of
Some Dilute Copper + Iron Alloys Showing a Minimum in the Electrical Resistance at Low
Temperatures," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 263A 494-507 (1961).
,
10. Maier, C. F., and Anderson, C. T., 'The Disposition of Work Energy Applied to Crystals," Journal
of Chemical Physics 2, 513-527 (1934).
11. Robie, R. A., and Wilson, W. H., 'The Heat Capacities of Calorimetry
Hemingway, B. S.,
Conference Copper and Muscovite KAl2(AlSi3)Oio(OH)2, Pyrophyllite Al2Si40^o(OH)2, and lUite
of
K3(Al7Mg)(Sii4Al2)04o(OH)g between 15 and 375 K and their Standard Entropies at 298.15 K,"
Journal of Research, U.S. Geological Survey 4, 631-644 (1976).
12. Giauque, W. F., and Meads, P. F., 'The Heat Capacities and Entropies of Aluminum and Copper
from 15 to 300 °K," Journal of the American Chemical Society 63, 1897-1901 (1941).
13. Hust, J. G., and Kirby, R. K., "Standard Reference Materials for Thermophysical Properties," in
Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, Vol. 24, Eds. K. D. Timmerhaus, R. P. Reed and A. F. Clark,
Plenum Press, New York, 232-239 (1978).
14. Touloukian, Y. S., and Buyco, E. H., Specific Heat-Metallic Elements and Alloys, Thermphysical
Properties of Matter, Vol. 4, IFl/Plenum, New York, 51-61 (1970).
7-61
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C10100, C10200, C10500, C 11 000: Annealed; Thermal Properties (All)
Cold-worked
REFERENCES
15. Fisher, J. W., Lielmezs, J., Martin, D. L, Martin, J. F., Sabbah, R., and Snowdon, R. L, "Cp.
Copper," in Recomnnended Reference Materials for the Realization of Physicochemical
Properties, Blackwell Science Publications, Oxford, U.K. (1987).
16. Corruccini, R. J., "Properties of Materials at Low Temperatures (Part I)," Chemical Engineering
Progress 53, 262-267 (1957).
17. Chang, Y. A., and Himmel, L, 'Temperature Dependence of the Elastic Constants of Cu, Ag, and
Au above Room Temperature," Journal of Applied Physics 37, 3567-3572 (1966).
18. Chang, Y. A., and Hultgren, R., 'The Dilation Contribution to the Heat Capacity of Copper and
Q-Brass at Elevated Temperatures," The Journal of Physical Chemistry 69, 4162-4165 (1965).
19. Bevk, J., 'The Effect of l_attice Defects on the LowTemperature Heat Capacity of Copper,"
Philosophical Magazine 28, 1379-1390 (1973).
20. Hust,J. G., and Lankford, A. B., 'Thermal Conductivity of Aluminum, Copper, Iron, and Tungsten
forTemperatures from 1 K to the Melting Point," National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, CO,
NBSIR 84-3007, 256 pp. (1984).
21. White, G.K., and Tainsh, R. J., "Lorenz Number for High-Purity Copper," Physical Review 119 .
1869-1871 (1960).
22. Powell, R. L, Roder, H. M., and Hall, W. J., "Low-Temperature Transport Properties of Copper
and Its Dilute Alloys: Pure Copper, Annealed and Cold-Drawn," Physical Review 1 1 314-323 .
(1959).
23. Roder, H. M., Powell, R. L, and Hall, W. J., "Thermal and Electrical Conductivity of Pure
Copper," in Low Temperature Physics & Chemistry, Ed. J. R. Dillinger, The University of
Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wl, 364-367 (1958).
24. White, G. K., "The Thermal and Electrical Conductivity of Copper at Low Temperatures,"
Australian Journal of Physics 6, 397-404 (1953).
25. Berman, R., and MacDonald, D. K. C, "The Thermal and Electrical Conductivity of Copper at
Low Temperatures," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 211 A 122-128 (1952). .
27. Mendelssohn, K., and Rosenberg, H. M., "The Thermal Conductivity of Metals at Low
Temperatures. I: The Elements of Groups 1, 2 and 3," The Proceedings of the Physical Society
65A, 385-394 (1952).
28. Powell, R. L, Rogers, W. M., and Coffin, D. 0., "An Apparatus for Measurement of Thermal
Conductivity of Solids at Low Temperatures," Journal of Research of the National Bureau of
Standards 59, 349-355 (1957).
7-62
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
REFERNECES
29. Lindenfeld, P., Lynton, E. A., and Soulen, R., "Metallic Heat Conductivity Below 1 °K," Physics
Letters 19, 265 (1965).
30. Powell, R. L., Roder, H. M., and Rogers, W. M., "Low-Temperature Thermal Conductivity of Some
Commercial Coppers," Journal of Applied Physics 28, 1282-1288 (1957).
31. White, G. K., and Woods, S. B., 'Thermal and Electrical Conductivities of Solids at Low
Temperatures," Canadian Journal of Physics 33, 58-73 (1955).
White, G.K., and Woods, S. B., 'The Lattice Thermal Conductivity of Dilute Copper Alloys at Low
Temperatures," Philosophical Magazine 45, 1343-1345 (1954).
32. Powers, R. W., Schwartz, D., and Johnston, H. L., 'The Thermal Conductivity of Metals and
Alloys at Low Temperatures--I. Apparatus for Measurements Between 25° and 300 °K. Data on
Pure Aluminum, OFHC Copper, and 'L' Nickel," Cryogenic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry,
Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, TR 264-5, 19 pp. (1951).
33. Moore, J. P., McElroy, D. L., and Graves, R. S., "Thermal Conductivity and Electrical Resistivity of
High-Purity Copper from 78 to 400 °K," Canadian Journal of Physics 45, 3849-3865 (1967).
34. Fletcher, R., "The Nernst-Ettinghausen Coefficient and the Kondo Effect in Copper and Gold,"
Philosophical Magazine 25, 87-95 (1972).
35. Nelson, W. E., and Hoffman, "Measurements of the Temperatures and Magnetic Field
A. R.,
Dependence of Electrical Resistivity and Thermal Conductivity in OFHC Copper," in Thermal
Conductivity 14, Eds. P. G. Klemens and T. K. Chu, Plenum Press, New York, 73-80 (1976).
36. Dupr6, A., Van Itterbeek, A., and Michiels, L, "Heat Conductivity of Copper Below 1 "K," Physics
Letters 8, 99-100 (1964).
37. Laubitz, M. J., "Transport Properties of Pure Metals at High Temperatures-I. Copper," Canadian
Journal of Physics 45, 3677-3696 (1967).
38. Lucks, C. F, and Deem, H. W., 'Thermal Properties of Thirteen Metals," American Society for
Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, Special Technical Publication No. 227, 29 pp. (1958).
39. Mikryukov, V. E., Vestn. Mosk. Univ., Ser. Mat., Mekh., Astron., Fiz., Khim., H, 53-70 (1956).
40. Powell, R. W., and Tye, R. P., "New Measurements on Thermal Conductivity Reference
Materials," Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer J[0, 581-596 (1967).
41. Schofield, F. H., 'The Thermal and Electrical Conductivities of Some Pure Metals," Proceedings
of the Royal Society of London 107A 206-227 (1925).
.
42. Siu, M. C. I., W. C, and Watson, T. W., "Thermal Conductivity and Electrical Resistivity of
Carroll,
Six Copper-Base Alloys," National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C, NBSIR 76-1003, 22
pp. (1976).
7-63
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C10100. C10200, C10500, C11000: Annealed; Thermal Properties (All)
Cold-worked
REFERNECES
43. Sparks, L
L, "Magnetothermal Conductivity of Selected Pure Metals and Alloys," in Materials
Research Superconducting Machinery--IV, Eds. R. P. Reed, A. F. Clark, E. C. van Reuth,
for
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, ADA 019230 (1975).
44. Fevrier, A., and Morize, D., 'The Effect of Magnetic Field on the Thermal Conductivity and
Electrical Resistivity of Different Materials," Cryogenics 13. 603-606 (1973).
45. Fraser, D. B., and Holiis Hallett. A. C, 'The Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Various Cubic
Metals Below 100 "K," Canadian Journal of Physics 43, 193-219 (1965).
46. Carr, R. H., McCammon, R. D., and White, G. K., "The Thermal Expansion of Copper at Low
Temperatures," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 280. 72-84 (1964).
47. Bunton, G. V., and Weintroub, S., "A Sensitive Optical Lever Dilatometer for Use at Low
Temperatures and the Thermal Expansion of Copper," Cryogenics 8, 354-360 (1968).
48. Fraser, D. B., and C, "The Coefficient of Linear Expansion and Gruneisen 7 of
Hollis Hallett, A.
Cu, Ag. Au, Fe, and Al from 4 "K to 300 °K," in Proceedings of the Vllth International
Ni,
Conference on Low Temperature Physics, Eds. G. M. Graham and A. C. Holiis Hallett, University
of Toronto Press. 689-692 (1961).
49. Rubin, T., Altman, H. W., and Johnston, H. L, "Coefficients of Thermal Expansion of Solids at
Low Temperatures. The Thermal Expansion of Copper from 15 to 300
1. °K.," Journal of the
American Chemical Society 76, 5289-5293 (1954).
50. Novikova, S. I., and Strelkov, P. G., 'Thermal Expansion of Silicon at Low Temperatures," Soviet
Physics-Solid State 1, 1 687-1 689 (1 960).
51. Kos, J. F., and Lamarche, J. L. G., 'Thermal Expansion of the Noble Metals Below 15 °K,"
Canadian Journal of Physics 47, 2509-2518 (1969).
52. Shapiro, J. M., Taylor, D. R., and Graham, G. M., "A Sensitive Dilatometer for Use at Low
Temperatures," Canadian Journal of Physics 42, 835-847 (1964).
54. Leksina, I. E., and Novikova, S. I., 'Thermal Expansion of Copper, Silver, and Gold within a Wide
Range of Temperatures," Soviet Physics-Solid State 5, 798-801 (1963).
55. McLean, K. O., Swenson, G. A., and Case, C. R., 'Thermal Expansion of Copper, Silver, and
Gold Below 30 K," Journal of Low Temperature Physics 7, 77-98 (1972).
56. White, G. K., and Collins, J. G., "Thermal Expansion of Copper, Silver, and Gold at Low
Temperatures," Journal of Low Temperature Physics 7, 43-75 (1972).
7-64
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
REFERENCES
57. Kroeger, F. R., and Swenson, C. A., "Absolute Linear Thermal-Expansion Measurements on
Copper and Aluminum from 5 to 320 K," Journal of Applied Physics 48. 853-864 (1977).
58. Cooper, R. F., and Yates, B., "Low Temperature Inteferometric Measurements of the Thermal
Expansion of Copper and Nitralloy," Cryogenics 10. 442-444 (1970).
59. Touloukian, Y. S., Kirby, R. K., Taylor, R. E.. and Desai, P. D.. Thermal Expansion-Metallic
Elements and Alloys, Thermophysical Properties of Matter. Vol. 12. IFI/Plenum. New York, 77-91
(1975).
60. Strelkov, P. G., and Novikova, S. I.. "Silica Dilatometer for Low Temperatures. 1. Thermal
Expansion of Copper and Aluminum." Pribory Tekhnika Eksperimenta 5, 105-118 (1957).
i
61. Nix, F. C, and MacNair, D., 'Thermal Expansion of Pure Metals: Copper, Gold, Aluminum,
Nickel, and Iron," Physical Review 60. 597-605 (1941).
63. BijI, D., and Pullan, H., "A New Method for Measuring the Thermal Expansion of Solids at Low
Temperatures; the Thermal Expansion of Copper and Aluminium and the Gruneisen Rule."
Physica 21, 285-298 (1955).
64. Beenakker, J. J. M., and Swenson. C. A.. 'Total Thermal Contractions of Some Technical Metals
to 4.2 °K," The Review of Scientific Instruments 26, 1204-1205 (1955).
65. Aoyama, S., and Ito, T., 'Thermal Expansion of Nickel-Copper Alloys at Low Temperatures, (Part
I)," Science Reports of the Tohoku University 27, 348-364 (1939).
66. Rhodes, B. L, Moeller, C. E., Hopkins, V., and Marx, T. I., 'Thermal Expansion of Several
Technical Metals from -255° to 300 °C," in Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, Vol. 8, Ed. K. D.
67. Keesom, W. H., Van Agt, F. P. G. A. J., and Jansen, A. F. J., 'The Thermal Expansion of Copper
Between +101° and -253 "C," Communications of the Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory of the
University of Leiden, Amsterdam 182A 2-9 (1926). .
68. Dorsey, H. G., "Coefficient of Linear Expansion at Low Temperatures." Physical Review 25,
88-102 (1907).
69. Sandenaw, T. A., The Thermal Expansion of Plutonium Metal Below 300 K," Los Alamos
Scientific Laboratory of the University of California. Los Alamos. New Mexico, LA-2394. 23 pp.
(1960).
70. Richards,J. W., 'The Over-all Linear Expansion of Three Face-centered Cubic Metals (Al, Cu,
Pb) from -190 Degrees Cent, to Near Their Melting Points," Transactions of the American
Society of Metals 30. 326-336 (1942).
7-65
7. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
REFERENCES
71. Hahn, T. A., Thermal Expansion of Copper from 20 to 800 K--Standard Reference Material 736,"
Journal of Applied Physics 41. 5096-5101 (1970).
7-66
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS into a second phase. [Theory predicts that dis-
turbances of the lattice periodicity on an atomic
Effects of impurity elements on the electrical scale (solid solution) are more effective in scatter-
resistivity of high-purity copper have been meas- ing electrons tlian perturbations on a macro scale
ured by a number of workers.The results of the (second phase).] In the latter case, the effect
more reliable studies were summarized and aver- depends upon the form and distribution of the
aged in Reference 8.1. This summary was used second phase. For example, in an oxygen an-
in the preparation of Figure 8.1. Table 8.1 pres- neal, solute atoms may be internally oxidized and
ents the data from Reference 8.1 as well as data segregated to grain boundaries, which produces
on some additional elements from Reference 8.2. a sizeable decrease in p. The very small effects
and cadmium on p are due to the
of silver, zinc,
RESULTS extremely low solubilities of these elements in
copper at room temperature. Because the values
Table 8.1 gives the increase in electrical in Figure 8.1 and Table 8.1 are based upon ideal
resistivity forboth 10 ppm and 0.001 wt% of im- solubility conditions, the fabrication history also
purity element in solid solution in copper. Refer- affects the final resistivity. The effects of several
ence 8.1 may be consulted for a convenient list- impurities in combination are expected to be
ing of solid solubility limits of the elements in additive if they are all present in solid solution
copper. Figure 8.1 gives the change in electrical (Reference 8.3). Ornstein (Reference 8.4) report-
resistivity per wt% of impurity element, up to 0.01 ed that the electrical resistivity increased by about
wt%. A linear relationship exists between the 0.4% as the silver content was increased from
amount a particular single impurity in solid
of about 0.03 wt% (C10400, CI 0500) to about 0.85
solution and the increase in resistivity. (The rela- at wt% (C10700) but actual measurements were
tionship between percent impurity and electrical not reported.
conductivity is hyperbolic; for simplicity, such Since the change in p due to impurity addi-
plots are not presented here.) tion approximately temperature-independent
is
8-1
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Table 8.1. Increase in Resistivity with Impurity Elements Present Singly in Solid Solution.
8-2
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Figure 8.1. Tlie change in electrical resistivity copper with the addition of various impurity
of liigh-purity
elements in solid solution is shown. The figure was prepared from information summarled in
Reference 8.1.
8-3
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C10100-C10700: Annealed; Electrical Resistivity vs.
Cold-worked Temperature, RRR
the purity and the extent of physical defects such the calculated curves of p vs. 7 for various RRR
as lattice imperfections due to cold-working. values. The available characterization of materials
Commercially pure copper wire has an RRR of 50 and measurements for the data shown in Figure
to 500, whereas very high-purity copper, well- 8.2 is given in Table 8.10 at the end of the elec-
annealed, could have an RRR of around 2,000. tromagnetic properties section.
Special measures to reduce the effectiveness of
electron scattering centers, such as oxygen an- DISCUSSION
nealing, can raise the RRR to 50,000.
Data sets for the analysis described in Refer- The effects of both impurities and cold work
ence 8.5 were selected from 1 0 references cover- upon from 2 K to 300 K can
electrical resistivity
ing a range of temperature from 0.2 to 900 K and be predicted from a knowledge of the RRR,
a range of RRR from 19 to 1530. These data which is readily determined experimentally. An
were fitted to the function given below and the explanation of the size effect correction to the
constants determined with a nonlinear least experimentally determined resistance at 4 K is
8-4
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
2 4 10 20 40 100 200
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 8.2.The data shown were used in the analysis described in Reference 8.5 to compute the
constants for Equation (8-1). The cun/es represent Equation (8-1) for the series of RRR values
Indicated.
8-5
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS dard deviations of the two coefficients are 1 .91 x
10"^ and 0.37 x 10 ^ For the 4-K measurements,
tion presents data on CW carried out at 77 K, in mary form. (No summary figure is presented for
which Ap, the change in resistivity, was measured the 77-K results because comparatively few data
at 77 K without specimen warmup.) were available.) The scatter bands represent two
Regression analyses that included poly- standard deviations about each curve in these
nomial terms were carried out on the three data figures. The variance of the data about each
sets described above. curve was assumed to be normally distributed
and constant throughout the range of the inde-
RESULTS pendent variable, CW, except that was reduced it
8-6
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
explanations for this effect, which was also ob- temperature-dependent or intrinsic resistivity, p^.
served in the measurements reported in Refer- Matthiessen's rule states that p = + p,, but
ence 8.8. First, Ap with CIV could be a tempera- deviations are sometimes observed (see Refer-
ture-dependent effect. Second, the imperfection ences 8.2 and 8.5).
resistivity, p^, may not be additive with the
Table 8.2. Change in Electrical Resistivity with Cold Work (295 K).
8-7
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Change in Electrical Resistivity
at 295 K vs. Cold Work (4, 77, 295 K)
1
Change in Electrical Change in Electrical Cold Work, Reference
Resistivity, Resistivity, % No.
Measured, nOm Predicted, nCm
0.360 0.390 85. 15
0.490 0.390 85. 20
0.390 0.390 88. 13
0.500 0.390 88. 20
0.510 0.390 90. 20
0.400 0.390 96. 18
Table 8.3. Change in Electrical Resistivity with Cold Work (77 K).
j
Change in Electrical Change in Electrical Cold Work, Reference
Resistivity, Resistivity, % No.
Measured, nftm Predicted, nam
0.0510 0.0213 2.2 8
8-8
a OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Change in Electn'cal Resistivity
at 295 K vs. Cold Work (4, 77, 295 K)
8-9
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
<
>
I—
CO
to
<
LU
20 40 60 80 100
COLD WORK, percent
Figure 8.3. The data shown were used to compute the regression of the change in electrical resistivity
upon cold work at295 K [Equation (8-2)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted
from the figure. All data are presented in Table 8.2. Products were in wire, sheet, and plate form.
8-10
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
0.6
REF. 8
REF.14
REF.21
20 40 60 80 100
COLD WORK, percent
Figure 8.4. The data shown were used to compute the regression of the change in electrical resistivity
upon cold work at 77 K [Equation (8-3)]. All data are presented in Table 8.3. Products were in
8-11
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C10100-C10700: Cold-worked Change in Electrical Resistivity
at 295 K vs. Cold Work 295 K)
(4, 77,
0.6
20 40 60 80 ,100
COLD WORK, percent
Figure 8.5. The data shown were used to compute the regression of the change in electrical resistivity
upon cold work at 4 K [Equation (8-4)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the
figure. All data are presented in Table 8.4. Products were in wire sheet, and plate form.
8-12
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
0.6
0 20 40 60 80 100
COLD WORK, percent
Figure 8.6.Dependence of the change in electrical resistivity at 295 K upon cold work. The scatter
band represents two standard deviations about a second-order regression equation based upon 48
measurennents for a range of cold work from 0 to 96%. The regression equation is
where CW is the percent of cold work (reduction of thickness or area). Products were in wire,
8-13
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
0.6
4K
E
0.5
c
>-
- 0.4
>
CO
to 0.3
LU
Z
to 0.2
<
UJ
fid
U
Z
0.1
20 40 60 80 100
COLD WORK, percent
Figure 8.7. Dependence of the change in electrical resistivity at 4 K upon cold work. The scatter band
represents two standard deviations about a second-order regression equation based upon 56
measurements for a range of cold work from 0 to 82%. The regression equation is
where CW is the percent of cold work (reduction of thickness or area). Product was in plate form.
8-14
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS purity and the extent of physical defects such as
lattice imperfections due to cold-working. See
Data on residual RRR, as a
resistivity ratio, the section "Electrical Resistivity vs. Temperature,
function of cold work were obtained from Refer- RRR" for further information.
ences 8.21 and 8.24. Products were in plate and
wire form. The data are plotted in Figure 8.8. RESULTS
The quantity RRR is defined as the ratio of the
resistivity at 273 K to the resistivity at 4 K. The As expected, Figure 8.8 shows that cold
4-K resistivity of a copper specimen is nearly work reduces the RRR of high-purity copper sig-
equal to the temperature-independent residual nificantly. For all specimens, the RRR decreases
resitivity (p^) due to the chemical and physical to a nearly constant value of about 55 ± 20 after
imperfections in the material. The 273-K resistivi- cold work of 50 to 60%.
ty, which is at least an order of magnitude larger, The available characterization of materials
is approximately a constant for high purity copper and measurements is given in Table 8.10 at the
and does not depend significantly upon composi- end of the electromagnetic properties section.
tion. Therefore, the RRR gives a measure of the
8-15
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
250
1
200
A REF.2'
• REF.2^X
O REF.2^1
REF.2i1
REF.2iX
REF.2iX
< 150
o
^
in
100
m
0^
<
a
TZ 50
CO
20 40 60
COLD WORK, percent
Figure 8.8. The residual resistance ratio, RRR, which is defined in the text, is shown as a function of the
amount of cold work. Products were in plate (Reference 8.21) and wire form (Reference 8.24).
8-16
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS equation, CW, and the reference number. The
available characterization of materials and mea-
Measurements of the change with cold work surements is given in Table 8.10 at the end of the
of the electrical resistivity at 77 K were obtained electromagnetic properties section.
from References 8.20 and 8.29-8.32 (see Table Figure 8.9 indicates the fit of the data to
8.5). A set of 37 measurements was selected for Equation (8-5). Figure 8.10 presents these results
analysis. Product included plate (Reference 8.32) in summary form. The scatter band represents
but was chiefly in wire form. All cold work, CIV, two standard deviations about each cun/e. The
was carried out at and Ap, the change in
77 K, variance of the data about each cun/e was as-
electrical resistivity, measured at 77 K
was also sumed to be normally distributed and constant
without specimen warmup. The amount of CW throughout the range of the independent variable,
ranged up to 88%. Regression analysis that in- CW, except that it was reduced to zero for 0%
cluded polynomial terms was carried out with this CW.
data set.
DISCUSSION
RESULTS
As expected, Ap for a given amount of CW
The equation representing the best fit of the at 77 K is much greater than for material that is
data is cold- worked at room temperature where more
recovery may occur. See Figure 8.4 and Equa-
Ap(nnHTi) = 2.35 X 10"^ {CW) + 1.63 x 10"^ {CW)^ tion (8-3) for comparison.
Data is presented in Reference 8.31 in terms
(S.D. =0.16 nn<n), (8-5) of torsional and axial deformation and the data
are shown to follow one unified curve. This refer-
where CW, in percent, is the reduction of thick- ence may be consulted if shear strain is expected
ness or area. The standard deviations of the two to occur.
coefficients are 0.20 X 10'^ and 0.32 x 10"*.
Table 8.5 presents the measured values of
Ap, the values calculated from the regression
Table 8.5. Change in Electrical Resistivity with 77-K Cold Work (77 K).
8-17
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES I
8-18
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Figure 8.9. The data shown were used to compute the regression of the change in electrical resistivity
upon cold work at 77 K [Equation (8-5)]. The specimens were cold worked at 77 K and the
resistivity measured without warmup. This figure may be compared with Figure 8.4, which also
shows A/9 measured at 77 K, but since the specimens had been cold worked at room temperature,
Ap for a given amount of cold work is much smaller due to the recovery process. For clarity,
overlapping data points are omitted from this figure. All data are presented in Table 8.5. Product
was chiefly in wire form.
8-19
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
E
c
>
S2
to
to
<
LU
u
z
20 40 60 80 100
COLD WORK, percent
Figure 8.10. Dependence of the change in electrical resistivity upon cold work performed at 77 K. The
band represents two standard deviations about a second-order regression equation based
scatter
upon 37 measurements for a range of cold work from 0 to 88%. The regression equation is
where CW is the percent of cold work (reduction of thickness or area). Product was predominately
in wire form.
8-20
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS where CW, in percent, is the reduction of area.
The standard deviations of the two coefficients
Measurements change with cold work
of the are 1.94 X 10"^ and 0.8 x 10"l
4 K were reported in
of the electrical resistivity at Figure 8.1 1 indicates the fit of the data to
Reference 8.33. The cold work, CW, was carried Equation (8-6).The available characterization of
out at 4 K, and Ap, the change in electrical resis- materials and measurements is given in Table
tivity, was also nneasured at 4 K, without speci- 8.10 at the end of the electromagnetic properties
men warmup. The amount of CW ranged up to section.
28%. Individual data points were not reported in
8-21
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C10100: Cold-worked Change in Electrical Resistivity
at 77 K vs. Cold Work (4 K)
Figure 8.11. The data shown were used to compute the regression of the change in electrical resistivity
upon cold work at 4 K [Equation (8-6)]. The specimens were strained at 4 K and the resistivity
measured without warmup. This figure may be compared with Figure 8.5, which also shows A/9
measured at 4 K, but since the specimens had been cold-worked at room temperature, Ap for a
given amount of cold work is much smaller due to the recovery process.
8-22
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Figures 8.12 and 8.13 show the abstraction correction is necessary to determine R
of this data onto which
a Kohler plot, in correctly.)
[Rj{H) - Rj{0)/Rj{0)] is shown as a function of
B [/?273 k(0)/^t(0)] where T represents the tem-
• 2. Multiply S(T) by the expected field strength
perature (K). (Since Ap appears only in a ratio, to obtain the horizontal coordinate,
the resistance, R, has been substituted.) In the e.S(7).
Kohler plot, the vertical axis gives the fractional
change in resistance with magnetic field, hR/R, 3. Use Figure 8.14 or the analytic expression
and the horizontal axis shows the field strength below [Equation (8-7)] to obtain AR/R (or
normalized by the ratio of the ice-point resistance Ap/p). The expected uncertainty in aR/R
to the resistance at the test point. This resis- may be obtained from the graph.
tance-ratio factor allows the data from specimens
with varying levels of cold work, CW, and impurity If specimen measurements are not available,
content, [I], tested at different temperatures to be Pj{0) may be estimated from data presented in
plotted on one curve. Some inaccuracies in ab- the preceding pages relating p to 7, CW, and [I].
stracting the data for this plot may occur if
P2J2 k For high purity copper, P273 k "IS-S nOm. In
was not reported. This permits the validation of analytic form, the average Kohler curve is rep-
the dependence of Ap/p upon B with a large resented by
amount of data. See Reference 8.34 for further
discussion of the Kohler curve and for additional log (Ap/p) = -2.662 + 0.3168 log[e -5(7)]
references. + 0.6229 (log[e -$(7)])^
In previous work, individual investigators -0.1839 (log[e •
S(7)])'
have shown that their data from several speci- + 0.01827 (log[S -5(7)])^ (8-7)
mens followed a Kohler curve or fell within a nar-
row band; in Figures 8.12 and 8.13, data from The uncertainty for a particular B S{T) value
many different laboratories are presented on a may be obtained from the graph. The effects of
single Kohler plot. Individual data points could [I] and 7 upon the magnetoresistance are ex-
not be shown: a Kohler curve or band was ab- pressed in the S(7) factor.
stracted from the data given in each reference.
The band of data within the solid outer lines in DISCUSSION
Figures 8.12 and 8.13 was the basis for derivation
of an average curve with an expected deviation Because of variation in the results reported
equal to the observed variance of the data. An in the literature to date, the uncertainty associated
analytic expression relating log Ap/p to with Ap/p values obtained from Figure 8.14 and
log B S(T) was also derived, where S(7) = Equation (8-7) is sizeable. At present, the spread
^273 k(0)/^t(0)- The available characterization of In the data appears to be due to variations
8-23
I
between laboratories in mal<ing these measure- 'The correction term is subtracted from the
ments and material variability rather than to inher- measured zero magnetic field resistivity to arrive
ent discrepancies between the data and the at a bulk value. All of our zero field data have
Kohler law. Several individual investigators (Ref- been corrected by this technique. It is not con-
erences 8.34, 8.35, and 8.39) have separately sidered necessary to use the correction when a
correlated a large amount of data to a curve or magnetic field is applied to the specimen. The
fairly narrow band; but the lack of agreement be- fieldprevents most surface scattering by confin-
tween different investigators results in the broad ing the electrons to the bulk of the metal. There
uncertainty band shown in Figures 8.12 and 8.13. is much debate over the validity of the Nordheim
After Figures 8.12-8.14 were prepared, the author when the temperature is var-
relation, particularly
of Reference 8.32 found that additional measure- ied. Experimental work on the problem is very
ments made on lower purity coppers tended to difficult and no resolution of the questions seems
fall in a band below the curve he obtained for to be forthcoming."
high purity copper. The width of the band was An anomalous RF magnetoresistance has
broader at lower values of B 5(7) (Reference been reported at 4.4 K for the surface resistance
8.45), but these additional measurements fall of polycrystalline copper (Reference 8.48). At a
within the band depicted in Figure 8.14. Thus frequency of 1.2 GHz, both the transverse and
variations in materials may also contribute to the longitudinal magnetoresistance are an order of
width of the band. magnitude smaller than the DC magnetoresist-
Several factors, not discussed here, do ance and depend quadratically on the field. Un-
cause well-known deviations from the Kohler rule. der the experimental conditions, the surface resis-
For small specimens. Reference 8.44 may be tance is well into the anomalous skin effect re-
consulted to assess the magnitude of the magne- gion, but has not reached its limiting value.
toresistance size effect (thickness < 1 mm). The The measurements from References 8.39
effects of dilute magnetic impurities may be esti- and 8.40, obtained on neutron-irradiated copper,
mated from studies on dilute Cu-Cr alloys report- are plotted in Figure 8.15 together with some
ed in Reference 8.46. recent additional data on irradiated copper that
The longitudinal magnetoresistance is gener- came to our attention after these graphs were
ally smaller than the transverse magnetoresist- originally prepared. The irradiation of the speci-
ance and saturates with field strengths -3-10 T mens in Reference 8.39 took place at 4 and 330
at 4 K (References 8.42 and 8.47). K In the Bulk Shielding Reactor of Oak Ridge
The following discussion of the Nordheim National Laboratory and represents a relatively
correction for size effect of measured resistance, soft, fission neutron spectrum. In contrast, the
R, reproduced with permission of the author of
is specimens ofReferences 8.40 and 8.49 were
Reference 8.34: irradiated with 14.8-Mev neutrons at 4 K. Refer-
"Nordheim's Rule: An equation giving the ence 8.50 combines data from irradiations with
contribution to p caused by electron scattering at 14.8-Mev neutrons with data from irradiations with
the boundaries of the specimen. This is a signifi- a neutron spectrum similar to what might be ex-
cant contribution to the measured resistivity of pected at a magnet in a fusion reactor. The fis-
very pure copper wires and strips at low tempera- sion spectrum data (obtained with and without Cd
tures, where the mean free path of the electrons shielding to eliminate thermal neutrons), lie be-
(£) may be on the order of 1 mm. tween the two curves denoted Reference 8.39 in
Figure 8.15. The single curve for Reference 8.40
(14-Mev spectrum) represents data from partially
^measured ^bulk
O recrystallized C10100 and C10200 copper with
RRRs of 200-300. The single curve for Reference
where d is the wire diameter or a derived charac-
8.49 (14-Mev spectrum) represents data from
dimension for a strip. (/3i)t,uik 'S assumed
teristic
both recrystallized and 7- and 14% cold-worked
to be constant for a given metal. Its value for
C10200 specimens. The data combined from
copper is not at all certain. We have chosen
different irradiation spectra fall between the two
0.66 X 10'^^ ncm^ which we think is the best
curves denoted Reference 8.50 in Figure 8.15. All
value."
the data on irradiated copper fall within the band
8-24
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
established for the compiled copper measure- ture annealing procedures, and further descrip-
ments (Figure 8.14), and there is no significant tions of thespecimen materials used. Some
difference between material irradiated with low or specimens were cold-worked before irradiation,
high energy neutrons. and the references also provide detailed informa-
The original reports should be consulted for tion on the degree of damage recovery after suc-
details of the irradiation fluence, room-tempera- cessive irradiations and anneals.
Figure 8.12. Data on the fractional change in electrical resistance with transverse magnetic field are
shown. Individual data points are too numerous to show; a smoothed curve or band was abstract-
ed from each reference. See text for further details.
8-25
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Figure 8.13. Data on the fractional ciiange in electrical resistance with transverse magnetic field are
shown. Individual data points are too numerous to show; a smoothed curve or band was abstract-
ed from each reference. The data from Reference 8.39 fall between the two lines shown.
See text for further details.
8-26
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C10100-C10700: Annealed; Magnetoresistance vs.
Cold-worked Transverse Field (4-295 K)
Figure 8.14.Average cun/e (heavy line) of tfie fractional change in electrical resistivity with transverse
magnetic field. The uncertainty estimated from the variance of the data in Figures 8.12 and 8.13 is
shown by the shaded band.
8-27
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Figure 8.15. Data on the fractional cliange in electrical resistance with transverse magnetic field are
shown for neutron-irradiated copper. Individual data points are too numerous to show; a smoothed
curve or band was abstracted from each reference. See text for further details.
8-28
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS the copper is an important parameter, the stan-
dard deviation is not useful.
Data on the temperature dependence of the
magnetic susceptibility of C10100 and C10200 DISCUSSION
copper from 1 .4 to 300 K were obtained from
References 8.51-8.55 (See Table 8.6). An equa- Very high purity copper is diamagnetic from
tion of the form k = A/T + B + CT, where T is 4 K to the melting point. However, small
the temperature in K, was fitted to the susceptibil- amounts of iron impurity give a paramagnetic
ity data. The susceptibility, k. In SI units, is de- contribution that is higher at cryogenic tempera-
fined as K = M/H (dimensionless), where tures. (See also the following sections.) The
H = applied field and M = magnetization (both in curve given by Equation (8-8) is an adequate
A/m). The relative permeability, also dimensionl- representation for a CI 0200 copper of average
ess, is related to the susceptibility by /i^ = n/Ho = composition, but for a CI 01 00 copper from which
1 + K. (The magnitude of /x^ is the same in both the iron has been selectively removed (for exam-
SI and cgs units.) ple, Fe < 0.10 ppm, vA) the lowest set of data
shown in Figure 8.16 would be a better guide
RESULTS (data of Reference 8.51 A). The paramagnetic 1 /T
term in Equation (8-8) is due to the effects of the
The fit of the equation to the data gave the dilute iron impurity. The T term apparently arises
following result: from the change in density of states at the Fermi
level caused by the thermal expansion; the lattice
/c(10"^) = 3.59/7 - 9.84 + 6.66 x 10"^ T expansion increases the density of states and
thus the paramagnetic contribution of the free
1.4 K < T<300 K (8-8) electrons (Reference 8.51).
Reference 8.56 reports measurements of the
Figure 8.16 indicates the fit of the data to roonri-temperature susceptibility of several high-
this equation. Some considerations for using this purity copper specimens; Equation (8-8) at 295 K
equation are discussed below. Since the purity of is in agreement with these results.
8-29
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Mann^tic
IVICIUI IVICIUI lOllw Test no Id wi iwo
Susceptibility, Susceptibility, Temperature, No.
Measured Predicted K
-9.85 -9.61 15.70 51
-9.12 -9.61 16.30 53
-9.45 -9.61 16.40 55
-9.62 -9.63 17.60 54
-9.16 -9.63 18.10 53
-9.21 -9.65 20.20 53
-9.71 -9.65 20.40 52
-9.70 -9.65 20.40 54
- 9.61 - 9.67 22.60 51
-9.75
80.80
— rr—
51
- 9.90 81.40 51
- 9 72 - 9 67 240 00 51
8-30
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
-7.5
-7.0 O)
3
-8.0 E
^0
o
I
uD
o
1
it:
»— -7.5
w
_j
»—
LU h-
Q.
to LU
u
to
to
-8.0
to
U
h-
LU
z
< o
<
-8.5
-10.0
100 200 300
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 8.16. The data shown were used to compute the coefficients of Equation (8-8), which represents
the temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility from 1.4 to 300 K of C10200 copper of
average Fe content. All data are presented in Table 8.6. Table 8.10 should be consulted for the
compositions of the CI 01 00 and CI 0200 coppers for which data are presented; as explained in the
text, the temperature dependence of « is strongly influenced by small amounts of Fe impurities,
8-31
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS Figures 8.17, 8.18, and 8.19 indicate the fit
ensionless) and the iron content, [Fe], is in Equations (8-11) and (8-9) shows. See also the
atomic ppm. following section on magnetization.
Only one set of measurements on Cl 0200
295 K: copper was available (Reference 8.51 data ,
A/c (10"^) = 9.76 X 10"^ [Fe] shown in Figure 8.14) and this material remained
(S.D. = 0.0052 X 10'^) (8-9) diamagnetic down to 6.6 K. The effects of nickel
impurities are smaller than those of iron (Refer-
77 K: ence 8.52).
Ak (10'^) = 2.64 X 10"^ [Fe] In any case, the effects noted here are so
S.D. = 0.025 X 10"^) (8-10) small that for many applications, the magnetic
permeability is equal to 1 to a good approxima-
4 K: tion. The susceptibility, « in SI units, is defined
Aac (10'^) = 1.00 X 10'^ [Fe] as K M/H (dimensionless), where H = applied
(S.D. = 0.44 X 10"^) (8-11) field and M = magnetization (both in A/m). The
relative permeability, also dimensionless, is relat-
three equations, (8-9), (8-10), and (8-11), are Although some individual sets of data near
1.0 X 10'^, 5 X 10"^and5x 10 ^ The linearity 4 K indicate a departure from linear behavior
of Equation (8-11) is discussed below. (References 8.57, 8.59, and 8.60) the deviations
Tables 8.7, 8.8, and 8.9 present (for 295, 77, from a straight line were in different directions, so
and 4 K, respectively) the measured values of Ak, that this effect canceled out in the regression
the values calculate from the regression equa- analysis carried out here. See also Reference
tion, [Fe], and the reference number. The avail- 8.61 for a discussion of this point.
able characterization of materials and measure-
ments is given in Table 8.10 at the end of the
electromagnetic properties section.
8-32
B. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Table 8.7. Change in Magnetic Susceptibility with Iron Content (295 K).
0.0156 0.0146 15 58
0.0493 0.0469 48 58
0.0706 0.0684 70 58
0.0B20 0.0896 92 57
0.1010 0.1040 106 58
0.1390 0.1400 143 57
0.1460 0.1420 145 58
0.2060 0.1970 202 58
0.2020 0.2060 211 57
0.2930 0.2970 304 57
Table 8.8. Change in Magnetic Susceptibility with Iron Content (77 K).
0.0156 0.0396 15 58
0.0998 0.1270 48 58
0.1620 0.1850 70 58
0.2350 0.2430 92 57
0.2400 0.2800 106 58
0.3770 0.3770 143 57
0.3560 0.3620 145 58
0.5270 0.5330 202 58
0.5670 0.5570 211 57
0.8380 0.8020 304 57
0.125 0.150 15 58
0.335 0.200 20 60
0.680 0.401 40 60
0.370 0.451 45 59
0.394 0.481 48 58
1.030 0.631 63 60
0.654 0.701 70 58
0.670 0.862 86 59
1.020 0.922 92 55
1.630 0.922 92 60
0.960 1.060 106 58
8-33
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
8-34
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
8 O)
E
? 8
O O
I
29 5 K
<
CO 6 CO
LU LU
u
CO
Z)
to
< <
- 2
CO
<
LU 7 <
• LU
R EF.57. 2£)7 K
O R EF.58, 2SU K U
Figure 8.17.The change in magnetic susceptibility at -295 K of high-purity copper with the addition of
ironas an impurity element is shown. These data were used to compute the regression of the
change In magnetic susceptibility at 295 K upon iron content [Equation (8-9)]. All data are
presented in Table 8.7.
8-35
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Figure 8.18.The change in magnetic susceptibility at -77 K of high-purity copper with the addition of
ironas an impurity element is shown. These data were used to compute the regression of the
change in magnetic susceptibility at 77 K upon iron content [Equation (8-10)]. All data are
presented in Table 8.8.
8-36
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Figure 8.19.The change in magnetic susceptibility at -4 K (data range from 1.3 to 6 K) of high-purity
copper with the addition of iron as an impurity element is shown. These data were used to
compute the regression of the change of magnetic susceptibility at 4 K upon iron content [Equation
(8-11)]. All data are presented in Table 8.9.
8-37
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS impurity are presented here because C10100 and
C10200 coppers often contain enough iron to
Data on the magnetization of C10100 copper cause an observable effect on the magnetic prop-
and Cu:Fe alloys at 1.3 K are presented in
dilute erties at cryogenic temperatures. See also Figure
Figure 8.20. The data were obtained from Refer- 8.16 and the text preceding it for further discus-
ence 8.59; similar curves, not presented, were ob- sion of the paramagnetic behavior of this dilute
tained at 4, 10, 20, and 33 K. Field strength alloy system.
ranged up to 7 Tesla. The dimensionless and
relative permeability,
of the same magnitude and cgs units, is re-
in SI
in a Kondo system (see Reference 8.62 for further applied field curve.
discussion). The data for small amounts of iron
8-38
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Figure 8.20. Magnetization data for C10100 copper and dilute Cu:Fe alloys are shown. The figure is
adapted from data presented in Reference 8.59. The curves are labeled with atomic parts per
million of Fe.
8-39
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C10100-C10700: Annealed; Electromagnetic Properties (All)
Cold-worked
Reference No. 3A 38 8 9
Composition (wt%)
Cu 99.999 99.999 99.9988
Ag 0.0005
Cu + Ag — —
O2
Bi — — — —
P
Pb — — — < 0.0004
Q
Se — — —
Te
Others — — — —
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
Material Condition Annealed, 873 K, Annealed, 873 K, Cold-drawn, 295 K, Annealed, 723 K,
——— 4 h, Ar 4 h, Ar 2.22-26.4% 6 h. He
Grain Size — — —
No. of
Measurements
Test Temperature 1
4, 16, 20 K 4, 16, 20 K 4-273 K 4-90 K
8-40
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
— — — — —
— 0.001 — — —
0.0003
— 0.001 — — —
— — — —
0.001
— Fe: 0.0043 Ge: 0.02 Fe: 0.056
1 h, vacuum 2 h 2 h 2 h
14
: =
— —
_ _ _
Bar, Bar, — — —
0.64-cm-clia. 1.3-cm-dia.
23 cm 2.5 cm 6 cm 6 cm 6 cm
8-41
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
Reference No. 13 14 15 16
Composition (wt%)
Cu 99.999 -99 (a) 99.99 +
Ag < 0.00003 < 0.1
Cu + Ag —
O2 < 0.1 —
Bi < 0 00001 <r 0 1
P < 0.1 — —
Pb < 0.0001 < 0.1
S < 0.0001 < 0.1 — —
Se < 0.0001 — —
Te < 0.0002
Ot tiers Sb, Ni, Fe, As, Sn,
(Only > 0.001 wt%) Au, Mn, Hg, Cd, Zn:
< 0.1
—
Material Condition Cold-drawn, 295 K, Cold-drawn, 295 K, Cold-drawn, 298 K, Cold-drawn, 295 K,
20-87.5% 60% 13.5, 75, 85% 38, 62, 84%
RRR 51
0.582-cm-dia. 0.13-cm-dia.
8-42
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
17A 17B 18 19 20
> QQ QQC
^ ay.yyo yy.yyy 99.96
0.001 0.072 < 0.01
0.0002 0.0002 — — —
not detected not detected — — —
not detected not detected
0.0003 0.0003 — — < 0.01
0.002 0.002
~
(b) (b)
10 cm 20 cm
8-43
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
R6f6r6nc6 No. 21 22
Composition (wt%)
Cu 99.99
Ag —
Cu + Ag — —
Bi
2
— — — —
r
Pb — — — —
S
Se I I I
Te
Others — — — —
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
Grain Size — —
Hardness (a)
Proflijpt Form
nwJUwl villi
1 Wire Bar Wire
(b)
Length 3-3.5 cm 5 cm
8-44
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
24B 25 26 27 28
z z z
— — — — —
— —
— — — — —
— — — — —
— — — — —
— — — — —
11.4 cm 0.81-1.11 cm
4 K 4 K 4 K' 4 K 78 K
(a) Cold-drawn: 7.5%, 1.37 x l0'^-cm diameter; 14.3%, 1.27 x lo"^-cm diameter.
(b) Nine transverse magnetic field values per sample.
(c) RRR: 7.5% cold-drawn, 138, 165; 14.3% cold-drawn, 81-162.
8-45
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Fteference No. 30 31 32 33
Composition (wt%)
Cu 99.999 99.98 99.97
Ag 0.0001
Cu + Ag
O2 — .
— —
Bi
P — — — —
Pb
S — — .
— —
Se
Te — .
'
' — ....
.
—
re. u.UUO, oi.
(Only > 0.001 wt%) 0.001; Zn: 0.005
iviaisrial L/Onuiiion uoiu-urawn, fo ^, uoiu-worKea, i\, L<oia-ro!iea, 1 1 \\, Anneaieo, /^o i\,
RRR 88
Grain Size — — —
Hardness
No. of
Measurements
Test Temperature 78 K 78 K 77 K 4 K
8-46
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
34 35 36A 36B 37
99.99 + 99.999 +
— 0.0003
— — — — —
— — — —
0.0004
— — — — —
— — — — —
A
Annsalsd (a) Annealed, oon, /4 iiciru,
703-1273 K, 1 h Vi hard.
and hard
81-7000 37-222
86-122 /im — — —
Bar, Bar
1.9-cm-dia.
1 per condition
4-35 K 4 K 4 K 4 K 4 K
(a) Stress relief, 773 K, 0.25 h, vacuum; vacuum anneal, 1273 K, 1 h, 1.5 x 10"^ mm Hg; Oxygen anneal, 1273 K, 12 h,
5 X 10"^ mm Hg air.
8-47
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
Composition (wt%)
Cu 99.999 + 99.999 99.999 99.95
Ag
Cu + Ag
Bi — ' — —
r
Pb — — —
S
Se
Te — -
—
Others
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
Material Condition Annealed, 1413 K, Annealed, 1273 K, Annealed, 673 K, Annealed, 673 K,
1 14 h, vacuum (a) vacuum (b) 0.17 h 0.17 h
Grain Size
Hardness — — — ~
Product Form Foil Foil
No. of
Measurements
8-48
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
41A 41B 42 43 44
yy.oo yy.yyy
— — — — —
0.04
— — — — —
0.01
— — — —
z z
— Ni: 0.02; Fe: 0.03; — — —
As: 0.04; Ca: 0.001
Annsaled
IwMl
II W
^ w K\|
973 1 r 1 f^l II 1 ^ KX|
973
Annealed w 1 r 1 Annealed 673 K Annealed Tfi"? K
vacuum vdcuum 4 h vacuum 1 h, high v3cuum
700 450
— — — — —
8-49
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Connposition (wt%)
Cu 99.999 99.999 99.9999
Ag
•
Cu + Ag
O2 —
Bi E
p
Pb — — —
S
Se — — — —
Te — —
Others z Fe: 0.00001;
(Only > 0.001 wt%) Si: 0.000025
Grain Size —
Hardness
~iuuut<i ruiiii 1
Wire Wira
VVIIO Wire rVJVJ
Specimen Type 1
1 Cylinder
Width or Dia. 1
1
0.9 cm
Thickness 1
1
Length 1
1 1.0 cm 1.0 cm 0.5-2.0 cm
Test Temperature
I"
4.2 K 4 K 4K 5.9-294 K
8-50
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
51B 51C 52 53 54
— — — —
—
z z z
— — — — —
Fe: 0.000035; Fe: 0.000053; Co: < 0.0001; Fe: < 0.0001; Fe: 0.0002; Mn:
Si- 0 00001 Mn- 0 000015' Fe' < 0 003' Ni: < 0.0001 0 00005' Ni' 0 0003
Ni: 0.00005 Mn: < 0.0002
350
— — — —
0.5-2.0 cm 0.5-2.0 cm 15 cm 6 cm
(a) Measurements on unannealed samples gave similar results. All samples were heavily etched to remove any surface
ferromagnetic contamination.
(b) Specimens heavily pickled in nitric acid to remove surface ferromagnetic contamination.
(c) Wires were frequently etched to avoid surface ferromagnetic contamination during the drawing process and before
annealing.
(d) Spaced apart by two polytetrafluoroethylene disks.
8-51
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Composition (wt%)
Cu 99.999 (c)
An U.UUU5 < 0.00003
Cu + Ag .
— —
O2 < 0.0001
Bi < 0.00001
P
Pb .
< 0.0004 < 0.0001
S — — < 0.0001 —
Se < 0.0001
Te — < 0.0002 —
Others Ni: < 0.0003 (a)
RRR 172
firain ^1*7©
Hardness — — — —
Product Form Rod — — —
Specimen Type Round Cylinder Cylinder
Width or Dia. 0.3 cm 0.75 cm 0.75 cm
Thickness
Length 2.0 cm 2.0 cm
(a) As: < 0.0002; Cr: < 0.00005; Fe: 0.00002; Ni: < 0.0001; Sb: < 0.0001; Sn: < 0.0001.
(b) Two specimens machined as received, 5 annealed in vacuum in pyrex containers for various periods of time. No
differences were found in susceptibility measurements due to different heat treatments.
(c) Total metallic impurity content 10 ppm.
8-52
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
58 59 60
z
— — —
— — —
— — —
— —
re. u.LAAA^ 1
Si: 0.000025
Rod
0.5-2.0 cm 2 cm
2 per temperature
at 0.7 and 2 T
6-294 K 1.3 K 4 K
8-53
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
REFERENCES
1. Gregory, P., Bangay, A. J., and Bird, T. L, 'The Electrical Conductivity of Copper," Metallurgia
and Metal Forming 71, 207-214 (1965).
2. FIckett, F. R., "Electrical Properties," in Materials at Low Temperatures, Eds. R. P. Reed and A. F.
Clark, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH (1983).
3. Burnier, P., and Berteaux, F., "Electrical Properties of Copper at Low Temperatures," International
Copper Research Association, Massy, France (1968).
4. Ornstein, J. L., "Effect of Silver Additions on the Softening Temperature and Mechanical
Properties of Oxygen-free, High Conductivity Copper," Texas Instruments Inc., Attleboro, MA,
Engineering Report No. 1497, 8 pp. (1964).
5. and Lankford, A. B., 'Thermal Conductivity of Aluminum, Copper, Iron, and Tungsten
Hust, J. G.,
forTemperatures from 1 K to the Melting Point," National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, CO,
NBSIR 84-3007, 256 pp. (1984).
6. Toyoda, T., and Kume, K., "Residual Resistivities of Au- or Cu-Based 4d Transition Metal Dilute
Alloys," Solid State Communications 15, 1889-1890 (1974).
7. Mertig, I., Mrosan, E., Zeller, R., and Dederichs, P. H., "Electronic Properties of Dilute Copper
Alloys II. Residual Resistivity," Physica Status Solidi (B) ri7, 619-623 (1983).
8. Powell, R. L, Roder, H. M., and Hall, W. J., "Low-Temperature Transport Properties of Copper
and Its Dilute Alloys: Pure Copper, Annealed and Cold-Drawn," Physical Review 115 314-323 .
(1959).
Roder, H. M., Powell, R. L, and Hail, W. J., "Thermal and Electrical Conductivity of Pure
Copper," in Low Temperature Physics and Chemistry, Ed. J. R. Dillinger, University of Wisconsin
Press, Madison, Wl, 364-346 (1958).
9. Berman, R., and MacDonald, D. K. C, 'The Thermal and Electrical Conductivity of Copper at
Low Temperatures," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A211. 122-128 (1952).
It. Nelson, W. E., and Hoffman, "Measurements of the Temperatures and Magnetic Field
A. R.,
Dependence of Electrical Resistivity and Thermal Conductivity in OFHC Copper," In Thermal
Conductivity 14, Eds., P. G. Klemens and T. K. Chu, Plenum Press, New York, 73-80 (1976).
13. Smart, J. S., Smith, A. A., and Phillips, A. J., "Preparation and Some Properties of High-Purity
Copper," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers 143 .
272-283 (1941).
8-54
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
REFERENCES
14. Clark, A. F., and Wallace, G. H., "Electrical Resistivity of Some Engineering Alloys at Low
Temperatures," Cryogenics 10, 295-305 (1970).
15. Ellis, Greiner, E. S., "Effect of Prior Strain at Low Temperatures on the Properties of
W. C, and
Some Close-Packed Metals at Room Temperature," Transactions of the American Institute of
Mining and Metallurgical Engineers 194 648-650 (1952). .
16. Crampton, D. K., Burghoff, H. L, and Stacy, J. T., "Effect of Cold-work upon Electrical
Conductivity of Copper Alloys," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and
Metallurgical Engineers 133, 228-245 (1941).
17. Benson, N. D., McKeown, J., and Mends, D. N., 'The Creep and Softening Properties of Copper
for Alternator Rotor Windings," Journal of the Institute of Metals 80, 131-142 (1952).
18. Suzuki, H., Kanno, M., and Maeda, T., Elements on the
"Effects of Small Addition of Transition
Heat-resisting and Electrical Properties of Cold-worked Pure Copper, Journal of the Japan
Institute of Metals 48, 209-213 (1984).
20. Broom, T., 'The Effect of Temperature of Deformation on the Electrical Resistivity of Cold-worked
Metals and Alloys," Proceedings of the Physical Society, London 65, 871-881 (1952).
21. Reed, R. P., Walsh, R. P., and Fickett, F. R., "Effects of Grain Size and Cold Rolling on
Cryogenic Properties of Copper," in Advances in Cryogenic Engineering-Materials, Vol. 34, Eds.,
A. F. Clark and R. P. Reed, Plenum Press, New York, 299-308 (1988).
22. Yoshida, K., Takahashi, Y., Tada, E., Shimada, M., Tokuchi, A., Tada,N., and Shimamoto, S.,
Engineering-Materials, Vol. 28, Eds., R. P. Reed and A. F. Clark, Plenum Press, New York,
781-790 (1982).
23. Taylor, M. T., and Woolcock, A., "Strengthening Superconducting Composite Conductors for
Large Magnet Construction," Cryogenics 8, 317-319 (1968).
24. Fickett, F. R., "Conductors for Advanced Energy Systems," International Copper Research
Association, New York, Project No. 321A, 97 pp. (1983).
25. Klabunde, C. E., and Coltman, R. R., 'The Magnetoresistivity of Copper Irradiated at 4.4 K by
Spallation Neutrons," Sixth Annual Progress Report on Special Purpose Materials for
Magnetically Confined Fusion Reactors, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, DOE/ER-
0113/3, UC-20C, 6 pp. (1984).
26. Carapella, S. C, Bess, M. L, and Leseur, D. R., "Factors Influencing Resistance Ratio Values of
High-Purity Copper," Journal of Metals 25, 30-33 (1973).
8-55
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
REFERENCES
27. Guinan, M. W., "Radiation Effects Limits on Copper in Superconducting Magnets," in Copper and
Copper Alloys for Fusion Reactor Applications, April 14-15, 1983, Washington, DC, Eds. F. W.
Wiffen and R. E. Gold, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 229-242 (1983).
28. Berghout, C. W., 'Tlie Influence of Elastic Strains on the Recovery of Cold-worked Copper," Acta
Metallurgica 6, 613-619 (1958).
29. Weyerer, Von H., "Die Anderung des Elektrischen Widerstandes Durch Kaltverformung,"
Zeitschrift fur Metallkunde 44, 51-58 (1953).
30. Hibbard, W. R., 'The Effect of Cold Work on the Electrical Resistivity of Copper Solid Solution
Alloys," Acta Metallurgical, 565-574 (1959).
31. Kovacs, I., and Nagy, E., "Plastic Properties of Polycrystalline f.c.c. Metals," Physica Status Solidi
8, 795-803 (1965).
32. Gindin, I. A., Lazareva, M. B., and Matsevityy, V. M., "Lattice Defects in Copper Rolled at Low
Temperatures," Fizika Metallov Metallovedenie 23, 197-200 (1967).
1
33. Kitada, M.,and Kudo, M., "Plastic Deformation of Cu and Cu-Ge Alloys at 4.2 K," Cryogenic
Engineering (Tokyo) 6, 64-72 (1971).
34. Fickett, F. R., "A Preliminary Investigation of the Behavior of High-Purity Copper in High
Magnetic Fields," International Copper Research Association, New York, Project No. 186, 69 pp.
(1972).
35. Yntema, G. B., "Magnetoresistance of Mg, Cu, Sb, and Al at Liquid Helium Temperatures,"
Physical Review 91, 1388-1394 (1953).
36. Benz, M. G., "Magnetoresistance of Copper at 4.2 K in Transverse Fields up to 100 KG," Journal
of Applied Physics 40, 2003-2005 (1969).
37. Fickett, F. R., 'The Effect of Mill Temper on the Mechanical and Magnetoresistive Properties of
Oxygen-Free Copper in Liquid Helium," in Advances in Cryogenic Engineering-Materials, Vol. 30,
Eds., A. F. Clark, R. P. Reed, Plenum Press, New York, 453-460 (1984).
38. Witzenburg, W. Van, and Laubitz, M. J., "Magnetoresistances and the Phonon Conductivity of
Metals," Canadian Journal of Physics 46, 1887-1894 (1968).
39. Williams, Klabunde, C. E., Redman, J. K., Coltman, R. R., and Chaplin, R. L, 'The
J. M., Effects
on the Copper Normal Metal of a Composite Superconductor," Institute of
of Irradiation Electrical
and Electronics Engineers Transactions on Magnetics MAG-15 731-734 (1979). .
40. Van Konynenburg, R. A., Guinan, M. W., and Kinney, J. H., "Fusion Neutron Damage in
Superconductors and Magnet Stabilizers," Journal of Nuclear Materials J03 & 104 739-744 ,
(1981).
8-56
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
REFERENCES
42. de Launay, J., Dolecek, R. L, and Webber, R. T., "Magnetoresistance of Copper," Journal of
Physics and Chemistry of Solids H, 37-42 (1959).
43. Liithi, B., "Widerstandsanderung von Metallen in Hohen Magnetfeldern," Helvetica Physica Acta
33, 161-182 (1960).
44. Beriincourt, T. G., "Mali Effect, Magnetoresistance, and Size Effects in Copper," Physical Review
112 381-387 (1958).
.
46. Legvold, S., Vyrostek, T. A., Schaefer. J. A., Burgardt, P., and Peterson, D. T., "Electrical
Resistivity and Magneto-Resistance of Very Dilute Cu-Cr Alloys," Solid State Communications 16,
477-480 (1975).
48. Rogers, J. T., De Panfilis, S., Melissinos, A. C, Moskowitz, B. E., Semertzidis, Y. K., Wuensch,
W. Halama, H. J., Prodell,
U., A. G., Fowler, W. B., and Nezrick, F. A., "Anomalous RF
Magnetoresistence in Copper at 4 K," Applied Physics Letters 52, 2266-2268 (1988).
49. Guinan, M. W., and Van Konynenburg, R. A., "Fusion Neutron Effects on Magnetoresistivity of
Copper Stabilizer Materials, Journal of Nuclear Materials 122 andJ23, 1365-1370 (1984).
50. Guinan, M. W., "Radiation Effects Limits on Superconducting Magnets: Data Base for Copper
Stabilizers," in Eighth Annual Progress Report on Special Purpose Materials for Magnetically
Confined Fustion Reactors, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, DOE/ER-01 13/5,
37-45 (1986).
51. Hurd, C. M., "A Magnetic Susceptibility Apparatus for Weakly Magnetic Metals, and the
Copper in the Range 6-300 "K," Cryogenics 6, 264-269 (1966).
Susceptibility of Pure
52. Pugh, E. W., and Ryan, F. M., "Magnetic Susceptibility of Copper-Nickel and Silver-Palladium
Alloys at Low Temperatures," Physical Review HI. 1038-1042 (1958).
53. Bowers, R., "Magnetic Susceptibility of Copper Metal at Low Temperatures," Physical Review
102 1486-1488 (1956).
.
54. Van Itterbeek, A., and Duchateau, W., "Measurements on the Magnetic Susceptibility of White Tin
and Copper Down to Liquid Helium Temperatures," Physica 23, 169-172 (1957).
55. Hedgcock, F. T., "Magnetic Susceptibility of Dilute Cu Alloys at Low Temperatures," Physical
Review 104. 1564-1567 (1956).
56. Henry, W. G., and Rogers, J. L, 'The Magnetic Susceptibilities of Copper, Silver and Gold and
Errors in the Gouy Method," Philosophical Magazine I, 223-236 (1956).
8-57
8. OXYGEN-FREE COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Cold-worked
REFERENCES
57. Ekstrom, H. E., and Myers, H. P., 'The Magnetic Susceptibility of Dilute CuFe Alloys in the
Temperature Range 1.7-300 K," Physik der Kondensierten Materie 14, 265-274 (1972).
58. Hurd, C. M., "Magnetic Susceptibility of Very Dilute Cu-Fe and Au-Fe Alloys in the Range
6-300 °K," Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 28, 1345-1352 (1967).
59. Tholence, J. L, and Tournier, R., "One-Impurity and Interaction Effects on the Cu:Fe
Magnetization," Physical Review Letters 25, 867-871 (1970).
60. Fickett, F. R., "A Preliminary Investigation of the Behavior of High Purity Copper in High
Magnetic Fields," International Copper Research Association, New York, Report 186B (1974).
62. Heeger, A. J., "Localized Moments and Nonmoments in Metals: The Kondo Effect," 284-412 and
Kondo, J., 'Theory of Dilute Magnetic Alloys," 184-283 in Solid State Physics, Vol. 23, Eds. F.
Seitz, D. Turnbull, H. Ehrenreich, Academic Press, New York (1969).
8-58
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS temperature and time, and the reference number.
The available characterization of materials and
Measurements of the yield strength of an- measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of
nealed, and annealed and aged C17000 beryllium the tensile properties section. Figure 9. 1 presents
copper from 77 to 293 K were obtained from the ay measurements as a function of test tem-
Reference 9.1. This source reported the stress at perature.
a total strain of 0.1 instead of the 0.2%-offset The trend for the temperature dependence is
Table 9.1. Yield Strength Dependence of Annealed, and Annealed and Aged CI 7000 Beryllium
Copper upon Temperature (77-295 K).
186 77 0 0
157 175 0 0
98 293 0 0
257 77 458 45
207 175 458 45
192 293 456 45
343 77 408 46
310 175 406 48
271 293 406 48
343 77 360 20
247 293 360 20
222 295 0 0 2
230 295 0 0 2
9-1
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
1400
AGING
1200 REF. TEMP..
• 1 360.
1 408.
•- 1 458.
^ 1000 f 1 ANN.
o 2 ANN.
o
Z
LU
800
Oi
t—
Q
600
400
Z
0
200
Figure 9.1. Yield strength measurements of annealed, and annealed and aged C17000 beryllium
copper are shown as a function of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are
omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.1. Product was in strip form.
9-2
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS and lowest values obtained were reported in Ref-
erence 9.4 in place of the original data, the mea-
Measurements of the yield strength of surements presented in the figures and tables for
annealed C17000 beryllium copper at 295 K as a this reference should be considered upper and
function of aging temperature and time were lower The available characterization of
limits.)
obtained from four sources (References 9.1-9.4). materials and measurements is given in Table
All sources reported 0.2%-offset yield strength, a^, 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section.
except Reference 9.1, which reported the stress Figures 9.2 and 9.3 present the measure-
at a strain of 0.1. Product was in strip form. Re- ments as a function of aging temperature and
ported aging temperatures ranged from 360 to time, respectively. Unspecified values of temper-
630 K; aging times from 2 to 48 h. Aging temper- ature or time are plotted on the /-axis. Two
atures and times were not specified in References measurements from Reference 9.1 at long aging
9.3and 9.4, sometimes for proprietary reasons. times are not shown in Figure 9.3.
Not enough data were available to estimate opti- The ay reported in Reference 9.2 after high
mum aging temperatures and times. aging temperatures (602-630 K) for short times
(2-3 h) are higher than the after lower temper-
RESULTS atures with longer times (Reference 9.1). The
obtained with the aging conditions of Reference
All measurements are reported in Table 9.2, 9.2 are about as high as those reported in Refer-
which presents a^, aging temperature and time, ences 9.3 and 9.4 where aging conditions were
and the reference number. (Because the highest unspecified for proprietary reasons.
Table 9.2. Yield Strength Dependence of Annealed CI 7000 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature and
Time (295 K).
247 360 20 1
271 408 48 1
192 458 45 1
1005 602 3 2
931 630 2 2
1005 630 2 2
969 616 3 2
1025 616 3 2
841 588 3 2
910 588 3 2
9-3
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
1400rjr
295 K
1200
1000
o 6
z
111 800
t—
in AGING
a REF. TIME. H
6006- 1 20.
1 48.
1 45.
2 2.
to 2 3.
400
z 3
4
N.S.
N.S.
200
Figure 9.2. Yield strength measurements on annealed C1 7000 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a
function of aging temperature. If parameter was not specified, yield strength is plotted on the
this
y-axis.All data are presented in Table 9.2. Product was in strip form. (N.S. in legend for
References 9.3 and 9.4 indicates not specified.)
9-4
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
295 K
1200
o
o.
% 1
6
Z^IOOO f1 P- VGING
I— 6 REF. TEMP.. K
O •
z
111
'
tpo- 1
2
360.
630.
9 h 2 filfi.
I—
«/>
D- :
> 602.
9 586.
a o
'
:i N.S.
N.S.
»
(A
z
16 20
AGING TIME, h
Figure 9.3. Yield strength (a^) measurements on annealed C17000 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown
as a function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, is plotted on the y-axis. Two
values from Reference 9.1 at long aging times do not appear in the figure. For clarity, overlapping
data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.2. Product was in strip
form. (N.S. in legend for References 9.3 and 9.4 indicates not specified.)
9-5
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS percent), aging temperature and time, and the
reference number. (Because the highest and
Measurements of the yield strength, o^, of lowest values obtained were reported in Refer-
cold-worked C17000 beryllium copper at 295 K as ence 9.4 in place of the original data, the
a function of aging temperature and time were measurements presented in the figures and tables
obtained from four sources (References 9.2-9.5). for this reference should be considered upper
All sources reported 0.2%-offset yield strength and lower The available characterization
limits.)
(ay) except Reference 9.5 (not specified). Pro- of materials and measurements is given in Table
duct was in strip form. Cold work, CW, (carried 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section.
out before aging) ranged from 1 1 to 50% (reduc- Figures 9.4 and 9.5 present the measure-
tion in thickness). Reported aging temperatures ments as a function of aging temperature and
ranged from 588 to 630 K; aging times from 2 to time, respectively. Unspecified values of temper-
3 h. Aging temperatures and times were not ature or time are plotted on the /-axis.
specified in References 9.3 and 9.4, and for sev- The optimum aging
figures indicate that the
eral measurements in Reference 9.5, sometimes temperature is about 600 K, and the optimum
for proprietary reasons. Sufficient data were aging times range from about 2 to 3 h. The
available to estimate a range of optimum aging for these aging conditions are approximately as
temperatures and times. high as measurements for unspecified aging con-
ditions.
RESULTS
Table 9.3. Yield Strength Dependence of Cold-worked C1 7000 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature
and Time (295 K).
9-6
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
MPa K h
9-7
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17000: Cold-worked Tensile Yield Strength vs. Aging
and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)
1500 rV-
295 K
1300
o
a.
^ 1100
ui p-Sd
ec
I— -go
v»
<i o
O
UJ 900 AGING
>- REF. CW, % TIME. H
2 37. 2.
lb 2 21. 2.
- 2 11. 2.
P 2 21. 2.5
-a 2 11. 3.
700
O 3 50. N.S.
6 3 21. N.S.
O- 3 11. N.S.
4 37. N.S.
• 5 11. 2.
4 5 11. N.S.
500
200 400 600 800
AGING TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 9.4. Yield strength measurements on cold-worl<ed Cl 7000 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown
as a function of aging temperature. If this parameter was not specified, yield strength is plotted on
the y-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented
in Table 9.3. Product was in strip form. (N.S. in legend for References 9.3-9.5 indicates not
specified.)
9-8
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
1500
AGING
295 K REF. CW. X TEMP., K
1300. 2 37. 588.
6 2 21. 588.
- 2 21. 630.
2 11. 588.
- 2 11. 630.
6- 2 21. 602.
O 1100
6-
9-
-P
2
2
21.
11.
616.
602.
-9 -6
6- 2 11. 616.
o o 3 50. N.S.
I I 6 3 21. N.S.
-a -6 o- 3 11. N.S.
4 37. N.S.
900 • 5 11. 589.
5 11. N.S.
i
- t
,.
ui
K. 700
500
4 6 10
AGING TIME, h
Figure 9.5. Yield strengtli measurements on cold-worl<ed CI 7000 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown
as a function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, yield strength is plotted on the
y-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in
Table 9.3. The legend for this graph is given on the following page. Product was in strip form.
(N.S. In legend for References 9.3-9.5 indicates not specified.)
9-9
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17200: Annealed Tensile Yield Strength vs.
Temperature (20-300 K)
Table 9.4. Yield Strength Dependence of Annealed CI 7200 Beryllium Copper upon Temperature
(20-300 K).
212 175 1
135 293 1
236 300 6
262 214 6
314 144 6
390 88 6
185 295 7
192 295 7
238 195 7
241 195 7
343 76 7
339 76 7
403 20 7
398 20 7
234 215 8
221 255 8
234 300 8
269 295 9
307 232 9
9-10
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
1400 1
REF.
• 1
O 6
1200
1 1
[2 8
O i^ 9
Qu
^ 1000
S 800
s—
«/>
Q
uj 600
to
2 400
o
a 0
• •
200
•
0
100 200 300
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 9.6. Yield strength measurements of annealed C17200 beryllium copper are shown as a function
of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are
presented in Table 9.4. Products were in strip or bar form (not specified in Reference 9.8).
9-11
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Table 9.5. Yield Strength Dependence of Annealed C17200 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature
and Time (295 K).
9-12
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
9-13
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
1400 &-
295 K
AGING
1200 REF. TIME, H
o6
o 1 48. a
1 45.
o 2 3.
1000 6 2 2. 8
V 3 2.
4
A °
4 N.S.
o U 6 3.
i
z k
ULi 800 O
a
6
11
13
1.5
3.
3.
r
A
14 2.
O 14 1.5
k
600 14 1.
14 0.83
14 0.67
14 0.50
A 16 3.
2 400 17 166.7
17 16.7
- 17 0.50 •
0 18 3.
20 3.
200 21 2.
<j — <]
<
22 N.S.
Figure 9.7. Yield strength measurements on annealed C1 7200 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as
a function of aging temperature. If this parameter was not specified, yield strength is plotted on the
y-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure, including all data points
from References 9.12 and 9.15. All data are presented in Table 9.5. Products were in wire, sheet,
strip, bar, and plate form. (N.S. in legend for References 9.4 and 9.22 indicates not specified.)
9-14
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
1400
AGING 295 K
REF. TEMP.. K
1200 2 630.
o 1 2 602.
o-
V 6 o- 2 588.
o
V 3 588.
4
5 1000 •4
6
N.S.
672.
lb 6 588.
o 11 588.
o 13 588.
z 800 —A 14 566.
16 573.
t— 17 473.
18 588.
566 K
O A' 19 644.
600 20 588.
> 21 588.
< 22 623.. 723.
4 22 473., 593.
(A 400
z
200<
4
oHr
8 12 16 20
AGING TIME, h
Figure 9.8. Yield strength (a^) measurements on annealed C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown
as a function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, is plotted on the y-axis. Three
cTy values from References 9.1 and 9.17 at long aging times do not appear in the figure. For clarity,
overlapping data points are omitted from the figure, including all data points from References 9.12
and 9.15. All data are presented in Table 9.5. Products were in wire, sheet, strip, bar, and plate
form. (N.S. in legend for Reference 9.4 indicates not specified.)
9-15
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
All sources reported 0.2%-offset yield strength Reference 9.1 fall considerably below the others
(cTy) except Reference 9.1, which reported the shown in Figure 9.9. Probably this is due to the
stress at 0.1 total strain, and Reference 9.19, relatively long aging times. These strengths also
which reported 0.1%-offset strength. Products do not increase with decreasing temperature as
were in sheet, strip, and bar form (not specified in sharply as the other measurements do.
Reference 9.12). Reference 9.10 presents measurements from
93 to 293 K on the proof stress of a 2.6-wt%
RESULTS beryllium-copper alloy in an aged condition.
These data exhibit an increase in strength as the
All measurements are reported in Table 9.6, temperature decreases that is similar to the trend
which presents a^, test temperature, aging tem- shown in Figure 9.9.
perature and time, and the reference number.
Table 9.6. Yield Strength Dependence of Annealed and Aged C17200 Beryllium Copper upon
Temperature (20-300 K).
9-16
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
1400
1200
O
o.
^ 1000
o
o
o AGING
z
LU
800 REF. TEMP.. K
oc • 1 408.
I— 1 458.
to
6 588.
O 6 672.
-> 600
LU o 1 588.
>- 12 588. SMOOTH
LU A 19 644.
5^ 400
200
9-17
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17200: Cold-worked Tenslle Yield Strength vs.
Temperature (20-300 K)
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS tion in thickness or area in percent), and the
reference number. (The percent of CW could not
Measurements of the yield strength of cold- be determined from Reference 9.26: it was 21% if
worked C17200 beryllium copper between 20 and the material was rolled or 37% if it was drawn.)
300 K were obtained from five sources (Refer- The available characterization of materials and
ences 9.6, 9.7, 9.9, 9.25, and 9.26). Data from measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of
Reference 9.27 at 295 K only are presented for the tensile properties section. Figure 9.10 pre-
comparison because measurements were made sents the measurements as a function of test
for varying amounts of cold work, CW. All temperature.
sources reported 0.2%-offset yield strength (a^).
Products were in sheet, strip, and bar form (not
specified in Reference 9.26).
RESULTS
Table 9.7. Yield Strength Dependence of Coid-worked C17200 Beryllium Copper upon Temperature,
(20-300 K).
672 214 33 6
676 300 33 6
731 20 21 25
752 20 21 25
662 76 21 25
683 76 21 25
690 76 21 25
710 76 21 25
600 195 21 25
600 195 21 25
536 300 21 25
552 300 21 25
663 295 37 7
670 295 37 7
684 195 37 7
696 195 37 7
829 76 37 7
808 76 37 7
813 20 37 7
829 20 37 7
648 300 N.S. 26
800 77 N.S. 26
807 77 N.S. 26
9-18
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
ViaIH
TI6IQ TACt
1OSl UrtJIQ WnrU
rVilH VVUfK, rwTclol let;
Qtronnth
Oil vl 1^ LI l| % No.
MPa K
786 77 N.S. 26
779 77 N.S. 26
689 20 N.S. 26
641 20 N.S. 26
848 20 N.S. 26
669 20 N.S. 26
669 20 N.S. 26
765 295 60 9
772 232 60 9
213 295 0 27
489 295 11 27
579 295 21 27
720 295 37 27
9-19
9- BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17200: Cold-worked Tensile Yield Strength vs.
Temperature (20-300 K)
1500
REF. CW. X
6 33.
7 37.
1300 9 60.
o 25 21.
26 N.S.
A 27 37.
A 27 21.
O 1100
z
HI
H-
O
^
>-
900
CO
Z
LU
o
o
700
o
o I
o
o
500
100 200 300
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 9.10. Yield strength measurements of cold-worked C17200 beryllium copper are shown as a
function of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All
data are presented in Table 9.7. Products were in sheet, strip, and bar form (not specified in Refer-
ence 9.26).
9-20
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS The figures indicate that optimum aging tem-
peratures range from about 588 to 620 K, and
Measurements of the yield strength of cold- optimum aging times at these temperatures range
worked C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K as a from about 1 to 4 h.
function of aging temperature and time were
obtained from 1 9 sources (References 9.2-9.6, DISCUSSION
9.8, 9.9, 9.13, 9.14, 9.16, 9.18, 9.19, 9.21, and
9.28-9.33). sources reported 0.2%-offset yield
All References 9.34 and 9.55 report an improve-
strength except Reference 9.19 (0.1%-offset),
(a^), ment in of Cl7200-type beryllium copper when
and References 9.14 and 9.22 (not specified). the specimen is strained during aging instead of
Products were in wire, sheet, strip, bar, and plate CW before aging. The maximum reported in
form. Cold work, CW, (carried out before aging) Reference 9.35 were not as large as some of
ranged from 1 1 to 97% (reduction in thickness or those presented in Figures 9.11 and 9.12, but the
area). Reported aging temperatures ranged from aging temperature was kept below 473 K. Refer-
297 to 698 K; aging times from 0.09 to 24 h. ence 9.34 reports a maximum of about 1 100
Aging temperatures and /or times were not speci- MPa for material aged at 573 K, but the alloy
fied for several measurements in References composition does not meet Cl 7200 spec-
9.3-9.5, 9.28, and sometimes for proprietary
9.30, ifications.
reasons. Sufficient data were available to esti- Reference 9.23 discusses metallurgical as-
mate a range of optimum aging temperatures and pects of the precipitation-hardening dependence
times. of C17200 beryllium copper on temperature and
time. At higher aging temperatures, precipitation
RESULTS is faster and peak properties are obtained more
rapidly. At longer times, the precipitated particles
All measurements are reported in Table 9.8, coalesce, and hardness and strength drop off
which presents a^, CW
(reduction in thickness or (overaging). In Figure 9.30, which presents ten-
area in percent), aging temperature and time, and sile strength, vs. aging time, the strength first
the reference number. (Because the highest and increases rapidly, but the slope becomes less
lowest values obtained were reported in Refer- steep at longer aging times. Reference 9.23 also
ence 9.4 in place of the original data, the mea- discusses the advantages of achieving a given
surements presented in the figures and tables for strength level by under- or overaging, and the
this reference should be considered upper and relationship with elastic modulus, which reaches a
lower limits.) The available characterization of peak after the maximum in yield or tensile
materials and measurements is given in Table strength is Although cold-worked mate-
attained.
9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section. rial is more difficult can be
to form, higher
Figures 9.11 and 9.12 present the measure- obtained for similar aging conditions (see Figures
ments as a function of aging temperature and 9.7and 9.8 in this section).
time, respectively. Unspecified values of temper- The effect of thickness upon hardness of
on the y-axis. Three
ature or time are plotted cold-worked and aged C17200 beryllium copper
measurements from References 9.8 and 9.21 at is reported in Reference 9.24 (for strip).
long aging times are not shown in Figure 9.12.
9-21
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Table 9.8. Yield Strength Dependence of Cold-worked C17200 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature
and Time (295 K).
9-22
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
9-23
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
9-24
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
ISOOrf
295 K
I
1300
o OA
oo
I o
O 1100
• A
z
ui
at t
I—
«n
a
900
«A
z
t;; 700
500 Lj,
Figure 9.11. Yield strength (ay) measurements on cold-worked C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K are
shown as a function of aging temperature. If parameter was not specified,
this is plotted on the
y-axis. Measurements of ay from Reference 9.29 at 2-h aging time indicate the trend of increased
ay at the optimum aging temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the
figure, including all points from Reference 9.6. All data are presented in Table 9.8. The legend for
this graph is given on the following page. Products were in wire, sheet, strip, bar, and plate form.
(N.S. in legend for References 9.3-9.5, 9.28, and 9.30 indicates not specified.) The values from
Reference 9.29 for room-temperature (297-K) aging are presented for comparison with values for
higher aging temperatures.
9-25
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17200: Cold-worked Tensile Yield Strength vs. Aging
and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)
AGING AGING
REF. CW. % TIME. H REF. CW. X TIME, H
1
2 37. 3. 18 21. 2.
lb 2 37. 2. V 19 37. 0.33
Eh 2 21. 2.5 < 21
1
50. 2.
«? 2 11. 3. 21 39. 2.
-O 2 11. 2.5 <- 21 50. 4.
6- 2 11. 2. <^ 21 18. 2.
2 21. 2. < 21 50. 17.
3 37. N.S. 21 50. 0.30
3 37. 2. < 21 50. 0.09
-4- 3 21. 2. 21 50. 0.75
i 3 11. 2. xj- 21 50. 8.25
o 4 37. N.S. • 28 N.S. N.S.
5 21. N.S. • 29 97. 2.
5 11. N.S. o 30 37. N.S.
5 21. 2. 6 30 21. N.S.
8 N.S. 2. o- 30 11. N.S.
8 N.S. 24. 31 45. 2.
> 9 60. 2. ill 31 35. 2.
13 37. 3. 32 37. 3.
A 14 15. 2. 33 50. 4.
i 14 15. 1.5 L 33 50. 1.
14 15. 1. \ 33 50. 2.
9-26
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
1500
295 K
—A A A . ;88K,50^cw
622K,50%cw
-r^644K,50%ew
^ -A
4 6
AGING TIME, h
Figure 9.12. Yield strength {a^) measurements on cold-worked C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K are
shown as a function of aging time. If parameter was not specified,
this is plotted on the y-axis.
Three values from References 9.8 and 9.21 at long aging times do not appear in the figure. For
clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure, including all points from References 9.6
and 9.9. All data are presented in Table 9.8. The legend for this graph is given on the following
page. Products were in wire, sheet, strip, bar, and plate form. (N.S. in legend for References
9.3-9.5, 9.8, and 9.28 indicates not specified.) The values from Reference 9.29 for room-tempera-
ture (297-K) aging are presented for comparison with values for higher aging temperatures.
9-27
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
AGING AGING
n cc
HEF. CW, % TEMP., K CW. TEMP., K
REF. %
9-28
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS cold work (reduction in thickness or area), aging
temperature and time, and the reference number.
Measurements of the yield strength of cold- The available characterization of materials and
worked and aged Cl 7200 beryllium copper be- measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of
tween 88 and 300 K were obtained from four the tensile properties section. Figure 9.13 pres-
sources (References 9.6. 9.8, 9.9, and 9.19). All ents the measurements as a function of test
sources reported yield strength, a^, with an offset temperature.
of 0.2%, except Reference 9.19, which reported
0.1%-offset strength. Products were In sheet and
bar form (not specified in Reference 9.8).
RESULTS
Table 9.9. Yield Strength Dependence of Cold-worked and Aged CI 7200 Beryllium Copper upon
Temperature (88-300 K).
9-29
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
1500
•
•
1300 o
O
Q. • o
1 1
1 1
1)
O noo II
z
UJ II
a
^ 900
t/)
Z
UJ
AGIN(
700 REF. CW. % TEMP., K
• 6 33. 588.
O 8 N.S. 588.
9 60. 575.
19 37. 644.
500 1 1 1
Figure 9.13. Yield strength measurements of cold-wori<ed and aged C17200 beryllium copper are shown
as a function of test temperature. All data are presented in Table 9.9. Products were in sheet and
bar form (not specified in Reference 9.8).
9-30
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
yield strength {a^). Product was in strip form Not enough in the litera-
data are available
(References 9.3 and 9.4) or not specified (Refer- ture to determine optimum aging parameters.
ence 9.12 and 9.36). Reported aging tempera- However, Reference 9.37 states that it is standard
tures ranged from 727 to 755 K; aging times from commercial practice to overage at 753 K in order
0.13 to 8 h. These parameters were not specified to develop the most favorable combination of
InReference 9.4. Since the original data points strength and electrical conductivity. See also the
were not presented in Reference 9.36, data were electromagnetic properties section and Reference
extracted from the curves at appropriate intervals. 9.36.
RESULTS DISCUSSION
All measurements are reported in Table 9.10, In Reference 9.36, a comparable set of mea-
Table 9.10. Yield Strength Dependence of Annealed CI 7500 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature
and Time (295 K).
9-31
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
1400 rf
295 K
1200
o
a.
1000
800
O
UJ
— 600
AGING
REF. TIME. H
Z 400 3 3.
4 N.S.
12 8.
36 4.
200 6 36 0.25
- 36 0.13
0 Lfr
200 400 600 800
AGING TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 9.14. Yield strength! measurements on annealed C17500 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as
a function of aging temperature. parameter was not specified, yield strength is plotted on the
If this
y-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in
Table 9.10. Product, where specified, was in strip form. (N.S. in legend for Reference 9.4 indicates
not specified.)
9-32
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
1400
295 K
1200
o
% 1000
l"
o
Z
LU
800
0£
K- I
9 600
-g —
AGING
REF. TEMP., K
O 3 755.
z 4 N.S.
• 12 727.
36 753.
200
0 4"
8 12 16 20
AGING TIME, h
Figure 9.15. Yield strengtln measurements on annealed C17500 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as
a function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, yield strength is plotted on the y-axis.
For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented In Table
9.10. Product, where specified, was in strip form. (N.S. in legend for Reference 9.4 indicates not
specified.)
9-33
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17500: Annealed and Aged; Cold-worked; Tensile Yield Strength vs.
Cold-worked and Aged Temperature (20-300 K)
Measurements of the yield strength of an- All measurements are reported in Table 9.11,
nealed and aged, cold-worked, and cold-worked which presents o^, test temperature, percent of
and aged CI 7500 beryllium copper between 20 cold work (reduction in thickness or area), aging
and 300 K were obtained from three sources temperature and time, and the reference number.
(References 9.6, 9.12, and 9.25). Measure- The available characterization of materials and
ments at 295 K only on cold-worked material measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of
(Reference 9.38) are presented for comparison. the tensile properties section. Figure 9.16 pre-
Allsources reported 0.2%-offset yield strength, a^. sents the ay measurements as a function of test
Products were in sheet and bar form (not speci- temperature.
References 9.12 and 9.38).
fied in
Table 9.11. Yield Strength Dependence of Annealed and Aged, Cold-worked, and Cold-worked and
Aged C17500 Beryllium Copper upon Temperature (20-300 K).
772 86 33 755 2 6
786 144 33 755 2 6
745 214 33 755 2 6
738 300 33 755 2 6
958 77 0 727 8 12
979 20 0 727 8 12
1010 20 0 727 8 12
483 20 21 0 0 25
483 20 21 25
427 76 21 : : 25
441 76 21 0 0 25
393 195 21 0 0 25
393 195 21 0 0 25
345 300 21 0 0 25
352 300 21 0 0 25
471 295 50 0 0 38
9-34
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
1400
AGING
REF. CW, % TEMP., K
• 6 33. 755.
1200
o 12 0. 727. SMOOTH
25 21. ANNEALED
O 38 50. ANNEALED
QL
^ 1000
O
z
LU 800 o •
O
t—
CO O
O
600
Z 400
200
Figure 9.16. Yield strength measurements of annealed and aged, cold-worked, and cold-worked and
aged Cl 7500 beryllium copper are shown as a function of test temperature. For clarity, overlap-
ping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.1 1 . Products were
In sheet and bar form (not specified in References 9.12 and 9.38).
9-35
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS urements presented in the figures and tables for
this reference should be considered upper and
Measurements of the yield strength of cold- lower The available characterization of
limits.)
worked C17500 beryllium copper at 295 K as a materials and measurements is given in Table
function of aging temperature and time were 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section.
obtained from six sources (References 9.3, 9.4, Figures 9.17 and 9.18 present the measure-
and 9.39). All sources reported
9.6. 9.36, 9.38, ments as a function of aging temperature and
0.2%-offset yield strength (ay). Products were in time, respectively. Unspecified values of temper-
stripand bar form (not specified in References ature or time are plotted on the y-axis.
9.36 and 9.38). Cold work, CW, (carried out be- Not enough data are available in the litera-
fore aging) ranged from 3 to 65% (reduction in ture to determine an optimum aging temperature,
thickness or area). Reported aging temperatures but in Figure 9.17, optimum aging limes appear
ranged from 723 to 755 K; aging times ranged to range from approximately 1 to 8 h (for an ag-
from 0.13 to 8 h. These parameters were not ing temperature of about 750 K). Reference 9.37
specified in References 9.4 and 9.39. Enough states that it is standard commercial practice to
data were available to estimate a range of opti- overage at 753 K in order to develop the most
mum aging times, but not aging temperature. favorable combination of strength and electrical
Since the original data points were not presented conductivity. See also the electromagnetic prop-
in Reference 9.36, data were extracted from the erties section and Reference 9.36.
curves at appropriate intervals.
DISCUSSION
RESULTS
In Reference 9.36, a comparable set of mea-
All measurements are reported inTable 9.12, surements of yield and tensile strengths on both
which presents a^, CW (reduction in thickness or C17500 and C17510 beryllium copper are report-
area in percent), aging temperature and time, and ed. The CI 7500 alloy was found to have slightly
the reference number. (Because the highest and higher strengths after aging in both the annealed
lowest values obtained were reported in Refer- and cold-worked conditions.
ence 9.4 in place of the original data, the meas-
Table 9.12. Yield Strength Dependence of Cold-worked CI 7500 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature
and Time (295 K).
9-36
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
9-37
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
ISOOrf-
AGING
295 K REF. CW. X TIME, H
3 11. 2.
1300 b 3 3. 3.
O 4 37. N.S.
o. • 6 33. 2.
36 N.S. 0.5
A 36 N.S. 1.
36 N.S. 3.
36 N.S. 4.
o 1100 A 36 N.S. 6.
LU A 36 N.S. 8.
A 36 N.S. 0.125
I— o 38 50. 2.
6 38 50. 3.
O o- 38 50. 1.
9 38 50. 0.75
^ 900 39 65. N.S.
A
I
o
700 -i- -a-
o
9 6
Figure 9.17. Yield strengtli measurements on cold-worl<ed C17500 beryllium copper at 295 K are
shown as a function of aging temperature. If parameter was not specified, yield strength is
this
plotted on the y-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are
presented in Table 9.12. Products were in strip and bar form (not specified in References 9.36 and
9.38). (N.S. in legend for References 9.4 and 9.39 indicates not specified.)
9-38
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
295 K
1300
o
AQINQ
REF. CW. X TEMP., K
3 11. 755.
»- 6 3 3. 755.
O 1100 4 37. N.S.
z
ui
• 6 33. 755.
ec
3e N.S. 753.
I— o 38 50. 723.
in 39 65. N.S.
O
•J
111 900
>-
lU
i-i
—A .
(A —
•
z
UI
I- 700
-I
500 V 4 6 10
AGING TIME, h
Figure 9.18. Yield strength measurements on cold-worked C17500 beryllium copper at 295 K are
shown as a function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, yield strength is plotted on
the y-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented
In Table 9.12. Products were in stripand bar form (not specified in References 9.36 and 9.38).
(N.S. In legend for References 9.4 and 9.39 indicates not specified.)
9-39
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS and the reference number. (Because the highest
and lowest values obtained were reported in Ref-
Measurements of the yield strength of an- erence 9.4 in place of the original data, the mea-
nealed C17510 beryllium copper at 295 K as a surements presented in the figures and tables for
function of aging time were obtained from three this reference should be considered upper and
sources (References 9.4, 9.36, and 9.40). All lower limits.) Figure 9.19 presents the mea-
sources reported 0.2%-offset yield strength (ay). surements as a function of aging time. Unspe-
Product was in strip form (References 9.4 and cified values of time are plotted on the y-axis.
9.40) or was not specified (Reference 9.36).
Aging temperature was 753 K (Reference 9.36) or DISCUSSION
was not specified. Aging times ranged from 0.13
to 8 h (Reference 9.36) or were not specified. In Reference 9.36, a comparable set of mea-
Since the original data points were not presented surements of yield and tensile strengths on both
in Reference 9.36, data were extracted from the C17500 and C17510 beryllium copper is reported
curves at appropriate intervals. The CI 7500 alloy was found to have slightly
higher strengths after aging in both the annealed
RESULTS and cold-worked conditions.
Table 9.13. Yield Strength Dependence of Annealed C17510 Beryllium Copper on Aging Time (295 K).
9-40
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
1400 !
29 5 K
1200
o
a.
S 1000
O
z
ui 800
oc
t—
%n »
O >
753 K
600 — — 1 ^h
1
>-
UI
to 400
z
UJ 1
1
AGING
1
REF. TEMP., ¥ ;
200
o 4 N.S.
36 753.
• 40 N.S.
1 1 1
8 12 16 20
AGING TIME, h
Figure 9.19. Yield strengtii measurements on annealed CI 7510 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as
a function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, yield strength is plotted on the
y-axis. All data are presented in Table 9.13. Product was in strip form (References 9.4 and 9.40)
or was not specified (Reference 9.36). (N.S. in legend for References 9.4 and 9.40 indicates not
specified.)
9-41
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS ence 9.44 in place of the original data, the mea-
surements presented in the figures and tables for
Measurements of the yield strength of cold- this reference should be considered upper and
worked C17510 beryllium copper at 295 K as a lower limits.) The available characterization of
function of aging temperature and time were ob- materials and measurements is given in Table
tained from nine sources (References 9.4, 9.36, 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section.
and 9.40-9.46). All sources reported 0.2%-offset Figures 9.20 and 9.21 present the measure-
yield strength (ay). Products, where specified, ments as a function of aging temperature and
were in strip or plate form.Cold work, CW, (car- time, respectively. Unspecified values of temper-
ried out before aging except for Reference 9.45) ature or time are plotted on the y-axis. Several
ranged from 21 to 80% (reduction in thickness). measurements from Reference 9.45 at long aging
Reported aging temperatures ranged from 573 to times are not shown in Figure 9.21.
838 K; aging times from 0.13 to 70 h. These Because aging times and temperatures often
parameters were not specified in References 9.4, were not specified, optimum aging conditions are
9.41-9.43, and 9.46. Before cold rolling, some difficult to determine. Reference 9.45 reported
material was pre-aged temperatures from 573
at that optimum aging temperatures for high were
to 758 K, usually for 3 h (Reference 9.45). Since about 573 to 593 K with aging times ranging from
the original data points were not presented in 5 to 70 h. However, these conclusions were
Reference 9.36, data were extracted from the based on a limited number of measurements from
curves at appropriate intervals. Data presented one source on material that was pre-aged, as
here from Reference 9.46 include tensile mea- described above.
surements at 295 K from a commercial supplier,
Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, and Massa- DISCUSSION
chusetts Institute of Technology. Reference 9.44
also reports tensile test data on one of the heats Further information on the microstructure
(A) included in the tests summarized in Reference resulting from the aging processes reported in
9.46. Cryogenic test results from Reference 9.44 Reference 9.43 may be found in Reference 9.47.
on this heat are presented on pages 9-47-9-48 of Reference 9.48 reports the effect of adding 1-wt%
the tensile properties section. Zr to C17510 beryllium copper on aging times
and temperature. Results are presented in terms
RESULTS of hardness, rather than yield strength.
In Reference 9.36, a comparable set of mea-
All measurements are reported in Table 9.14, surements of yield and tensile strengths on both
which presents a^, CW (reduction in thickness in C17500 and C17510 beryllium copper are report-
percent), aging temperature and time, and the ed. The C17500 alloy was found to have slightly
reference number. (Because the highest and higher strengths after aging in both the annealed
lowest values obtained were reported in Refer- and cold-worked conditions.
Table 9.14. Yield Strength Dependence of Cold-worked C17510 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature
and Time (295 K).
9-42
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
9-43
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
ISOOrj-
A uin va
295 K nc r 1 IMC g n
4 37. N.S.
0 36 N.S. 2.
1300 36 N.S. 4.
36 N.S. 8.
36 N.S. 0.25
36 N.S. 0.13
X •
40
41
21.
N.S.
8.
N.S.
o 42 40. N.S.
^ 1100<
43 37. N.S.
UJ
DC
44 37. 2.
t- A 45 80. 6.
A 45 80. 5.
a ^ 45 80. 24.
A 45 60. 16. A 4
^ 900' A 45 60. 4.
A 45 80. 2.
A 45 60. 2.
o
A 45 60. 1.
^ 45 60. 2.
Z
uu
V 46A 37. 2.
»- 700 7 46B N.S. N.S. -nA-
y 46C N.S. N.S. o-
500
200 400 600 800
AGING TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 9.20. Yield strength measurements on cold-worl<ed CI 7510 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown
as a function of aging temperature. If this parameter was not specified, yield strength is plotted
on the y-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are pre-
sented in Table 9.14. Products, where specified, were in strip or plate form. (N.S. in legend for
References 9.4, 9.41-9.43, and 9.46 indicates not specified.)
9^
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
1500 fV"
AGING AGING
REF. CW, X TEMP.. K REF. CW. X TEMP.. K
295 K
4 37. N.S. 42 40. 755.
0 36 N.S. 753. 43 37. N.S.
1300 A 40 21. 727. 44 37. 755. _
i 40 21. 755. 45 60. 673.
O
a. A. 40 21. 783. 45 80. 633.
40 21. 811. 45 60. 633.
40 21. 838. 45 80. 593.
41 N.S. N.S. 45 80. 573.
I— 4 41 40. 755. 46A 37. 755.
0 iioo<'- 46B N.S. N.S.
z
lAJ
46C N.S. N.S.
m A
a
111 900
>-
111
-o —
1
'
l~-_753 K
111
t- 700 — 1-
J
500
4 6 10
AGING TIME, h
Figure 9.21. Yield strength measurements on cold-worked C17510 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown
as a function of aging time. If this parameter \lvas not specified, yield strength is plotted on the
y-axis. Several data points from Reference 9.45 at long aging times do not appear in the figure.
For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table
9.14. Products, where specified, were in strip or plate form. (N.S. in legend for References 9.4,
9.41, 9.43 and 9.46 indicates not specified.)
9-45
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS cold work (reduction in thickness), aging temper-
ature and time, and the reference number. The
Measurements of the yield strength of cold- available characterization of materials and mea-
worked and aged C17510 beryllium copper from surements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the
4 to 295 K were obtained from Reference 9.44. tensile properties section.
Figure 9.22 presents
The 0.2%-offset yield strength, a^, was reported. the ay measurements as a function of test temp-
Product was in plate form. erature.
RESULTS
Table 9.15. Yield Strength Dependence of Cold-worked and Aged C17510 Beryllium Copper upon
Temperature (4-295 K).
9-46
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
1500
AGING
REF. CW, % TE MP.. K
• 44 37. 755.
1300
O
CD 1100
z
UJ
I—
to
O
^ 900
•
in • •
•
•
700
500
100 200 300
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 9.22. Yield strength measurements of cold-worked and aged CI 7510 beryllium copper are shown
as a function of test temperature. An overlapping data point at 295 K is omitted from the figure. All
data are presented in Table 9.15. Product was in plate form.
9-47
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Measurements of the tensile strength of All measurements are reported in Table 9.16,
annealed, and annealed and aged C17000 beryl- which presents the tensile strength, test tempera-
lium copper from 20 to 295 K were obtained from ture, aging temperature and time, and the refer-
Reference 9.49. Measurements from References ence number. The available characterization of
9.2 and 9.50 on annealed material at 295 K only materials and measurements is given in Table
are presented for comparison. Product forms 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section.
were strip (Reference 9.2), bar (Reference 9.50), Figure 9.23 presents the tensile strength measure-
or not specified (Reference 9.49). ments as a function of test temperature.
Table 9.16. Tensile Strength Dependence of Annealed, and Annealed and Aged C17000 Beryllium
Copper upon Temperature (20-295 K).
295 0 0 50
434 295 0 0 2
543 295 0 0 2
1
902 20 N.S. N.S. 49
9-48
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
2000
AGING
REF. TEMP.. K
1800
2 ANNEALED
o 49 N.S.
50 ANNEALED
1600
X
I—
z
LU
1400
t—
to
UJ 1200
CO
Z
1000
<
800
600
o
O
400
100 200 300
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 9.23. Tensile strength measurements of annealed, and annealed and aged C17000 beryllium
copper are sliown as a function of test temperature. All data are presented in Table 9.16.
Products were in strip (Reference 9.2), or bar form (Reference 9.50), or not specified (Reference
9.49).
9-49
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS ture and and the reference number. The
time,
available characterization of materialsand mea-
Measurements of the tensile strength of an- surements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the
nealed C1 7000 beryllium copper at 295 K as a tensile properties section. The small amount of
function of aging temperature and time were ob- available data indicates that satisfactory aging
tained from three sources (References 9.2, 9.3, temperatures range from about 588 to 603 K, with
and 9.49). Product was form or was not
in strip an aging time of about 3 h. Figures 9.24 and
specified (Reference 9.49). Reported aging tem- 9.25 present the tensile strength measurements
peratures ranged from 588 to 630 K; aging times as a function of aging temperature and time,
from 2 to 3 h. Aging parameters were not speci- respectively. Unspecified values of temperature
fied in References 9.3 and 9.49, sometimes for or time are plotted on the y-axis.
proprietary reasons.
RESULTS
Table 9.17. Tensile Strength Dependence of Annealed C17000 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature
and Time (295 K).
1088 602 3 2
1172 602 3 2
1047 630 2 2
1134 630 2 2
1091 616 3 2
1143 616 3 2
1070 588 3 2
1152 588 3 2
9-50
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
1600
O 1400
Q.
295 K
(5 1200
z 0| o6
oo
1000
AGING
REF. TEMP.. K
6 2 2.
UJ 800 o 2 3.
• 3 N.S.
49 N.S.
600
Figure 9.24. Tensile strengtli measurements on annealed C17000 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown
as a function of aging temperature. If this parameter was not specified, tensile strength is plotted
on the y-axis. All data are presented in Table 9.17. Product, where specified, was in strip form.
(N.S. In legend for References 9.3 and 9.49 indicates not specified.)
9-51
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17000: Annealed Ultimate Tensile Strength vs.
and Aged Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)
1600
295 K
1400
o
Q.
1200
o o
o
z
LU
I
to
1000
CO
Z
AGING
800 REF. TEMP.. K
< o 2 602.
6 2 630.
o- 2 588.
616.
3 600 9
•
2
3 N.S.
49 N.S.
400
4 6 10
AGING TIME, h
Figure 9.25. Tensile strength) measurements for annealed C17000 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown
as a function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, tensile strength is plotted on the
y-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in
Table 9.17. Product, where specified, was in strip form. (N.S. in legend for References 9.3 and
9.49 indicates not specified.)
9-52
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Table 9.18. Yield Strength Dependence of Cold-worked CI 7000 Beryllium Copper on Aging
Temperature and Time (295 K).
9-53
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
2000H^
AGING 295 K
REF. CW. X TIME. H
O
a. 1700 2 37. 2.
ik 2 21. 2.5
- 2 11. 3.
T 2 21. 2.
O o
2 11. 2.
z 6
3
3
50.
21.
N.S.
uj 1400 N.S.
et o 3 11. N.S.
t— •
i/i 5 11. 2.
4 5 11. N.S.
tu <
'
1
UJ 1100 fx
<
1 1
-J 800*
500 4"
200 400 600 800
AGING TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 9.26. Tensile strength measurements on cold-worked C17000 beryllium copper at 295 K are
shown as a function of aging temperature. If this parameter was not specified, tensile strength is
plotted on the y-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are
presented in Table 9.18. Product was in strip form. (N.S. in legend for References 9.3 and 9.5 indi-
9-54
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
2000 r-|r
AGING
REF. CW. % TEMP.. K
295 K
2 37. 588.
O * 2 21. 588.
a. 1700 m- 2 21. 602. -
f 2 11. 602.
2 37. 616.
2 21. 616.
2 11. 616.
-f 2 11. 588.
o 3 50. N.S.
1400 6 3 21. N.S.
o- 3 11. N.S.
• 5 11. 589.
5 11. N.S.
I
1100 -f
-I 8004-
3 9-
500 4"
2 3
AGING TIME, h
Figure 9.27. Tensile strength measurements on cold-worked C17000 beryllium copper at 295 K are
shown as a function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, tensile strength is plotted
on the y-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are pre-
sented in Table 9.18. Product was in strip form. (N.S. in legend for References 9.3 and 9.5
Indicates not specified.)
9-55
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS ture, and the reference number. The available
characterization of materials and measurements is
Measurements of the tensile strength of given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile prop-
annealed C1 7200 beryllium copper between 20 erties section. Figure 9.28 presents the mea-
and 300 K were obtained from three sources surements as a function of test temperature.
(References 9.6, 9.7, and 9.9). Product was in Reference 9.10 presents measurements from
bar form. 93 to 293 K on the of a 2.6-wt% beryllium-
copper alloy in an annealed condition. These
RESULTS data exhibit an increase in strength as the tem-
perature decreases that is similar to the trend
All measurements are reported Table 9.19,
in shown in Figure 9.28.
which presents tensile strength (a J, test tempera-
Table 9.19. Tensile Strength Dependence of Annealed CI 7200 Beryllium Copper upon Temperature
(20-300 K).
506 300 6
516 214 6
579 144 6
676 88 6
477 295 7
487 295 7
515 195 7
518 195 7
682 76 7
684 76 7
813 20 7
804 20 7
500 295 9
517 232 9
9-56
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
2000
REF.
1800 • 6
o 7
9
S. 1600
1400
z
K 1200
a
-J
1X1
>" 1000
LU
to
m 800 o
o •
600 '
»
o •
O
400
100 200 300
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 9.28. Tensile strength measurements of annealed C17200 beryllium copper are shown as a
function of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All
9-57
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C 17200: Annealed ,
Ultimate Tensile Strength vs.
and Aged Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS time of only 0.5 h, higher ct^ are observed (Ref-
erence 9.12) at 3 h for 588 K. (See Discussion
Measurements of the tensile strength of an- section below).
nealed CI 7200 beryllium copper at 295 K as a
function of aging temperature and time were ob- DISCUSSION
tained from 15 sources (References 9.2, 9.3,
9.11-9.15. 9.18, 9.20, and 9.51-9.54). Products Reference 9.23 discusses metallurgical as-
were in sheet, strip, bar, and plate form. Report- pects of the precipitation-hardening dependence
ed aging temperatures ranged from 293 to 758 K; of CI 7200 beryllium copper on temperature and
aging times from 0.067 to 8 h. Sufficient data time. At higher aging temperatures, precipitation
were available to estimate a range of optimum is faster and peak properties are obtained more
aging temperatures and times. rapidly. At longer times, the precipitated particles
coalesce, and hardness and strength drop off
RESULTS (overaging). In Figure 9.30, the strength first in-
temperatures range from about 588 to 600 K, and The effect of strip thickness upon the
optimum aging times from about 2 to 5 h. Al- strength of annealed and aged CI 7200 beryllium
though Reference 9.51, for an aging temperature copper is reported in Reference 9.24.
of 622 K, reports a maximum in at an aging
Table 9.20. Tensile Strength Dependence of Annealed C17200 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature
and Time (295 K).
9-58
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
561 2 000 54
9-69
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17200: Annealed Ultimate Tensile Strength vs.
and Aged Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)
9-60
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
1600
AGING AGING
REF. TIME, H REF, TIME. H
295 K
<4 2 3. 20 3.
2 2. 51 0.58
O 1400 V 3 2. 51 0.67
o.
o 6 3. 51 0.75
6 6 1.5 51 0.83 oi b»'^
8 3. 51 0.92 I 0-^
13 3. 4- 51 1.
^ 1200 14 2. 51 0.17
z
ui
A 14 1.5 52 3. > A\ A
14 1. 54 8. Aty 6
A 14 0.67 54 2.
tn 14 0.50 0- 54 1.
A 14 0.33 54 0.67
til 1000 P-
_l 15 0.80 -> 54 5.
15 5. > 54 0.50 I A
z
UI
15 1.
A
19 0.50
I—
ju 800 >_
<
I
1h/
_j
3 600 /
400 1
200 400 600 800
AGING TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 9.29. Tensile strength (a J measurements on annealed C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K are
shown as a function of aging temperature. A series of measurements from Reference 9.15 at
1-h aging time are connected by a dashed line to indicate the trend of increased at the optimum
aging temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure, including all
data points from References 9.1 1, 9.18, and 9.53. All data are presented in Table 9.20. Products
were in sheet, strip, bar, and plate form.
9-61
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
1600
295 K
g 1400
— 602K
5
5 1200
561 K ^—
H- 622 K
(A
uj 1000
6_^566K AGING AGING
// REF. TEMP., K REF. TEMP.,
2 588. 4- 15 413.
3 588. t- 15 293.
6 588. 19 644.
ui 800 6 672. > 20 ~ 588.
I—
< / I
11 588. o 51 622.
12 588. 52 575.
13 588. 52 588.
—J 14 566. 53 588.
3 600 15 633. '4 54 _ 602.
15 558. 54 630.
15 708. 54 616.
15 758. i 54 588.
15 498. 54 561.
400 _1_ 1
1
, 4 , ,
: .
6 8 10
AGING TIME, h
Figure 9.30. Tensile strength measurements on anneaied CI 7200 beryliium copper at 295 K are siiown
as a function of aging time. For ciarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure, inclu-
ding all data points from Reference 9.18. All data are presented in Table 9.20. Products were in
sheet, strip, bar, and plate form.
9-62
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Table 9.21 . Tensile Strength Dependence of Annealed and Aged Cl 7200 Beryllium Copper upon
Temperature (20-300 K).
9-63
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
2000
1800
O
Q_
1600
X
O 1400 ±
° o
J,
to
1200
CO
Z
UJ 1000
AGING
< REF. TEMP.. K
800
o 6 588.
6 672.
• 1 588.
600 12 588. SMOOTH
12 588. NOTCHED
19 644.
400
100 200 300
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 9.31. Tensile strength measurements of annealed and aged CI 7200 beryllium copper are shown
as a function of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure.
All data are presented in Table 9.21. Products were in sheet and bar form (not specified in Refer-
ence 9.12).
9-64
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
cold-worked Cl 7200 beryllium copper between was 21% the material was rolled or 37%
if if it
20 and 300 K were obtained from five sources was drawn.) The available characterization of
(References 9.6, 9.7, 9.9, 9.25, and 9.26). Data materials and measurements is given in Table
from Reference 9.27 at 295 K only are presented 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section.
for comparison because measurements were Figure 9.32 presents the tensile strength measure-
made for varying amounts of cold work, CIV. ments as a function of test temperature.
Products were in sheet, strip, and bar form (not
specified in Reference 9.26).
RESULTS
Table 9.22. Tensile Strength Dependence of Cold-worked C17200 Beryllium Copper upon Temperature
(20-300 K).
814 144 33 6
752 214 33 6
710 300 33 6
931 20 21 25
938 20 21 25
938 20 21 25
945 20 21 25
952 20 21 25
765 76 21 25
607 76 21 25
814 76 21 25
645 195 21 25
658 195 21 25
621 300 21 25
621 300 21 25
702 295 37 7
701 295 37 7
743 195 37 7
753 195 37 7
903 76 37 7
916 76 37 7
1060 20 37 7
1060 20 37 7
779 300 N.S. 26
779 300 N.S. 26
758 300 N.S. 26
765 300 N.S. 26
972 77 N.S. 26
9-65
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17200: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strengtti vs.
Temperature (20-300 K)
9-66
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
2000
REF. CW. X
1800 6, 33.
7 37.
9 60.
o o 25 21.
o. 26 N.S.
^ 1600 A 27 37.
A 27 21.
27 11.
O
Z
LU
1400
Od
H-
wo
a 1200
CO
1000
o
< o
^ 800 -o—•-
AO
0
600 -A"
400
100 200 300
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 9.32. Tensile strength measurements of cold-worked C17200 beryllium copper are shown as a
function of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. One
point from Reference 9.27, for zero cold work, does not appear in the figure. All data are presented
In Table 9.22. Products were in sheet, strip, and bar form (not specified in Reference 9.26).
9-67
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS ted on the y-axis. Several tensile strength meas-
urements at long aging times are not shown in
Measurements of the tensile strength of Figure 9.34.
cold-worked C1 7200 beryllium copper at 295 K as The figures and Table 9.23 indicate that the
a function of aging temperature and time were optimum aging temperatures range from about
obtained from 24 sources (References 9.2, 9.3, 544 to 588 K and optimum times from 1 to 5 h.
9.5, 9.6, 9.9, 9.13-9.15, 9.18, 9.19, 9.21. 9.28,
9.29, 9.31-9.33, and 9.52-9.59). Products were in DISCUSSION
wire, sheet, strip, bar, and plate form. Cold worl<,
CW, ranged from 3 to 97% (reduction in thickness Reference 9.23 discusses metallurgical as-
or area), and was carried out before aging, ex- pects of the precipitation-hardening dependence
cept in the measurements reported in Reference of C17200 beryllium copper on temperature and
9.55. Reported aging temperatures ranged from time. At higher aging temperatures, precipitation
297 to 748 K; aging times from 0.05 to 25 h. is faster and peak properties are obtained more
Aging temperatures and times for several meas- rapidly. At longer times, the precipitated particles
urements were not specified in References 9.3, coalesce, and hardness and strength drop off
Table 9.23. Tensile Strength Dependence of Cold-worked CI 7200 Beryllium Copper on Aging
Temperature and Time (295 K).
9-68
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
9-69
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
9-70
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Cold Work
MPa % Temperature, Time, No.
K h
9-71
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
9-72
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
1 JJO 01 o JU o rv\
c.w
1343 37 630 2.00 2
1 a 14 11 616 2.50 2
oi C1C o nn o
c
1371 37 616 2 00 2
1 009 Of AIR
0 ID 0 nn 0
(ZD/ 11 1
0 nn 0
OI o An c
9-73
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
2000 rV
295 K
o
O. 1700
oo
• 44
•4
O •J*
21
UJ 1400
OO <
-o — c>s«e—< <
D>Q
•-4 Vd6A<J-
UJ
Z
lu 1100
O
/ «3
/ \
/ \
-XXtJ-
800 I- 7^
7
1h,21%cw/
'
'A
Figure 9.33. Tensile strength (a J measurements on cold-worked C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K are
shown as a function of aging temperature. If this parameter was not specified, o^^ is plotted on the
y-axis. Measurements of from Reference 9.15 at 1-h aging time are connected by a dashed line
to indicate the trend of increased at the optimum aging temperature. For clarity, overlapping
data points are omitted from the figure, including all points from References 9.6, 9.18, 9.19, 9.31,
9.53, 9.55, 9.58, and 9.59. All data are presented in Table 9.23. The legend for this graph is given
on the next page. Products were in wire, sheet, strip, bar, and plate form. (N.S. in legend for
References 9.3, 9.5, and 9.28 indicates not specified.) The values from Reference 9.29 for room-
temperature (297-K) aging are presented for comparison with values for higher aging temperatures.
9-74
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
AGING AGING
REF. CW, X TIME. H REF. cw, % TIME, H
37 51 50. 24.
2 2.
2 2 ^1 50. 0.05
2 1 1. 2. \J N.S. N.S.
f\
> 3 37 2. \J 97. 2.
L
3 50 N.S. id. 37. 3.
>- 3 1 1 2. JO 50. 2.
3 37 N.S. 50. 3.
A
V 5 37. 2. *v 50. 6.
_L A 50. 8.
V 5 21 2. T
v 5 21 N.S.
i
37. 2.
n- 14 0.83 R
54A 21. 0.50
15.
0.67 R
54A 21. 1.
9 14 15.
- 14 15. 0.50 R
54A 21. 2.
6- 14 15. 0.33 54 37. 4.
A 15 34 0.67 54 11. 4.
X 15 34. 5. 54 21. 4.
15 21. 1. ><- 54 11. 5.
9-75
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17200: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strengtii vs.
and Aged Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)
Figure 9.34. Tensile strength {a J measurements on cold-worked C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K are
shown as a function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, is plotted on the y-axis.
Several values from References 9.21, 9.28, 9.33, 9.54, and 9.55 at long aging times do not
appear in the figures. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure, including all
points from References 9.6, 9.18, 9.31, 9.53, and 9.58. All data are presented in Table 9.23. The
legend for graph is given on the next page. Products were in wire, sheet, strip, bar, and plate
this
form. (N.S. In legend for References 9.3 and 9.5 indicates not specified.) The values from
Reference 9.29 for room-temperature (297-K) aging are presented for comparison with values for
higher aging temperatures.
9-76
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
AGING AGING
REF. CW. X TEMP.. K REF. CW, % TEMP., K
2 37. 602. o- 29 97. 647.
2 21. 602. 9 29 97. 297.
2 11. 602. A 32 37. 594.
2 11. 616. A 33 50. 588.
> 3 37. 588. A 33 50. 622.
3 11. 588. A^ 33 50. 644.
>- 3 21. N.S. 52 37. 588.
3 37. N.S. i 52 21. 588.
V 5 21. N.S. 52 21. 575.
5 11. N.S. < 54
1
37. 602.
5 37. 588. < 54 37. 630.
y 5 11. 588. <- 54 21. 602.
9 60. 588. <^ 54 37. 616.
13 37. 588. -< 54 37. 588.
14 15. 566. <' 54 37. 644.
15 34. 588. < 54 37. 561.
JL 15 34. 633. ^ 54 21. 616.
15 21. 573. ^ 54 21. 561.
f 15 17. 588. 54 21. 588.
A
I
15 21. 748. ^ 54 11. 644.
15 21. 423. -<- 54 11. 602.
15 21. 293. A 54 21. 644.
T 19 37. 644. ^ 54 11. 561.
< 21 50. 588. « 54 11. 588.
21 50. 561. • 56 61. 575.
21 39. 588. 4 56 67. 602.
^ 21 18. 588. 56 30. 602.
-< 21 50. 622. f 56 30. 561.
21 50. 644. 0 57 21. 573.
• 28 N.S. N.S. © 59 37. 588.
o 29 97. 544. 6 59 11. 588.
6 29 97. 452. ©- 59 6. 588.
9-77
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
RESULTS
Table 9.24. Tensile Strength Dependence of Cold-worked and Aged C17200 Beryllium Copper upon
Temperature (48-300 K).
9-78
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
2000
1800
o
Ql
^ 1600
O
5 1400
H-
111
Zf 1200
1000
<
AGING
800 I REF. cw. % TEMP., K
o 6 33. 588.
9 60. 575.
19 37. 644.
600 • 51 N.S. N.S.
400
100 200 300
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 9.35. Tensile strengtfi measurements of coid-worl<ed and aged C17200 beryllium copper are
shown as a function of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the
figure.All data are presented in Table 9.24. Products were in siieet and bar form (not specified in
Reference 9.51).
9-79
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS tensile properties section. Figures 9.36 and 9.37
present the tensile strength measurements as a
Measurements of the tensile strength of an- function of aging temperature and time, respec-
nealed CI 7500 beryllium copper at 295 K as a tively.
function of aging temperature and time were Not enough data are available in the litera-
obtained from three sources (References 9.3, ture to determine optimum aging parameters.
9.12, and 9.36). Product was in strip form (Refer- Reference 9.37 states that it is standard commer-
ence 9.3) or not specified (References 9.12 and cial practice to overage at 753 K in order to de-
9.36). Reported aging temperatures ranged from velop the most favorable combination of strength
727 to 755 K; aging times from 0.13 to 8 h. Since and electrical conductivity. See also the electro-
the original data points were not presented in magnetic properties section and Reference 9.36.
Reference 9.36, data were extracted from the
curves at appropriate intervals. DISCUSSION
Table 9.25. Tensile Strength Dependence of Annealed C17500 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature
and Time (295 K).
9-80
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
1600
295 K
1400
AGING
REF. TIME. H
3 3.
12 8.
1200 36 3.
36 4.
36 6.
36 0.25
36 0.13
1000
800
• o
o
600
400
200 400 600 800
AGING TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 9.36. Tensile strength measurennents on annealed CI 7500 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown
as a function of aging temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure.
Alldata are presented in Table 8.25. Product was in strip form (Reference 8.3) or not specified
(Reference 9.12 and 9.36).
9-81
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
1600
29 5 K
o 1400
Q.
< >
1200
O
z
lU R EF.
AGING
T EMP.. K
o 3 755.
CO • 12 727.
111 1000 :)6 753.
< t
^ 1 1 .
" 753 <
UJ 800 1 1 1 1 1
1 r • 1
/
< I !
>
3 600
/
400
4 6 10
AGING TIME, h
Figure 9.37. Tensile strengtli measurements for anneaied C17500 beryliium copper at 295 K are sfiown
as a function of aging time. Ali data are presented in Table 8.25. Product was in strip form (Refer-
ence 9.3) or not specified (References 9.12 and 9.36).
9-82
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS perature, percent of cold work (reduction in thick-
(not specified in References 9.12 and 9.38). defined as {a/ry^. The notch radius is r and a is
one-half the distance between the notches.
RESULTS
Table 9.26. Tensile Strength Dependence of Annealed and Aged, Cold-worked, and Cold-worked and
Aged C17500 Beryllium Copper upon Temperature (20-300 K).
945 88 33 755 2 6
896 144 33 755 2 6
876 214 33 755 2 6
903 77 0 727 8 12
1089 77 0 727 8 12
1214 20 0 727 8 12
1203 20 0 727 8 12
1462 77 0 727 8 12
1462 77 0 727 8 12
1544 20 0 727 8 12
648 20 21 0 0 25
662 20 21 0 0 25
558 76 21 0 0 25
572 76 21 0 0 25
455 195 21 0 0 25
462 195 21 0 0 25
414 300 21 0 0 25
421 300 21 0 0 25
505 295 50 0 0 38
9-83
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
2000
AGING
REF. CW, X TEMP., K
• 6 33. 755.
1800 o 12 0. 727. SMOOTH
12 0. 727. NOTCHED
o 25 21. ANNEALED
38 50. ANNEALED
^ 1600
1400
z
uj 1200
(7)
Z
UJ
I- 1000
UJ
I—
<
? 800
600
400
100 200 300
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 9.38. Tensile strength measurements of annealed and aged, cold-worked, and cold-worked and
aged C1 7500 beryllium copper are shown as a function of test temperature. For clarity, overlap-
ping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.26. Products were
In sheet and bar form (not specified in References 9.12 and 9.38).
9-84
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Table 9.27. Tensile Strength Dependence of Cold-worked C1 7500 Beryllium Copper on Aging
Temperature and Time (295 K).
9-85
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17500: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strengtfi vs.
and Aged Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)
2000 rV-
295 K
O 1700
AGING
REF. CW. % TIME. H
3 11. 2.
3 3. 3.
o • 6 33. 2.
z
Ul 1400 36 N.S. 0.50
36 N.S. 3.
36 N.S. 6.
t 36 N.S. 0.13
o 38 50. 3.
6 38 50. 1.
CO o- 38 50. 0.75
2 1100 39 65. N.S.
< A
A
•
^ 800 a
o 6
1 1
500
200 400 600 800
AGING TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 9.39. Tensile strength measurements on cold-worked C1 7500 beryllium copper at 295 K are
shown as a function of aging temperature. If this parameter was not specified, tensile strength is
plotted on the y-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are
presented in Table 9.27. Products were in strip and bar form (not specified in Reference 9.38).
9-86
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
2000
295 K
?: 1700
AGING
REF. CW, X TEMP.. K
3 11. 755.
O lb 3 3. 755.
z
LU
• 6 33. 755.
oe.
1400 36 N.S. 753.
I— o 38 50. 723.
to 39 65. N.S.
UJ
_l
Z
1100
LU
»—
< 753 K
Vl
I—
800 -D-
O
723 K,50%cw
500
2 3
AGING TIME, h
Figure 9.40. Tensile strength measurements on cold-worked C17500 beryllium copper at 295 K are
shown as a function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, tensile strength is plotted
on the y-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are
presented in Table 9.27. Products were in strip and bar form (not specified in Reference 9.38).
(N.S. In legend for Reference 9.39 indicates not specified.)
9-87
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS the reference number. The available characteriza-
tion of materials and measurements is given in
Measurements of the tensile strength of an- Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties
nealed CI 7510 beryllium copper at 295 K as a section. Figure 9.41 presents the tensile strength
function of aging time were obtained from two measurements as a function of aging time. Un-
sources (References 9.36 and 9.40). Product was specified values of time are plotted on the y-axis.
in strip form (Reference 9.40) or was not specified
(Reference 9.36). Aging temperature was 753 K
(Reference 9.36) or was not specified. Aging DISCUSSION
times ranged from 0.13 to 8 h (Reference 9.36) or
were not specified. Since the original data points In Reference 9.36, a comparable set of mea-
were not presented in Reference 9.36, data were surements of yield and tensile strengths on both
extracted from the curves at appropriate intervals. CI 7500 and CI 7510 beryllium copper is reported.
The Cl 7500 alloy was found to have slightly high-
RESULTS er strengths after aging in both the annealed and
cold-worked conditions.
All measurements are reported in Table 9.28,
which presents tensile strength, aging time, and
Table 9.28. Tensile Strength Dependence of Annealed C17510 Beryllium Copper on Aging Time (295 K).
9-88
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
1600^
o 291> K
GL
^ 1400
O
z
UJ 1200
«/>
o AG ING
REF. TEMF>.. K
— 1000
o 36 75 3.
• 40 N. S.
LU 800
_J > 75 3 k
'
c» \ i
»
— ~~ — — 4
<
P 600
1
—
/
400 l| <
4 6 10
AGING TIME, h
Figure 9.41. Tensile strengtfi measurements on annealed C17510 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown
as a function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, tensile strength is plotted on the
y-axis. All data are presented in Table 9.28. Product form was not specified. (N.S. in legend for
Reference 9.40 indicates not specified.)
9-89
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Table 9.29. Tensile Strength Dependence of Cold-worked CI 7510 Beryllium Copper on Aging
Temperature and Time (295 K).
931 j
40 755 3.00 41
9-90
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
9-91
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
2000 &
295 K
O 1700
a. AGING
REF. CW. X TIME. H
A 36 N.S. 1.
i 36 N.S. 2.
O 36 N.S.
z 1400 36 N.S.
3.
0.13
• 41 40. 3.
O 43 37. N.S.
ui
44 37. 2.
45 80. 7.
lb 45 60. 70.
D- 45 80. 5.
1100 "? 45 60. 16. Q-
-a 45 60. 2. 9
6- 45 80. 2.
< 9- 45 60. 2.
V 46A 37. 2.
7 46B N.S. N.S.
800 Y 46C N.S. N.S.
-r
500
200 400 600 800
AGING TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 9.42. Tensile strengtli measurements on cold-worl<ed CI 7510 beryllium copper at 295 K are
shown as a function of aging temperature. If this parameter was not specified, tensile strength is
plotted on the /-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are
presented In Table 9.29. Products were in stripand plate form (not specified in References 9.36
and 9.41). (N.S. In legend for References 9.43 and 9.46 indicates not specified.)
9-92
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17510: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strength vs.
and Aged Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)
2000 r|-
AGING
REF. CW. X TEMP., K
z
ui 1100
6
<
.
. ii- 753 K
800
500 H-
2 3
AGING TIME, h
Figure 9.43. Tensile strength measurements on cold-worl<ed C17510 beryllium copper at 295 K are
shown as a function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, tensile strength is plotted
on the y-axis. Several data points from Reference 9.45 at long aging times do not appear In the
figure. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in
Table 9.29. Products were in strip and plate form (not specified in References 9.36 and 9.41).
(N.S. in legend for References 9.43 and 9.46 indicates not specified.)
9-93
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Table 9.30. Tensile Strength Dependence of Cold-worked and Aged C17510 Beryllium Copper upon
Temperature (4-295 K).
9-94
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17510: Cold-worked Ultimate Tensile Strength vs.
and Aged Aging Temperature (4-295 K)
2000
1
1
AGING
REF. CW, X TEMP., K
o
^ 1600
^ 1400
LU
OC
t—
(/)
uu 1200
Z
LU
< •
H- 800
•
600
400
100 200 300
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 9.44. Tensile strength measurements of cold-worked and aged C17510 beryllium copper are
shown as a function of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the
figure. All data are presented in Table 9.30. Product was in plate form.
9-95
a BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Measurements of the elongation of annealed All measurements are reported in Table 9.31,
and aged C17000 beryllium copper between 20 which presents elongation, test temperature,
and 290 K were obtained from Reference 9.49. aging temperature and time, and the reference
Measurements from References 9.2 and 9.50 on number. The available characterization of mater-
annealed material at 295 K only are presented for ials and measurements is given in Table 9.57 at
comparison. Products were in strip (Reference the end of the tensile properties section. Figure
9.2) and bar form (Reference 9.50), or not speci- 9.45 presents the elongation measurements as a
fied (Reference 9.49). Gage lengths were 25 cm function of test temperature.
(Reference 9.50), 5 cm (Reference 9.2) or not
specified (Reference 9.49).
Table 9.31.Elongation Dependence of Annealed, and Annealed and Aged CI 7000 Beryllium Copper
upon Temperature (20-295 K).
20.6 295 0 0 50
53.2 295 0 0 2
51.8 295 0 0 2
40 20 N.S. N.S. 49
9-96
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
100
AGING
R EF. 1•£MP.. K
80 o 2 ANNEAL.ED
49 N.S.
• 50 ANNEAL.ED
c
o
w
® 60
Q.
0
o
<
40 —
20
Figure 9.45. Elongation measurements of annealed, and annealed and aged C17000 beryllium copper
are shown as a function of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from
the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.31. Products were in strip (Reference 9.2) and bar
form (Reference 9.50), or not specified (Reference 9.49).
9-97
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS time, and the reference number. The available
characterization of materialsand measurements is
Measurements of the elongation of annealed given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile prop-
Cl 7000 beryllium copper at 295 K as a function erties section. Figures 9.46 and 9.47 present the
of aging temperature and time were obtained elongation measurements as a function of aging
from three sources (References 9.2, 9.3, and temperature and time, respectively. Unspecified
9.49). Product was in strip form or was not spec- values of temperature and time are plotted on the
ified (Reference 9.49). Reported aging tempera- y-axis.
tures ranged from 588 to 630 K; aging times from Not enough data are available to determine
2 to 3 h. Aging parameters were not specified in optimum aging temperature and time.
References 9.3 and 9.49, sometimes for propri-
etary reasons. Gage lengths were 5 cm (not
specified in Reference 9.49). V
RESULTS
Table 9.32. Elongation Dependence of Annealed C17000 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature and
Time (295 K).
10.0 602 3 2
12.8 630 2 2
11.5 630 2 2
12.5 616 3 2
11.1 616 3 2
15.9 588 3 2
12.4 588 3 2
9-98
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17000: Annealed Tensile Elongation vs. Aging
and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)
50 Hr
295K
40
c
«
u
• 30
a AGING
REF. TIME, H
2 3.
2 2.
< 3
49
N.S.
O 201 N.S.
z <
O6
10
Figure 9.46. Elongation measurements on annealed C17000 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a
function of aging temperature. If this parameter was not specified, elongation is plotted on the
y-axis. data are presented in Table 9.32. Product, where specified, was
All in strip form. (N.S. in
legend for References 9.3 and 9.49 indicates not specified.)
9-99
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17000: Annealed Tensile Elongation vs. Aging
and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)
50 r|
295 K
40
c
o
\J
® 30
a
AGING
Z REF. TEMP.. K
o
o 2 588.
< 6 2 630.
O 20 o 2 602.
Z 9 2 616.
o 3
49
N.S.
N.S.
10
0^ 4 6 10
AGING TIME, h
Figure 9.47. Elongation measurements on annealed C17000 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a
function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, elongation is plotted on the y-axis. All
data are presented in Table 9.32. Product, where specified, was in strip form. (N.S. in legend for
References 9.3 and 9.49 indicates not specified.)
9-100
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Measurements of the elongation of cold- All measurements are reported in Table 9.33,
Table 9.33. Elongation Dependence of Cold-worked C17000 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature
and Time (295 K).
p— 1
i
~ 1
9-101
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17000: Cold-worked Tensile Elongation vs. Aging
and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)
25
295 K
AGING
REF. CW. X TIME, H
20 2 11. 2.
2 21. 2.
2 11. 3.
2 21. 2.5
C 2 37. 2.
« o
u 3 11. N.S.
6 3 21. N.S.
a 15 o- 3 50. N.S.
• 5 11. N.S.
Z 5 11. 2.
o
6
<
r
I
O 10 6-
Figure 9.48. Elongation measurements on cold-worked C17000 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as
a function of aging temperature. If this parameter was not specified, elongation is plotted on the
y-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in
Table 9.33. Product was in strip form. (N.S in legend for Reference 9.3 indicates not specified.)
9-102
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
25
295 K AGING
REF. CW. X TEMP.. K
2 11. 588.
20
2 21. 588.
2 11. 630.
C f 2 11. 616.
9 m 2 21. 616.
%j
h- 2 11. 602.
a 15
f- 2 21. 602.
-f 2 37. 630.
2 37. 616.
o o
2 37. 588.
^ 6
3 11. N.S.
O I r - 1 o- 3 50. N.S.
• 589.
Z 10<!^
5
5
11.
11. N.S.
4 6 10
AGING TIME, h
Figure 9.49. Elongation measurements on cold-worked C17000 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as
a function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, elongation is plotted on the y-axis.
For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table
9.33. Product was in strip form. (N.S. in legend for Reference 9.3 indicates not specified.)
9-103
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS the reference number. The available characteriza-
tion of materials and measurements is given in
Measurements of the elongation of annealed Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties
C17200 beryllium copper between 20 and 300 K section. Figure 9.50 presents the elongation
were obtained from three sources (References measurements as a function of test temperature.
9.6, 9.7, and 9.9). Product was in bar form. Reference 9.10 presents measurements from
Gage lengths were 2, 3.2, and 5 cm for Refer- 93 to 293 K on the elongation of a 2.6-wt% beryl-
ences 9.6, 9.7, and 9.9, respectively. lium-copper alloy in an annealed condition.
These data exhibit an increase in elongation as
RESULTS the temperature decreases that is similar to the
trend shown by the data from Reference 9.7 in
All measurements are reported in Table 9.34, Figure 9.50.
which presents elongation, test temperature, and
Table 9.34. Elongation Dependence of Annealed C1 7200 Beryllium Copper upon Temperature
(20-300 K).
55.0 214 6
50.8 144
50.0 86
62.4 295 7
62.9 295 7
68.9 195 7
69.0 195 7
72.8 76 7
66.7 76 7
69.9 20 7
68.1 20 7
46.5 295 9
46.5 232 9
9-104
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
100
REI
• €
o 7
r
80
o
oo
O
o
u
o
2 60
•
<
• •
<
O 40
O
20
Figure 9.50. Elongation measurements of annealed C17200 beryllium copper are shown as a function of
test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are
presented in Table 9.34. Product was in bar form.
9-105
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS time, and the reference number. The available
characterization of materials and measurements is
Measurements of the elongation of cold- given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile prop-
worked C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K as a erties section. Figures 9.51 and 9.52 present the
function of aging temperature and time were elongation measurements as a function of tem-
obtained from 15 sources (References 9.2, 9.3, perature and time, respectively.
9.6, 9.11-9.15, 9.18-9.21, 9.51, 9.52, and 9.54). As exp)ected, elongation correlates inversely
Products were in wire, sheet, strip, bar, and plate with yield strength. Thus, minima of elongation
form. Reported aging temperatures ranged from vs. temperature and time in Figures 9.51 and 9.52
293 to 763 K; aging times from 0.067 to 5 h. (References 9.14, 9.15 and 9.51) correspond to
Gage lengths, where specified, were 2 and 5 cm. maxima in yield strength in Figures 9.7 and 9.8.
RESULTS
Table 9.35. Elongation Dependence of Annealed C17200 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature and
Time (295 K).
9-106
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
ClOliyctllUili Aninn
% TAmrvArAtijrA Tim© No.
K h
J.UUU o
c.
9-107
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
50
AGING AGING
REF. TIME. H REF. TIME, H
< 2
295 K
3. 51 1.
2 2. 51 0.92
3 2. 4- 51 0.67.
40
o 6 1.5 51 0.50
12 3. 52 3.
13 3. 54 2.
14 0.33
c
o 14 0.67
14 0.50
O 30 f 14 1.
a A 14 1.5
L 14 2.
z" A 15 1.
o A 15 0.80
»— A 15 3.
15 5.
O 20 0 18 3.
Z T 19 0.50
o 20 3.
> 21 2.
51 0.067
51 0.17
10 51 0.25 •-A-
L o
V
<J< «1
Figure 9.51. Elongation measurements on annealed C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a
function of aging temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure,
including all points from Reference 9.1 1. All data are presented in Table 9.35. Products were in
wire, sheet, strip, bar, and plate form.
9-108
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
50
295 K AGING
REF. TEMP., K
c^n
ADO
40 coo
V J
o 6 672.
12 588.
C D 13 588.
u 14 566.
A 15 373.
• 30 A 15 423.
A, 15 473.
15 518.
A 15 763.
A 15 633.
A 15 573.
< A 15 622.
O 20 15 588.
18 586.
T 19 644.
20 588.
> 21 588.
• 51 622.
10 52 588.
A 52 575.
• •A V •4 54 588.
<3
••• <
T
4 6 10
AGING TIME, h
Figure 9.52. Elongation measurements on anneaied C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a
function of aging time. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from tfie figure, including all
points from Reference 9.11. All data are presented in Table 9.35. Products were in wire, slieet,
9-109
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS ture, the aging temperature and time, and the
reference number. The available characterization
Measurements of the elongation of annealed of materials and measurements is given in Table
and aged C17200 beryllium copper between 20 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section.
and 300 K were obtained from four sources (Ref- Figure 9.53 presents the elongation measureme-
erences 9.6, 9.11, 9.12, and 9.19). Products were nts as a function of test temperature.
In sheet and bar form (not specified in Reference Reference 9.10 presents measurements from
9.12). Gage lengths were 2 cm (References 9.6 93 to 293 K on the elongation of a 2.6-wt% beryl-
and 9.12), 5 cm (Reference 9.19) or not specified lium-copper alloy in an aged condition. These
(Reference 9.11). data exhibit a slight increase in elongation as the
temperature decreases that is similar to the trend
RESULTS shown in Figure 9.53.
Table 9.36. Elongation Dependence of Annealed and Aged Cl 7200 Beryllium Copper upon
Temperature (20-300 K).
9-110
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
50
AGING
REF. TEMP., K
0 6 672.
6 6 588.
• 588.
40 1
12 588. SMOOTH
19 644.
c
0)
u
i 30
<
O 20
10
Figure 9.53. Elongation measurements of annealed and aged C17200 beryllium copper are shown as a
function of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All
data are presented in Table 9.36. Products were in sheet and bar form (not specified in Reference
9.12).
9-111
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Measurements of the elongation of cold- All measurements are reported in Table 9.37.
worked C17200 beryllium copper between 20 and which presents elongation, test temperature, CW
300 K were obtained from five sources (Refer- (reduction in thickness or area in percent), and
ences 9.6, 9.7, 9.9, 9.25, and 9.26). Data from the reference number. (The percent of CW could
Reference 9.27 at 295 K only are presented for not be determined from Reference 9.26: was
it
comparison because measurements were made 21% if the material was rolled or 37% if it was
for varying amounts of cold work, CW. Products drawn.) The available characterization of mater-
were in sheet, strip, and bar form (not specified in ials and measurements is given in Table 9.57 at
Reference 9.26). Gage lengths were 2 cm (Refer- the end of the tensile properties section. Figure
ences 9.6 and 9.26), 3.2 cm (Reference 9.7) or 5 9.54 presents the elongation measurements as a
cm (References 9.9, 9.26, and 9.27). function of test temperature.
Table 9.37. Elongation Dependence of Cold-worked C17200 Beryllium Copper upon Temperature
(20-300 K).
% Temperature, % No.
K
20.0 88 33 6
20.0 144 33 6
16.0 300 33 5
39.0 20 21 25
42.0 20 21 25
44.0 20 21 25
45.0 20 21 25
46.0 20 21 25
31.0 76 21 25
40.0 76 21 25
43.0 76 21 25
— 14.0 195
195
21 25
20.0 21 25
15.0 300 21 25
16.0 300 21 25
19.6 295 37 7
18.8 295 37 7
23.7 195 37 7
22.1 195 37 7
31.5 76 37 7
30.5 76 37 7
31.4 20 37 7
31.4 20 37 7
13.0 300 N.S. 26
12.0 300 N.S. 26
12.0 300 N.S. 26
14.0 300 N.S. 26
22.0 77 N.S. 26
19.0 77 N.S. 26
21.0 77 N.S. 26
21.0 77 N.S. 26
26.0 20 N.S. 26
9-112
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
21.0 20 N.S. 26
20.0 20 N.S. 26
19.0 20 N.S. 26
20.0 20 N.S. 26
11.0 295 60 9
11.5 232 60 9
23.0 295 11 27
14.0 295 21 27
6.0 295 37 27
9-113
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17200: Cold-worked Tensile Elongation vs.
Temperature (20-300 K)
50
REF. CW. %
o
o • 6 33.
o
o 7 37.
9 60.
40 -o-
0 25 21.
26 N.S.
A 27 11.
A 27 21.
27 37.
0)
u
k.
o 30
a
Z
o
< 20
o
z
o
10
Figure 9.54. Elongation measurements of cold-worked C17200 beryllium copper are shown as a
function of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from tfie figure. All
data are presented In Table 9.37. Products were in sheet, strip, and bar form (not specified in
Reference 9.26).
9-114
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Measurements of the elongation of cold- All measurements are reported in Table 9.38,
worked Cl 7200 beryllium copper at 295 K as a which presents elongation, CW (reduction in thic-
function of aging temperature and time were kness or area in percent), aging temperature and
obtained from 18 sources (References 9.2, 9.3, time, and the reference number. The available
9.13-9.15, 9.18, 9.19, 9.21, 9.29,
9.5, 9.6. 9.9, characterization of materials and measurements is
9.31, 9.32, 9.52, 9.55, 9.57. and 9.58). Products given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile prop-
were In wire, sheet, strip, bar. and plate form. erties section. Figures 9.55 and 9.56 present the
Cold work. CW, ranged from 1 1 to 97% (reduc- elongation measurements as a function of aging
tion in thickness or area). CW was carried out temperature and time, respectively. Unspecified
before aging, except in the measurements report- values of temperature or time are plotted on the
ed Reference 9.55. Reported aging tempera-
in y-axis.
tures ranged from 297 to 748 K; aging times from As expected, elongation correlates inversely
0.25 to 5 h. For proprietary reasons, some elon- with yield strength. Thus, minima of elongation
gation data were reported in References 9.3 and vs.temperature and time in Figures 9.55 and 9.56
9.5 without specifying aging temperatures and (References 9.14 and 9.15) correspond to maxi-
times. Gage lengths, where specified, ranged ma of yield strength in Figures 9.11 and 9.12.
from 2 to 5 cm except for Reference 9.32 [Elongation values reported in Reference 9.29 are
(25 cm). uniformly low due to the high level of CIV (97%).]
Table 9.38. Elongation Dependence of Cold-worked Cl 7200 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature
and Time (295 K).
9-115
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17200: Cold-worked Tensile Elongation vs. Aging
and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)
9-116
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
D lO n
D.O 1 1
O.D n
£\ cno
dU^ o
£.
o o
z.o ji o no n
£.
arm o
4.4 1 3.00
J. ^ 1
Kno
DU£ £.
9-117
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
25 ry-
295 K
20
w
e 15
a
Z
o
<
10
•i I
0^ 1 i
Figure 9.55. Elongation measurements on cold-worked C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as
a function of aging temperature. If this parameter was not specified, elongation is plotted on the
y-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure, including all points from
References 9.6 and 9.55. All data are presented in Table 9.38. The legend for this graph is given
on the next page. Products were in wire, sheet, strip, bar, and plate form. (N.S. in legend for
References 9.3 and 9.5 indicates not specified.) The values from Reference 9.29 for room-tempera-
ture (297-K) aging are presented for comparison with values for higher aging temperatures.
9-118
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
AGING
REF. CW, X TIME H
1 11
IVI Urn g
2 11. 2.
k 2 11. 2.5
2 21. 2.
2 11. 3.
A 2 37. 2.
A 2 21. 2.5
< 3 37. N.S.
3 11. 2.
<- 3 21. 2.
5 11. N.S.
> 5 21. N.S.
< 9 60. 2.
m 13 37. 3.
a 14 15. 0.33
6 14 15. 0.50
a- 14 15. 1.
q 14 15. 2.
- 14 15. 1.5
A 15 21. 1.
i 15 34. 0.25
15 34. 5.
15 34. 0.67
V 18 21. 2.
19 37. 0.33
o 21 18. 2.
6 21 50. 2.
• 29 97. 2.
o 31 37. 2.
A 32 37. 3.
52 37. 2.
i 52 21. 2.
55 50. 7.
55 90. 7.
57 21. 1.5
T 58 30. 2.
9-119
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
25 r|-
AGING AGING
REF. CW. % TEMP., K REF. CW. X TEMP.. K
295 K
2 11. 586. 1 15 21. 423.
2 11. 630. 15 34. 633.
20 2 11. 616. 15 21. 573. -
4 2 21. 602. 15 17. 588.
A 2 11. 602. 19 37. 644.
< 3 37. N.S. O 21 18. 588.
c 3 11. 588. 21 39. 588.
0>
u <- 3 21. 588. 29 97. 297.
» > 5 11. N.S. 29 97. 591.
"
15
a 5 21. N.S. •- 29 97. 452.
•4 9 60. 575. t 29 97. 647.
Z 14 15. 566. o
A
31 37. 588.
15 21. 748. 32 37. 594.
q
I— i 1
52 37. 588.
566 K 55 575.
< 55
50.
90. 575. _
o 10 4-
0 57 573.
z 21.
o
\
\
DO o
I
-A-
<1
O
4
O-
6
•
0^ 10
AGING TIME, h
Figure 9.56. Elongation measurements on cold-worked CI 7200 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as
a function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, elongation is plotted on the /-axis.
For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure, including all points from References
9.6, 9.18, and 9.58. All data are presented in Table 9.38. Products were in wire, sheet, strip, bar,
and plate form. (N.S. in legend for References 9.3 and 9.5 indicates not specified.) The values
from Reference 9.29 for room-temperature (297-K) aging are presented for comparison with values
for higher aging temperatures.
9-120
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS cent of cold work (reduction In thickness or area),
aging temperature and time, and the reference
Measurements of the elongation of cold- number. The available characterization of materi-
worked and aged C17200 beryllium copper be- als and measurements is given in Table 9.57 at
tween 48 and 300 K were obtained from four the end of the tensile properties section. Figure
sources (References 9.6, 9.9, 9.19, and 9.51). 9.57 presents the elongation measurements as a
Products were in sheet and bar form (not speci- function of test temperature.
fied in Reference 9.51). Gage lengths were 2 cm
(Reference 9.6), 5 cm (References 9.9 and 9.19),
or not specified (Reference 9.51).
RESULTS
Table 9.39. Elongation Dependence of Cold-worked and Aged C17200 Beryllium Copper upon
Temperature (48-300 K).
9-121
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17200: Cold-worked Tensile Elongation vs.
and Aged Temperature (48-300 K)
50
AGING
REF. CW. % TEMP.. K
o 6 33. 588.
9 60. 575.
40 19 37. 644.
• 51 N.S. N.S.
q) 30
a
Z
o
< 20
o
z
o
10
o o
Figure 9.57. Elongation measurements of cold-worked and aged CI 7200 beryllium copper are shown as
a function of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All
data are presented in Table 9.39. Products were in sheet and bar form (not specified in Reference
9.51).
9-122
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Measurements of the elongation of annealed All measurements are reported in Table 9.40,
CI 7500 beryllium copper at 295 K as a function which presents the elongation, the aging temper-
of aging temperature and time were obtained ature and time, and the reference number. The
from tfiree sources (References 9.3, 9.12, and available characterization of materials and mea-
9.36). Product was in strip form (Reference 9.3) surements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the
or not specified (References 9.12 and 9.36). Re- tensile properties section. Figures 9.58 and 9.59
ported aging temperatures ranged from 727 to present the elongation measurements as a func-
755 K; aging times ranged from 0.13 to 8 h. tion of aging temperature and time, respectively.
Gage lengths were 2 cm (Reference 9.12) and 5
cm (Reference 9.3). Since the original data
pointswere not presented in Reference 9.36, data
were extracted from the curves at appropriate
inten/als.
Table 9.40. Elongation Dependence of Annealed CI 7500 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature and
Time (295 K).
9-123
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
50
295K
40
AGING
c REF. TIME. H
o
u 3 3.
k.
• 30 12 8.
UL 36 0.13
36 0.50
z - 36 2.
o 36 6.
I—
<
O 20
z
o
10
Figure 9.58. Elongation measurements on annealed C1 7500 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a
function of aging temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from tiie figure. All
data are presented in Table 9.40. Product was in strip form (Reference 9.3) or not specified
(References 9.12 and 9.36).
9-124
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
50
295 K
40
AGING
R EF. T EMP.. K
o 3 755.
• 12 727.
36 753.
\
1
—— ^1
"—J — c
•
>
— ^1
K
1
UJ (
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
AGING TIME, h
Figure 9.59. Elongation measurements on annealed CI 7500 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a
function of aging time. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are
presented in Table 9.40. Product was in strip form (Reference 9.3) or not specified (References
9.12 and 9.36).
9-125
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Measurements of the elongation of annealed All measurements are reported in Table 9.41
and aged, cold-worked, and cold-worked and which presents elongation, test temperature, per-
aged C17500 beryllium copper between 20 and cent of cold work (reduction in thickness or area),
300 K were obtained from three sources (Ref- aging temperature and time, and the reference
erences 9.6, 9.12, and 9.25). Measurements from number. The available characterization of materi-
Reference 9.38 on cold-worked material at 295 K als and measurements is given in Table 9.57 at
only are presented for comparison. Products the end of the tensile properties section. Figure
were in sheet and bar form (not specified in Ref- 9.60 presents the elongation measurements as a
erences 9.12 and 9.38). Gage lengths were 2 cm function of test temperature.
(References 9.6 and 9.12) or 5 cm (References
9.25 and 9.38).
Table 9.41. Elongation Dependence of Annealed and Aged, Cold-worked, and Cold-worked and Aged
CI 7500 Beryllium Copper upon Temperature (20-300 K).
15.2 66 33 755 2 6
21.0 77 0 727 6 12
25.0 20 0 727 8 12
24.0 20 0 727 8 12
47.0 20 21 0 0 25
49.0 20 21 0 0 25
30.0 76 21 0 0 25
32.0 76 21 0 0 . 25
16.0 195 21 0 0 25
21.0 195 21 0 0 25
10.0 300 21 0 0 25
10.0 300 21 0 0 25
8.0 295 50 0 38
9-126
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17500: Annealed and Aged; Cold-worked; Tensile Elongation vs.
Cold-worked and Aged Temperature (20-300 K)
50
AGING
REF. CW. X TEMP.. K
• 6 33. 755.
o 12 0. 727. SMOOTH
40 25 21. ANNEALED
38 50. ANNEALED
O
w
I.
O 30
CL
<
O 20
10
Figure 9.60. Elongation measurements of anneaied and aged, cold-worl<ed, and cold-worl<ed and aged
C17500 beryllium copper are shown as a function of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data
points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.41 Products were in sheet
.
9-127
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS ence 9.36, data were extracted from the curves at
appropriate intervals.
Measurements of the elongation of cold-
worked C17500 beryllium copper at 295 K as a RESULTS
function of aging temperature and time were
obtained from four sources (References 9.3, 9.6, All measurements are reported in Table 9.42,
9.36, and 9.38). Products were in bar (Reference which presents elongation, CW (reduction in thic-
9.6) and strip form (Reference 9.3) or not speci- kness or area in percent), aging temperature and
fied (Reference 9.36 and 9.38). Cold work, CW, time, and the reference number. The available
(carried out before aging) ranged from 3 to 50% characterization of materials and measurements is
(reduction in Reported aging
thickness or area). given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile prop-
temperatures ranged from 723 to 755 K; aging erties section. Figures 9.61 and 9.62 present the
times ranged from 0.13 to 8 h. Gage lengths elongation measurements as a function of aging
were 2 cm (Reference 9.6) and 5 cm. Since the temperature and time, respectively.
original data points were not presented in Refer-
Table 9.42. Elongation Dependence of Cold-worked C17500 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature
and Time (295 K).
9-128
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
25
AGING
REF. CW. X TIME. H
295 K
3 3. 3.
3 11. 2.
20 • 6 33. 2.
36 N.S. 0.50
36 N.S. 1.
- 36 N.S. 2.
C 36 N.S. 3.
-D 36 N.S. 4.
6- 36 N.S. 8.
15 -O T-
o 38 50. 2.5
6 38 50. 3.
o- 38 50. 0.75
A
o-
<
z
-9
-Q
—
o
_l
6-
til
Figure 9.61. Elongation measurements on cold-worked C17500 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as
a function of aging temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure.
Alldata are presented in Table 9.42. Products were in bar (Reference 9.6) and strip form (Ref-
erence 9.3), or not specified (Reference 9.38).
9-129
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
25
295 K
20
AGING
REF. CW, % TEMP.. K
c 3 3. 755.
o
w 3 11. 755.
b
« 6 33. 755.
a 15 36 N.S. 753.
38 50. 723.
Z
o o
< a
o 10
"0--. 753 K
Ql 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 '
0 2 4 6 8 10
AGING TIME, h
Figure 9.62. Elongation measurements on colcl-worl<ed C17500 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as
a function of aging time. All data are presented in Table 9.42. Products were in bar (Reference
9.6) and strip form (Reference 9.3), or not specified (Reference 9.38).
9-130
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Measurements of the tensile elongation of All measurements are reported in Table 9.43,
annealed C17510 beryllium copper at 295 K as a which presents elongation, aging time, and the
function of aging time were obtained from two reference number. The available characterization
sources (References 9.36 and 9.40). Product was of materials and measurements is given in Table
in strip form (Reference 9.40) or was not specified 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section.
(Reference 9.36). Aging temperature was 753 K Figure 9.63 presents the elongation measure-
(Reference 9.36) or not specified (Reference ments as a function of aging time. Unspecified
9.40). Aging times ranged from 0.13 to 8 hi. values of time are plotted on the y-axis.
Since the original data points were not presented
in Reference 9.36, data were extracted from the
Table 9.43. Elongation Dependence of Annealed C17510 Beryllium Copper on Aging Time (295 K).
9-131
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
50rf
29: K >
40
C
« 0
w
w 1
« 30 1
a \
Z \
o \
<
O 20 —°\ » < »
< )
I 75 3 K
iT >
AQINC
REF. TEMP., K
10
0 36 753.
• 40 N.S.
of 4 6 10
AGING TIME, h
Figure 9.63. Elongation measurements on annealed C17510 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as a
function of aging time. If this parameter was not specified, elongation is plotted on the y-axis. All
data are presented in Table 9.43. Product was in strip form (Reference 9.40) or was not specified
(Reference 9.36). (N.S. in legend for Reference 9.40 indicates not specified.)
9-132
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
function of aging temperature and time were resultsfrom Reference 9.44 on this heat are pre-
obtained from six sources (References 9.36, 9.40, sented on pages 9-142 and 9-145 of this section.
and 9.46). Products were in strip
9.41, 9.43, 9.44,
and plate form (not specified in References 9.36 RESULTS
and 9.41). Cold work, CW, (carried out before
aging) ranged from 21 to 40% (reduction in thick- All measurements are reported in Table 9.44,
ness). Reported aging temperatures ranged from which presents elongation, CW (reduction in
727 to 838 K. Aging times ranged from 0.13 to thickness in percent), aging temperature and
8 h. Aging parameters were not specified in Ref- time, and the reference number. The available
erence 9.43. Gage lengths, where specified, were characterization of materials and measurements is
2 (Reference 9.43), 3.8 (Reference 9.44), and given In Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile prop-
5 cm (Reference 9.40)- Since the original data erties section. Figures 9.64 and 9.65 present the
points were not presented In Reference 9.36, data elongation measurements as a function of aging
were extracted from the curves at appropriate In- temperature and time, respectively. Unspecified
tervals. Data presented here from Reference 9.46 values of temperature or time are plotted on the
Include tensile measurements at 295 K from a y-axis.
commercial supplier, Princeton Plasma Physics
Table 9.44. Elongation Dependence of Cold-worked C17510 Beryllium Copper on Aging Temperature
and Time (295 K).
9-133
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
25
AGING
REF. CW. X TIME. H
295 K 36 N.S. 0.50
i 36 N.S. 1.
20 \ 36 N.S. 2.
t 36 N.S. 3.
A 36 N.S. 8.
a 40 21. 8.
C • 41 40. 3.
w o 43 37. N.S.
44 37. 2.
«
a 15 V 46A 37. 2.
Figure 9.64. Elongation measurements on cold-worked C17510 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as
a function of aging temperature. If this parameter was not specified, elongation Is plotted on the
/-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented In
Table 9.44. Products were in strip and plate form (not specified in References 9.36 and 9.41).
9-134
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
25 fir
AGING
REF. CW. X TEMP., K
< $1
753 K
z — Ik
9
o
4 6 10
AGING TIME, h
Figure 9.65. Elongation measurements on colcl-worl<ed C17510 beryllium copper at 295 K are shown as
a function of aging time.parameter was not specified, elongation is plotted on the y-axis.
If this
For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table
9.44. Products were in strip and plate form (not specified In References 9.36 and 9.41). (N.S. in
legend for References 9.43 and 9.46 indicates not specified.)
9-135
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS cent of CIV (reduction in thickness), aging tempe-
RESULTS
Table 9.45. Elongation Dependence of Cold-worked and Aged C17510 Beryllium Copper upon
Temperature (4-295 K).
9-136
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17510: Cold-worked Tensile Elongation vs.
and Aged Temperature (4-295 K)
50
>kGING
40
c
0)
u
0)
a 30
Z
o
<
O 20
•
O •
•
•
10 •
•
Figure 9.66. Elongation measurements of cold-worked and aged C17510 beryllium copper are shown as
a function of test temperature. All data are presented in Table 9.45. Product was in plate form.
9-137
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS ature, aging temperature and time, and the refer-
ence number. The available characterization of
Measurements of the reduction of area of materials and measurements is given in Table
annealed and aged CI 7000 beryllium copper 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section.
from 20 to 290 K were obtained from Reference Figure 9.67 presents the reduction of area mea-
9.49. Product form was not specified. surements as a function of test temperature.
The trend of a small decrease in reduction
RESULTS of area as the temperature is decreased is in
agreement with results on C10100-C10400 cop-
All measurements are reported in Table 9.46, per (Reference 9.44).
which presents the reduction of area, test temper-
Table 9.46.Reduction of Area Dependence of Annealed and Aged CI 7000 Beryllium Copper upon
Temperature (20-295 K).
9-138
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
100
A GING
REF TEKIP.. K
• 49 f4.S.
80
c
w
o •
a •
•
< 60
UJ
<
o
z 40
o
u
3
O
Ul
0^
20
Figure 9.67. Reduction of area measurements of annealed and aged C17000 beryllium copper are
shown as a function of test temperature. All data are presented in Table 9.59. Product form was
not specified.
9-139
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS ature,and the reference number. The available
characterization of materialsand measurements is
Measurements of the reduction of area of given in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile prop-
annealed C17200 beryllium copper between 20 erties section. Figure 9.68 presents the reduction
and 300 K were obtained from three sources of area measurements as a function of test tem-
(References 9.6, 9.7, and 9.9). Product was in perature.
bar form. Reference 9.10 presents measurements from
93 to 293 K on the reduction of area of a
RESULTS 2.6-wt% beryllium-copper alloy in an annealed
condition. These data exhibit an increase in re-
All measurements are reported in Table 9.47, duction of area as the temperature decreases that
which presents the reduction of area, test temper- is similar to the trend shown in Figure 9.68.
Table 9.47. Reduction of Area Dependence of Annealed C1 7200 Beryllium Copper upon Temperature
(20-300 K).
74.5 214 6
75.0 144 6
68.5 88 6
79.7 295 7
79.4 295 7
77.6 195 7
80.5 195 7
75.7 76 7
69.9 76 7
71.0 20 7
68.5 20 7
58.5 295 9
59.0 232 9
9-140
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17200: Annealed Tensile Reduction of Area vs.
Temperature (20-300 K)
100 1
REF.
• 6
o 7
9
80 o- o
o
c O
o • • <
u
oo
O
0) •
a
<
UJ
60
<
O
z 40
o
u
o
20
Figure 9.68. Reduction of area measurements of annealed C17200 beryllium copper are shown as a
function of test temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All
data are presented in Table 9.47. Product was in tDar form.
9-141
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17200: Annealed Tensile Reduction of Area vs.
and Aged Aging Temperature, Time (295 K)
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS and time, and the reference number. The avail-
able characterization of materials and measure-
Measurements of the reduction of area of ments Is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the
annealed C1 7200 beryllium copper at 295 K as a tensile properties section. Figures 9.69 and 9.70
function of aging time and temperature were present the reduction of area measurements as a
obtained from four sources (References 9.6, 9.12, function of temperature and time, respectively.
9.13, and 9.20). Products were In t>ar and plate Although the range of aging temperatures
form, or not specified (Reference 9.12). Reported and times reported Is rather narrow, the aging
aging temperatures were 588 and 672 K; aging temperature of 588 K and aging time of 3 h corre-
times were 1 .5 and 3 h. spond to optimum values for maximizing the yield
strength of annealed and aged CI 7200 beryllium
RESULTS copper (see Figures 9.7 and 9.8).
9-142
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
20
295 K
AGING
REF. TEMP.. K
16 6 672.
c 6 568.
« 12 588.
u 13 568.
0 20 586.
a
12
<
Z
o
I—
u
a
Figure 9.69. Reduction of area measurements for annealed C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K are
sliown as a function of aging temperature. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the
figure. All data are presented in Table 9.48. Products were in bar and plate form, or not specified
(Reference 9.12).
9-143
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
20
2^?5 K
16
c
o
w
•
a
<
UJ
12 < 1
< >
UL
O 1 1
' 1
t
1
I—
11
1
\
AGING 1
[
REF. TIME, H
a • 6 1.5
6 3.
o 12 3.
13 3.
20 3.
2 3
AGING TIME, h
Figure 9.70. Reduction of area measurements for annealed C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K are
shown as a function of aging time. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure.
All data are presented in Table 9.48. Products were in bar and plate form, or not specified
(Reference 9.12).
9-144
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Table 9.49. Reduction of Area Dependence of Annealed and Aged CI 7200 Beryllium Copper upon
Temperature (77-300 K).
9-145
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
CI 7200: Annealed Tensile Reduction of Area vs.
and Aged Temperature (77-300 K)
50
AGING
REF. TEMP., K
• 6 672.
4 6 588.
40 O 12 588. SMOOTH
c
a
<
LU
30
<
O
z 20
o
u
3
O
LU
10
Figure 9.71. Reduction of area measurements of annealed and aged CI 7200 beryllium copper are
sliown as a function of test temperature. A duplicate value from Reference 9.12 at 299 K is omitted
from the figure. All data are presented in Table 9.49. Product was in bar form (Reference 9.6) or
not specified (Reference 9.12).
9-146
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
20 and 300 K were obtained from four sources or 37% If it was drawn.) The available character-
(References 9.6, 9.7, 9.9, and 9.26). Data from ization of materials and measurements is given In
Reference 9.27 at 295 K only are presented for Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties
comparison because measurements were made section. Figure 9.72 presents the reduction of
for varying amounts of cold work, CW. Products area measurements as a function of test tempera-
were in strip and bar form (not specified in Refer- ture.
ence 9.26).
RESULTS
Table 9.50. Reduction of Area Dependence of Cold-worked C17200 Beryllium Copper upon
Temperature (20-300 K).
49.0 144 33 6
57.0 300 33 6
66.0 295 37 7
68.0 295 37 7
69.6 195 37 7
70.1 195 37 7
66.1 76 37 7
65.8 76 37 7
60.0 20 37 7
60.0 20 37 7
70.0 300 N.S. 26
68.0 300 N.S. 26
71.0 300 N.S. 26
71.0 300 N.S. 26
67.0 77 N.S. 26
68.0 77 N.S. 26
67.0 77 N.S. 26
68.0 77 N.S. 26
64.0 20 N.S. 26
55.0 20 N.S. 26
53.0 20 N.S. 26
59.0 20 N.S. 26
60.0 20 N.S. 26
42.5 295 60 9
41.5 232 60 9
86.0 295 0 27
56.0 295 11 27
46.0 295 21 27
24.0 295 37 27
9-147
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17200: Cold-worked Tensile Reduction of Area
vs. Temperature (20-300 K)
100
80
c
o
4) Oil
CL
<
LU
60
<
O
z 40
o
REF. CW. X
u
3 • 6 33.
Q
LU
0 7 37.
9 60.
20 26 N.S.
27 0.
1 27 11.
27 21.
27 37.
Figure 9.72. Reduction of area measurements of cold-worked CI 7200 beryllium copper are shown as a
function of test temperature. All data are presented in Table 9.50. Products were in strip and bar
9-148
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Table 9.51. Reduction of Area Dependence of Cold-worked C17200 Beryllium Copper on Aging
Temperature and Time (295 K).
9-149
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
60
295 K
C 50
•
u
a.
AGING
40 REF. CW. X TIME, H
• 6 33. 2.
o
< 9
31
60.
33.
2.
2.
30 32 37. 3.
O A 57 21. 1.5
z A 58 30. 2.
o
u 20
O
10
Figure 9.73. Reduction of area measurements for cold-worked C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K are
shown as a function of aging temperature. All data are presented in Table 9.51. Products were in
wire and bar form.
9-150
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
60
29 5 K
S 50
AQIN G
REF. CW. X TEMP.. K
* 40
• 6 . 33. 568.
> 9 60. 575.
31 35. 586.
O-O
31 33. 588.
32 37. 594.
O 30
57 21. 573
58 30. 593
U 20 cp 1
3
O c>
( 1
i
4
1 1
10
ii
1 1
2 3
AGING TIME, h
Figure 9.74, Reduction of area measurements on cold-worked C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K are
shown as a function of aging time. All data are presented in Table 9.51. Products were in wire and
bar form.
9-151
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS ature, percent of cold work (reduction in area),
RESULTS
Table 9.52. Reduction of Area Dependence of Cold-worked and Aged CI 7200 Beryllium Copper upon
Temperature (48-300 K).
9-152
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
50
AGING
REF. CW. X TEMP.. K
o 6 33. 588.
9 60. 575.
40 -• 51 N.S. N.S.
C
u
a
< 30
LU
O
z 20
o
u
3
O
LU
10
Figure 9.75. Reduction of area measurements of cold-worked and aged CI 7200 beryllium copper are
shown as a function of test temperature. All data are presented in Table 9.52. Product was In bar
form (not specified in Reference 9.51).
9-153
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS temperature and time, and the reference number.
The available characterization of materials and
A limited amount on the reduction
of data of measurements is given in Table 9.57 at the end of
area of annealed Cl 7500 beryllium copper at the tensile properties section.
295 K was obtained from Reference 9.12. Pro-
duct form was not specified. Measurements were
reported on material aged at 727 K for 8 h.
RESULTS
Table 9.53. Reduction of Area Dependence of Annealed C17500 Beryllium Copper on Aging
Temperature and Time (295 K).
30.0 727 6 12
37.5 727 8 12
9-154
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS ature, percent of cold work (reduction in area),
RESULTS
Table 9.54. Reduction of Area Dependence of Annealed and Aged, and Cold-worked and Aged C17500
Beryllium Copper upon Temperature (20-300 K).
22.0 33 755 2 6
23.0 33 755 2 6
23.5 33 755 2 6
24.0 33 755 2 6
30.0 0 727 8 12
37.5 0 727 8 12
44.0 0 727 8 12
43.5 0 727 8 12
48.5 0 727 e 12
41.0 0 727 8 12
41.0 0 727 8 12
42.5 0 727 8 12
9-155
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17500: Annealed and Aged; Tensile Reduction ot Area vs.
Cold-worked and Aged Temperature (4-295 K)
50
o
o
o
o
40
c
u
a
< 30
UJ
<
O
z 20
o
u
3
O
LU
10 AGING
REF. CW. X TEMP.. K
6 33. 755.
o 12 0. 727. SMOOTH
Figure 9.76. Reduction of area measurements of annealed and aged, and cold-worked and aged
Cl 7500 beryllium copper are shown as a function of test temperature. All data are presented in
Table 9.54. Product was in bar form (Reference 9.6) or not specified (Reference 9.12).
9-156
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
A limited amount of data on the reduction of The measurements are reported in Table
area of cold-worked C17500 beryllium copper at 9.55, which presents the reduction of area, per-
295 K was obtained from References 9.6 and cent of CIV (reduction in area), aging temperature
9.39. Product was in bar form. Cdd work, CW, and time, and the reference number. The avail-
was 33% (reduction area, Reference 9.6) or 65% able characterization of materials and measure-
(type not specified. Reference 9.39). CW was ments is given in Table 9.57 at the end of the
carried out before aging. Aging conditions were tensile properties section.
755 K, 2 fi (Reference 9.6) or not specified (Refer-
ence 9.39).
Table 9.55. Reduction of Area Dependence of Cold-worked CI 7500 Beryllium Copper on Aging
Temperature and Time (295 K).
24 33 755 2 6
63 65 N.S. N.S. 39
48 65 N.S. N.S. 39
9-157
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS ature, percent of cold work (reduction in thick-
ness), aging temperature and time, and the refer-
Measurements of the reduction of area of ence number. The available characterization of
cold-worked and aged C17510 beryllium copper materials and measurements is given in Table
from 4 to 295 K were obtained from Reference 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties section.
9.44. Product was in plate form. Figure 9.77 presents the reduction of area mea-
surements as a function of test temperature.
RESULTS
Table 9.56. Reduction of Area Dependence of Cold-worked and Aged C17510 Beryllium Copper upon
Temperature (4-295 K).
9-158
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17510: Cold-worked Tensile Reduction of Area
and Aged vs. Temperature (4-295 K)
100
AGING
REF. CW. X TEMP., K
44 37. 755.
80
C
o
w
a
<
LU
60
<
Z 40
o
u
Q
20
Figure 9.77. Reduction of area measurements of cold-worked and aged CI 7510 beryllium copper are
shown as a function of test temperature. All data are presented in Table 9.56. Product was in plate
form.
9-159
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
1000
140
r 1if7 2
^ ^C
AN NEA LED
120
800
20 K
- 100
76 K
O 600
80 ^
*/>
95 K UJ
60
to
400
295 i
- 40
200
- 20
STRAIN
Figure 9.78. Stress-strain curves at four temperatures for annealed C17200 beryllium copper bar are
shown. Reference 9.7 is the source of these data.
9-160
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
STRAIN
Figure 9.79. Stress-strain curves at four temperatures for 37% cold-worked C17200 beryllium copper bar
are shown. Reference 9.7 is the source of these data.
9-161
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS is the source of these data. The available charac-
terization of materials and measurements is given
Stress-Strain curves at 4, 76, and 295 K for in Table 9.57 at the end of the tensile properties
37% cold-rolled and aged C17510 beryllium cop- section. Measurements were displacement-con-
per are presented in Figure 9.80. Reference 9.44 trolled.
STRAIN
Figure 9.80. Stress-strain curves at three temperatures for cold-worked and aged CI 7510 beryllium
copper plate are shown. Reference 9.44 is the source of these data.
9-162
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Reference No. 1A IB 1C ID
Composition (wt%)
Cu > 98.37 > 98.37 > 97.86 > 97.86
Cu + Ag
Be 1.57 1.57, 2.08 2.08
Ni
Co
Ni + Co — — — —
Ni + Fe + Co
Al — — — —
rt?
SI
Otiiers < 0.06 impurities < 0.06 impurities < 0.06 impurities < 0.06 impurities
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
1073 K, 3 h 3 h
ProHijf^t Fnrm
niwuuwi r Willi Rtrio
wii tfjf Rtrio Strip,
0.32-cm-thick 0.32-cm-thick 0.32-cm-thick 0.32-cm-thick
Strain or Load Rate 0.012 cm/min 0.012 cm/min 0.012 cm/min 0.012 cm/min
(crosshead) (crosshead) (crosshead) (crosshead)
No. of Specimens
Test Temperature 77. 175, 293 K 77, 175, 293 K 77, 175, 293 K 77, 175, 293 K
9-164
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
2A 2B 2C 2D 2E
(a) Sn: < 0.01; Pb: 0.002; Zn: < 0.03; Cr: 0.005; IVIn: 0.005.
(b) Sn: 0.02; Pb: 0.003; Zn: 0.051; Cr: 0.002; Mn: 0.002.
(c) Aged: 588-630 K; 2-3 h.
9-165
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Reference No. 2F 2G 2H 21
Composition (wt%)
Cu 97.78 > 97.49 > 97.36 > 97.20
Cu + Ag 97.79 > 97.50 > 97.38 > 97.22
OG i.fU l.Ol 1
1
Qti
.90 O AO
Kli
INI U.U1 U.Ul O.OZ
Co 0.20 0.30 0.26 0.26
Ni + Co
INI + re + uo
Al 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.05
Fe 0.11 0.15 0.14 0.14
Si 0.07 0.13 0.11 0.17
Others (a) (c) (d) (e)
Material Condition Cold-rolled, 11% Aged, 58&-616 K, Aged, 588-616 K, Aged. 588-616 K.
21%, 37%, then 3 h; 630 K, 2 h 3 h; 630 K, 2 h 3 h, 630 K, 2 h
aged (b)
No. of Specimens
(a) Sn: 0.02; Pb: 0.003; Zn: 0.051; Cr: 0.002; Mn: 0.002.
(b) Aged: 588-630 K; 2-3 h.
(c) Sn: 0.01; Pb: 0.001; Zn: < 0.03; Cr: 0.003; Mn: 0.003.
(d) Sn: 0.03; Pb: 0.001; Zn: < 0.03; Cr: 0.005, Mn: 0.008.
(e) Sn: 0.01; Pb: 0.001; Zn: < 0.03; Cr: 0.005; Mn: 0.008.
9-166
, 9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
2J 2K 2L 3A 3B
Cold-rolled, 11%, Cold-rolled, 11%, Cold-rolled, 11%, Aged (f) Gold-rolled, 11%,
21%, 37%, then 21%, 37%, then 21%, 37%, then 21%, 50%, then
aged (b) aged (b) aged (b) aged (f)
(a) Sn: 0.01; Pb: 0.001; Zn: < 0.03; Cr: 0.003; Mn: 0.003.
(b) Aged: 588-630 K; 2-3 h.
(c) Sn: 0.03; Pb: 0.001; Zn: < 0.03; Cr: 0.005; Mn: 0.008.
(d) Sn: 0.01; Pb: 0.001; Zn: < 0.03; Cr: 0.005; Mn: 0.008.
(e) Sn: 0.015; Zn: < 0.01; Cr: < 0.015; Pb: < 0.05.
(f) Aging conditions considered proprietary.
(g) Longitudinal and transverse orientations.
(h) Ultimate tensile strength and tensile elongation measurements obtained using 1.27-cm-wide specimens, tensile yield
strength obtained using 0.64-cm-wide specimens.
9-167
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
ou or
Composition (wt%)
Cu Balance Balance Balance Balance
Cu + Ag — — — —
Be 1.8-2.0 1.8-2.0 1.8-2.0 0.40-0.70
Ni 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Co 0.25 0.25 0.25 2.5
NI + Co 0.26 0.26 0.26 2.51
Ni + Fe + Co 0.36 0.36 0.36 2.56
Al 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.01
Fe 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.05
n nA
u<uo u.uo u.uo U.UO
Others (a) (a) (a) (e)
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
Material Condition Aged, 588 K, 2 h Cold-rolled, 11%, Cold-rolled, 37% Aged, 755 K, 3 h
21%, 37%, then 50%, then aged (d)
aged, 588 K, 2 h
Grain Size — — — —
Hardness — — — —
Product Form Strip Strip Strip Strip
Specimen Type Flat (b) Rat (b) Rat (b) Rat (b)
No. of Specimens
(a) Sn: 0.015; Zn: < 0.01; Cr: < 0.005; Pb: < 0.005.
(b) Longitudinal and transverse orientations.
(c) Ultimate tensile strength and tensile elongation measurements obtained using 1 .27-cm-wide specimens, tensile yield
strength obtained using 0.64-cm-wide specimens.
(d) Aging conditions considered proprietary.
(e) Sn: 0.005; Zn: < 0.01; Cr: < 0.005; Pb: < 0.005.
9-168
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
3G 4A 4B 4C 4D
0.05 — Mil — —
(a)
Cold-rolled, 3%, Aged (d) Cold-rolled, 37% Aged (d) Cold-rolled, 37%,
then aged, 755 K, then aged (d) then aged (d)
3 h (b)
(a) Sn: 0.005; Zn: < 0.01; Cr: < 0.005; Pb: < 0.005.
(b) Other specimens cold-rolled, 11%, then aged, 755 K, 2 h.
(c) Longitudinal and transverse orientations.
(d) Aging conditions not specified.
9-169
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Reference No. 4E 4F 4G 4H
Composition (wt%)
Cu Balance Balance Balance Balance
Cu + Ag
Be 2.4-2.7 2.4-2.7 0.20-0.60 0.20-0.60
Ni 1.4-2.20 1.4-2.20
Co 0.40-0.75 0.40-0.75
Ni + Co
Ni + Fe + Co I I
Al — — — —
Fe
Si — — — —
Others
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
Material Condition 1 Aged (a) Cold-rolled, 37% Aged (a) Cold-rolled, 37%,
then aged (a) then aged (a)
Grain Size
Morrlnpee
No. of Specimens _
Test Temperature 295 K 295 K 295 K 295 K
9-170
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All)
5A 5B 5C 5D 5E
z I I I
— — — — —
— — — — —
Cold-rolled, ii%, Cold-rolled, ii%, Cold-rolled, 11% Cold-rolled, 11% Cold-rolled, 21%
then aged, 589 K, then aged (a) then aged (a) then aged, 589 K, then aged (a)
2h 2h
— — — — —
— — — — —
Strip Strip Strip Strip Strip
9-171
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All)
Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged
Rdferencfi No 5F DCS
Composition (wt%)
Cu 97.92 97.86 97.56 97.56
Cu + Ag — — — —
Be 1.84 1.85 1.85 1.85
Ni 0.02 0.02
Co 0.24 0.29 0.28 0.28
Ni + Co — — —
Ni + Fe + Co — —
Al 0.02 0.02
Fe — — 0.12 0.12
Si 0.14 0.14
Others — — Sn: 0.01 Sn: 0.01
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
No. of Specimens
9-172
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All)
Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged
6C 6D 6E 7A 7B
(a) Grain size converted from ASTM number using ASTM standard El 12-85.
9-173
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All)
Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged
Reference No. 8A 8B 9A 9B
Composition (wt%)
Cu 97.63 97.63
Cu + Ag <
Grain Size
Round Round
Widtli or Dia. 0.45 cm 0.45 cm 0.95 cm 0.95 cm
Thlcl<ness 0.16 cm 0.16 cm
Gage Length 2.0 cm 2.0 cm 5.0 cm 5.0 cm
No. of Specimens
Test Temperature 215, 255, 303 K 215. 255, 303 K 232, 295 K 232, 295 K
9-174
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All)
Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged
Cold-drawn, 60%, Aged, 588 K, 3 h Aged, 588 K, 3 h Aged, 727 K, 8 h Aged, 588 K, 3 h
then aged, 575 K,
2h
— —
Brinell 375 FU 31-40 Rr 18-27
(crosshead) (crosshead)
12 15
(a) Smooth and notched specimens. Notch radius, 0.013 cm. Distance between notches, 0.45 cm.
(b) Prior to 0.2% offset, then at 0.25 cm/min.
(c) Percent nickel or cobalt, or both.
9-175
a BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Composition (wt%)
Cu 1 97.65
Cu + Ag 1
Be 1.8-2.05 1 1.86
Ni 0.2-0.6 (a) 1 — 0.01
Co 0.2-0.6 (a) 1 0.19
Ni + Co 1 \
— 0.20
INI T ro X 1 U.OD
A! — 1 — 0.02
Fe 1 [
0.16
Si — 1 — 0.07
1
;
Material Condition Cold-drawn, 37%, Aged, 566 K, Cold-rolled, 15%, Aged, 588-633 K,
then aged, 588 K, 0.33-2 h then aged, 561 K, 0.08-5 h
3h 0.33-2 h
No. of Specimens
9-176
—
Cold-rolled, 17%, Aged, 293-763 K, Cold-rolled, 21%, Aged, 573 K, 3 h Cold-drawn, 15%,
34%, then aged. 1 h then aged, then aged, 573 K,
588 K, 3 h 293-763 K, 1 h 3 h
30 /im 30 fim 30 75 ^m
Round Round
1 .28 cm 1 .28 cm
9-177
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All)
Composition (wt%)
Cu 97.75 97.40 97.35 97.59
Cu + Ag 97.42 97.37
Be 1.93 1.89 1.94 1.89
Ni 0.01 0.015 0.01
Co 0.19 0.29 0.27 0.24
Ni + Co — 0.30 0.285 0.25
Ni + Fe + Co 0.45 0.425 0.34
Al 0.02 0.06 . 0.09 0.06
Fa n
U. 14
H1
Material Condition Aged, 473 K, Aged, 388 K, 3 h Cold-rolled, 21%, Aged, 644 K,
0.5-167 h then aged, 588 K, 0.5 h
2 h
ir\
V'l
Prnriur^t
1 lUUUwl Form
1Willi Sheet,
0.16-cm-thick
No. of Specimens
9-178
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All)
Aged, 644 K, Cold-rolled, 37%, Cold-rolled, 37% Aged, 588 K, 3 h Aged, 588 K, 2 h
0.5 h then aged, 644 K, then aged, 644 K,
u.oo n U.oo n
Round Wire
0.8 cm 0.14-0.20 cm
(a) Grain size converted from grains/cm using ASTM standard El 12-85.
9-179
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All)
Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged
— 1
Composition (wt%)
Cu Balance 97.742 97.7 96.8
Cu + Ag
Be 1.81-1.86 1.95 1.9 0.51
Ni 0.01-0.03
Co 0.23-0.27 0.248 0.21 2.6
Ni + Co
Ni + Fe + Co — — —
Al 0.01-0.07
Fe 0.08-0.10 — 0.07 0.05
Si 0.06-0.09 0.08 0.05
Others Sn: 0.01 All others, 0.06
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
Material Condition Cold-drawn, 18%, Aged, 473-723 K, Cold-rolled, 21% Cold-rolled, 21%
39%, 50%, then times not given
aged (a)
Grain Size ~ _
Hardness Rg 98 RdB 73
No. of Specimens
1
Test Temperature 295 K 295 K 2-300 K 20-300 K
9-180
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
26 27A 27B 28 29
0.405 cm 0.762 cm
0.01-0.1 cm 0.01-0.11 cm 0.025 cm
2.0 cnn 5.0 cm 5.0 cm 5.0 cm
9-181
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Composition (wt%)
Cu 97.55 97.53 97.49 97.48
Hu + An Q7
Be 1.91 1.83 1.82 1.86
Ni
Co 0.21 0.22 0.18 0.22
Nl + VJO 0.23 0.21 0.23
Ni + Fe + Co 0^34
Al 0.05
Fe 0.07 0.11 0.12 0.13
Si 0.07 0.07 0.15 0.07
Others (a) Sn: 0.01 Sn: 0.02; Pb: 0.002 Sn: 0.01
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
Hardness — — Rg 95 Rb99
Product Form Strip, 2. 54 X Bar Bar Bar
10.16 X 0.089 cm
Specimen Type Rat Round Round Round
Width or Dia. 1.2 cm 0.23 cm 0.56 cm 1 .42 cm
Thickness
Gage Length 2.0 cm 5.0 cm 5.0 cm 5.0 cm
Strain or Load Rate 0.02/min
No. of Specimens
(a) Cr: 0.003; Mn: 0.007; Sn: 0.03; Zn: 0.02; Pb: 0.005.
(b) Aging times up to 6 h.
9-182
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Tensile Properties (All)
Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged
4 OA OC
.80-2.05 0.5 0.5
1 0.41
1.90
0.24
— —
— — — —
—
z
— — All others, - 0.1 All others, - 0.1 All others, - 0.1
Cold-drawn, 37% Cold-drawn, 50% Aged, 753 K, Cold-worked, hard. Aged, 753 K,
then aged, 594 K, then aged, 0.13-8 h then aged, 753 K, 0.13-8 h
3h 588-644 K, 1-8 h 0.13-8 h
3-40 ;tm _
Vickers 110-251 Vickers 160-278 Vickers 110-240
Wire, — —
Wire Wire
0.089 cm
9-183
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
' "
1
Composition (wt%)
Cu 97.59 96.35 96.35 96.7
Cu + Ag
Be 0.41 0.44 0.44 0.5
Ni 1.90 0.13 0.13 (a)
Co ; 2.61 2.61 2.6
Ni + Co 2.74 2.74
Ni + Fe + Co 2.89 2.89
— —
'i
Al
Fe 0.15 0.15
Si 0.32 0.32
Others All others, - 0.1 —
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
Material Condition Cold-worked, hard Cold-worked, 50% Cold-worked, 50% Cold-worked, 65%,
then aged, 753 K, then aged, 723 K, then aged (b)
0.13-8 h 0.75-3 h
Grain Size
, :
— —
Hardness Vickers 160-251 — —
Product Fornn — — Bar,
1.6-cm-dia.
Specimen Type
Width or Dia. (c)
Thickness
Gage Length 5.0 cm 5.0 cm 5.0 cm 7.0 cm
No. of Specimens
9-184
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
(c)
0.04
7.0 cm 5.0 cm
0.2/min
9-185
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Reference No. 42 43 44 45
Cu 97.6 Q7 A
Cu + Ag 97.6
Be 0.4 0.4 0.38 0.38
Mi
INI I.O I.O 1.67
ou U.UO
Ni + Co
Ni + Fe + Co — — —
Al 0.01
Fe '
— , , 0.03 —
Si 0.02
Others (e)
Grain Size
9-186
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
w 1 /UUU 1 f lAAJ
u.oo U.*tU 1 R
I.O 1 CO
1
1 7Q
.¥9 11 Ql1
.9 1 .93
0.05 0.01 0.10
— —
0.01 0.01 0.01 —
0.03 0.01 0.04 0.10 0.06
0.02 0.02 0.03
(a) (c) (e) — —
2 h
— — — — —
Rg 95-99
< 21 MPa/s
Several 3
(a) Zr: 0.03; Sn: 0.01; Zn: 0.01; Ag: 0.01; Cr: 0.005; Pb: 0.002; Mn: 0.002.
(b) Specimen details from PPPL tests. Measurements from a commercial supplier also reported.
(c) Zn: 0.02; Ag: 0.01; Zr: 0.01; Sn: < 0.01; Tl: < 0.01; Cr: 0.004; Pb: 0.003; Mn: 0.001.
(d) Percent cold work and aging conditions not specified.
(e) Ag: 0.09; Sn: 0.02; Zn: 0.02; Cr: 0.007; Mn: 0.004; Pb: 0.003.
(f) Specimen details from MIT tests. Measurements from a commercial supplier also reported.
(g) Aging conditions not specified.
9-187
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Composition (wt%)
Cu Balance Balance 97.91 97.88
Cu + Ag
Be 1.90-2.15 1.90-2.15 1.87 1.88
Ni < 0.01 < 0.01
Co 0.25-0.35 0.25-0.35 0.10 0.09
Ni + Co — — < 0.011 < 0.10
Ni + Fe + Co 0.22 0.22
Al — —
Fe 0.12 0.13
Si 0.11 0.11
Others
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
Material Condition Agea, o<iic i\, Cold-worked, then Aged, 575 or (J0la-r0ll60, ^iTb,
coo ! O L»
0.067—1.1 n aged (a) 588 K, 3 n then aged, 575 or
588 K, 2 h
Grain Size — —
Hardness - — (b) (c)
No. of Specimens
9-188
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Cold-rolled 37% Aaed 588 K 3 h Cold-rolled 37% Aaed 561-644 K Cold-rolled 3-83%
then aaed 575 or then aaed 5AA K 0.5-8 h than
588 K, 2 h 2 h aged, 588 K, 2 h
15 fim
0.005/min 0.005/min
9-189
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Composition (wt%)
Cu 97.58 — 97.42
Cu + Ag
Be 1.89 1.91 1 .80-2.05 2.12
Ni 0.40
Co 0.27 _ 0.20-0.35
Ni + Co — — —
Ni + Fe + Co
Al 0.04 — — —
re 0.13 0.09
Si 0.09 — —
Others — — — —
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
.
Material Condition Cold-rolled, 11% Aged, 575 K, 7 h, Cold-drawn, 30%, Cold-drawn, 21%,
21%, 37%, then then cold-roiled 67%, then aged, then aged, 573 K,
aged (a) 50%, 75%, 90% 561-602 K, 1 h 1.5 h
=—
Strip,
0 20-cm-thick 0 064-cm-dia 1 3-cm-dia
No. of Specimens
9-190
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
58 59
CI 7200 CI 7200
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
Cold-rolled, 30% Cold-rolled, 6-50%,
then aged, 593 K, then aged,
2h 588 K, 3 h
Rc 36-40
Bar, Strip
1 .6-cm-dia.
Rat
0.13, 0.16 cm
293 K 295 K
9-191
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
REFERENCES
1. Hornbuckle, J., and Martin, J. W., "Plastic Yield in Some Copper-Beryllium Alloys," Metallurgia
75, 195-198 (1967).
2. Gohn, G. R., Herbert, G. J., and Kuhn, J. B., 'The Mechanical Properties of Copper-Beryllium
Alloy Strip," ASTM Special Technical Publication No. 367, American Society for Testing and
Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 109 pp. (1964).
5. Fox, A., "Stress Relaxation in Bending of Copper Beryllium Alloy Strip," Journal of Testing and
Evaluation 8, 119-126 (1980).
6. Richards, J. T., and Brick, R. M., "Mechanical Properties of Beryllium Copper At Subzero
Temperatures," Journal of Metals 6, 574-580 (1954).
7. Warren, K. A., and Reed, R. P., 'Tensile and Impact Properties of Selected Materials From 20 to
300 °K," National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., Monograph 63, 51 pp. (1963).
Temperatures," American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, PA, Project No. 13 (1941).
10. Colbeck, E. W., and MacGillivray, W. E., 'The Mechanical Properties of Metals at Low
Temperatures, Part ll-Non-ferrous Materials," Transactions of the Institute of Chemical Engineers
(London) VL, 107-123 (1933).
11. Baughman, R. A., "Interim Progress Report #2 on Gas Atmosphere Effects on Materials,"
General Electric Company, Flight Propulsion Laboratory Department, Aircraft Gas Turbine
Division, Evendale, OH, R58AGT823, unpaged (1958).
12. Belton, J. H., Godby, L. L, and Taft, B. L., "Materials for Use at Liquid Hydrogen Temperature,"
American Society for Testing Materials, Special Technical Publication 287, 108-121 (1961).
13. Weisman, M. H., Melill, J., and Matsuda, T., "Uni-directional Axial Tension Fatigue Tests of
Beryllium Copper and Several Precipitation Hardening Corrosion-Resistant Steels," American
Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, PA, Special Technical Publication 196, 123-142
(1956).
14. Roach, D. B., Fischer, R. B., and Jackson, J. H., "A Precipitation-Hardenable Copper-Nickel-
Silicon-Aluminum Alloy," Transactions of the American Society for Metals 46, 329-347 (1954).
9-192
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
REFERENCES
15. Richards, J. T., and Murakawa, K., "Effect of Cold Rolling and Heat Treatment on the Directional
Properties of Beryllium Copper Strip," Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials
57, 791-807 (1957).
16. Smith, C. S., and Van Wagner, R. W., 'The Tensile Properties of Some Copper Alloys," American
Society for Testing Materials 41 825-848 (1941).
.
17. Murakami, Y., Yoshida, H., and Yamamoto, S., "On the Aging Characteristics of Copper-2 wt%
Beryllium Alloys with or without Additional Elements," Transactions of the Japan Institute of
Metals 9, 11-18 (1968).
18. Favor, R. J., Gideon, D. N., Grover, H. J., Hayes, J. E.,and McClure, G. M., "Investigation of
Fatigue Behavior of Certain Alloys in the Temperature Range Room Temperature to -423 F,"
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, WADD Technical Report 61-132, 116 pp. (1961).
19. Bornemann, A., and Gela, T., "Studies in the Behavior of Certain Non-ferrous Metals at Low
Temperatures, Final Report Vol. I, Improved Non-ferrous Alloys for Use at Temperatures Down to
-100 "F," Pierce Memorial Laboratory for Metallurgy, Stevens Institute of Technology, Contract
No. DA-36-039-SC-15393. Signal Corps Project 2005-M08-METALS. 152 pp. (1953).
20. Cummings, H. N., Stulen, F. B., and Schulte, W. C, "Investigation of Materials Fatigue
Problems," Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, WADC-TR-56-61 1 (1957).
21. Richards, J. T., Levan, R. K., and Smith, E. M., 'The Influence of Cold Work and Heat Treatment
on the Engineering Properties of Beryllium Copper Wire," Proceedings of the American Society
for Testing Materials 51. 771-789 (1951).
22. Kayaba, T., Akazawa, M., and Ko, M., "Studies on the Influences of Strain-Hardening on the
Plastic Workability of Cu-Be Alloy," Technology Reports, Tohoku University 38, 269-286 (1973).
23. Kuhn, J. B., "How to Heat Treat Beryllium Copper," Metaliurgia 68, 155-159 (1963).
24. Richards, J. T., and Smith,E. M., "Problems Associated with Hardness Conversion of Several
Copper Alloys," Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials 57, 161-169 (1957).
25. McClintock, R. M., Van Gundy, D. A., and Kropschot, R. H., "Low-Temperature Tensile Properties
of Copper and Four Bronzes," American Society for Testing Materials Bulletin 240 47-50 (1959). .
26. Eash, D. T., "Cryogenic Tensile Testing of Project Rover Materials," Los Alamos Scientific
Laboratory of the University of California, Los Alamos, NM, LA-3161, 66 pp. (1965).
27. Richards,J. T., and Smith, E. M., 'The Forming Characteristics of Beryllium Copper Strip,"
Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials 50, 1085-1100 (1950).
28. Benson, D. K., and Hancock, J. R., The Effect of Strain Rate on the Cyclic Response of Metals,"
Metallurgical transactions 5, 1711-1715 (1974).
29. Hart, R. R., Wonsiewicz, B. C, and Chin, G. Y., "High Strength Copper Alloys by
Thermomechanical Treatments," Metallurgical Transactions!, 3163-3172 (1970).
9-193
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
REFERENCES
30. Nordstrom, T. V., Rohde, R. W., and Mottern, D. J., "Explosive Strengthening of a Cu-Be Alloy,"
Metallurgical Transactions 6A. 1561-1568 (1975).
31. Richards, "An Evaluation of Several Static and Dynamic Methods for Determining Elastic
J. T.,
Moduli," in Symposium on Determination
of Elastic Constants, American Society for Testing
Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 71-100 (1952).
32. Ogden, H. R., Hodge, W., Williams, D. N., and Wood, R. A., "Effect of Fabrication on Be-Cu
Hardness and Grain Size," Wire Journal 2, 52-57 (1969).
33. Richards, J. T., "Beryllium Copper Wire: Property and Design Considerations," Wire and Wire
Products 27, 257-307 (1952).
34. Drobnjak, Dj., Jovanovi6, M., and Djuri6, B., "Dynamic Strain Age Hardening of Cu-Be Alloys,"
Metal Science il, 196-199 (1977).
35. Jovani6, M., Djuri6, B., and Drobnjak, Dj., "Strain Hardening Behaviour of Cu-Be Alloys at
37. Mollard, F. R., Wikle, K. G., and Chaudhry, A. R., "Copper-Beryllium for Elevated Temperature
Electronic and Electrical Applications," in High Conductivity Copper and Aluminum Alloys, Eds.
E. Ling and P. W. Taubenblat, The Metallurgical Society of AIME, New York, 147-168 (1984).
38. Pfeiffer, I., and Honig, A., "Berylliumleitbronzen," Metallwissenschaft und Technik 22, 1125-1129
(1968).
39. Taplin, D. M. R., and Collins, A. L. W., 'The Cyclic Stress Response of Copper Alloys at
100-500 °C," International Copper Research Association, Inc., New York, NY, INCRA Project No.
228(B) (1976).
40. Spiegelberg, W. D., and Guha, A., "Properties of BerylliumCopper Alloy C17510," in Copper and
Copper Alloys for Fusion Reactor Applications, Eds. F. W. Wiffen and R. E. Gold, Oak Ridge
National Uboratory, TN, CONF-830466, (1984).
41. Stevenson, R. D., and Rosenwasser, S. N., "Characteristics, Properties and Fabrication of
CuBeNi Alloy (C17510)," Pacific-Sierra Research Corporation, Del Mar, CA, PSR Report 1545,
MIT P.O.FCA-534436, 19 pp. (1985).
42. Nir, N., "Isochronous Creep of Copper-Beryllium-Nickel Alloy (Cu-0.4Be-2.0Ni) Solution Treated
and Aged," in Second Israel Materials Engineering Conference, Ben Gurion, University of the
9-194
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
REFERENCES
43. Guha, A., "High Performance Mill Hardened Beryllium Copper C17510 Strip for Electrical and
Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Connectors and Interconnection
Electronic Applications," in
Technology Symposium, Electronic Connector Study Group, Inc., Fort Washington, PA, 131-140
(1983).
44. Reed, R. P., Walsh, R. P., and Fickett, F. R., "Properties of CDA 104, 155, and 175 Copper
Alloys," in Materials Studies for Magnetic Fusion Energy Applications at Low Temperatures--X,
National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, CO, NBSIR 87-3067, 83-126 (1987).
45. Rotem, A., and Rosen, A., "Improvement of Strength and Electrical Conductivity of Copper Alloy
by Means of Thermo-Mechanical Treatment," Metallurgical Transactions 16A 2073-2077 (1985). .
46. Bushnell, C. W., "A Compendium of Beryllium Copper (Alloy C17510) Data for the CIT Device,"
Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, F-880909-PPL-01 (1988).
47. Guha, A., "Development of a High Strength High Conductivity Cu-Ni-Be Alloy," in High
Conductivity Copper and Aluminum Alloys, Eds. E. Ling and P. W. Taubenblat, The Metallurgical
Society of AIM E, New York, 133-145 (1984).
48. Mihajlovi6, A., Malci6, S., and Nesi6, O., "Precipitation-Hardening of Cast Cu-Be-Ni-Zr Alloy,"
Journal of the Institute of Metals 99, 19-24 (1971).
49. Kostenets, V.I., "Mechanical Properties of Metals under Static Load at Low Temperatures, Part
50. Bassett, W. H., "Beryllium-Copper Alloys," Proceedings of the Institute of Metals Division,
American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers E27, 218-232 (1927).
51. Richards, J. T., "Beryllium Copper," Materials and Methods 31, 76-89 (1950).
52. Gohn, G. R., and Arnold, S. M., 'The Fatigue Properties of Beryllium-Copper Strip and Their
Relation to Other Physical Properties," Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials
46, 741-775 (1946).
53. Wikle, K. G.,and Sarie, N. P., "Properties of Hardened Copper-Beryllium Strip After Exposures to
Elevated Temperatures," Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials 61, 988-1007
(1961).
54. Richards,J. T., and Smith, E. M., 'The Properties of Beryllium Copper Strip as Affected by Cold
and Heat Treatment," American Society for Testing Materials, Papers on Metals, STP 196,
Rolling
143-156 (1956).
55. Smith, J. K., "Copper-Beryllium 'Bronzes'," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and
Metallurgical Engineers 99, 65-77 (1932).
56. Crooks, R. D., and Johnson, W. R., "Mechanical Properties of Beryllium Copper Wire and
Springs," Metal Progress 85. 89-91 (1964).
9-195
9. BERYLLIUM COPPER: TENSILE PROPERTIES
REFERENCES
57. Anderson, A.R., and Smith, C. S., "Fatigue Tests on Some Copper Alloys," Proceedings of the
American Society for Testing Materials 41 849-858 (1941).
.
58. Smirnov, M. A., Shteynberg, M. M., Kareva, N. T., Teplov, V. A., and Koryagin, Yu. D., "Influence
of Plastic Deformation Temperature on the Structure and Properties of Beryllium Bronze,"
Physics of Metals and Metallography 38, 173-178 (1974).
59. Gohn, G. R., "A Hardness Conversion Table for Copper-Beryllium Alloy Strip," Proceedings of the
American Society for Testing Materials 55, 230-239 (1955).
9-196
10. BERYLLIUM-COPPER: IMPACT PROPERTIES
71.2 24
73.5 24
77.7 24
79.2 24
77.4 24
60.0 60
61.9 60
62.1 60
96.9 196
87.2 196
67.4 196
105.7 296
104.6 296
96.8 296
97.8 296
97.7 296
92.2 296
10-1
10. BERYLLIUM-COPPER: IMPACT PROPERTIES
200
REF. CONDITION
o 1 CW
150
— 100
>
o o
cc
H
lU m
z z
LU 100 o IS m
o JJ
I-
o O
•<
< a
9>
Q.
8
2 o 50 i
50
— ' 0
300
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 10.1. The impact energy dependence on test temperature indicates an increase in impact
energy with increasing temperature (Reference 10.1). Ali data are presented in Table 10.1. Product
form was not reported.
10-2
10. BERYLLIUM-COPPER: IMPACT PROPERTIES
ments from 20 to 296 K on 37% cold-drawn Figure 10.2 presents the impact data as a func-
and aged C17500 beryllium copper were obtained tion of temperature.
from Reference 10.1. Product form was not re-
ported. Data at 24 K are included because the DISCUSSION
material is relatively brittle so that a large temper-
ature rise in the specimen from absorbed energy The fracture appearance was reported to be
is not expected. granular, and the shear area remained constant in
size at all temperatures. The specimens were
RESULTS completely broken through at all temperatures. In
34.4 80
33.1 80
33.5 80
33.8 196
33.2 196
29.8 196
32.9 296
32.2 296
31.2 296
10-3
10. BERYLLIUM-COPPER: IMPACT PROPERTIES
100
REF COIhJDITION
^ 10 \y 1^
1
o 1 CW AND AGED
\ .
75
50
>
>- o
(D -I
a.
ui m
z 50
73
<
<
8 i 25
§
o
25
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 10.2. The impact energy is independent of test temperature for CI 7500 material in tfie cold-
worked and aged condition (Reference 10.1). All data are presented in Table 10.2. Product form
was not reported.
10-4
10. BERYLLIUM-COPPER: IMPACT PROPERTIES
Reference No. 1A 1B
Composition (wt%)
Cu
Cu + Ag z
Be 2.0 0.5
Nl
Co 0.2 2.6
Ni + Co
Ni Fe + Co
—
-I-
Al —
Fe
Si — —
utners
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
Grain Size
Product Form
REFERENCE
1. and Reed, R. P., 'The Results of the Impact Testing of Copper Alloys," U.S. Atomic
MIkesell, R. P.,
Energy Commission, Memorandum of Understanding AT(29-1)-1500, 16 pp (1958).
Mikesell, R. P., and Reed, R. P., 'The Impact Testing of Various Alloys at Low Temperatures," in
Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, Vol. 3, Ed., K. D. Timmerhaus, Plenum Press, NY, 316-324
(1960).
10-5
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS log N = 9.60 - 2.98 log(a^ - 189), (11-2)
failure (A/) for annealed and aged C1 7000 berylli- deviations of the three constants are 0.68, 0.28,
um copper were obtained from Reference 11.1. and 8.
The fatigue mode was flexural (fl-ratio equals -1). Table 11.1 presents N, o^, [Be], the aging
Product was in strip Aging temperatures
form. temperature, and the reference number. The
were 588 and 616 K; aging time was 3 h. Beryl- available characterization of materials and measu-
lium content, [Be], was 1.59 and 1.70 wt%. rements is given in Table 11.14 at the end of the
In the analysis, N is treated as the depen- fatigue properties section. Figure 11.1 indicates
dent variable, and the Equation (11-1) used to the fit The scatter
of the data to Equation (11-2).
analyze the data (Reference 1 1 .2) is band represents two standard deviations about
the regression curve. The variance of the data
\oqN = A/o + N, log(a^-ao). (11-1) about the line was assumed to be normally dis-
tributed and constant throughout the range of the
The measurements were fitted to this equa- independent variable, a^.
tion by a nonlinear least-squares regression pro-
cedure that determines the constants Nq, N^, and DISCUSSION
CTq. If duplicate results (same N for a given oj
were obtained, both test results were included in The constants Nq, N^, and Oq from Equation
the measurement set used for the regression (11-1) fitted to the data of Reference 11.1 only are
analysis. shown as a function of cold work in Figure 11.10.
For both C17000 and CI 7200 beryllium coppers,
RESULTS a systematic variation of these constants with
cold work was observed.
The equation obtained from the measure-
ments was
Table 11.1. Fatigue Life Measurements for Annealed and Aged C17000 Beryllium Copper (295 K).
11-1
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
11-2
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
iviciAiinum TRaI
IDej, Aging rwierence
N hd^\ Stress wt% No.
MPa K
2820 293 1.70 568
2950 290 1.70 616
3160 279 1.59 568
3980 262 1.59 568
4170 293 1.70 588
4220 262 1.59 588
4270 258 1.70 588
4270 290 1.59 616
4570 290 1.70 616
5010 260 1.59 588
5010 290 1.70 616 "I
11-3
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
1 I m I I TT
Figure 11.1. Fatiguelife curves at 295 K for annealed and aged CI 7000 beryllium copper are shown.
The band represents two standard deviations about a nonlinear regression curve given by
scatter
Equation (11-2), in which N is the dependent variable. For clarity, overlapping data points are
omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 11.1. Product was in strip form. Arrows
denote completion of test before failure.
11-4
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS log A/ = 14.3 - 4.66 log(a^ - 162), (11-3)
(A/) for cold-worked, CI 7000 beryllium copper deviations of the three constants are 2.0, 0.76,
were obtained from Reference 11.1. The fatigue and 29.
mode was flexural (/?-ratio equals -1). Product Table 11.2 presents N, o^, [Be], percent of
was in strip Cold work, CW, was 1 1 % (re-
form. CW, aging temperature, and the reference num-
duction in thickness). Aging temperatures were ber. The available characterization of materials
588 and 616 K; aging time was 3 h. Beryllium and measurements is given in Table 11.14 at the
content, [Be], was 1.59 and 1.70 wt%. end of the fatigue properties section. Figure 1 1 .2
In the analysis, N is treated as the depen- indicates the fit of the data to Equation (11-3).
dent variable, and the equation used to analyze The band represents two standard devia-
scatter
the data (Reference 1 1 .2) is tions about the regression curve. The variance of
the data about the line was assumed to be nor-
log/V = No + N, \og{a^-a,). (11-1) mally distributed and constant throughout the
range of the independent variable, o^.
The measurements were fitted to this equa-
tion by a nonlinear least-squares regression pro- DISCUSSION
cedure that determines the constants Nq, N^, and
Oq. If duplicate results (same N for a given a The constants
J and
A/q, from Equation
N^,
were obtained, both test results were included in (11-1) fitted to the data ofReference 11.1 only are
the measurement set used for the regression shown as a function of CW in Figure 11.10. For
analysis. both CI 7000 and C17200 beryllium coppers, a
systennatic variation of these constants with CW
RESULTS was observed.
Table 1 1 .2. Fatigue Life Measurements for Cl 7000 Beryllium Copper Cold-worked 1 1 % Before Aging
(295 K).
11-5
I
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
mio\#irtni inn
UOlu WOiK,
— ^ 1
Maxirnurri lt»J> Aging
IN ^lu ; W ^
I
0/
1 ompoiciiuio, Mn
no, 1
1
MPa K
363 507 1.59 588 1
11-6
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
11-7
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
Figure 11.2. Fatigue life curves at 295 K for C17000 beryllium copper cold-worl<ed 11% before aging are
shown. The scatter band represents two standard deviations about a nonlinear regression curve
given by Equation (11-3), in which N is the dependent variable. For clarity, overlapping data points
are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 1 1 .2. Product was in strip form.
Arrows denote completion of test before failure.
11-8
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS log A/ = 1 4.8 - 4.79 log(a^ - 1 60), (11 -4)
(A/) for cold-worked and aged C1 7000 beryllium deviations of the three constants are 1 .6, 0.59,
copper were obtained from Reference 11.1. The and 25.
fatigue mode was equals -1).
flexural (fl-ratio Table 11.3 presents N, o^, [Be], percent of
Product was in strip Cold work, CW, was
form. CIV, aging temperature, and the reference num-
21% (reduction in thickness). Aging temperatures ber. The available characterization of materials
were 588 and 616 K; aging time was 3 h. Beryl- and measurements is given in Table 1 1.14 at the
lium content, [Be], was 1.59 and 1.70 wt%. end of the fatigue properties section. Figure 1 1 .3
In the analysis, N is treated as the depen- indicates the fit of the data to Equation
dent variable, and the equation used to analyze (11-4). The scatter band represents two standard
the data (Reference 1 1 .2) is deviations about the regression curve. The vari-
ance of the data about the line was assumed to
log A/ = A/o + A/, log(a, - ao). (11-1) be normally distributed and constant throughout
the range of the independent variable, a^.
The measurements were fitted to this equa-
tion by a nonlinear least-squares regression proc- DISCUSSION
edure that determines the constants Nq, N^, and
Oq. If duplicate results (same N for a given a^) The constants and Oq from Equation
N^, N^,
were obtained, both test results were included in Reference 11.1 only are
(11-1) fitted to the data of
the measurement set used for the regression shown as a function of CW in Figure 11.10. For
analysis. both CI 7000 and C17200 beryllium coppers, a
systematic variation of these constants with CW
RESULTS was observed.
Table 11.3. Fatigue Life Measurements for CI 7000 Beryllium Copper Cold-worked 21% Before Aging
(295 K).
11-9
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
11-10
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
11-11
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
C17000: Cold-worked 21% Stress-controlled Flexural
and Aged Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)
MPa K
100000 250 1.59 21 588 1
11-12
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
Figure 11.3. Fatigue curves at 295 K for C17000 beryllium copper cold-worked 21% before aging are
life
shown. The scatter band represents two standard deviations about a nonlinear regression curve
given by Equation (11-4), in which N is the dependent variable. For clarity, overlapping data points
are onfiitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 11.3. Product was in strip form.
Arrows denote completion of test before failure.
11-13
1t BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS log N = 31.5 - 10.3 log(a^ + 107), (11-5)
(A/) for cold-worked and aged C17000 beryllium deviations of the three constants are 1 1 .0, 3.5,
copper were obtained from Reference 11.1. The and 167.
fatigue mode was equals -1).
flexural (/?-ratio Table 11.4 presents N, a^, [Be], CIV, aging
Product was In strip Cold work, CW, was
form. temperature, and the reference number. The
37% (reduction In thickness). Aging temperatures available characterization of materials and mea-
were 588 and 616 K; aging time was 3 h. Beryl- surements is given in Table 1 1.14 at the end of
lium content, [Be], was 1.59 and 1.70 wt%. the fatigue properties section. Figure 11.4 indi-
In the analysis, N is treated as the depen- cates the fit The
of the data to Equation (11-5).
dent variable, and the equation used to analyze scatter band represents two standard deviations
the data (Reference 1 1 .2) is about the regression curve. The variance of the
data about the line was assumed to be normally
log A/ = A/o + A/, log(a, - ao). (11-1) distributed and constant throughout the range of
the independent variable, a^.
The measurements were fitted to this equa-
tion by a nonlinear least-squares regression pro- DISCUSSION
cedure that determines the constants N^, N^, and
If duplicate results (same N for a given a The constants and from Equation
ctq.
J Nq, N^,
were obtained, both test results were included in Reference 11.1 only are
(11-1) fitted to the data of
the measurement set used for the regression shown as a function of CW in Figure 1 1.10. For
analysis. both CI 7000 and C17200 beryllium coppers, a
systematic variation of these constants with CW
RESULTS was observed.
Table 11.4. Fatigue Life Measurements for C17000 Beryllium Copper Cold-worked 37% Before Aging
(295 K).
11-14
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
A17
*r 1
1 1 1 . t u 17
J/ D lO
Am 17
of 0 10
Ain
Hl\J 17
Of 0 10
11-15
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
11-16
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
lUUUUU 11 RQ
.39 Jf DID
100000 292 1.59 37 616
luuuuu 1.39 3f 616
100000 292 1.59 37 616
100000 276 1.59 37 616
100000 276 1.59 37 616
100000 276 1.59 37 616
100000 276 1.59 37 616
100000 303 1.70 37 616
100000 286 1.70 37 616
100000 266 1.70 . 37 616
100000 266 1.70 37 616
100000 286 1.70 37 616
100000 266 1.70 37 616
11-17
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
1000
AGING —
REF. BE. % CW. X TEMP., K
• 1 1.59 37. 588.
o 1 1.70 37. 588.
1 1.59 37. 616.
1 1.70 37. 616.
10° 10'
Figure1 1 .4. Fatigue life curves at 295 K for C1 7000 beryllium copper cold-worked 37% before aging are
shown. The scatter band represents two standard deviations about a nonlinear regression curve
given by Equation (11-5), in which N is the dependent variable. For clarity, overlapping data points
are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 1 1 .4. Product was In strip form.
Arrows denote completion of test before failure.
11-18
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
from References 1 1 .3 and 1 1 .4. The fatigue Table 1 1 .5 presents N, a^, CW, aging tem-
mode was axial (R-ratio equals 0). The measure- perature and time, and the reference number.
ments reported in Reference 1 1 .3 were on speci- The available characterization of materials and
mens tested in four different conditions: annea- measurements is given in Table 11.14 at the end
led, annealed and aged (600 K for 0.28 h), cold- of the fatigue properties section. The fatigue life
worked (60% reduction of area) and aged (600 K curves are shown in Figure 1 1 .5. The measure-
for 0.28 h), and cold-worked (60% reduction of ments from Reference 11.3 fall in two distinct
area) and overaged (600 K for 24 h). The data bands: specimens that were cold-worked before
reported in Reference 1 1 .4 were obtained on aging have longer fatigue lives at a given stress
notched and unnotched specimens cold-worked than specimens that were not cold-worked. The
21% before aging at 588 K for 3 h. Product was measurements from Reference 1 1 .4 on notched
in bar form. specimens fall considerably below those on unno-
Attempts were made to fit the measurements tched specimens.
to Equation (11-1) by a nonlinear least-squares
Table 1 1 .5. Fatigue Life Measurements for Annealed, Annealed and Aged, and Cold-worked and Aged
CI 7200 Beryllium Copper (295 K).
11-19
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
11-20
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
1000 1
TTT 1
TTT
295K
800
AGING AGING
REF. CW, X TEMP., K TIME.
• 3 60. 600. 0.3
600 o 3 60. 600. 24.
3 0, 600. 0.3
3 0. 0. 0.
O 4 21. 588. 3.
A 4 21. 588. 3.
in 400
to
ui
X
< 200
Figure1 1.5. Fatigue life curves at 295 K for C17200 beryllium copper for four different material
conditions and notched and unnotched specimens are shown. The lower set of measurements
from Reference 1 1 .4 were obtained on V-notched specimens. A few points from Reference 4 are
off the scale of the graph. All data are presented in Table 11. 5. Product was in bar form.
11-21
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS log N = 13.0 - 4.20 log(a^ - 150). (11-6)
(A/) for annealed and aged C1 7200 beryllium cop- deviations of the three constants are 1 .4, 0.52,
per were obtained from Reference 11.1. The and 20.
fatigue mode was flexural (fl-ratio equals -1). Table 11.6 presents N, a^, [Be], aging temp-
Product was in strip form. Aging temperatures erature, and the reference number. The available
were 588 and 616 K; aging time was 3 h. Beryl- characterization of materials and measurements is
lium content, [Be], was 1.81, 1.96, and 2.09 wt%. given in Table 11.14 at the end of the fatigue
In the analysis, N is treated as the depen- properties section. Figure 1 1 .6 indicates the fit of
dent variable, and the equation used to analyze the data to Equation (11-6). The scatter band
the data (Reference 1 1 .2) is represents two standard deviations about the re-
gression curve. The variance of the data about
.
log A/ = A/o + A/Jog(c7, - cTo). (11-1) was assumed to be normally distributed
the line
and constant throughout the range of the inde-
The measurements were fitted to this equa- pendent variable, a^.
tionby a nonlinear least-squares regression pro-
cedure that determines the constants Nq, N^, and DISCUSSION
Oq. If duplicate results (same N for a given a^)
were obtained, both test results were included in The constants N^, N^, and from Equation
the measurement set used for the regression (11-1) fitted to the data of Reference 11.1 only are
analysis. shown as a function of cold work in Figure 11.10.
For both C17000 and CI 7200 beryllium coppers,
RESUU"S a systematic variation of these constants with
cold work was observed.
The equation obtained from the measure-
ments was
Table 11.6. Fatigue Life Measurements for Annealed and Aged C17200 Beryllium Copper (295 K).
11-22
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
1-—
Cycles,
.
Maximum
— ;
Aging 1
Reference
IN ^1U )
Stress wt% TAmrt0r2)ti
1 1
iro
Ol I^CI OIUI o, Kin
MPa K
11-23
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
IN ^lu ;
Stross Temperature, No.
MPa K
1
—
1060 327 1.96 588
1170 328 1.96 616
i
1
321
293
1.81
2.09
2.09
1.61
588
616
616
568
—— 1
-
-,
11-24
A
5500 o no DID
5620 266 1.96 588
OQQ l.u 1 D ID
5750 283 1.81 616
6310 248 1.96 616
'
6760 299 1.81 616
]
6760 248 1.96 616
'
7940 279 1 .81 616
1
8910 314 2.09 588
1
9120 299 2.09 615
10700 314 2.09 588
11500 285 1.81 616
14800 252 1.81 588
'
15100 293 2.09 588
]
17400 314 2.09 588
19100 252 1.96 586
21400 299 2.09 DID
•57Q D
^Jr UU £.U9 ID
1 .0 1 000
ou^uu O I*T 2 09 568
'
313 2 09 588
*» 1 f uu ^uU
0
1 fii
1
r>Q
. 1
>jOD
568
—
i:9«:
^AA
ooo
DUU OQQ 0 no 616
00 lUU £9£ o no
£.U9 (^AA
DOO
lUUUUU £3U Al1
iI.O <^AA
1
1 UUUUU OH l.O 1
RAA
11-25
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
11-26
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
Figure 11.6. Fatigue curves at 295 K for annealed and aged C17200 beryllium copper are shown.
life
The scatter band represents two standard deviations about a nonlinear regression curve given by
Equation (11-6), in whicfi N is tlie dependent variable. For clarity, overlapping data points are
omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 1 1 .6. Product was in strip form. Arrows
denote completion of test before failure.
11-27
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS log A/ = 12.4 - 3.92 log(a^ - 190), (11-7)
(A/) for cold-worked and aged C17200 beryllium deviations of the three constants are 0.9, 0.34,
copper were obtained from Reference 11.1. The and 13.
fatigue mode was flexural (f?-ratio equals -1). Table 11.7 presents N, a^, [Be], CW, aging
Product was in strip form. Cold work, CW, was temperature, and the reference number. The
11% (reduction in thickness). Aging temperatures available characterization of materials and mea-
were 588 and 616 K; aging time was 3 h. Beryl- surements is given in Table 11.14 at the end of
lium content, [Be], was 1.81, 1.96, and 2.09 wt%. the fatigue properties section. Figure 11.7 indi-
In the analysis, N is treated as the depen- cates the fit The
of the data to Equation (11-7).
dent variable, and the equation used to analyze scatter band represents two standard deviations
the data (Reference 1 1 .2) is about the regression cun/e. The variance of the
data about the line was assumed to be normally
log A/ = A/o + A/Jog(a, - ao). (11-1) distributed and constant throughout the range of
the independent variable, a^.
The measurements were fitted to this equa-
tion by a nonlinear least-squares regression pro- DISCUSSION
cedure that determines the constants A/g, N^, and
Og. If duplicate results (same N for a given a^) The constants and from Equation
A/g, N^,
were obtained, both test results were included in Reference 1 1.1 only are
(11-1) fitted to the data of
the measurement set used for the regression shown as a function of CW in Figure 11.10. For
analysis. both C17000 and C17200 beryllium coppers, a
systematic variation of these constants with CW
RESULTS was observed.
Table 11.7. Fatigue Life Measurements for C17200 Beryllium Copper Cold-worked 11% Before
Aging (295 K).
11-28
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
11-29
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
11-30
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
1 1
r~-
Cycles, Maximum L>Olu WOlK, Aging 1
Refaronce
IN ^lu ;
wire A) TArvmorati ira Mn
MPa K
9550 334 1.96 588 1
11-31
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
11-32
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
Figure 11.7. Fatigue life curves at 295 K for C17200 beryllium copper cold-worked 11% before aging are
shown. The scatter band represents two standard deviations about a nonlinear regression curve
given by Equation (11-7), in which N is the dependent variable. For clarity, overlapping data points
are onfiitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 11.7. Product was in strip form.
Arrows denote completion of test before failure.
11-33
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS log N = 16.2 - 5.26 log(a^ - 146). (11-8)
(A/) for cold-worked and aged C17200 beryllium deviations of the three constants are 1 .8, 0.62,
copper were obtained from References 11.1 and and 26.
1 1 .5. The fatigue mode was flexural (H-ratio Table 11.8 presents N, a^, [Be], CIV, aging
equals -1). Products were in strip and bar form. temperature, and the reference number. The
Cold work, CW, was 21% (reduction in thickness). available characterization of materials and mea-
(The degree of CW for one set of data from Refer- surements is given in Table 1 1.14 at the end of
ence 1 1 .5 was not given, but the authors stated the fatigue properties section. Figure 11.8 indi-
used for all tests was similar).
that the material cates the fit of the data to Equation (1 1 -8)and
Aging temperatures were 573, 588, and 616 K; also shows the data of Reference 1 1 .5. The scat-
aging time was 3 h (Reference 11.1) or 1.5 h ter band represents two standard deviations
(Reference 11.5). Beryllium content, [Be], for the about the regression cun/e. The variance of the
data reported in Reference 11.1 was 1.81, 1.96, data about the line was assumed to be normally
and 2.09 wt%. distributed and constant throughout the range of
In the analysis, N is treated as the depen- the independent variable, a^. The data from
dent variable, and the equation used to analyze Reference 1 1 .5, on bar stock, fall slightly above
the data (Reference 1 1 .2) is this scatter band.
The measurements were fitted to this equa- The constants and from Equation
A/q, N^,
tion by a nonlinear least-squares regression pro- Reference 11.1 only are
(11-1) fitted to the data of
cedure that determines the constants N^, N^, and shown as a function of CW in Figure 11.10. For
Oq. If duplicate results (same N for a given o^) both C17000 and C17200 beryllium coppers, a
were obtained, both test results were included in systematic variation of these constants with CW
the measurement set used for the regression was observed.
analysis. Data from Reference 1 1 .5 (bar stock) A comparison with Figure 1 1 .5 shows that
did not follow the fatigue life trend line of data data from axially fatigued specimens with a simi-
from Reference 11.1. To determine if the con- lar percent of CW
and similar aging conditions
stants in Equation (11-1) varied systematically (Reference unnotched specimens) fall just
1 1 .4,
with CW, this equation was fitted to the data of slightly below the scatter band for Equation
Reference 11.1 only. (See Figure 11.10). (11-8).
RESULTS
11-34
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
Table 11.8. Fatigue Life Measurements for CI 7200 Beryllium Copper Cold-worked 21% Before Aging
(295 K).
11-35
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
Kilo mi
vi t^n
ivicixiiTiurn OOlU WnrU-
rVilH VVuiK, Aging Reference
N ^^a^^ Stross wt% % Temperature, No.
MPa K
562 512 1.81 21 588
575 510 2.09 21 588
575 510 2.09 21 588 1
1
2.09
21
21
588
516
__ —
_____
________
.
676
676
521
421
1.96
1.61
21
21
586
616
. — —_
_
1.81
21
21
588
588
•- —
1700 422 1.81 21 588
1860 431 1.96 21 588
1860 431 1.96 21 588
1910 423 2.09 21 588
2138 496 2.12 N.S. 588 5
2291 495 2.12 N.S. 588 5
2399 456 2.12 N.S. 588 5
2570 423 2.09 21 588 1
11-36
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
11-37
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
C17200: Cold-worked 21% Stress-controlled Flexural
and Aged Fatigue Life, Air (295 K)
11-38
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
11-39
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
Figure 11.8. Fatigue life curves at 295 K for C17200 beryllium copper cold-worked 21% before aging are
shown. The scatter band represents two standard deviations about a nonlinear regression curve
given by Equation (11-8), In which N is the dependent variable. For clarity, overlapping data points
are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 1 1 .8. Products were in strip (Reference
11.1) and t>ar form (Reference 11.5). Arrows denote completion of test before failure.
11-40
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS log N = 24.6 - 8.04 log(a^ + 4.03), (11-9)
CW, was 37 or 40% (reduction in thickness). Table 11.9 presents N, o^, [Be], CIV, aging
Aging temperatures were 588, 616, and 698 K; temperature, and the reference number. The
aging time was 3 h (Reference 1 1.1) or varied available characterization of materials and mea-
(Reference 11.6). Beryllium content, [Be], for the surements is given in Table 1 1.14 at theend of
data reported in Reference 11.1 was 1.81, 1.96, the fatigue properties section. Figure 11.9 indi-
and 2.09 wt%. cates the fit of the data to Equation (1 1 -9) and
In the analysis, N is treated as the depen- also shows the data of Reference 1 1 .6. The scat-
dent variable, and the equation used to analyze ter band represents two standard deviations
the data (Reference 1 1 .2) is about the regression curve. The variance of the
data about the line was assumed to be normally
\ogN = N, + N, log(a,-ao). (11-1) distributed and constant throughout the range of
the independent variable, o^. Data from Refer-
The measurements were fitted to this equa- ence 11.6 are consistent with Equation (11-9) de-
tion by a nonlinear least-squares regression pro- termined from analysis of data from Reference
cedure that determines the constants A/g, N^, and 11.1.
Oq. If duplicate results (same N for a given o^)
were obtained, both test results were included in DISCUSSION
the measurement set used for the regression
analysis. Although the data from Reference 1 1 .6 The constants and from Equation
Nq, N^,
follows the fatigue life trend line of the data from Reference 11.1 only are
(11-1) fitted to the data of
Reference 11.1 fairly well, for consistency in de- shown as a function of CW in Figure 11.10. For
termining the behavior of the constants of Equa- both CI 7000 and CI 7200 beryllium coppers, a
tion (11-1) with CW, this equation was refitted to systematic variation of these constants with CW
the data of Reference 11.1 only. (See Figure was observed.
11.10).
RESULTS
Table 11.9. Fatigue Life Measurements for C17200 Beryllium Copper Cold-worked 37% Before Aging
(295 K).
11-41
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
;
372 486 2.09 37 616
380 627 2.09 37 588
380 505 1.96 37 616
398 508 1.81 37 616
407 552 1.96 37 588
407 505 1.96 37 616
422 486 2.09 37 616
437 505 1.96 37 616
457 508 1.81 37 616
457 508 1.81 37 616
468 486 2.09 37 616
473 483 1.90 40 588
473 505 1.96 37 616
501 552 1.96 37 588
501 552 1.96 37 588
11-42
11, BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
11-43
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
11-44
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
11-45
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
Figure1 1.9. Fatigue life curves at 295 K for C17200 beryllium copper cold-worked 37% before aging are
shown. The scatter band represents two standard deviations about a nonlinear regression curve
given by Equation (11-9), in which N is the dependent variable. For clarity, overlapping data points
are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 1 1 .9. Product was in strip form.
Arrows denote completion of test before failure.
11-46
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
C17000 C17200
295 K 295 K
200
o
100 — /
^-
o. /
^ 0 '
/
/ /
b° /
-100 -7 / —— c
<
•
-200 >•
•
z
< 0
Z -4 •
o • •
>
'-^
z" \
Q
LU
-8 -
»—
u
Q -12
LU
« 40
Q.
30 /
o /
Z /
•
20
N- *"
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
COLD WORK, percent COLD WORK, percent
Figure 11.10. The constants Nq, N, and Oq from Equation (11-1) fitted to the data of Reference 11.1
only, are shown as a function of cold work.
11-47
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS specimens in the cold-worked and aged condi-
ture were carried out with the test specimens im- aged specimens. The aging conditions reported
mersed in the coolant. in the two references are somewhat different:
specimens in the annealed and aged condition. condition. Increased tensile strength was found
Table 11.11 presents values of test temperature, to correlate with longer fatigue life in copper (see
N, o^, CW, and the reference number for spec-
d, Section 4).
imens in the cold-worked and aged condition.
The available characterization of materials and DISCUSSION
measurements is given in Table 11.14 at the end
of the fatigue properties section. Data presented in Reference 1 1 .9 on an-
Figure 11.11 presents measurements on nealed and aged C17200 beryllium copper at
specimens in the annealed and aged condition, A/ « 10^ show an improvement in fatigue strength
and Figure 11.12 presents measurements on at 123 K compared with fatigue strength at 412 K.
Table 11.10. Fatigue Life Measurements for Annealed and Aged CI 7200 Beryllium Copper (20-300 K).
11-48
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
r-— 1
1 6S1 iVIclXn 1 lUl TI Grdin Siz6, Heferenc©
1 oi 1 ifjoi aiui N M0^\
K MPa
77 245.0 627 N.S. 7
11-49
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
Table 11.11. Fatigue Life Measurements for Cold-worked and Aged C17200 Beryllium Copper (2-300 K).
Grain Size,
1
Reference
Test
1
Cycles,
1 vSi 1 luci diuf O) IN ^lu Stress, TO /im Nln
;
K MPa
20 39.8 1124 21 N.S. 7
11-50
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
11-51
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
1000
GRAIN
REF. TEMP.. K SIZE. UM
• 7 20. N.S.
o 7 77. N.S.
7 194. N.S.
7 294. N.S.
A 8 200. 30.
A 8 200. 100.
8 300. 30.
8 300. 100.
lO** 10'
Figure 11.11. Fatigue curves at 20 to 300 K for CI 7200 beryllium copper in the annealed and aged
life
condition are shown. One point from Reference 11.7 at 20 K (a^ = 1020 MPa) does not appear in
the figure. All data are presented in Table 11.10. Product was in sheet form. Arrows denote
completion of test before failure. (N.S. in legend indicates not specified.)
11-52
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
1000
Figure 11.12. Fatigue life curves at 20 to 300 K for the cold-worked and
C17200 beryllium copper in
aged condition are shown. One point from Reference 11.7 at 194 K (a^ = 1350 MPa) does not
appear in the figure. All data are presented in Table 11.11. Product was in sheet form. Arrows
denote completion of test before failure. (N.S. in legend indicates not specified.)
11-53
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS sents the fatigue life curves. The measurements
from Reference 11.12 on C17500 and CI 7510
Measurements at 295 K of the maximum show that the fatigue life of C17500 was some-
stress (a^) versus the number of cycles to failure what longer than that of C17510, for a given
{N) for cold-worked and aged C17500 and stress level, although the yield and tensile
C17510 beryllium copper were obtained from strengths were identical. Measurements from
References 11.10, 11.11, and 11.12. The fatigue Reference 11.11 on C17510 indicate that the fa-
mode was flexural (fl-ratio equals -1). Aging tigue life at a given stress level for transverse
conditions and percent of cold work were not specimens is considerably longer than that of
specified. Product was in bar (Reference 11. 10) specimens with a longitudinal orientation. The
or strip form (References 11.11 and 11.12). In yield and tensile strengths were higher in the
Reference 11.11, data on specimens in both the transverse orientation than in the longitudinal
transverse and longitudinal orientations were orientation.
reported.
DISCUSSION
RESULTS
Additional data presented in Reference 11.11
data are presented in Table 11.12 which
All on 37% cold-worked and aged CI 7200 beryllium
gives N, a^, and the reference number. The copper indicate that its fatigue life characteristics
available characterization of materials and meas- are similar to those of C17510 in the transverse
urements is given in Table 11.14 at the end of the orientation.
fatigue properties section. Figure 11.13 pre-
Table 11.12. Fatigue Life Measurements for Cold-worked and Aged C17500 and CI 7510 Beryllium
Copper (295 K).
211 414 11
237 345 12
292 379 10
316 345 12
531 345 12
546 483 11
631 345 12
794 486 11
891 381 11
900 310 10
1188 448 11
1334 276 12
1372 448 11
1412 276 10
1412 348 11
2113 276 12
2661 276 12
2818 276 12
3868 417 11
4467 417 11
7000 241 10
11-54
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
17783 241 12
23041 310 11
90000 207 10
1000
1 III 1 III 1 III 1 III 1 Ml
295 K
800 REF.
• 10 C17510
O 11 C17510 IRAKISVERSE
11 C17510 LONGIITUDINAL
600 12 C17500
A 12 C17510
o
400
UI
ec
>
><
<
200
Figure 11.13. Fatigue life curves at 295 K for cold-worl<ecl and aged C17500 and C17510 beryliium
copper are shown. All data are presented in Table 11.12. Products were in bar (Reference 11.10)
and strip form (References 11.11 and 11.12). Arrows denote completion of test before failure.
11-55
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
the Coffin-Manson law (Reference 11.13) It Is unclear from the reference whether the
2
= K'
2
[
— and Aa is the stress amplitude) tionships.
11-56
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
values were reported in Reference 11.15; Refer- given in Table 11.14 at the end of the fatigue
ence 11.16 reports strain range without specifying properties section. Figure 11.14 presents the fa-
whether total strain or plastic strain is meant. The tigue life curve. The data from Reference 11.16
amount of cold work was 40% (Reference 11.16) show a decrease in fatigue life for a given
or 65% (Reference 11.15). Aging conditions were when the temperature is increased from 295 to
3 h at 755 K (Reference 11.16) or not specified 423 K.
(Reference 11.15).
Strain-controlled fatigue data are expected
to follow the Coffin-Manson law (Reference
11.13),
Table 11.13.Fatigue Life Measurements of Cold-worked and Aged C17500 and C17510 Beryllium
Copper (295 and 423 K).
11-57
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
0.02
Figure 11.14. Fatigue curves at 295 and 423 K for cold-worl<ed and aged C17500 and C17510
life
beryllium copper are shown. All data are presented In Table 11.12. Product was in bar form
11-58
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
Reference No. 1A IB 1C ID
Composition (wt%)
Cu > 97.85 97.78 > 97.85 97.78
Cu + Ag > 97.86 97.79 > 97.86 97.79
Be 1.59 1.70 1.59 1.70
Ni 0.010 0.002 0.010 0.002
Co 0.25 0.20 0.25 0.20
Ni + Co — — — —
Ni + Fe + Co
Al 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Fe 0.12 0.11 0.12 0.11
Si 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07
Others (a) (b) (a) (b)
(Unly > 0.001 wt%)
£0 fint
Of\ II
flit
imI
OK OK on lim OK on 9n iim
"R" Ratio - 1 - - 1 - 1
Test Frequency
No. of
Measurements
(a) Sn: < 0.01; Pb: 0.002; Zn: < 0.03; Cr: 0.005; Mn: 0.005.
(b) Sn: 0.02; Pb: 0.003; Zn: 0.051; Cr: 0.002; Mn: 0.002.
(c) Aged: 588 K or 616 K, 3 h.
11-60
1
1P
1^ 1 o 1
1 n
i-i 1
1
> 97.49 > 97.36 > 97.20 > 97.49 > 97.36
> 97.50 > 97.38 > 97.22 > 97.50 > 97.38
1.81 1.96 2.09 1.81 1.96
0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01
0.30 0.26 0.26 0.30 0.26
Aged, 588 K or Aged, 588 K or Aged, 588 K or Cold-rolled, 11%, Cold-rolled, 11%,
616 K, 3 h 616 K 616 K, 3 hr 21%, 37%, aged (d) 21%, 37%, aged (d)
Rc 38, 39.4 Rc 40.8, 41.9 R(. 41.2, 42.3 Rj. 3&-41.5 R^ 40.1-43
Strip, Rtrin
Oil tfjf Strip, Strip,
0.25-cm-thick 0.25-cm-thick 0.25-cm-thick 0.25-cm-thick 0.25-cm-thick
- 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1
(a) Sn: 0.01; Pb: 0.001; Zn: < 0.03; Cr: 0.003; Mn: 0.003.
(b) Sn: 0.03; Pb: 0.001; Zn: < 0.03; Cr: 0.005; Mn: 0.008.
(c) Sn: 0.01; Pb: 0.001; Zn: < 0.03; Cr: 0.005; Mn: 0.008.
(d) Aged: 588 K or 616 K, 3 h.
11-61
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
Reference No. 1J 3A 3B 3C
uomposition (wt%)
> 97.20 98.2 98.2 98.2
Cu + Ag > 97.22
Be 2.09 1.8 1.8 1.8
Ni 0.02 — — —
Co 0.26 — — —
Mi
INI X
+ fV>
L»0
Ni + Fe + Co — — — —
A! 0.05
Fe 0.14
Si 0.17 — — —
Others (a)
Material Condition Cold-rolled, 11% Annealed, 1073 K Annealed, 1073 K, Annealed, 1073 K,
21%, 37%, aged (b) aaed (d) cold-drawn, 60%,
and aged (e)
widtn or uia.
Thicl<ness
Length
"R" Ratio - 1 0 0 0
Test Frequency 158 Hz 158 Hz 158 Hz
No. of
Measurements
(a) Sn: 0.01; Pb: 0.001; Zn: < 0.03; Cr: 0.005; Mn: 0.008.
(b) Aged: 588 K or 616 K, 3 h.
(c) Specimens chemically and electrolytically polished before testing.
(d) Aging conditions not specified.
(e) Aged: 600 K, 0.3 h.
11-62
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
3D 4 5A 5B 6
1 ft 1.&-2.05 1 Q
0.20-0.60 (c) U.O 1
r\ An
0.20-0.60 (c) 0.2
— — —
— — —
0.07 0.09
_ Mill
— — — —
Annealed, 1073 K, Cold-worked, 21%, Aged, 573 K, 1.5 h (f) Cold-drawn, 21%, Cold-worked, 40%,
coiu-virawn, du^, aged, 588 K, 3 h ayeu, Of o i\i -O n1 ageu \r\j
— — 25 /im —
Rq 99.1 98.2, 102.2
4.6 cm 4.6 cm
0 0
158 Hz 20-25 Hz 58 Hz 58 Hz 30 Hz
11-63
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
Reference No. 7A 7B 8A 88
Composition (wt%)
Cu 97.40 97.35 97.59 97.49
Cu + Ag 97.42 97.37
Be 1.89 1.94 1.89 1.95
Ni 0.01 0.015 0.01 0.01
Co 0.29 0.27 0.24 0.25
Ni + Co
Ni + Fe + Co
Al 0 06 n OQ
Fe 0.15 0.14 0.09 0.13
Si 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.07
Otiiers (a) (©) Sn: 0.01 bn: 0.02, Zn: 0.06
fOnlv > 0 001 wt%^
Mdtori&l Condition uoia-roiiou, ^1%, /\Qea, d44 ^, u.o n Agea, 044 }\, u.o n
aged, 008 k, 2 n
ncii ui
No. of
Measurements
(a) Mn: 0.005; Cr: 0.006; Sn: 0.01; Pb: 0.002; Zn: 0.03.
(b) 5-kg load.
(c) Specimens mechanically polished before testing.
(d) Frequency: 20 K, 58 Hz; all other temperatures, 30 Hz.
(e) Mn: 0.004; Cr: 0.001; Sn: 0.02; Pb: 0.002; Zn: 0.03.
11-64
1
8C 8D 10 11 12A
97.59 97.69
— — —
0.06 0.03
0.09 0.12 — — —
0.09 0.09
Sn: 0.03
Cold-rolled, 37%, Cold-rolled, 37%, Cold-worked and Cold-worked and Cold-worked and
aged, 644 K, 0.3^ h aged, 644 K, 0.33 h aged (b) aged (b) aged (b)
Ctrl A
Sheet, orieet, bar Strip otrip
0.16-cm-thick 0.16-cm-thick
0.02 cm 0.05 cm
5.7 cm 5.7 cm
- - 1 - 1
27 Hz 26 Hz
(a) Grain size converted from grains/cm'' using ASTM standard El 12-85.
(b) Percent cold work and aging conditions not specified.
(c) Longitudinal and transverse orientations.
11-65
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
Composition (wt%)
Cu — — 96.7 (i)
Cu + Ag
Be — 1.92 0.54 0.2-0.6
Ni — 0.03 (e) 1.4-2.2
Co 0.25 2.6
Ni + Co _
Ni + Fe + Co — — —
A! 0.05
Fe " — 0.05 — —
Ol n 1
Others (b)
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
Thicl<ness 0.05 cm
Length 1 1 .5 cm 0.7 cm
No. of
Measurements
11-66
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed Fatigue Properties (All)
and Aged; Cold-worked and Aged
REFERENCES
1. Gohn, G. R., Herbert, G. J., and Kuhn, J. B., "The Mechanical Properties of Copper-Beryllium
Alloy Strip," American Society for Testing and Materials Special Technical Publication No. 367,
109 pp (1964).
3. Uoyd, C. H., and Loretto, M. H., 'The Effect of Precipitate Distribution on the Tensile and Fatigue
Behaviour of a Copper-1.8% Beryllium Alloy." Metal Science 9, 195-200 (1975).
4. Weisman, M. H., Melill, J., and Matsuda, T., "Uni-directional Axial Tension Fatigue Tests of
Beryllium Copper and Several Precipitation Hardening Corrosion-Resistant Steels," in American
Society for Testing Materials, Special Technical Publication 196, 123-142 (1956).
5. Anderson, A.R., and Smith, C. S., "Fatigue Tests on Some Copper Alloys," Proceedings of the
American Society for Testing Materials 41, 849-858 (1941).
6. Bonfield, W., "Precipitate Substructure and Fatigue of Cu 1 .9 Wt% Be," Scripta Metallurgica 6,
77-80 (1972).
7. Favor, R. J., Gideon, D. N., Grover, H. J., Hayes, J. E., and McClure, G. M., "Investigation of
Fatigue Behavior of Certain Alloys in the Temperature Range Room Temperature to -423 F,"
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, WADD Technical Report 61-132, 116 pp (1961).
8. Bornemann, A., and Gela, T., "Studies in the Behavior of Certain Non-ferrous Metals at Low
Temperatures," Vol. I, Pierce Memorial Laboratory for Metallurgy, Stevens Institute of
Technology, Hoboken, NJ, Contract No. DA 36-039-SC-1 5393, Signal Corps Project
2005-M08-METALS, 95-109 (1953).
10. Guha, A., and Spiegelberg, W. D., "Development of a Nickel-containing Beryllium Copper Alloys
forConnector Applications," in Annual Connector and Interconnection Technology Symposium,
Fort Washington, PA, 133-140 (1979).
11. Guha, A., "High Performance Mill Hardened Beryllium Copper C17510 Strip for Electrical and
Electronic Applications," in Sixteenth Annual Connectors and Interconnection Technology
Symposium Proceedings, Electronic Connector Study Group Inc., Fort Washington, PA,
131-140 (1983).
12. Guha, A., "Properties of Beryllium Copper Alloy CI 7510," in Copper and Copper Alloys for
Fusion Reactor Applications, Eds. F. W. Wiffen and R. E. Gold, Oak Ridge National Laboratory,
TN, CONF-830466, 144-150 (1984).
13. and Tavernelli, J. F., 'The Cyclic Straining and Fatigue of Metals," Transactions
Coffin, L. F., Jr.,
of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers 215, 794-807 (1959). Also in a
report from General Electric Research Laboratory, Research Information Section, The Knolls,
Schenectady, New York, Report No. 58-RL-2100, 32 pp. (1958).
11-67
11. BERYLLIUM COPPER: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
REFERENCES
14. Benson, D. K., and Hancock, J. R., 'The Effect of Strain Rate on the Cyclic Stress-Strain
Response of Metals," National Technical Infornnation Service, Springfield, VA, AD-762 610, 28 pp.
(1973).
15. Taplin, D. M. R., and 'The Cyclic Stress Response of Copper Alloys at
Collins, A. L. W.,
100—500 °C," in International Copper Research Association, Inc., New York, NY, INCRA Project
No. 228(B), unpaged (1976).
16. Stevenson, R. D., and Rosenwasser, S. N., "Characteristics, Properties and Fabrication of
CuBeNi Alloy (CI 7510)," Pacific-Sierra Research Corp., Components and Materials Technology
Group, Del Mar, CA, PSR Report 1545, 19 pp. (1985).
11-68
12. BERYLLIUM COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES
C17200: Cold-worked creep Strain vs. Elapsed
and Aged Time (313 K)
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS during second-stage creep and the total plastic
deformation. The second-stage creep rate is plot-
A search of the literature for creep data of ted against the applied stress in Figure 12.1. For
C17200 at295 K and lower temperatures was the smaller grain size of 5 /xm, there was no mea-
unproductive; therefore, data at 313 K from Refer- surable second-stage creep rate, at 313 K, but
ence 12.1 are presented. These data were ob- the specimens with an average 40-/im grain size
tained on wire that was cold-worked 50% and showed an increase in creep rate with applied
aged. Both commercially fabricated wire with a stress above a threshold of 552-931 MPa.
grain size of 40 /xm and laboratory-processed
wire with a grain size of 5 nm were tested. The DISCUSSION
available characterization of materials and mea-
surements is given in Table 12.2 at the end of the Since the instantaneous creep data were not
creep properties section. presented in Reference 12.1, there is no assur-
Reference 12.1 does not present instanta- ance that a steady-state regime was actually
neous creep strain as a function of elapsed time, attained. As discussed in Section 5 on oxygen-
but instead cumulative data are reported for first- free copper, careful examination of the creep
stage creep (transient regime) and second-stage strain plotted as a function of time showed that
creep (steady-state regime). the creep rate did not attain a constant value,
even after elapsed time periods of more than
RESULTS 20 000 h.
Table 12.1. Dependence of Deformation upon Time for the First and Second Stages of Creep (313 K).
12-1
12. BERYLLIUM COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES
C17200: Cold-worked Creep Elapsed
Strain vs.
and Aged Time (313 K)
0.6
^ 5 pm
40
0.5
a.
H
< 0.4
cc
CL
lU
UJ
cc
o 0.3
lU
<
I-
(O
I
0.2
z
o
o
lij
CO 0.1
—<a A
500 750 1000 1250 1500
Figure 12.1. The second-stage creep rate versus applied stress for CI 7200 beryllium copper for two
grain sizes (5 and 40 /im). Data from Reference 12.1.
12-2
1
The only available creep data on C17510 Figure 12.2 shows the creep strain as a
were obtained at 295 K on plate that was cold- function of elapsed time.
worked 37% and aged at 755 K for 2 h (Refer-
ence 12.2). The test duration was brief, 18 h. DISCUSSION
Only one level of applied stress, 646 MPa, was
utilized. This is 90% of the tensile yield strength Test duration was not long enough to deter-
of about 718 MPa. The available information on mine if a steady-state creep regime had been
characterization of materials and measurements is reached. Also, since only one specimen was
given in Table 12.2 at the end of the creep prop- tested, the data were not subjected to any further
erties section. analysis.
500 1 1 1
1
M 1 1
1
1 1
j
1 1 1 1
-1 1
—
1
1
1 1 1 1
1 1
—1
j
1 1 1
— 1 1
—
1
1
1 1 1 1
400
O
300
<
H
o.
200
lU
UJ
o
100
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1
0
1 1 1 1 1 1
TIME, min
Figure 12.2. The dependence of creep strain of CI 7500 beryllium copper upon elapsed time. Data from
Reference 12.2.
12-3
12. BERYLLIUM COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES
and Aged
Reference No. 1 2
Connposition (wt%)
Cu
Cu + Ag 97.6
Be 1.8-2.05 0.38
Ni 1.79
Co 0.18-0.30 0.05
Mi
INI X V^thJ
-1.
Ni + Fe + Co — —
Al 0.01
Fe — 0.03
Si 0.02
Otiiers — Sn, 0.01; Pb, 0.002;
(Only > 0.001 wt%) Zn, 0.01; Cr, 0.005;
Mn, 0.002; Ag, 0.01
No. of Specimens 13 1
12-4
12. BERYLLIUM COPPER: CREEP PROPERTIES
and Aged
REFERENCES
1. Wood, R. A., Williams, D. N., Hodge, W., and Ogden, H. R., "Creep Behavior of Copper -2%
Beryllium Wire at Slightly Elevated Temperatures," Transactions of the American Society for Metals
57, 362-364 (1964).
2. Reed, R. P., and Walsh, R. P., National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, private
communication (1991).
Reed, R. P., Walsh, R. P., and Fickett, F. R., "Properties of CDA 104, 155, and 175 Copper Alloys,"
in Materials Studies for Magnetic Fusion Energy Applications at Low
Temperatures--X, Ed., R. P.
Reed, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, NBSIR 87-3067, 83-126
(1987).
12-5
13. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
Only measurements of Young's modulus All measurements are reported in Table 13.1,
based upon dynamic methods were considered. which presents E, CW (reduction in thickness or
These methods determine the adiabatic rather area), aging temperature and time, and the refer-
than the isothermal modulus, but the difference ence number. The available characterization of
between the two moduli of 0.28% at 295 K for materials and measurements is given in Table
beryllium copper (Reference 13.1) is smaller than 13.5 at the end of the elastic properties section.
the errors usually associated with static methods. Figures 13.1 and 13.2 present E measurements at
Dynamic measurements at 295 K of Young's 295 K as a function of aging temperature and
modulus, E, of annealed and cold-worked 01 7200 time, respectively. Measurements on specimens
beryllium copper as a function of aging tempera- that were not aged are plotted on the y-axis.
ture and time were obtained from References Aging evidently raises the modulus a few percent
13.1, 13.2, and 13.3. Measurements from Refer- (References 13.1 and 13.2); the effect of CW be-
ences 13.1 and 13.2 on both annealed and cold- fore aging is small (Reference 13.3).
worked material that was not aged were included
for comparison. Aging temperatures ranged from DISCUSSION
523 to 823 K; aging times from 1 to 3 h. Cold
work, CIV, ranged from 33 to 44% (reduction in Data are presented in Reference 13.3 on the
thickness or area). Products were in strip (Refer- decrease in E as a function of exposure to tem-
ence 13.3) and bar form (References 13.1 and peratures up to 750 K for annealed and aged,
13.2). The results presented here from Reference and cold-worked and aged 01 7200 beryllium
13.1 are the averages of several different dynamic copper. The change is less than 5% when a
methods carried out at different laboratories on dynamic method is used to measure the modu-
the same test material; the variation in results lus. The dynamic method used is not described
between these measurement methods was less in the reference.
than 2%.
Table 13.1. Young's Modulus Measurements of C17200 Beryllium Copper in the Annealed, Annealed
and Aged, Cold-worked, and Cold-worked and Aged Conditions (295 K).
115 44 0 0 1A
122 44 568 2 IB
118 35 0 0 1C
126 35 588 2 ID
115 33 0 0 IF
130 33 588 2 IE
130 0 0 0 2A
133 0 523 1 2B
140 0 623 1 28
140 0 823 1 28
175 0 588 3 3A
172 37 586 2 3B
13-1
13. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
200
C17200
295 K
180
REF. CONDITION
O
• 1A. IE CW. 44X OR 33%
o o 1C CW. 35X
IB CW. 44X AND AGED
3 160
A
ID CW. 35X AND AGED
—I IF CW. 33X AND AGED
3 A 2A ANNEALED
Q 2B AGED
o 3A AGED
T 3B CW. 37X AND AGED
b 140
z
o
>-
120
100 I 1 1 1 1 1 —I 1 «
Figure 13.1. Young's modulus measurements at 295 K on CI 7200 beryllium copper are shown as a
function of aging temperature. The material condition is indicated in the graph legend and
is
further described in Table 13.6. Modulus values for specimens that were not aged are plotted on
the /-axis. One modulus value from Reference 13.2 at an aging temperature of 823 K does not
appear in the graph. All data are presented in Table 13.1. Products were in bar (References 13.1
and 13.2) and strip form (Reference 13.3).
13-2
13. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
200
C17200
2 95 K
180
O
a.
O REF. CONDITION
to
3 160 • 1A, IE CW, 44X OR 33X _
O 1C CW. 35X
3 IB CW. 44X AND AGED
O ID CW. 35X AND AQED
o A IF CW. 33X AND AGED
A 2A ANNEALED
2B AGED
o 140 ^ 3A AGED
T 3B CW. 37X AND AGED
z
o
>-
120
100
2 3
AGING TIME, h
Figure 13.2. Young's modulus measurements at 295 K on C17200 beryllium copper are shown as a
function of aging time. The material condition is indicated in the graph legend and is further de-
scribed in Table 13.6. Modulus values for specimens that were not aged are plotted on the y-axis.
All data are presented in Table 13.1. Products were in bar (References 13.1 and 13.2) and strip
13-3
13. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS lus, E, and the reference number. The available
characterization of materialsand measurements is
Measurements of Young's modulus from 227 given in Table 13.5 at the end of the elastic prop-
to297 K of cold-worked and aged C17200 berylli- erties section. Figure 13.3 presents the E mea-
um copper were obtained from Reference 13.1. surements as a function of test temperature. The
The dynamic method used was that of longitudi- modulus increases with decreasing temperature,
nal vibration. The amount of cold work, CW, was in accord with results on high-purity copper.
RESULTS
Table 13.2. Dependence of Young's Modulus upon Temperature for Cold-worked and Aged C17200
Beryllium Copper (227-297 K).
13-4
13. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
130
C17 200
RE:f.
126
• li
O
a.
•
O
»/»
3 122 •
3
o
>-
114
Figure 13.3. Young's modulus measurements of cold-worked and aged C17200 beryllium copper are
shown as a function of test temperature. All data are presented in Table 13.2. Product was in bar
form.
13-5
13. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS ature,and the reference number. The available
characterization of materialsand measurements is
Measurements of the shear modulus at given in Table 13.5 at the end of the elastic prop-
295 K of annealed CI 7200 beryllium copper as a erties section. Figure 13.4 presents G measure-
function of aging temperature were obtained from ments as a function of aging temperature. A
Reference 13.4. A measurement on an annealed measurement on a specimen that was not aged is
specimen was included for comparison. The test plotted on the y-axis. High aging temperatures
method was torsional vibration of a wire. Aging (above 673 K) caused a noticeable increase in G.
temperature varied from 473 to 723 K; aging time
was 0.5 h.
RESULTS
Table 13.3. Shear Modulus Measurements of C17200 Beryllium Copper In the Annealed, and Annealed
and Aged Condition (295 K).
13-6
—
60
C17 200
R EF.
56 • I M
O IIB
Q.
o
o
3
o
o
»
o
CO
44
40
0 200 400 600 800
AGING TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 13.4. Shear modulus measurements at 295 K on annealed C17200 beryllium copper are shown
as a function of aging temperature. A modulus value for a specimen that was not aged is plotted
on the y-axis. All data are presented in Table 13.3. Product was in wire form.
13-7
13. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS the average for coid-worked and aged material
was significantly higher, 47.1GPa. The variation
Dynamic shear modulus data at 295 K for was less than ± 2.8% for cold-worked specimens,
cold-worked, and cold-worked and aged C17200 and less than ± 2.5% for cold-worked and aged
beryllium copper were obtained from Reference specimens. The available characterization of
13.1. This reference reports results of round- materials and measurements is given in Table
robin tests made at several different laboratories 1 3.5 at the end of the elastic properties section.
by differentdynamic methods on the same test (References 13.1 A, 13.1C, and 13. IE refer to the
material. The amount of cold work ranged from cold-worked material and References 13. IB,
33 to 44% (reduction in area). The specimens 13. ID, and 13. IF refer to the material that was
were aged at 588 K for 2 h. Product was in bar cold-worked and aged.)
form.
j
RESULTS
13-8
13. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
Measurements of the shear modulus from All measurements are reported in Table 13.4.
200 to 297 K of cold-worked and aged which presents test temperature, G, and the refer-
CI 7200 beryllium copper were obtained from ence number. The available characterization of
Reference 13.1. The shear modulus, G, was ob- materials and measurements is given in Table
tained from the deflection rate of a compression 13.5 at the end of the elastic properties section.
spring; these static-method results are presented Figure 13.5 presents G as a function of test tem-
here because no low-temperature dynamic test perature. The modulus increases slightly with de-
data were found. The amount of cold work was creasing temperature, in accord with results on
44% (reduction in area), the aging temperature high purity copper.
was 588 K and the aging time was 2 h. Product
was in bar form.
Table 13.4. Shear Modulus Dependence of Cold-worked and Aged C17200 Beryllium Copper upon
Temperature (200-297 K).
13-9
13. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
60
C17 200
RE F.
56
• IB
O
o.
O
52
—J
O
o
48 1
<
lU
•
• •
Z • • •
44
40
200 220 240 260 280 300
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 13.5. Shear modulus measurements of cold-worked and aged CI 7200 beryllium copper are
shown as a function of test temperature. Ail data are presented in Table 13.4. Product was in bar
form.
13-10
13. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
RESULTS
13-11
13. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
Reference No. 1A IB 1C ID
Composition (wt%)
Cu 97.72 97.72 97.64 97.64
Cu + Ag
Be 1.83 1.83 1.82 1.82
Ni 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.03
Co 0.22 0.22 0.18 0.18
Ni + Co
Ni + Fe + Co
Al ,
0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04
Fe 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.12
Si 0.07 0.07 0.15 0.15
Others Sn: 0.01 Sn: 0.01 Sn: 0.02; Sn: 0.02"
(Only > 0.001 wt%) Pb: 0.002 Pb: 0.002
Hardness FU 95 FL 42
Specimen Type Round (a) Round (a) Round (a) Round (a)
No. of Specimens
(a) Specimen type and diameter refer only to the test material supplied to different investigators.
13-12
13. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
1E IF 2A 2B 3A
— —
0.02 0.02 — — 0.04
0.13 0.13 0.12
0.07 0.07 I 0.10
Sn: 0.01 Sn: 0.01 — — Sn: 0.005; Zn,
Pb, Cr: < 0.005
Rc 42 R30N 60 (c)
(a) Specimen type and diameter refer only to the test material supplied to different investigators.
(b) Aging temperatures: 523 K, 623 K, or 823 K.
(c) To convert hardness to Rockwell C scale see Reference 13.5.
13-13
13. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
C17200: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Elastic Constants (All)
Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged
Reference No. 3B 4A 48
...
Specification 017200 U 17200 CI 7200
Cu > 97.54
Cu + Ag
Be 1.91 2.0 2.0
Kll
IMI 0.0
uo \J.iiO
Ni + Co
Ni + Fe + Co — —
Al
AI 0.04
Fe 0.12 — —
Si 0.10
Others Sn: 0.005; Zn,
(Only > 0.001 wt%) Pb, Cr: < 0.005
No. of Specimens
13-14
13. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
REFERENCES
1. Richards, J. T., "An Evaluation of Several Static and Dynamic Methods for Determining Elastic
Moduli," in Symposium on Determination of Elastic Constants, American Society for Testing
Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 71-100 (1952).
2. Grachev, S. V., and Grigoryeva, V. N., "Variation in the Elastic Modulus of Alloys with a Metastable
Structure," Fizika Metallov I Metallovedenie 32, 155-161 (1971).
3. Wlkle, K. G.,and Sarle, N. P., "Properties of Hardened Copper-Beryllium Strip after Exposures to
Elevated Temperatures," Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials 61, 988-1006
(1961).
4. Masing, G., and Haase, C, "Uber die Anderung des Elastizitatsmoduls bei der Vergutung von
Beryllium-Kupferlegierungen," Wiss. Veroffentlich. aus den Siemens-Konzern, 142-148 (1929).
5. Gohn, G. R., Herbert, G. J., and Kuhn, J. B., 'The Mechanical Properties of Copper-Beryllium Alloy
Strip," American Society for Testing and Materials Special Technical Publication No. 367, 1 09 pp
(1964).
13-15
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C17000-C17510: Annealed; Specific Heat vs.
Cold-worked Temperature (4 345 K)
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS CI 7200, and C17500 below room temperature.
The Cp of CI 7000, C17200, CI 7500, and CI 7510
Reference 14.1 presents data for the specific beryllium coppers at 295 K Is reported by Refer-
Cp, of C17510 beryllium copper from 83 to
lieat, ence 14.2 to be 418 J/(kg-K) or 0.10 cal/(gK).
345 K in the annealed and aged, and cold-worked The Cp of beryllium at 295 K is 1970 J/(kg-K) (Ref-
and aged conditions. No measurements of Cp of erence 14.3); that of copper is 384 J/(kg-K) (Ref-
other beryllium copper alloys below room temper- erence 14.2). If the additivity principle is valid,
ature were found (see Discussion below). Since the expected specific heat of a 2% binary beryl-
Cp is generally insensitive to alloy condition, a lium copper alloy would be 415 J/(kg-K), approxi-
polynomial expression was fitted to all the mea- mately in agreement with the value quoted in
surements from Reference 14.1. Reference 14.2. A discussion of the limits of the
Cp of alloys can be found in
additivity principle for
RESULTS Reference 1 4.4. Since most of the contribution to
Cp of beryllium coppers is from copper, cryogenic
The best fit to the data was obtained with values could be estimated by multiplying the
the equation specific heats presented in Section 7 of this vol-
ume by the ratio 1.1. This ratio is equal to
Cp = 104.5 + 1.883 r- 0.002987 f (14-1) 418/377, the 295-K value for beryllium copper
divided by the average value at 295 K found for
for three different heat treatments of C17510 only; the C10100-C10200 coppers. Alternatively,
where 83 K < 7 < 345 K. The standard deviation measurements of the thermal expansion coeffi-
of the fit of the data to this equation is 8.4 cient of C 17200 (see pp 7-23-7-34) could be
J/(kg-K).The standard deviations of the three scaled to give a estimate of the cryogenic Cp.
constants are 14.8, 0.156, and 3.64 x 10 ^ See Reference 14.4 for a more detailed discus-
Table 14.1 presents the test temperature, sion of the limitations of this procedure. The Cp
and the measured and calculated values of Cp. is proportional to the thermal expansion coeffi-
The available characterization of materials and cient only for ideal solids that obey a Debye
methods is given in Table 1 4.7 at the end of the equation of state in which the Gruneisen con-
thermal properties section. Figure 14.1 indicates stant, 7, is temperature independent.
the fit of the data to Equation (14-1). The scatter
bands represent two standard deviations about
the curve.
DISCUSSION
Table 14.1. Dependence of the Specific Heat of C17510 Beryllium Copper upon Temperature
(83-345 K).
14-1
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
14-2
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
500
400
300
200
100
TEMPERATURE. K
Figure 14.1. Data from three separate heat treatments were used to calculate the regression cun/e of
the specific heat of C17510 beryllium copper upon temperature [Equation (14-1)]. All data are
presented in Table 14.1.
14-3
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C17000, C17200, C17500, and C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Thermal Conductivity vs.
Cold-worked; Cold-vi/orked and Aged Temperature (2-300 K)
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS gression analysis carried out on the Cl 7200 data
set indicated that a satisfactory fit could be ob-
Measurements of the thermal conductivity, tained with a second-order equation
A, of C17200 beryllium copper between 2 and
300 K were obtained from References 14.5 and A(W/mK) = 0.93 + 0.492 7-0.000594 T^
14.6. Measurements at 295 K only were obtained (CI 7200 only) (14-2)
from References 14.7, 14.8, and 14.9. Measure-
ments of A for C17510 beryllium copper between where 2 K < 7 < 300 K. The standard deviation of
77 and 293 K were obtained from Reference the fit of the data to this equation is 8.4 W/(m-K);
14.10. Measurements of A for C17000, CI 7500, the standard deviations of the three constants are
and CI 7510 beryllium coppers at 295 K only were 2.72, 0.049, and 0.000159. The value of the first
obtained from References 14.9, 14.11, and 14.12. constant is not well-determined from the data set.
Material conditions were varied: see Table 14.7 The polynomial regression analysis carried
at the end of the thermal properties section and out on the C17510 data set also gave a satisfac-
the legend of Figure 14.2 described below. Poly- tory fit with a second-order equation
nomial regression analysis was carried out on the
CI 7200 beryllium copper data set of 43 measure- A(W/m-K) = 64.7 + 0.987 7-0.00138 T^
ments, and the C17510 beryllium-copper data set (C1 7510 only) (14-3)
of 37 measurements.
Table 1 4.2 presents the test temperature, T, where 77 K < 7 < 293 K. The standard deviation
the measured values of A, the values calculated of the fit to this equation is 1.9 W/(m-K); the stan-
from the regression equation (for C17200 and dard deviations of the three constants are 2.5,
CI 7510 only), and the reference number. The 0.032, and 9 x 10"^. One value, from Reference
notation "N.C." in the table refers to alloys other 14.9D, was
eliminated from the analysis because
than CI 7200 and C17510 which were not used in agreement with the other data. This
of lack of
the regression analyses. The available charac- may be due to the difference in material condi-
terization of materials and methods is given in tion.
Table 14.7 at the end of the thermal properties Figure 14.2 indicates the fit of the CI 7200
section. data to Equation (14-2), and that of the C17510
data to Equation (14-3). The scatter bands repre-
RESULTS sent two standard deviations about the curve.
The variance of the data was assumed to be
Figure 14.2 presents a plot of the data from normally distributed and constant throughout the
all beryllium-copper alloys. The polynomial re- range of the independent variable, T.
14-4
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C17000, C17200, C17500, and C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Thermal Conductivity vs.
Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged Temperature (2-300 K)
14-5
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C17000, C17200, C17500, and C 175 10: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Thermal Conductivity vs.
Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged Temperature (2-300 K)
14-6
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C17000, C17200, C17500, and C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Thermal Conductivity vs.
Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged Temperature (2 300 K)
TEMPERATURE. K
Figure 14.2. The data keyed as CI 7200 and C17510 in the legend were used to compute the regression
of the thermal conductivity of CI 7200 beryllium copper upon temperature [Equation (14-2)], and
the thermal conductivity of CI 7510 beryllium copper upon temperature [Equation (14-3)]. For
clarity, overlapping data points were omitted from the figure. Consequently, some points for
different material conditions (References 14.7A, 14.7C, 14.7D, 14.8B, and 14.9A) do not appear in
the figure. All data are presented in the table. (N.S. in legend indicates not specified.)
14-7
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C17200: Annealed; Annealed and Aged Thermal Expansion Coefficient
Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged vs. Temperature (6-300 K)
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS Residuals near 300 K contribute more to the stan-
dard deviation.)
Measurements of the coefficient of thermal Table 14.3 presents 7, the measured values
expansion, a, of Cl 7200 beryllium copper were of a, the values calculated from the regression e-
obtained from four sources (References 14.13- quation, and the reference number. The availat>le
14.16). A were
variety of material conditions characterization of materials and measurements is
represented. A
97 measurements be-
total of given in Table 14.7 at the end of the thermal pro-
tween 6 and 320 K were used in the regression perties section. Figure 14.3 indicates the fit of the
A logarithmic transformation of the data
analysis. data to Equation (14-4). Figure 14.4 presents
was made to avoid a large number of constants. these results in summary form. The scatter
bands in both figures represent two standard
RESULTS deviations about the curve given by Equation
(14-4). However, because of the narrowness of
The best fit to the data was obtained with the bands, the curve had to be omitted in both
the equation figures. The variance of the data was assumed to
be normally distributed and constant throughout
log a = - 25.30 + 95.96 (log T) the range of the independent variable, log 7.
- 164.5 (log T)^ + 147.6 (log 7)^ Because Equation (14-4) is in logarithmic
- 70.83 (log T)^ + 17.28 (log 7)^ form, a set of calculated values of a for 5 K < 7<
- 1.689 (log 7)^ (14-4) 300 K is presented in Table 14.4.
0.14 X 10"^ K"\ The standard deviations of the agreement with results on ClOlOO and C10200
seven constants of Equation (14-4) are 6.21, copper (see Section 7 in this volume). However,
25.88, 43.5, 37.8, 17.93, 4.42, and 0.443. (The data on the mean thermal expansion (pages
size of the residuals at low temperatures where 14-14-14-17) do show some variation with cold
the magnitude of a decreases is much lower than work and aging.
the linear standard deviation of 0.14 x 10"^ K"\
Table 14.3. Dependence of Thermal Expansion Coefficient upon Temperature (6-300 K).
14-8
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C17200: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Thermal Expansion Coefficient
Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged vs. Temperature (6-300 K)
14-9
I
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
14-10
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
Table 14.4. Calculated Values of the Thermal Expansion Coefficient [Equation (14-4)] (6-300 K).
35 0 1 44 185. 14.0
205. 14.6
215. 14.9
Tn n 6.50 220. 15.0
14-11
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 14.3. The data shown were used to compute the regression of the thermal expansion coefficient,
a, upon temperature [Equation (14-4)]. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the
figure. Two points at 320 K used in the regression do not appear in the figure. All data are
presented in Table 14.3.
14-12
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
Figure 14.4. Dependence of the thermal expansion coefficient, a. upon temperature, 7; 6-300 K. The
scatterband represents two standard deviations about a sixth-order logarithmic regression equation
based upon 97 measurements on annealed, annealed and aged, cold-worked, and cold-worked
and aged C17200 beryllium copper. The regression equation is
log a = - 25.30 + 95.96 (log T) - 164.5 Oog 7)^ + 147.6 (log 7)^ - 70.83 (log 7)^ + 17.28 (log 7)^
- 1.689 (log 7)^
14-13
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C17200 and C17500: Annealed; Annealed and Mean Thermal Expansion vs.
Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged Temperature (6-300 K)
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS ression equation, and the reference number. The
available characterization of materials and measu-
Measurements of the mean thermal expan- rements is given in Table 14.7 at the end of the
sion, aL/(L-AT) (where 7 Is temperature), of thermal properties section. Figure 14.5 Indicates
C17200 were obtained from six
beryllium copper the fit The scatter
of the data to Equation (14-5).
sources (References 14.13, 14.14, and 14.17- bands represent two standard deviations about
14.20). A variety of material conditions were the curve in each figure. The variance of the data
represented. A total of 1 42 measurements be- was assumed to be normally distributed and con-
tween 6 and 320 K were obtained; after outliers stant throughout the range of the independent
were omitted, 126 data points were used in the variable, 7.
regression analysis.
Measurements of AL/(L A7) of aged C17500 DISCUSSION
berylliumcopper were obtained from Reference
14.19. Table 14.6 and Figure 14.6 present some of
the data of Figure 14.5, and other data that were
RESULTS excluded from the regression analysis, in a differ-
ent format that shows the effect of changes in the
The polynomial regression analysis carried material condition upon AL/(L A7). Data from
out on the data set indicated that a satisfactory fit Reference 14.13 shows a slight decrease in
could be obtained with a second-order equation aL/(L a7) in cold-worked material after aging.
Data from Reference 14.17 shows that AL/(/. A7)
is slightly higher for annealed material than for
1— (lO-^K-"") = + 10.66 + 0.040237
material that is cold-worked. Data from Refer-
LAT
ence 14.18 on specimens thatwere aged at 473
- 7.362 X 10-^72
K may indicate that aging at a low 7 results in a
(14-5)
significant decrease in thermal expansion, since
considerably below those of Refer-
this cury/e lies
where tJL/{LLT) = [L(293 K) - L(7)]/[L(293 K) •
ences 14.13 and 14.19 which reported aging
(293 K - 7)] for 6 K < 7 < 300 K except that at temperatures of 603 and 588 K. However, the
7 = 293 K, this quantity is (1/L) (dL/dT). The difference could be due to other factors.
standard deviation of the fit to this equation is number
Figure 14.6 also presents a limited
0.36 X 10"^ IC^; the standard deviations of the of measurements from Reference 14.19 on
three constants are 0.08, 0.00134, and 0.447 x CI 7500 beryllium copper.
10"^
Table 14.5 presents 7, the measured values
of AL/(L-a7), the values calculated from the reg-
Table 14.5. Dependence of Mean Thermal Expansion of C17200 Beryllium Copper upon Temperature
(6-320 K).
14-14
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C17200 and C17500: Annealed; Annealed and Aged Mean Thermal Expansion vs.
Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged Temperature (6-300 K)
n 10 o 1 1D
10 ^ 1
(^n
3U.Un 10 A 1
1 JD
Rn n 10 <\
MM
1 ^fl
en n
DU.U 12.5 12.5 14
cn n
DU.U 12.6 12.8 138
60.0 12.8 12.8 13A
DU.U IO Q 10 Q
1^.0 14
60.0 13.3 12.8 17B
cn n
OU.U 13.5 12.8 17A
70.0 13.1 13.1 13B
70.0 13.2 13.1 13A
70.0 13.2 '
13.1 14
77.4 14.2 13.3 19A
77.4 12.9 13.3 20
eo.o 13.4 13.4 138
60.0 13.5 13.4 13A
80.0 13.4 13.4 14
80.0 13.9 13.4 178
80.0 14.1 13.4 17A
88.6 13.2 13.6 20
90.0 13.6 13.7 13B
90.0 13.7 13.7 13A
90.0 13.7 13.7 14
100. 13.9 14.0 138
14-15
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C17200 and C17500: Annealed; Annealed and Aged Mean Thermal Expansion vs.
Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged Temperature (6-300 K)
14-16
,
C17200 and C 17500: Annealed; Annealed and Aged Mean Thermal Expansion vs.
Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged Temperature (6-300 K)
14-17
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C17200 and C17500: Annealed; Annealed and Aged Mean Thermal Expansion vs.
Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged Temperature (6-300 K)
Table 14.6. Measurements of the Mean Thermal Expansion of C17200 and C17500 Beryllium Copper
(6-300 K).
lU /IS
0. 9.69 18
14-18
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C17200 and C17500: Annealed; Annealed and Aged Mean Thermal Expansion vs.
j
280. 16.0 138
14-19
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C17200 and C17500: Annealed; Annealed and Aged Mean Thermal Expansion vs.
Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged Temperature (6-300 K)
14-20
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C17200 and C17500: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Mean Thermal Expansion vs.
Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged Temperature (6-300 K)
300
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 14.5. The data shown C17200 beryllium copper were used to compute the regression of the
for
mean thermal expansion upon temperature [Equation (14-5)]. For clarity, overlapping data points
are omitted from the figure. Two points from Reference 14.13 at 320 K do not appear in the figure.
All data are presented in Table 14.5.
14-21
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C17200 and C17500: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Mean Thermal Expansion vs.
Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged Temperature (6-300 K)
18
16 -4
z
<
o.
X 14
<
1^ REF. UNS CONDITION
• 13A C17200 CW
<
m
12
1^ /
o 13B
17A
C17200
C17200
CW AND AGED"
ANNEALED
/ 17B C17200 CW
jff / A 18 C17200 CW AND AGED
,
A 19A C17200 AGED
O A 19B C17500 AGED
10
100 200 300
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 14.6. The data from Figure 14.5, plus some additional thermal expansion data, are presented to
show the effects of aging, aging temperature, and cold work upon mean thermal expansion of
CI 7200 beryllium copper. Some measurements on CI 7500 beryllium copper are also presented.
Alldata are presented in Table 14.6. The aging temperature reported in Reference 14.18 is
considerably below those reported in References 14.13 and 14.19. It is not known if this is the
reason for the discrepancy in these results.
14-22
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
Reference No. 1A IB 1C 5
Composition (wt%)
Cu Bal Bal Dal
Cu + Ag
Be 0.39 0.39 0.34 2.0
Ni 1 QO
Co 0.01 0.01 0.02 —
Ni + Co 1.93 1.93 1.94
Ni + Fe + Co 1.95 1.95 1.96
Al 0.01 0.01 0.01
Fe 0.02 0.02 0.02
Si < 0.01 < 0.01 0.02 —
Others Cr: 0.007; Pb: Cr: 0.007; Pb: Cr- < 0 005- Pb-
(Only > 0.001 wt%) < 0.003; Sn: 0.005; < 0.003; Sn: 0.005; 0.003; Sn: < 0.005;
Zn: < 0.01 Zn: < 0.01 Zn: < 0.01
RRR — — — —
Grain Size _
Hardness Re 88.5 — Rg 101 Rockwell 41 (a)
Specimen Type
Width or Dia.
Thickness
Gage Length
No. of Specimens
14-23
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Thermal Properties (All)
Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged
Reference No. 6A 6B 7A 78
Composition (wt%)
Cu — —
f^ii An
Be 1.80 1.83 — —
Ni — 0.01-0.1 — —
Co 0.1-1.0
Ni+ Co — - — —
Ni + Fe + Co *—
Al (a)
Fe — — —
Si
Others All others < 0.01 — — —
Material Condition Cold-rolled (b) Cold-rolled (b) Annealed Cold-rolled, 21%
or 37%
RRR
Grain Size — — — —
Hardness Knoop 243-332 Knoop 513-541 — —
Product Form Strip, 0.005-cm-thick, Strip, 0.005-cm-thick, Strip Strip
5.08-cm-wide 5.08-cm-wide
No. of Specimens
14-24
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C17000-C17510: Annealed; Annealed and Aged; Thermal Properties (All)
Cold-worked; Cold-worked and Aged
7C 7D 8A 8B 9A
— 97.7 97.7 —
— 1.90 1.90 1.60-1.80
— (b) (b)
0.25-0.35
— — —
— — — —
Annealed and aged Cold-worked, 21% or Before aging Aged (a) As cast
(a) 37%, then aged (a)
Strip Strip
~ —
^ —
14-25
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
Reference No. 96 9C 9D 10
Composition (wt%)
Cu
Cu + Ag
Be 1.80-2.15 0.45-0.65 0.45-0.65 0.39
Ni 1 Q9
Co 0.25^.35 2.40-2.60 2.40-2.60
Nl + Co
Ni + Fe + Co — — — —
Ai
Fe
Si — — — —
Others
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
Product Form
No. of Specimens
14-26
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
— — — 97.8 97.95
— — — — —
strip
Rat Cylinder
3.8 cm
10 cm
14-27
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
Composition (wt%)
Cu 97.95 98.2 97.78 97.78
ClM + An
Be 1.8 1.8 2.14 2.14
Ni
Co 0.25
Ni + Co
Ni + Fe + Co — — — —
A!
Fe 0.06 0.06
Si — — 0.02 0.02
Others
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
RRR
Grain Size
Hardness
Product Form
No. of Specimens
14-28
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
— — — — —
— — — — —
Rb55 Rb95 Rc22 (b)
Bar Bar
10 cm 20 cm 20 cm 7.62 cm 13 cm
t4-29
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
^.^mposiiion ^wia)
Cu 97.40 97.80
Cu + Ag
Be 0.5 2.0
Mi
INI
Co 2.0 0.2
Ni + Co
Ni + Fe + Co
Al —
Fe 0.1
Si — —
Others
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
Aaed 727 K 8 h
AC
RRR — .
Grain Size — —
Hardness Rc 39 (a)
No. of Specimens
14-30
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
REFERENCES
2. "Standards Handbook, Part 2-Alloy Data. Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Mill Products,"
Eighth Edition, Copper Development Association Inc., Greenwich, CN (1985).
3. Touloukian, Y. S., and Buyco, E. H., "Thermophysical Properties of Matter, Vol. 4, Specific Heat,
Metallic Elements and Alloys," IFI/Plenum, New York, 16-20 (1970).
4. Corruccini, R. J., "Properties of Materials at Low Temperatures (Part I)," Chemical Engineering
Progress 53, 262-267 (1957).
5. Berman, R., Foster, E. L, and Rosenberg, H. M., 'The Thermal Conductivity of Some Technical
Materials at Low Temperatures," British Journal of Applied Physics 6, 181-182 (1955).
6. Watson, T. W., and Flynn, D. R., 'Thermal Conductivity and Electrical Resistivity of Beryllium
Copper Foil," Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of AIME 242. 876-880 (1968).
8. Weaver, V. P., "Wrought Copper Alloys," in Copper, The Science and Technology of the Metal,
Its Alloys and Compounds, Ed. A. Butts, Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York, 535-572
(1954).
9. Wlkle, K. G., "Semicontinuous Casting of Beryllium Copper," Metal Progress 73, 85-89 (1958).
10. Rule, D. L, 'Thermal Conductivity of Beryllium-Copper Alloy C17510 from 77 to 300 K," personal
communications (1991).
11. Honig, A., and Koeppen, H., "Uber die Vielseitige Verwendung von Kupfer-Beryllium (II),"
12. Guha, A., Mill Hardened Beryllium Copper CI 7510 Strip for Electrical and
"High Performance
Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Connectors and Interconnection
Electronic Applications," in
Technology Symposium, Electronic Connector Study Group, Inc., Fort Washington, PA, 131-140
(1983).
13. Holtz, R. L, and Swenson, C. A., "Thermal Expansivity Measurements Below 300 K on a Copper-
Beryllium Alloy," Journal of Applied Physics 54. 2844-2846 (1983).
14. Radcliffe, W. J., Gallop, J. C, and Dominique, J., "A Microwave Method for Thermal Expansion
Measurement," Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments J6. 1200-1202 (1983).
15. HIdnert, P., "Thermal Expansion of Copper-Beryllium Alloys," Journal of Research of the National
Bureau of Standards 16, 529-548 (1936).
16. Imal, H., and Bates, W. J., "Measurement of the Linear Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Thin
Specimens," Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments M, 883-888 (1981).
14-31
14. BERYLLIUM COPPER: THERMAL PROPERTIES
REFERENCES
17.. Arp, v., Wilson, J. H., Winrich, L, and Sikora, P., "Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering
Materials from 20 to 293 "K," Cryogenics 2, 230-235 (1962).
ISl Beenakker, J. J. M., and Swenson. C. A., Total Thermal Contractions of Some Technical Metals
to 4.2 °K," Review of Scientific Instruments 26, 1204-1205 (1955).
^9t. Belton, J. H., Godby. L. L, and Taft. B. L, "Materials for Use at Liquid Hydrogen Temperature,"
American Society for Testing Materials, Special Technical Put)licatlon 287, 108-121 (1961).
20. Williams, L Young, J. D., and Schmidt, E. H., "Thermal Expansion Properties of Aerospace
R.,
Materials, Technical Support Package for NASA Technical Brief 69-10055," National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, VA, PB-1 84749, 174 pp (19^).
14-32
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Table 15.1. Electrical Resistivity Dependence of Annealed C17000 Beryllium Copper on Aging Time
(295 K).
71.6 0 0
15-1
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
120
295 K
100 AGING
REF. TEMP.. K
• 1 623.
E
c
. 80
> !
to
TJi 60
lii
r
<
u
40
I—
u
20
4 6 10
AGING TIME, h
Figure 15.1. Electrical resistivity measurements at 295 K on annealed C17000 beryllium copper are
shown as a function of aging time. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure.
One measurement at an aging time greater than 1 0 h is also not shown. All data are presented in
Table 15.1. Product form was not specified.
'
'
ji'
15-2
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS (reduction in area), and the reference number.
The available characterization of materials and
Measurements of the electrical resistivity of measurements is given in Table 15.17 at the end
C17000 beryllium copper at 295 K as a function of the electromagnetic properties section. Figure
of cold work were obtained from References 1 5.2 15.2 presents p as a function of CW.
and 15.3. Cold work, CW, ranged from 0 to 84%
(reduction in area). Product was in bar form. DISCUSSION
Table 15.2. Electrical Resistivity Dependence of C17000 Beryllium Copper on Cold Work (295 K).
42.70 0 2
61.30 0 3
60.96 37 3
80.71 60 3
80.58 64 3
15-3
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
120
2<»5 K
RlEF.
100 • 2
o 3
E
ci
c
80 o ( > —o
>
I—
in
(/) 60
ui
•
<
u o
40
I—
u
20
20 40 80 100
COLD WORK, percent
Figure 15.2. Electrical resistivity measurements at 295 K on C17000 beryllium copper are shown as a
function of cold work. Product was in bar form.
15-4
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS tion in thickness or area), aging temperature and
time, and the reference number. The available
Measurements of the electrical resistivity of characterization of materials and measurements is
annealed and cold-worked C1 7200 beryllium given in Table 15.17 at the end of the electromag-
copper at 295 K as a function of aging tempera- netic properties section. Figure 15.3 presents p
ture were obtained from three sources (Referenc- as a function of aging temperature, and Figures
es 15.4, 15.5, and 15.6). Aging temperatures 15.4 and 15.5 present p as a function of aging
ranged from 373 to 753 K; aging times from 0.5 time, for annealed and cold-worked material,
to 15 h. Cold work, CW, ranged from 0 to 50% respectively. As explained in the figure captions,
(reduction in thickness or area). Products were some of the data are omitted from those figures
and bar form.
in wire, strip, for clarity.
Measurements of the electrical resistivity, p,
of annealed CI 7200 beryllium copper at 295 K as DISCUSSION
a function of aging time were obtained from four
sources (References 15.4, 15.7, 15.8, and 15.9). In agreement with Figures 15.2, 15.8, and
Aging temperatures ranged up to 573 K; aging 15.12, there is little difference in p in Figure 15.3
times from 0 to 438 h. Products were in wire, forannealed and 21% cold-worked material (Ref-
strip, and bar form. Measurements at several erence 15.4).
aging temperatures are reported in Reference As explained earlier, the decrease in p with
15.8; only data at 573 K are presented here. aging is due to the removal of solute elements
Reference 15.10 reports similar data in relative from the copper matrix by precipitation. If the
form which were not included in this analysis aging temperature is below about 500 K, as
because p was not given. Measurements from shown in Figures 15.3 and 15.4 for data from
Reference 1 5.9 of p at aging temperatures were References 15.4 and 15.9, not much precipitation
corrected to room-temperature p with the tem- occurs and p remains approximately constant.
perature coefficient of p of 0.009 nOm/K given in Data from Reference 1 5.8 presented in Fig-
Reference 15.11. ure 15.5 and Table 15.5 show that at aging time
Measurements of p of cold-worked C1 7200 equal to 0, p is somewhat higher for the largest
beryllium copper at 295 K as a function of aging amount of CW. However, after aging begins, the
time were obtained from seven sources (Refer- curves shown in Figure 15.5 cross over and the
ences 15.4-15.8, 15.12, and 15.13). Aging tem- effect is reversed because CW facilitates precipita-
RESULTS
15-5
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Table 1 5.3. Electrical Resistivity Dependence of Annealed and Cold-worked C1 7200 Beryllium Copper
on Aging Temperature (295 K).
81 3 Q 586 3 0 4
A
1 1 000 *t
AO i ^AA
000 1 n A
104 5 21 548 1 0 4
87.7 21 588 1.0 4
72.5 21 608 1.0 4
68.3 21 638 1.0 4
62.5 21 753 1.0 4
78.7 44 588 2.0 5
15-6
}
Table 15.4. Electrical Resistivity Dependence of Annealed C17200 Beryllium Copper on Aging Time
(295 K).
81.5 0 0 0.000 8
15-7
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C17200: Annealed and Aged; Electrical Resistivity vs. Aging
Cold-worked and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)
Table 15.5. Electrical Resistivity Dependence of Cold-worked CI 7200 Beryllium Copper on Aging Time
(295 K).
15-8
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
15-9
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
15-10
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
120
295 K
100
^ 80
— 60
AGING
— 40 REF. CW. X TIME. H
• 4 0. 1.
4 21. 1.
o 5 35. 2.
6 5 44. 2.
20 6 50. 1.
4 6 50. 2.
Figure 15.3. Electrical resistivity 295 K on annealed and cold-worked C17200 beryllium
measurements at
copper are shown as a function of aging temperature. Values from Reference 15.6 at aging times
other than 1 or 2 h are omitted from the figure for clarity. All data are presented in Table 15.3.
Products were in wire, strip, and bar form.
15-11
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C17200: Annealed and Aged; Electrical Resistivity vs. Aging
Cold-worked and Aged Temperature, Time (295 K)
120
295 K
—- 1-
o
lOOgbf —
E
8 o T^v •v
>-
>
to 60
LU
—J
< AGING
40 REF. CW, X TEMP., K
• 4 0. 633.
o 7 0. 569.
8 0. 573.
9 0. 446.
20 lb 9 0. 496.
9 0. 573.
4 6 10
AGING TIME, h
Figure 15.4. Electrical resistivity at 295 K on annealed C17200 beryllium copper are
measurements
shown as a function of aging time.For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from the figure.
Measurements at aging times greater than 10 h are not shown. All data are presented in Table
15.4. Products were in wire, strip, and bar form.
15-12
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
120
295 K
AGING
REF. CW, X TEMP.. K
100
34. 633.
35. 586.
50. 566.
50. 633.
50. 644.
50. 569.
vt
LU
60 ^ ---»
J
4 6 10
AGING TIME, h
Figure 15.5. Electrical resistivity 295 K on cold-worked C17200 beryllium copper are
measurements at
shown as a function of aging time. Values from Reference 15.8 for amounts of cold work other
than 16 or 75% are omitted from the figure for clarity, as are other overlapping data points.
Measurements at aging times greater than 10 h are not shown. All data are presented in Table
15.5. Products were in wire, strip, and bar form.
15-13
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Table 15.6. Electrical Resistivity Dependence of C17200 Beryllium Copper on Test Temperature
(4-300 K).
15-14
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
ilUiil h
15-15
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C 17200: Annealed; fijinealed Electrical Resistivity vs.
and Aged; Cold-worked Temperature (4-300 K)
120
100
i
C?
80
>-
>
6o
IXI
<
^ 40 REF. CONDITION _
I- • 14 AGED
U 0 15 ANNEALED
6 15 AGED
16 ANNEALED
20 16 AGED. 0.95 H-
16 AGED, 3 H
17 CW
17 CW
Figure 15.6. Electrical resistivity measurements from 4 to 300 K on C17200 beryllium copper in
annealed, annealed and aged, and cold-worked conditions are shown. All data are given in Table
15.6. Products were in strip (Reference 15.17) and bar form (Reference 15.15), or not specified.
15-16
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS ture and time, and the reference number. The
available characterization of materials and mea-
Measurements of the change In electrical surements is given in Table 15.17 at the end of
243 and 300 K of annealed
resistivity at 4, 77, the electromagnetic properties section. Figure
CI 7200 beryllium copper as a function of aging 15.7 presents Ap at several cryogenic tempera-
time were obtained from References 15.16 and tures as a function of aging time.
15.19. Aging temperatures were 403 and 598 K;
aging times ranged from 0.02 to 167 h. Product DISCUSSION
form was not specified.
The data from Reference 15.19 do not show
RESULTS a decrease in Ap with aging time because the ag-
Table 15.7. Electrical Resistivity Dependence of Annealed CI 7200 Beryllium Copper on Aging Time
(4, 77. 243. and 300 K).
0.0 4 0 0 0.000 16
-18.2 4 0 598 0.950 16
-30.3 4 0 598 2.950 16
0.0 77 0 0 0.000 16
-18.5 77 0 598 0.950 16
-30.5 77 0 598 2.950 16
0.0 243 0 0 0.000 16
-20.3 243 0 598 0.950 16
15-17
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
AGING
REF. TEMP., K
• 16 598.
16 598.
•- 16 598.
o 19 403.
0 2 4 6 8 10
AGING TIME, h
15-18
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS (reduction In thickness or area), and the reference
number. The available characterization of materi-
Measurements of the electrical resistivity of als and measurements is presented in Table
C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K as a function 15.17 at the end of the electromagnetic properties
of cold work were obtained from five sources section. Figure 15.8 presents p as a function of
(References 15.4, 15.5, 15.7, 15.8, and 15.13). CIV.
Cold work, CW, ranged from 0 to 94% (reduction
in thickness or area). Products were in wire, DISCUSSION
strip, and bar form.
Table 15.8. Electrical Resistivity Dependence of C17200 Beryllium Copper on Cold Work (295 K).
106.4 17 4
107.8 34 4
107.8 33 5
102.0 35 5
108.0 44 5
82.8 50 7
82.5 16 8
84.0 36 8
85.8 64 8
S6.5 75 8
98.5 0 13
106.0 37 13
105.0 49 13
106.0 70 13
110.0 76 13
107.0 78 13
117.0 84 13
111.0 88 13
114.0 90 13
113.0 92 13
112.0 94 13
15-19
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
120
A
291 K
>
A
A
• o
A i
o
100
c a 1 1
80
>
77i 60
lU
<
u REF.
40
•
U C
4
5
7
8
20 13
20 40 60 80 100
COLD WORK, percent
Figure 15.8. Electrical resistivity measurements at 295 K on CI 7200 beryllium copper are shown as a
function of cold work. All data are presented in Table 15.8. Products were in wire, strip, and bar
form.
15-20
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS resistivity (p), CIV (reduction in thickness or area),
aging temperature, and the reference number.
Measurements of the yield strength of The available characterization of materials and
C17200 beryllium copper at 295 K as a function measurements is presented in Table 15.17 at the
of electrical resistivity were obtained from three end of the electromagnetic properties section.
sources (References 15.5, 15.12, and 15.13). The Figure 15.9 presents as a function of p. The
annealed, cold-worked, and cold-worked and shading denotes the two different conditions of
aged conditions are represented in this data set. cold-worked only and cold-worked and aged.
The amount of cold work, CIV, ranged from 0 to
94% (reduction In thickness or area). Products DISCUSSION
were in wire, strip, and bar form.
The shaded areas in Figure 1 5.9 show that
RESULTS for a given a lower p is obtained for
level of a^,
material in the cold-worked and aged condition
All measurements are reported in Table 15.9, than in the cold-worked only condition.
which presents the yield strength {o^), electrical
Table 15.9. Tensile Yield Strength Dependence of CI 7200 Beryllium Copper on Electrical Resistivity
(295 K).
15-21
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C17200: Annealed; Cold-worked; Tensile Yield Stren0h vs.
Cold-worked and Aged Electrical Resistivity (295 K)
2000
40 60 80 120
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY, niim
Figure 15.9. Tensile yield strength measurements at 295 K on CI 7200 beryllium copper are sliown as a
function of electrical resistivity. The shaded areas denote different material conditions. For clarity,
overlapping data points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 15.9. Products
were in wire, strip, and bar form.
15-22
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS aging temperature and time, and the reference
number. The available characterization of materi-
Measurements of the electrical resistivity of als and measurements is given in Table 15.17 at
annealed and cold-worked C17500 beryllium the end of the electromagnetic properties section.
copper at 295 K as a function of aging time were Figure 15.10 presents p as a function of aging
obtained from References 15.20 and 15.21. time.
Aging temperature was 753 K; aging times
ranged from 0.15 to 32 h. The percent and type DISCUSSION
of cold work (Reference 15.21) was not specified
(hard condition, product form not specified). As explained earlier, the decrease in p with
Product form also was not specified in Reference aging time is due to the removal of impurity ele-
15.20. ments from the copper matrix by precipitation.
The data of Reference 15.22 indicate that p re-
RESULTS mains approximately constant during exposure to
423 K for up to 100 h, with an increase of about
All measurements are reported in Table 20% that is recovered upon return to room tem-
15.10, which presents the electrical resistivity (p), perature.
Table 15.10. Electrical Resistivity Dependence of Annealed and Cold-worked C17500 Beryllium Copper
on Aging Time (295 K).
15-23
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
120
295 K
AGING
REF. CW. % TEMP.. K
100
• 20 0. 753.
O 21 N.S. 753.
E
ac
>"' 80
>
vt
60 i
<
40
u
Ul
20
4 6 10
AGING TIME, h
Figure 15.10. Electrical resistivity measurements 295 K on annealed and cold-worked CI 7500
at
beryllium copper are shown as a function of aging time.Two data points from Reference 15.20 at
aging times greater than 10 h do not appear on the graph. All data are presented in Table 15.10.
Product form was not specified.
15-24
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS and time, and the reference number. The avail-
able characterization of materials and measure-
Measurements of the electrical resistivity of ments is given in Table 15.17 at the end of the
cold-worked C17510 beryllium copper at 295 K as electromagnetic properties section. Figure 15.11
a function of aging time were obtained from presents p as a function of aging time.
seven sources (References 15.21, and 15.23-
15.28). Aging temperatures ranged from 593 to DISCUSSION
838 K; aging times from 0.12 to 70 h. The
amount of cold work, CW, ranged from 21 to 80% As explained earlier, the decrease in p with
(reduction in thickness). In some cases, aging aging time is due to the removal of impurity ele-
conditions or amount and mode of CIV was not ments from the copper matrix by precipitation.
specified In the reference. Products were in strip The data of Reference 15.22 indicate that p re-
and plate form, or not specified (References mains approximately constant during exposure to
15.21, 15.24, and 15.25). 423 K for up to 100 h, with an Increase of about
Data presented here from Reference 1 5.28 20% that is recovered upon return to room tem-
Include measurements on three
resistivity, p, perature.
heats. Reference 15.26 reports p data on one of Reference 15.29 notes that the recent use of
these heats at 76 and 4 K In addition to 295 K. higher purity C17510 material and improved ther-
See Figures 15.13 and 15.14. momechanical processing procedures may result
In lower values of p.
RESULTS
Table 15.11. Electrical Resistivity Dependence of Cold-worked C17510 Beryllium Copper on Aging Time
(295 K).
15-25
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
33.00 37 0 0.000 27
38.00 60 0 0.000 27
29.00 60 723 1.000 27
31.00 60 693 1.000 27
33.00 60 673 1.000 27
28.00 60 723 2.000 27
31.00 60 673 2.000 27
36.00 60 633 2.000 27
OU /£ J J.UUU 07
15-26
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
15-27
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C17510: Cold-worked Electrical Resistivity vs.
and Aged Aging Time (295 K)
120
< W
40<
-g- -A— A
A A
A AA 8
A
A 6
o-
20
4 6 10
AGING TIME, h
Figure 15.11. Electrical resistivity measurements295 K on cold-worked CI 7510 beryllium copper are
at
shown as a function of aging time. Values from References 15.23, and 15.24, for which aging times
were not specified, are plotted on the y-axis. For clarity, overlapping data points are omitted from
the figure. A few measurements at aging times greater than 10 h are not shown. All data are
presented in Table 15.1 1. Products were in strip and plate form, or not specified (References
15.21, 15.24, and 15.25).
15-28
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
RESULTS
Table 15.12. Electrical Resistivity Dependence of C17510 Beryllium Copper on Cold Work (295 K).
33 37 0 0 27
36 60 0 0 27
53 0 0 0 30
50 11 0 0 30
50 21 0 0 30
50 37 0 0 30
33 0 755 3 30
34 11 755 N.S. 30
33 21 755 N.S. 30
31 37 755 2 30
15-29
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES I
120
295 K
100
E
REF. CONDITION
c
80 — •27 cw
o 30 cw
> 6 30 cw AND AGED
(/> 60
<
U
40
I—
U
20
Ql 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1
0 20 40 60 80 100
COLD WORK, percent
Figure 15.12. Electrical resistivity measurements at 295 K on both aged and not aged C17510 beryllium
copper are shown as a function of cold work. All data are presented in Table 15.12. Products
were in strip (Reference 15.30) and plate form (Reference 15.27).
15-30
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Table 15.13. Electrical Resistivity Dependence of Cold-worked and Aged C17510 Beryllium Copper on
Test Temperature (4-295 K).
15.0 4 37 755 2 26
18.0 76 37 755 2 26
39.8 295 37 755 2 26
15-31
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
120
RE F. CO NDITION
100
• 26 Cw AND ACaED
E
CS
80
>-
>
I—
to , ^
« '°
<
y 40 »
I—
U
20
•
•
Figure 15.13. Electrical resistivity measurements from 4 to 295 K on cold-worked and aged CI 7510
beryllium copper are shown. All data are given in Table 15.13. Product was in plate form.
15-32
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
RESULTS
Table 15.14. Tensile Yield Strength Dependence of Cold-worked and Aged C17510 Beryllium Copper on
Electrical Resistivity (295 K).
15-33
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
15-34
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
2000
295 K
1600
O REF. CONDITION
o 23 CW AND AGED
24 CW AND AGED
25 CW AND AGED
26 CW AND AGED
O 1200 27 CW AND AGED
z 28A CW AND AGED
28B CW AND AGED
I— 28C CW AND AGED ^A
•^A
I
(/) AAA £
® 31 CW AND AGED AA
O •
A A AAA
^
>-
800
O
6 o
CCD
to o
Z
LU
o
I—
400
10 20 30 40 50
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY, nflm
Figure 15.14. Tensile yield strength measurements at 295 K on cold-worked and aged C17510
beryllium copper are shown as a function of electrical resistivity. For clarity, overlapping data
points are omitted from the figure. All data are presented in Table 15.14. Products were in strip
15-35
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C17200: Annealed Magnetic Susceptibility vs. Exposure
and Aged Temperature, [Fe] (588-866 K)
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS obtained under the conditions described above.
The data show that the alloy is magnetically sta-
Measurements of the magnetic susceptibility ble after 1-h exposures at temperatures up to
at 295 K of annealed and aged C17200 beryllium about 755 K. Temperatures of about 81 1 K were
copper with varying Fe content, [Fe], were ob- required to precipitate the ferromagnetic iron
tained from Reference 15.32. The susceptibility, phase.
K, was measured after the annealed and solution-
treated material had been initially aged at 588 K DISCUSSION
for 3 h and then held at various exposure temper-
atures from 588 to 866 K for 1 h. Some arbitrary The specifications for CI 7200 given by the
values (off-scale) reported Reference 15.32 are
In Copper Development Association Inc., Green-
not included in this analysis, but curves based on wich, CT, allow Ni + Fe + Co < 0.6 wt%. The
these values are included in the figure. Product effects noted here are so small that for many
was in a cast-cylinder form. applications, the magnetic permeability is equal to
1 to a good approximation. The susceptibility, in
RESULTS SI units, is defined as k = M/H (dimensionless),
where H = applied field and M = magnetization
All measured k are reported in Table 15.15, (both in A/m). The relative permeability (ji^), also
which presents k, [Fe], exposure temperature dimensionless, is related to « by = ^/ Mo
and time, and the reference number. The avail- = 1 + «. Reference 15.33 states that values of
able characterization of materials and methods is for C17000-C17500 beryllium coppers are nor-
given in Table 15.17 at the end of the electromag- mally below 1 .020 and are reducible to < 1 .001 if
netic properties section. Figure 15.15 presents k desired.
Table 15.15. Magnetic Susceptibility Dependence of Annealed and Aged CI 7200 Beryllium Copper on
Exposure Temperature and Fe Content (295 K).
15-36
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Figure 15.15. Magnetic susceptibility measurements at 295 K from Reference 15.32 on annealed and
aged C17200 beryllium copper are shown as a function of exposure temperature and Fe content.
The time at the exposure temperature was 1 h. All data are presented in Table 15.15. Product was
in a cast-cylinder form.
15-37
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
arbitrary values (off-scale) reported in Reference K, and the data show that a temperature about
15.32 are not included in this analysis, but curves 56 K higher is necessary to effect the solution of
based on these values are included in the figure. Fe in the copper matrix.
Product was in a cast-cylinder form. The effects noted here are so small that for
many applications, the magnetic permeability is
RESULTS equal to 1 to a good approximation. The suscep-
tibility, in SI units, is defined as k = M/H (di-
All measured values of k are reported in mensionless), where H = applied field and = M
Table 15.16, which presents k, solution treatment magnetization (both in A/m). The relative per-
temperature, Fe content, and the reference num- meability (jjl), also dimensionless, is related to k
ber. The available characterization of materials by = n/ = ^ + K. Reference 15.33 states
and methods is given in Table 15.17 at the end of that values for /i^ for C17000-C17500 beryllium
the electromagnetic properties section. Figure copper normally are below 1.020 and are reduc-
15.16 presents k obtained under the conditions ible to < 1.001 if desired.
described above. The data show that the k of
the
Table 15.16. Magnetic Susceptibility Dependence of Annealed and Aged C17200 Beryllium Copper on
Solution-Treating Temperature, Fe Content (295 K).
15-38
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
14000
295 K /
1000
12000 EXP. /
O •
REF.
32
TEMP., K
866.
7
32 1061.
•- 32 1088. - 800
>-
10000
t 32 1116.
r
^8 66 K
—
I—
8000 EE
a. 600 ^
u u
/ to
6000 to
U
400 »-
/ /l061K / LU
z
4000 o
< <
/ 1088 K
4/ 200
2000
/ 1116 K
/
0.1 0.2" 0.3 0.4 0.5
Figure 15.16. Magnetic susceptibility measurements at 295 K on annealed and aged CI 7200 beryllium
copper are shown as a function of iron content and solution temperature. All data are presented in
Table 15.16. Product was in a cast-cylinder form.
15-39
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Reference No. 1A IB 2A 9R
Composition (wt%)
Cu > 98.49 > 98.49 98.37 Oft V7
Cu + Ag
Be 1.50 1.50 1.62 1.62
Mi
Co — — — —
Ni + Co
Ni + Fe + Co —
Al
Fe < 0.01 < 0.01 0.06 0.06
Si
Others — — — —
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
Material Condition Annealed, 1053 K, Aged, 623 K, Mill annealed Cold-drawn, 75%
0.33 h 0.0008-17 h
RRR
Grain Size — —
Hardness Rg 103
No. of
Measurements
15-40
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
3A SB 4A 4B 4C
-1
1
CO
.5o 1 CO 4
l.OO
Of 1.86 1.86
U.U U.Ul U.U1
— —
1
— — — — —
0.08 0.08 0.02 0.02 0.02
0.04 0.04 0.16 0.16 0.16
— — 0.07 0.07 0.07
Sn: 0.01; Zn: 0.03 Sn: 0.01; Zn: 0.03 Sn: 0.01; Zn: 0.03
2 2 per condition
(a) Diameter: 37%, 0.041 cm; 60%, 0.33 cm; 84%, 0.21 cm.
(b) Others: Aged, 633 K, 0.088-5.6 h.
15-41
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Reference No. 4D 4E 4F 5A
Composition (wt%)
Cu 97.65 97.34 97.39 97.72
Cu + Ag
Be 1.86 1.91 1.87 1.83
Ni 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01
Co 0.19 0.29 0.39 0.22
Ni + Co
Ni + Fe + Co
A! 0 02 U.wO
Fe 0.16 0.24 0.22 0.11
bl 0.07 0.14 0.08 0.07
Others Sn: 0.01; Zn: 0.03 Sn: 0.01
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
Material Condition Cold-rolled, 17%, Aged, 298-753 K, Cold-rolled, 21%, Cold-drawn, 44%
34%, then aged 1 h then aged,
588 K, 3 h (a) 293-753 K, 1 h
RRR
Hardness
No. of
Measurements
15-42
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
5B 5C 5D 5E 5F
Cold-drawn, 44%, Cold-drawn, 35% Cold-drawn, 35%, Cold-drawn, 33% Cold-drawn, 33%,
then aged, 588 K, then aged, 588 K, then aged, 588 K,
2h 2 h 2 h
_ Rg 95 Rc42 Rg 99 Rc42
15-43
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Reference No. 6 7A 7B 7C
Composition (wt%)
Cu 97.65 97.65 97.65
Cu + Ag
Be 2.15 2.15 2.15
Ni —
Co
Ni + Co
Ni + Fe + Co
Al — (a) (a) (a)
Fe
Si — — — —
Others
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
Material Condition Cold-drawn, 50%, Annealed, 1072 K, Aged, 569 K, Cold-worked, 50%
then aged, 588- 1 h 0.08-1 h
644 K, 0.5-15 h
RRR
Grain Size — — — —
Hardness — — — —
Product Fornn
No. of
Measurements
15-44
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
7D 8A 8B 8C 8D
— — '
— — —
(a) — — — —
— — — — —
— — — — —
15-45
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Composition (wt%)
Cu 97.8 — —
Cu + Ag —
Be 2.2 1.81-1.86 1.81-1 .86
Ni 0.01-0.03 0.01-0.03
Co "
0.23-C.27 0.23-0.27
Ni + Co — — — —
jslj + Pe + Co
Al — — 0.01-0.03 0.01-0.07
re 0.08—0.10 O.Oo-O. lO
Si — — 0.06-0.09 0.06-0.09
Others Sn: 0.01 Sn: 0.01
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
RRR
Grain Size — — — —
Hardness — — — —
Product Form Strip
No. of
Measurements
15-46
1
—
0.01-0.07 < 0.1 < 0.1
0.08-0.10 — 0.12 0.12 —
n nfi—n no nil
U. nil
U.l 1
—
1
Sn: 0.01 Sn, Ag, Zn, Pb, Sn, Ag, Zn, Pb, —
Cr, Mn: < 0.1 Cr, Mn: < 0.1
16 /im 35 iim
Bar Bar
15-47
I
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Composition (wt%)
Cu 97.7 97.87
Cu + Ag
Be 2.0 1.80 1.83 2.08
Ni
Co 0.3 0.1-1.0 0.01-0.1 0.009
Mi 4- fV>
Ni + Fe + Co — — — —
A! (b) (f) 0.008
Fe — 0.018
Si 0.013
Others I All others < 0.01 All others < 0.01
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
Material Condition Aged, 598 K, Cold-rolled (c) Cold-rolled (c) Aged, 403 K,
0.95 h or 2.95 h 0.02-167 h
RRR (a)
Grain Size — — — —
Hardness Knoop 243-332 Knoop 513-541
PmHii^t Pnrm
No. of
Measurements
15-48
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
All others - 0.1 All others - 0.1 All others - 0.1 All others - 0.1
Aged, 753 K, Cold-worked, hard Cold-worked, hard. Cold-worked, hard Cold-worked, hard,
0.01-31.6 h then aged, 753 K, then aged, 753 K,
0.125-8 h 0.125-8 h
— — — — —
Vickers 75-280 Vickers 170 Vickers 220-280 Vickers 160 Vickers 212-255
15-49
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Composition (wt%)
Cu 98.02 (b)
r^i 1 -1- An
Be — 0.38 0.2-0.6
Nl — 1.60 1.4-2.2
Co
Nl + KjO
Ni + Fe + Co — — — —
Al
Fe I I I
Si — — — —
Ot tiers
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
Grain Size
Hardness _
Product Form — — Strip —
No. of
Measurements
15-50
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
rt 0__rt tt
U.^—U.O 0.40 0.40 0.40
1 on 1 on 1on
i.yu 1
1
fin
.yu
— — — — —
— — — — —
z
— — — — —
0.5-5 h (c)
— — — —
—
Sheet,
0.02-cm-thick
Rat
15-51
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
RRR 2.65
Grain Size
ricii ui looa
No. of
Measurements
15-52
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
— — —
— Rg 95-99 DPH 80 DPH 229
1 Rat Rat
1
1
1
(a) Zr: 0.03; Sn: 0.01; Zn: 0.01; Ag: 0.01; Cr: 0.005; Pb: 0.002; Mn: 0.002.
(b) 2n: 0.02; Ag: 0.01; Zr: 0.01; Sn: < 0.01; Ti: < 0.01; Cr: 0.004; Pb: 0.003; Mn: 0.001.
(c) Percent cold work and aging conditions not specified.
(d) Ag: 0.09; Sn: 0.02; Zn: 0.02; Cr: 0.007; Mn: 0.004; Pb: 0.003.
15-53
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Composition (wt%)
Cu 97.8
Cu + Ag
Be 0.2-0.6 0.2-0.6 0.4 2.0
Ni 1.4-2.2 1.4-2.2 1.8
Co
Ni + Co
Ni + Fe + Co — — — —
Ml
Fe — — — 0.05-0.5
Si
Others — — — —
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
RRR -
Grain Size — (c)
No. of
Measurements
15-54
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
REFERENCES
1. Yoshida, H., and Murakami, Y., "The Effects of Neutron Irradiation on Aging Cfiaracteristics of
Copper--1.5 and 2.0 wt% Beryllium Alloys," Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 33, 775-781
(1969).
3. Crampton, D. K., Burghoff, H. L, and Stacy, J. T., "Effect of Cold-Work upon Electrical
Conductivity of Copper Alloys," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and
Metallurgical Engineers 143, 228-245 (1941).
4. Richards, J. T., and Murakawa, K., "Effect of Cold Rolling and Heat Treatment on the Directional
Properties of Beryllium Copper Strip," Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials
57, 791-807 (1957).
5. Richards, J. T., "An Evaluation of Several Static and Dynamic Methods for Determining Elastic
Moduli," in Symposium on Determination of Elastic Constants, American Society for Testing
Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 71-100 (1952).
6. Richards, J. T., "Beryllium Copper Wire: Property and Design Considerations," Wire and Wire
Products 27, 257-262, 304-307 (1952).
7. Billington, D. S., and Siegel, S., "Effect of Nuclear Radiation on Metal," Metal Progress 58,
847-852 (1950).
8. Gruhl, W., and Wassermann, G., "Uber den Verlauf der Ausscheidung bei Kupfer-Beryllium-
Legierungen," Metall 5, 93-98 (1951).
9. Murray, G. T., and Taylor, W. E., "Effect of Neutron Irradiation on a Supersaturated Solid Solution
of Beryllium in Copper," Acta Metallurgical, 52-62 (1954).
10. Murakami, Y., Yoshida, H., "On the Aging Characteristics of Copper-2 wt%
and Yamamoto, S.,
Beryllium Alloys with or without Additional Elements," Transactions of the Japan Institute of
Metals 9, 11-18 (1968).
11. Richards, J. T., "Beryllium Copper," Materials & Methods 31. 75-89 (1950).
12. Fox, A., "Stress Relaxation in Bending of Copper Beryllium Alloy Strip," Journal of Testing and
Evaluation 8, 119-126 (1980).
13. Richards, J. T., Levan, R. K., and Smith, E. M., 'The Influence of Cold Work and Heat Treatment
on the Engineering Properties of Beryllium Copper Wire," Proceedings of the American Society
for Testing Materials 51, 771-789 (1951).
14. Berman, R., Foster, E. L., and Rosenberg, H. M., "The Thermal Conductivity of Some Technical
Materials at Low Temperatures," British Journal of Applied Physics 6. 181-182 (1955).
15-55
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
REFERENCES
16. Feid, S., Groger, and Stangler, F., 'Temperaturabhangigkelt der Hallkonstante der
Kupferberylliumlegierung CuBe2 zwischen 6 und 300 K," Zeitschrift fur Metallkunde 74, 246-249
(1983).
17. Watson, T. W., and Flynn, D. R., 'Thermal Conductivity and Electrical Resistivity of Beryllium
Copper Foil," Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of AIME 242 876-880 (1968)..
18. Yoshida, H., Yamamoto, S., Murakami, Y., and Kodaka, H., The Effects of Neutron Irradiation on
Ageing and Precipitation Phenomena in Copper-Beryllium Alloys with or without Additional
Elements," Transactions of the Japan Institute of Metals 12, 229-237 (1971).
19. Vigier, G., Pelletier, J. M., and Merlin, J., 'Temperature Dependence of the Electrical Resistivity of
Alloys with Guinier-Preston Zones," Journal of Physics F: Metal Physics 13, 1677-1687 (1983).
20. Pfeiffer, I., and Honig, A., "Berylliumleltbronzen," Metall 22. 1125-1129 (1968).
21. Weinlich, W., "CuNiBe-eine Variante der aushartbaren CuCoBe-Knetlegierungen," Metall 34.
135-138 (1980).
22. Mollard, F. R., Wikle, K. G., and Chaudhry, A. R., "Copper-Beryllium for Elevated Temperature
Electronic and Electrical Applications," in High Conductivity Copper and Aluminum Alloys, Eds.
E. Ling and P. W. Taubenblat, The Metallurgical Society of AIME. New York, 147-168 (1984).
23. Spiegelberg, W. D., and Guha, A., Copper Alloy C17510." in Copper and
"Properties of Beryllium
Copper W. Wiffen and R. E. Gold, Oak Ridge
Alloys for Fusion Reactor Applications, Eds. F.
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, CONF-830466, 143-150 (1984).
24. Stevenson, R. D., and Rosenwasser, S. N., "Characteristics, Properties and Fabrication of
CuBeNi Alloy (C17510)," Pacific-Sierra Research Corp., Del Mar, CA, PSR Report 1545, MIT P.O.
FCA-534436, 19 pp (1985).
25. Guha, A., "Development of a High Strength High Conductivity Cu-Ni-Be Alloy." in High
Conductivity Copper and Aluminum Alloys, Eds. E. Ling and P. W. Taubenblat, The Metallurgical
Society of AIME, New York, 133-145 (1984).
26. Reed. R. P.. Walsh. R. P., and Fickett, F. R.. "Properties of CDA 104. 155. and 175 Copper
Alloys, in Materials Studies for Magnetic Fusion Energy Applications at Low Temperatures~X, Ed.
R. P. Reed. National Bureau of Standards. Boulder. CO, NBSIR 87-3067, 83-126 (1987).
27. Rotem, A., and Rosen, A., "Improvement of Strength and Electrical Conductivity of Copper Alloy
by Means of Thermo-Mechanical Treatment," Metallurgical Transactions 16A 2073-2077 (1985). .
28. Compendium of Beryllium Copper (Alloy CI 7510) Data for the CIT Device,"
Bushnell, C. W., "A
Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. Princeton. NJ. F-880909-PPL-01 (1988).
29. Pawel. R. E.. and Williams, R. K., "Survey of Physical Property Data for Several Alloys," Oak
Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge. TN. ORNL/TM-9616. 37 pp (1985).
15-56
15. BERYLLIUM COPPER: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
REFERENCES
30. Guha, A., and Spiegelberg, W. D., "Development of a Nickel-containing Beryllium Copper Alloy
forConnector Applications," in Annual Connector and Interconnection Technology Symposium,
133-140 (1979).
31. Guha, A., "High Performance Mill Hardened Beryllium Copper C17510 Strip for Electrical and
Electronic Applications," in Sixteenth Annual Connectors and Interconnection Technology
Symposium Proceedings, Electronic Connector Study Group Inc., 131-140 (1983).
33. Honig,A., and Koeppen, H., "Uber die vielseitige Verwendung von Kupfer-Beryllium," Metall 28,
1059-1062 (1974).
15-57
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
amount of data on other product forms was avail- curves increases with increasing [Sn]. The data
able at this temperature and tensile measure- set from Reference was also used to test the
16.1
^''^
ments on wire may not be comparable to meas- effect of d upon Although a cf
a^. term fitted
urements on other product forms. The type of the data only slightly better than a cT^ term, d"^^^
CW was cold rolling in all cases except for the was chosen because it is the traditional Hall-
bar and wire stock which were drawn. The cold Petch expression.
rolling Reference 16.1 was carried out
reported in Analysis of data from 77 to 295 K, as pre-
in may have differed some-
the laboratory and sented in Reference 16.7, led to an examination
what from standard commercial practice. The of interactive terms for [Sn] and temperature, 7,
available Information on the characterization of although the equation that was found to fit the
materials and measurements is given in Table data best was not of the same form as that pre-
16.5 at the end of the 0501 00-052400 tensile sented in Reference 16.7. In particular, no evi-
16-1
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
[Sn] values, also shows a change in slope with Figure 16.4 indicates the fit of the data to Equa-
increasing [Sn]. Data on cold-worked material tion (16-1). The band represents two
scatter
from References 16.10 and 16.11 are included in standard deviations about the straight line, which
this graph to indicate that they follow the T^'^ indicates agreement between the measured and
temperature dependence to a first approximation. predicted values of ay. The variance of the data
Figure 16.3, which shows vs. [Sn]^^^ for tem- was assumed to be normally distributed and con-
peratures between 4 and 300 K, illustrates both stant throughout the range of the predicted val-
the dependence on [Sn]^^^ and the nonlinear tem- ues. Table 16.1 presents the ay values calculated
perature dependence. These data.taken from from Equation (16-1) as well as the measured ay
Reference 16.14, were not used in the analysis and the parameters [Sn], CW, d, [P], and T. The
because is not measured with the 0.2% offset available characterization of materials and mea-
method. surements is given in Table 1 6.5 at theend of the
When the form of the equation had been tensile properties section.
established from the data sets with extensive
parametric variation, data from References 16.10 DISCUSSION
and 16.11 were added (8 measurements between
4 and 295 K on drawn bar product) to determine The few available measurements of ay on
the final coefficients. Table 1.17 in the introducto- cold-worked material below 295 K often fall out-
ry section gives cold-work equivalents for cold- side the scatter band. This is true also of several
rolled and drawn tempers. Therefore, for cold- measurements on 60% cold-worked sheet not
drawn bar product (References 16.4, 16.5, 16.10, included in the analysis (Reference 16.21). Equa-
and 16.11) percentages for cold rolling were sub- tion (16-1) represents the best determination of
stituted in the CW terms in the equation in place the dependence of ay on [Sn], CW, d, [P], and T
of the percentage of reduction of area. This did that could be obtained from the available data-
not improve the fit of the equation to the data, so base, but probably represents cold-worked mate-
the percentage reduction of area by drawing was rial only within ± 4 standard deviations.
used for CW in the analysis for measurements on agreement with these results for phosphor
In
bar stock. This Is discussed further below. dependence of ay upon
bronzes, analysis of the
CW for C10100-C10700 coppers (pages 2-13-2-
RESULTS 19 and 2-22-2-28) also showed that a better fit of
the data was obtained when the cold-work term
The final equation expressing the depen- in the equation represents the reduction of thick-
dence of ay in MPa upon the parameters re- ness for cold-rolled product and reduction of area
viewed above is fordrawn product. The alternative, to use the
temper equivalents presented in Table 1 .5, result-
ay = -5.972+28.61 [Sn] - 1.584 [Sn]^ ed in a worse fit of the data. Thus, the higher,
+ 84. 1 4 [Sn] + 1 2.02 CW - 0. 1 024 (CIV)2 drawn product value is used in the cold-work
+ 277.9cy-^'^ +88.08 [P] +0.0641 6 CW[Sn] term of Equation (16-1). Reference 16.15 report-
-0.02421 CW[Sn]2 - 13.01 P'^[Snf^ ed that as the diameter of their phosphor-bronze
specimens from drawn bar decreased, i.e., as
(16-1) specimens were obtained that sampled less of
(S.D. = 34.523 MPa), the exterior of the bar, the measured ay in-
creased. This apparent anomaly has not been
where 4 K < 7 < 297 K. The standard deviations investigated further. The same anomaly may
of the coefficients are: constant term, 8.486; have affected the measurements reported in Ref-
[Snl, 5.53; [Sn]^ 0.409; [Sn]^^, 12.01; CW, 0.32; erences 16.4, 16.5, 16.10, and 16.11, i.e., a higher
CW\ 0.0043; d'^'^, 12.28; [P], 21.01; ClV[Sn]. value of ay was measured than would be expect-
0.0898; CW[Snf, 0.00903; and r^^[Sn]^^^ 1.19. ed from the nominal value of CW, since these
The set of aymeasurements and parameters are specimens also were obtained from the interior of
presented in Table 16.1, which also gives the ay the bar stock. If so, the use of higher values for
value predicted from the analysis described. CW would improve the agreement of the drawn
16-2
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
product measurements with the cold-rolled prod- other forms of thermomechanlcal processing.
uct measurements. It was not feasible, given the C51000 phosphor bronze was cold rolled to
limited amount of data available, to develop sepa- 97.3% and subsequently annealed for 2 h at vari-
rate equations for the two types of product. ous temperatures in an attempt to recover ductili-
Reference 16.6 presents additional data (not ty without losing strength. Results and mecha-
used in this analysis) on material subjected to nisms are discussed in the reference.
Table 16.1. Tensile Yield Strength Dependence on [Sn], CW, d, and [P] (4-297 K).
Yield Strength, Yield Strength, [Sn], Cold Grain Size, [P]. Test Reference
Measured, Predicted, wt% Work, wt% Tennperature, No.
MPa MPa % K
82.3 54.8 0.42 0.0 35.0 0.04 295,0 1
16-3
:
16, PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
1
1;
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Tensile Yield Strengtfi vs. [Sn], Cold
Cold-worked Work, Grain Size, [P] (4-297 K)
j
Yield Strength, Yield Strength, [Sn], Cold Grain Size, [P]. Test Reference
Measured, Predicted, wt% Work, wt% Temperature, No.
Mr a MPa
Mr a TO K
595.0 573.0 2.96 68.2 35.0 0.07 295.0 1
16-4
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Yield Strength, Yield Strength, [Sn], Cold Grain Size, [P]. Test Reference
Measured, Predicted, wt% Work, lim Wt% Temperature, No.
Mra MPa % K
647.0 643.0 10.10 37.1 15.0 0.04 295.0 1
16-5
j
I
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Yield Strength, Yield Strength, [Sn], Cold Grain Size, [P]. Test Reference
Measured, Predicted, wt% Work, wt% Temperature, No.
TO K
641.0 667.0 5.00 61.0 35.0 0.19 295.0 2
131.0 148.0 5.00 0.0 50.0 0.19 295.0 2
16-6
U
Yield Strength, Yield Strength, [Sn], Cold Grain Size, Test Reference
Measured, Predicted, wt% Work, wt% Temperature, No.
MPa MPa % K
8.09 30.0 110.0 0.11 295.0 5
24.4 38 7 u.uu n n
U.U Rn A
DU.U 0.00 223.0 7
00 A u.uu 0.0 50.0 0.00 297.0 7
52.8 41 8 0 30 0 0 '^A A
ou.u u.uu Bn Q 7
37 8 44 7 n JU
U. Tn u.u e^A A
DU.U U.UU ooT n 7
'TP
JD.Of^ AA 1 U. JU U.U 50.0 0.00 234.0 f
TT R AO T U. JU u.u RA A
DU.U n nn
U.UU oci n 7
86 5 77 6 0 74 0 0 50 0 u.uu 81 3
71
f 1
T
.o AK n n
U. 7/
^J u.u t^AA
DU.U U.UU t^t; n
1103. 7
60 6 61 3 0 74 0 0 50 0 0 00 194 0
59.7 58.2 0.74 0.0 50.0 0.00 224.0 7
58.1 57.1 0.74 0.0 50.0 0.00 234.0 7
95 1 87 1 1 63 0 0 50 0 0 00 195.0 7
R7 7 1 63 0 0 50 0 0 00 224 0 7
Aft Q 1 AT u.u DU.U n nn
u.uu ^ JO.U 7
16-7
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Yield Strength, Yield Strength, [Sn], Cold Grain Size, [P]. Test Reference
Measured, Predicted, wt% Work, wt% Temperature, No.
MPa MPa % K
121.0 129.0 4.78 0.0 50.0 0.00 296.0 7
238.0 211.0 5.67 0.0 50.0 0.00 81.9 7
167.0 178.0 5.67 0.0 50.0 0.00 156.0 7
178.0 172.0 5.67 0.0 50.0 0.00 175.0 7
169.0 166.0 5.67 0.0 50.0 0.00 194.0 7
157.0 157.0 5.67 0.0 50.0 0.00 225.0 7
153.0 154.0 5.67 0.0 50.0 0.00 234.0 7
141.0 147.0 5.67 0.0 50.0 0.00 264.0 7
132.0 139.0 5.67 0.0 50.0 b.oo 297.0 7
282.0 246.0 8.78 0.0 50.0 0.00 80.3 7
224.0 204.0 8.78 0.0 50.0 0.00 156.0 7
211.0 196.0 8.76 0.0 50.0 0.00 175.0 7
200.0 189.0 8.78 0.0 50.0 0.00 194.0 7
186.0 178.0 8.78 0.0 50.0 0.00 223.0 7
16-8
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Yield Strength, Yield Strength, [Sn], Cold Grain Size, [PJ. Test Reference
Measured, Predicted, wt% Work, wt% TenDperature, No.
MPa MPa % K
496.0 632.0 4.85 85.0 101.0 0.18 295.0 10
543.0 657.0 4.85 85.0 101.0 0.18 195.0 10
Figure 16.1. Tensile yield strength measurements from Reference 16.1 are plotted as a function of cold
work for increasing values of Sn content, [Sn] (in wt%).
16-9
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
1200
„ 1000
[Snl 8.2X. REF. 11
o [Sn] 4.9X. REF. 10
> [Snl 8.8X, REF. 7
< [Snl 5.7X. REF. 7
800 .
o [Snl 4.8X. REF. 7 _
[Sn] 2.4X. REF. 7
[Snl 1.6X, REF. 7
o
z A
[Snl 0.7X. REF. 7
0.3X. REF. 7
UJ [Snl
oc [Snl O.OX. REF. 7
H 600
C/)
Q
_J
UJ
>-
400
m
UJ
I- 200
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 16.2. Tensile yield strength measurements as a function of temperature for increasing values of
Sn content, [Sn] (in wt%). The material from Reference 16.7 was annealed, whereas the materials
from References 16.10 and 16.11 were cold worked.
16-10
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
500
40
Q. 400 K
b
• 77 K
X
I-
(3 300
• 180 K
LU
cr
h-
</>
Q
_i j» 300 K
200
UJ
>-
z
LU 100
0 1 2 3 4 5
Figure 16.3. Tensile yield strengtli measurements from Reference 16.14 are plotted as a function of Sn
content for decreasing values of the test temperature.
16-11
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Figure 16.4. The data shown were used to compute the regression of tensile yield strength upon [Sn],
CW, d, [P],and T [Equation (16-1)]. For clarity, data points were rennoved where overlapping
occurred to such an extent that symbols could not be discerned. All data are presented in Table
16.1. Products were in sheet, wire, strip, and bar form.
16-12
76. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS 0.05 wt% or 0.94 wt% (Reference 16.12).
Reference 16.13 states that [Fe] of up to 0.28%
A set of 208 ultimate tensile strength mea- causes only a slight increase in o^^ and amounts
surements temperatures between 4 and 297 K
at above 0.28 wt% actually cause a decrease
was selected for analysis because degree of cold because the Fe enters into a secondary phase.
work, Sn and P content, and grain size were Further data on the dependence of tensile
reported (References 16.1, 16.3-16.6, 16.10, properties of phosphor bronzes on [Fe] are not
16.11, 16.16, and 16.17). In a few cases, because available at present, and [Fe] was generally not
the data appeared very useful, reasonable reported in the references used in this analysis.
assumptions were made for one of these The data set was not ideal for developing a
parameters. The grain size, d, was not specified predictive equation relating to T, [Sn], and CW,
in References 16.6, 16.10, and 16.17 and values because only a few measurements from 4 to 295
based in part on the heat treatment of the K on cold-worked material have been reported
material were assigned (80, 50, and 40 ^m, (see Table 16.2). However, an excellent set of
respectively). Degree of cold work, CW (percent 132 measurements at 295 K is available from
reduction of thickness or area) ranged from 0 to Reference 16.1 in which [Sn], CW, d, and [P]
85%; Sn content, [Sn], ranged from 0 to 10.10 were varied systematically. Therefore, regression
wt%; P content, [P], ranged from 0 to 0.40 wt%; analysis of upon [Sn], CIV. d, and [P] was
and d, from 0.5 to 250 /zm. initially carried out on this data set to establish
Products were in sheet (Reference 16.6), the best functional forms. In particular, this data
strip (References 16.1 and 16.3), and bar form set was used to develop the best expressions for
(References 16.4, 16.5, 16.10, 16.11, and 16.17). the interactive effect of CW and [Sn]. It is clear
Product form was not reported in Reference from the results presented in Reference 16.1 that
16.16. Data on wire at 295 K were not included such an interactive effect exists. The data set
because a great deal of data was available at this from Reference 16.1 was also used to test the
temperature and tensile measurements on wire effect of d and [P] upon a^. These parameters
may not be comparable to measurements on were found not to affect significantly, in
other product forms. The type of cold work was contrast to their effect on [Equation (16-1)]. A
cold rolling cases except for the bar stock
in all trial and error procedure was used to find the
which was drawn. The cold rolling reported in best terms to express the temperature
Reference 16.1 was carried out in the laboratory dependence, after additional data from Reference
and may have differed somewhat from standard 16.16 were added to the data set.
commercial practice. The available information When the form of the equation had been
on the characterization of materials and established from the data sets with extensive
measurements is given in Table 1 6.5 at the end of parameter variation, data from References 16.10,
the C50100-C52400 tensile properties section. 16.11, and 16.17 were added (8 measurements
Because an extensive data set was available, between 4 and 295 K on drawn bar product and
it seemed appropriate to develop a predictive 3 measurements on annealed material) to
equation for ultimate tensile strength, a^, as a determine the final coefficients. Table 1.17 in the
function of potentially relevant parameters, such introductory section gives CW equivalents for
as temperature (7), CW, [Sn], d, [P]. The alloying cold-rolled and drawn tempers. Therefore, for
element, Fe, although present in commercial cold-worked bar product (References 1 6.4, 1 6.5,
was judged not to affect
material, significantly. 16.10, and 16.11), equivalent temper percentages
Reference 16.6 reported that the tensile properties for cold rolling were substituted in the cold-work
were not affected by the variation in Fe content, terms in the equation in place of the percentage
[Fe], from 0.02 to 0.12 wt% in two different lots of of reduction of area. In contrast to Equation (16-
C51000. Measurements of a^J and strain to failure 1) for ay, a better fit of the equation to the
in high-[Sn], low-[P] bronzes were in agreement, measurements was obtained with this procedure.
within the measurement error, for [Fe] of either This is discussed further below.
16-13
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Table 16.2. Ultimate Tensile Strength Dependence on [Sn] and CIV (4-297 K).
16-14
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
16-15
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
16-16
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
16-17
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
16-18
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Figure 16.5. The data shown were used to compute the regression of ultimate tensile strength upon
[Sn], CIV, and T [Equation (16-2)]. All data are presented in Table 16.2. Products were in sheet,
wire, strip, and bar form.
16-19
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS ence 16.12). Reference 16.13 states that [Fe] of
up to 0.28 wt% causes only a slight increase of
A 212 values of tensile strain to failure
set of tensile strength and amounts above 0.28% actual-
(as determined by elongation measurements) ly cause a decrease because the Fe enters into a
were selected from measurements at tempera- secondary phase. Further data on the depen-
tures between 4 and 297 K. These data were dence of tensile properties of phosphor bronzes
chosen for analysis because degree of cold work, on [Fe] are not available at present, and [Fe] was
Sn and P content, and grain size were reported generally not reported in the references used in
(References 16.1, 16.3-16.6, 16.10, 16.11, 16.16, this analysis.
and 16.19). In a few cases, because the data ap- The data set was not ideal for developing a
peared very useful, reasonable assumptions were predictive equation relating to T, [Sn], CW, and
made for one The grain size
of these parameters. possibly other parameters, because only a few
was not specified in References 16.6 and 16.10 measurements from 4 to 295 K on cold-worked
and values based in part on the heat treatment of material have been reported (see Table 16.3).
the material were assigned (80 and 50 /zm, re- However, an excellent data set of 1 32 measure-
spectively). Degree of cold work, CW (percent ments at 295 K is available from Reference 16.1 in
reduction of thickness or area), ranged from 0 to which [Sn], CW, d, and [P] were varied systemati-
85%; Sn content, [Sn], ranged from 0 to 10.10 cally. Therefore, regression analysis of e, upon
wt%; P content, [P], ranged from 0 to 0.40 wt%; [Sn], CW, d, and [P] was initially carried out on
and grain size, d, from 0.5 to 250 /xm. this data set to establish the best functional
Products were in sheet (Reference 16.6), forms. In particular, this data set was used to
strip (References 16.1 and 16.3), and bar form develop the best expressions for the interactive
(References 16.4, 16.5, 16.10, 16.1 1, and 16.19). effect of CW and [Sn]. It is clear from the results
Product form was not reported in Reference presented in Reference 16.1 that such an interac-
16.16. Data on wire at 295 K were not included tive effect exists. The data set from Reference
because a great deal of data was available at this 16.1 was also used to test the effect of d and [P]
temperature and tensile measurements on wire upon €f. The [P] was found not to affect e, signif-
may not be comparable to measurements on icantly, in contrast to its effect on [Equation
other product forms. The type of cold work was (16-1)]. An interactive effect between d and CIV
cold rolling in all cases except for the bar stock was found. A trial and error procedure was used
which was drawn. The cold rolling reported in to find the best terms to express the temperature
Reference 16.1 was carried out in the laboratory dependence, after additional data from Reference
and may have differed somewhat from standard 16.16 were added to the data set.
commercial practice. The available information When the form of the equation had been
on the available characterization of materials and established from the data sets with extensive
measurements is given in Table 16.5 at the end of parameter variation, data from References 16.10
the C50100-C52400 tensile properties section. and 16.11 were added (8 measurements between
Because an extensive data set was available, 4 and 295 K on drawn bar product) to determine
it seemed appropriate to develop a predictive the final coefficients. Table 1.17 in the introducto-
equation for strain to as a function of
failure, e^, ry section gives CW equivalents for cold-rolled
potentially relevant parameters, such as tempera- and drawn tempers. Therefore, for cold-worked
ture (7), CW, [Sn], d, and [P]. The alloying ele- bar product (References 16.4, 16.5, 16.10, and
ment, Fe, although present in commercial mate- 16.1 1), equivalent temper percentages for cold
rial, was judged not to affect significantly. rolling were substituted in the CW terms in the
Reference 16.6 reported that the tensile properties equation place of the percentage of reduction
in
were not affected by the variation in Fe content, of area. This did not improve the fit of the equa-
[Fe],from 0.02 to 0.12 wt% in two different lots of tion to the data, so the percent reduction of area
C51000. Measurements of ultimate tensile by drawing was used for CW in the analysis for
strength and in high [Sn], low [P] bronzes measurements on bar stock. This is discussed
were in agreement, within the measurement error, further below.
for [Fe] of either 0.05 wt% or 0.94 wt% (Refer-
16-20
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
RESULTS DISCUSSION
The final equation expressing tlie depen- It would be advantageous to have more
Table 16.3. Strain to Failure Dependence on [Sn], CW, and d (4-297 K).
16-21
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
"'"
0.4670 0.4590 0.95 0.0 35.0 295.0 1
16-22
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Strain to Mil to
Strain1 w fSnl Co\d Work VJIICIIII Oi^tS,
16-23
1
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Strain to Failure vs. [Sn], Cold
Cold-worked Work, Grain Size (4-297 K)
5.04
20.9
37.3
35.0
35.0
295.0
295.0
—
1 ^
—
61.2 35.0 295.0
2
0.0359
0.4480
0.0769
0.3550
0.00
0.00
69.3
0.0
35.0
15.0
295.0
295.0
—
0.1890
0.0676
0.1180
0.0224
0.00
0.00
20.8
37.4
15.0
15.0
295.0
295.0
— 1
2
0.0527 0.0059 0.00 50.2 15.0 295.0
2
0.0477 0.0293 0.00 OU.D 15.0 295.0
U.104U *HJ.U
16-24
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Ctrfiin
oil all
1
tn
l\J OllCilll IXJ [onj, OUIQ VVOIK, orain oizo, 1 6Sl Reference
Pa i 111 re wt% % 1 oil ipoialUiO,
Measured Predicted K
0.5650 0.4900 8.10 15.2 100.0 295.0 4
0.3520 0.2740 8.10 30.1 95.0 295.0 4
0.1470 0.0920 8.10 50.1 110.0 295.0 4
0.7570 0.7310 9.76 0.0 16.0 295.0 4
0.8240 0.7920 9.76 0.0 68.0 295.0 4
0.5360 0.5090 9.76 15.2 75.0 295.0 4
0.3040 0.2990 9.76 30.1 90.0 295.0 4
0.1280 0.1190 9.76 50.1 95.0 295.0 4
0.2760 0.2070 4.28 27.0 25.0 295.0 5
0.7300 0.6370 4.28 0.0 40.0 295.0 5
0.3260 0.2770 8.09 30.0 110.0 295.0 5
16-25
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Figure 16.6. The data shown were used to compute the regression of strain to failure upon [Sn], CW, d,
and T [Equation (16-3)]. For clarity, data points were removed where overlapping occurred to such
an extent that symbols could not be discerned. All data are presented in Table 16.3. Products
were in sheet, wire, strip, and bar form.
16-26
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
ied. Only five measurements on cold-worked set of measurements and parameters are present-
material between 4 and 295 K were available for ed in Table 16.4, which also gives the R.A. values
this analysis (Reference 16.11). The temperature predicted from the analysis described. Figure
dependence of this set of measurements is 16.8 indicates the fit of the data to Equation (16-
shown in Figure 16.7. A total of 67 measure- 4). The band represents two standard
scatter
ments were used to develop a predictive equation line, which corre-
deviations about the straight
for reduction of area (R.A.). In this set of data, sponds to agreement between the measured and
degree of CW (percent reduction of thickness or predicted values of R.A. The variance of the data
area) ranged from 0 to 85%; [Sn] from 1 .5 to was assumed to be normally distributed and con-
12.20 wt%; [P] from 0 to 0.38 wt%; and d from 15 stant throughout the range of the predicted val-
to 150 /im. (An anomalous measurement with a ues. Table 16.4 presents the R.A. values calculat-
grain size of 9 /im from Reference 1 6.4 was ed from Equation (16-4) as well as the measured
dropped from the data set.) Product was in bar R.A. and the parameters [Sn], CW, d, and T. The
form (References 16.4, 16.5, 16.11. and 16.14). available characterization of materials and mea-
All cold work was done by drawing (bar stock). surements is given in Table 16.5 at the end of the
The available characterization of materials and tensile properties section.
measurements are given in Table 16.5 at the end
of the tensile properties section. DISCUSSION
The analysis of the data set showed that d
and [P] did not affect R.A. This data set was not It would be advantageous to have more
16-27
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Table 16.4. Reduction of Area Dependence on [Sn], CW, and [P] (4-295 K).
16-28
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
16-29
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
100
80
A
o
9
O.
60
cc
<
O
O 40
I-
O A RlEF. 11
ZD
a
cc
20
TEMPERATURE. K
Figure 16.7. These data from Reference 16.11 indicate a decrease in reduction of area as tfie tempera-
ture is reduced below 295 K. Product, in bar form, was cold-worked to 85%.
16-30
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
0 20 40 60 80 100
Figure 16.8. The data shown were used to compute the regression of reduction of area upon [Sn], CW,
d, and T [Equation (16-4)]. All data are presented in Table 16.4. The product was in bar form.
16-31
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCE AND ANALYSIS given in Table 16.5 at the end of the tensile prop-
erties section.
Engineering stress-strain curves at 4, 20, 76,
195, and 295 K for spring-hard bar (84% reduc- DISCUSSION
tion of area) containing 4.85 wt% Sn are present-
ed in Figure 16.9. Reference 16.11 is tfie source No 295-Ktrue stress-strain data were pre-
of these data. In Figure 16.10, stress-strain data sented inReference 16.14. True stress-strain
from Reference 16.9 are presented. These data measurements for a similar range of [Sn] at 295 K
are for annealed wire tested at 4.2 K. The Sn are presented in Reference 1 6.20. For compara-
content, [Sn], is indicated on the figure. True ble [Sn], these 295-K cun/es lie below the 77-K
stress-strain data at 4 and 77 K from Reference curves in Figure 16.12, as would be expected.
16.14 on annealed bar are given in Figures 16.11 However, the 295-K data from Reference 16.20
and 16.12. The [Sn] varies from 0 to 12.2 wt%, are not presented here, because of the difficulty
and is indicated on the The available char-
figure. in comparing stress-strain curves that have been
Figure 16.9. Stress-strain curves at five temperatures for spring-drawn bar containing 4.85 wt% Sn.
Reference 16.1 1 is the source of these data.
16-32
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
500
STRAIN
Figure 16.10. Stress-strain curves at 4.2 K for annealed wire at two Sn contents (in wt%). Reference
16.9 is the source of tliese data.
16-33
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
(4-300 K)
Figure 16.11. True stress-strain curves at 4 K from Reference 16.14 are plotted for increasing values of
Sn content, [Sn] (in wt%). Tlie product was in tfie form of annealed bar.
16-34
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
1500
0.8
TRUE STRAIN
Figure 16.12. True stress-strain curves at 77 K from Reference 16.14 are plotted for increasing values of
Sn content, [Sn] (in wt%). Tfie product was in the form of annealed bar.
16-35
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Cold Worked
n©Tor©nc« iNO. 1 o 4
Ckjmposition (wt%)
L>U 94.96 88.5-95.3
Sn 0.5-10 5 4.91 3.72-9.31
P 0.05 or 0.4 -0.19 0.07 0.08-0.38
Pb 0-0.003
Fe 0.025-1.36
Zn 0.01 0-0.12
Others Mn: 0.21-0.78
16-36
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
5 6 7 8 9 10
— C51000 — — — C5210G
= — — — Rg 100
16-37
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
Cold Worked
rwieronwo no. 1
1 A 1 A
ID 1 / 19
Composition (wt%)
remainder remainder
Sn 4.85 0.0-12.2 2.35-8.78 3.9 5.82
P 0.18 0.3 0.0
Pb 0.02 — —
Fe 0.02 <0.01
Zn 0.05
Others —
Material Condition Coid-drawn, Annealed Annealed Annealed
84%
Grain Size 101 /im 10-200 iim 50 iim 100 and 6 /im
[Hardness Rb 94
No. of Specimens -
Test Temperature 4-295 K 4-300 K 77-300 K 85-300 K 86-273 K
REFERENCES
1. Gohn, G. P., Guerard, J. P., and Freynik, H. S., 'The Mechanical Properties of Wrought Phosphor
Bronze Alloys," American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, PA, Special Technical
Publication No. 183, 114 pp. (1956).
2. Buell, M. A., "For Cold-worl<ed Copper Alloys Grain Size Is Important," Product Engineering 33.
46-49 (1962).
3. Hart, R. R., "Mechanical Properties of Phosphor Bronze Strip and Their Variations within Temper as
Defined by ASTM 536-549 (1970).
Practice," Journal of Materials 5,
4. Anderson, A. R., Swan, E. F., and Palmer, E. W., "Fatigue Tests on Some Additional Copper Alloys,"
Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials 46, 678-692 (1946).
5. Smith, C. S., and Van Wagner, R. W., 'The Tensile Properties of Some Copper Alloys," Proceedings
of the American Society for Testing Materials 41, 825-848 (1941).
16-38
16. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: TENSILE PROPERTIES
REFERENCES
6. Hart, R. R., Wonsiewicz, B. C, and Chin, G. Y.. "High Strength Copper Alloys by Thermomechanical
Treatments," Metallurgical Transactions!, 3163-3172 (1970).
7. Vohringer, 0., and Macherauch, E., "The Yield Point of a-Copper-Tin Alloys," Physica Status Solidi
J9, 793-803 (1967).
8. Kdster, W. and Speidel, M., "EinfluB der KorngroBe auf die Streckgrenze von Kupferlegierungen,"
Physica Status Solidi 3, K401-K405 (1963).
9. Cogan, S. F., and Rose, R. M., "Properties of CuSn Bronze at 4.2 K," Cryogenics 20, 313-315
(1980).
10. McClintock, R. M., Van Gundy, D. A., and Kropschot, R. H., "Low-Temperature Tensile Properties of
Copper and Four Bronzes," American Society for Testing and Materials Bulletin 240 47-50 (1959). .
11. Reed, R. P., and Mikesell, R. P., "Low-Temperature (295 to 4 K) Mechanical Properties of Selected
Copper Alloys," Journal of Materials 2, 370-392 (1967).
12. Hanson, D., and Pell-Walpoie, W. T., 'The Effect of Minor Constituents and of Solid Impurites on the
Properties of Chill-Cast Bronzes," Chapter XI in Chill-Cast Tin Bronzes Edward Arnold and
.
13. Winterton, K., "Tin Bronzes: Effects of Impurities in the Chill-Cast Condition," Metal Industry 71.
479-482 and 507-509 (1947).
14. Trolano, A. R., and Kochera, J. W., 'Temperature-Sensitive Ductility in Face-centered Cubic Copper
Alloys," Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB. OH, AFML-TR-67-82, 90 pp. (1967).
15. Gohn, G. R., and Bader, W. G., 'The Tensile Properties of Hard-drawn, Alloy A, Phosphor-Bronze
Rod," Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials 60, 843-848 (1960).
17. McAdam, D. J., Jr., Geil, G. W., and Mebs, R. W., 'The Effect of Combined Stresses on the
Mechanical Properties of Steels between Room Temperature and -188 °C," Proceedings of the
American Society for Testing and Materials 45, 448-481 (1945).
18. NIshihata, M., and Kumakaura, Y., "Mechanical Properties of Phosphor-Bronze Wire Spring," Review
of the Electrical Communication Laboratory jl5, 201-212 (1967).
19. Russell, B., and Jaffrey, D., 'The Strain Hardening Characteristics of a Copper-3.2-at.%-Tin Solid
Solution," Acta Metallurgica 13, 1-10 (1965).
20. French, R. S., and Hibbard, W. R., Jr., "Effect of Solute Elements on the Tensile Deformation of
Copper," Journal of Metals i88, 53-58 (1950).
16-39
I
i
17. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: IMPACT PROPERTIES
C51000: Annealed; Impact Energy (Charpy V-Notch)
Cold-worked vs. Temperature (20-300 K)
Charpy V-notch impact energy measure- The impact energy measurements at 295 K
ments from 20 to 300 K were obtained on cold- on spring-hardened C51000 from References 17.1
worl<ed and anneaied C51000 pliosphor bronze and 1 7.2 differ by a factor of two. Although the
from References 17.1 and 17.2. Tiie product was tensile yield strength for the material reported in
in bar form (Reference 17.1) or not specified (Ref- Reference 17.1 is about 80% of that reported in
erence 17.2). The available characterization of Reference 17.2, other inaccuracies inherent in the
materials and measurements is given in Table test may explain the discrepancy. Hardness was
1 7.3 at the end of the impact properties section. not reported in Reference 17.2.
The temperature dependence of the impact
RESULTS strength of the annealed material, though avail-
able only from 200-300 K. appears to show the
Figure 17.1 presents the impact data as a same trend, an increase at low temperatures, as
function of temperature. All reported measure- shown by annealed copper (Section 3).
ments are given In Table 17.1.
111 195 1
73 76 1
69 20 1
226 300 2
262 200 2
62 300 2
60 200 2
17-1
17. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: IMPACT PROPERTIES
C51000: Annealed; Impact Energy (Charpy V-Notch)
Cold-worked vs. Temperature (20-300 K)
300
200
— 150 "D
>
>-
o o
cc
m
111 m
J}
o
100 Q
<
<
Q-
? 100
50
— ' 0
100 200 300
TEMPERATURE. K
Figure. 17.1. The impact energy dependence on testtemperature indicates a decrease in Impact energy
with increasing temperature for annealed material (Reference 17.2). The temperature dependence
for cold-worked material (References 17.1 and 17.2) is unclear. All data are presented in Table
17.1. Product was in t>ar form for Reference 17.1, and not reported for Reference 17.2.
17-2
17. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: IMPACT PROPERTIES
C52400: Annealed; Impact Energy (Charpy V-Notch)
Cold-worked vs. Temperature (24-296 K)
Charpy V-notch impact energy measure- The fracture appearance was reported to be
ments from 24 to 296 K on 37% cold-worked granular at all temperatures, but the area of the
C52400 phosphor bronze were obtained from shear region decreased as the temperature de-
Reference 17.3. The product was in plate form. creased. The specimens were completely broken
The available characterization of materials and through at all temperatures.
measurements is given in Table 1 7.3 at the end of
the impact properties section. Data at 24 K are
Included because the material is relatively brittle
so that a large temperature rise in the specimen
from absorbed energy is not expected.
RESULTS
26.4 24 3
25.7 24 3
26.5 80 3
25.3 80 3
23.1 80 3
21.7 80 3
39.8 196 3
38.8 196 3
37.0 196 3
70.4 296 3
69.0 296 3
56.5 296 3
17-3
17. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: IMPACT PROPERTIES
C52400: Annealed; Impact Energy (Charpy V-Notch)
Cold-worked vs. Temperature (24-296 K)
100
ricr. v
o 3 CW
75
8
50
>
>-
o o
o
ill m
z 50
z
m
lU
3D
I-
o o
<
< 8
o. o
25 Z
O"
o
25 i a_
8
—» 0
100 200 300
TEMPERATURE. K
Figure 17.2. The impact energy dependence on test temperature indicates an increase in impact energy
witfi increasing temperature (Reference 17.3). All data are presented in Table 17.2. Product was in
plate form.
17-4
,
Cold-worked
Reference No. 1 2A 2B 3
Composition (wt%)
Cu 1
»<
Sn 4.85 5 10
P 0.18
II
Pb 0.02
Fe 0.02 — 1
Zn 0.05 1
Others — 1 —
tCtn\\/ > n rmi u/t%.\
Specimen Type Charpy V-notch Charpy V-notch Charpy V-notch Charpy V-notch
REFERENCES
1. Reed, R. P., and Mikesell, R. P., "Low-Temperature (295 to 4 K) Mechanical Properties of Selected
Copper Alloys," Journal of Materials 2, 370-392 (1967).
2. Gela, T., Lepkowski, W. J., and Gade, H. M., "How 7 Nonferrous Metals Perform at Low Tempera-
tures," Materials and Methods 44, 116-120 (1956).
3. and Reed, R. P., 'The Results of the Impact Testing of Copper Alloys," U.S. Atomic
Mikesell, R. P.,
Energy Commission, Memorandum of Understanding AT(29-1)-1500, 16 pp. (1958).
Mikesell, R. P., and Reed, R. P., 'The Impact Testing of Various Alloys at Low Temperatures," in
Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, Vol. 3, Ed., K. D. Timmerhaus, Plenum Press, NY, 316-324
(1960).
17-5
18. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Reversed Bending Fatigue
Cold-worked Life (295 K)
([Sn]), phosphorus content ([P]), and cold work fine-grained specimens (8, 10 nm) have better
were varied in these measurements, which are fatigue properties than coarse-grained specimens
summarized in Figures 18.1, 18.2, and 18.3. The (35, 40 /xm). Grain size variability can result in
figures present the maximum bending stress at additional scatter in fatigue-life data, as shown in
10° cycles. To compare the more limited data of Figure 18.5.
other authors with these measurements, results The results from a study of reversed bending
from Reference 18.1 for [Sn] = 5 and 8 wt% are fatigue life for C51000 material as a function of
plotted in Figure 18.4 together with data from specimen thickness are shown in Figure 18.6a
References 18.2 to 18.4 for similar [Sn]. (The and b. Very thin specimens, 0.13-mm thick, have
authors of Reference 18.2 extrapolate bending a higher fatigue endurance than specimens that
stress at 10° cycles from tests up to 5 x 10^ cy- are 0.76-mm thick.
cles.) Only approximate agreement among the
results from different investigators should be ex- DISCUSSION
pected, since parameters that affect fatigue life,
such as grain size, specimen thickness, and [P] Reference 18.1 presents a number of fatigue
varied somewhat. The effects of grain size and life summarized here in
curves; the results are
specimen thickness are depicted in Figures 18.5 Figures 18.1-18.3. Most of this fatigue-life data
and 18.6, based on data from Reference 18.4. indicate that an asymptotic value of stress has
(Figure 18.3 also presents limited data on the been reached by 10° cycles. This is known as
effect of grain size.) The available characteriza- the endurancelimit. However, the curves pre-
tion information on specimens and measurements sented Reference 18.4 do not always display
in
is presented in Table 18.1 at the end of the fa- this behavior,as the examples given in Figures
tigue properties section. 18.5 and 18.6 show. See also the fatigue life data
presented in the following section on torsional
RESULTS fatigue.
in bending machines is de-
Fatigue testing
Figures 18.1 and 18.2 show that fatigue life scribed References 18.2 and 18.4. Usually
in
improves as [Sn] increases, but that this improve- these machines are of the constant displacement
ment Is most marked for [Sn] up to about 3 wt%; or constant-strain type. The load-deflection char-
there is little improvement as [Sn] is increased used to calculate the bending stress in
acteristics
further. The improvement in fatigue life with in- the specimens are obtained with a separate test
creased cold work also appears to saturate; there fixture. Thus, although the data are presented in
is little improvement for cold work above 30 to the same format as stress-controlled measure-
40%. ments, the data are not strictly stress-controlled.
18-1
18. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Reversed Bending Fatigue
Cold-worked Life (295 K)
250
200
Q-
</)
LU
CC
H 150
(/)
LU
m 100
<
Figure 18.1. The maximum bending stress at 10 cycles versus cold work for varying amounts of tin
contents weight percent. Data are from Reference 18.1 on strip containing -0.05 wt% phos-
in
18-2
18. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Reversed Bending Fatigue
Cold-worked Life (295 K)
300
250
40
O-
</)
</) 200
LU
a.
(/>
o
150
lU
m
100
X [Sn] 10X
< ^ [Sn] 8X
A [Sn] 5X
• [Sn] 4% -
o [Sn] 3%
[Sn] 2%
[Sn] 1X
V [Sn] 0.5X
[Sn] OX
70
Figure 18.2. The maximum bending stress at 10° cycles versus cold work for varying amounts of tin
contents weight percent. Data are from Reference 18.1 on strip containing -0.05 wt% phos-
in
18-3
18. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Reversed Bending Fatigue
Cold-worked Life (295 K)
Figure 18.3. The maximum bending stress at 10° cycles versus cold work for three tin contents. The
nominal grain size, d, was 35 fxm for the three tin contents, and 75 /im for one (4 wt%) tin content.
The data from Reference 18.1 are on strip containing -0.40 wt% phosphorus.
18-4
18. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Reversed Bending Fatigue
Cold-worked Life (295 K)
Figure 18.4. The maximum bending stress at 10 cycles versus cold work is shown for two approximate
tin contents (~5 and ~8 wt%). The product was in strip form for References 18.1 and 18.4, and an
unspecified form of cold-rolled product for References 18.2 and 18.3.
18-5
18. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Reversed Bending Fatigue
Cold-worked Life (295 K)
Figure 18.5. The dependence of fatigue life on tiie maximum bending stress is shown for two amounts
of coldwork and two grain sizes. The shaded area indicates the variation for the 35-/im material.
Data are from Reference 18.4 on C51000 product of strip form.
18-6
18. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Reversed Bending Fatigue
Cold-worked Life (295 K)
Figure 18.6.The median curves sliowing tlie dependence of the fatigue life on the maximum bending
two thicknesses of strip material. The data from Reference 18.4 were
stress are plotted for
obtained on C51000 material that had been cold-worked 37.1% and had a nominal grain size of 35
/im.
18-7
18. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
C50100. C52100. C52400: Annealed; Stress-controlled Fatigue
Cold-worked Life (295 K)
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS ing Sn content, [Sn]. Figure 18.8 a, b, and c
presents the results for cold-worked specimens.
Fatigue-life curves from rotating-beam mea- At stresses above at>out 250 MPa. Figure 18.8
surements of C5100, C52100, and C52400 phos- shows an improvement in fatigue life with increas-
phor bronzes were obtained from Reference 18.5. ing [Sn] ;
however, the improvement is less
The bar specimens were either annealed or cold- marked below this stress level and some cross-
drawn 37, 60, or 75%. The available characteriza- ing-over of the curves Is obsen/ed. With increas-
tion of materials and measurements is given in ing cold work, fatigue life is longer for stresses in
Table 18.1 at the end of the fatigue properties the range of about 300-400 MPa. At lower stress
section. levels, the amount of cold work does not appear
to have much effect on fatigue life. For the an-
RESULTS nealed material, an asymptotic endurance life
appears to be reached at about 10° to 10^ cycles;
Figure 18.7 presents results on annealed but it is less clear whether such a limit exists for
specimens. The results show that fatigue life cold-worked material.
improves with decreasing grain size and increas-
350
[Sn]. wt% d. wm
o 4.32 25
8.10 20
8.10 70
9.76 16
9.76 68
to
GL
(/i
Figure 18.7. Stress-controlled fatigue-life curves showing the effect of tin content, [Sn], and grain size,
d. Data are from Reference 18.5 on product in the form of annealed bar.
18-8
18. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
C50100, C52100, C52400: Annealed; Stress-controlled Fatigue
Cold-worked Life (295 K)
Figure 18.8. Stress-controlled fatigue-life curves showing the effect of cold work (CW), tin content ([Sn]),
and grain size {d). Data are from Reference 18.5 on product in bar form.
18-9
18. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Fatigue Properties (All)
Cold-worked
Reference No. 1 2 3A 3B
Composition (wt%)
Cu 91.98-95.16
Sn 0-10.11 4.66-7.45
P 0-0.07 0.032-0.106 —
Pb 0-0.009
Fe 0-0.009 — —
Zn 0-0.53
Others
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
Material Condition Cold-rolled 0-68% Cold-rolled 50 15% r^ld-rolled ^7 1 and (Vtld-rollad "V? 1 and
60.5%
"R" Ratio
Test Frequency 48 kHz
18-10
18. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Fatigue Properties (All)
Cold-worked
4 5
C51000
89.86-95.27
5 4.32-9.76
0.08-0.38
0.00-0.003
— 0.025-0.06
0.0-0.20
Strip Bar
0.076-cm-thick 1 .27-cm-dia.
Rat Round
0.076 cm 0.76 cm
0.476 cm
4.56 cm
210 kHz
295 K 295 K
18-11
18. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: FATIGUE PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Fatigue Properties (All)
Cold-worked
REFERENCES
1. Gohn, G. P., Guerard, J. P., and Freynik, H. S.. "The Mechanical Properties of Wrought Phosphor
Bronze Alloys," American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, PA, Special Technical
Publication No. 183, 114 pp. (1956).
2. Price, W. B., and Bailey, R. W., "Fatigue Properties of Five Cold-rolled Copper Alloys," AIME
Transactions i24, 271-286 (1937).
3. Mendenhall,J. H., Ed., "Other Engineering Properties, Fatigue, Creep, and Relaxation," Chapter 7 in
Understanding Copper Alloys Clin Corporation, East Alton, IL, 98-109 (1977).
.
4. Fox, A., "Reversed Bending Fatigue Characteristics of Copper Alloy 510 Strip," Journal of Materials
5. 273-293 (1970).
5. Anderson, A. R., Swan, E. F., and Palmer, E. W., "Fatigue Tests on Some Additional Copper Alloys,"
Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials 46, 678-692 (1946).
18-12
19. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: CREEP PROPERTIES
C51000. C52100: Annealed; Creep Strain and Rate vs.
Cold-worked Elapsed Time (398. 422 K)
DATA SOURCES three times higher than that of 01 7500 (hard), but
the creep rate of the 051000 at 2000 h is about
A
search of the literature for creep data of twice that of 017500.
phosphor bronzes at 295 K and lower tempera- References 19.2 and 19.3 present data on
tures was unproductive. To provide some guid- creep rate at 1000 h as a function of applied
ance, references are given for data within 200 K stress for 051000 In both hard-drawn and an-
of room temperature; however, since mechanisms nealed conditions. The lowest temperature for
for cryogenic creep are lil<ely to be different from which data are furnished is 422 K.
mechanisms at higher temperatures, these data Reference 19.4 present data at 295 K for
must be Interpreted with caution. creep of 052100 phosphor-bronze springs used
Reference 19.1 provides data on hard in a switch. The data are not in standard format,
C51000 phosphor bronze at 398 K. These data and the test period was less than 200 days. In-
are based on applied stresses at 50% of the 0.2% formation on the residual deflection of a cantilever
offset yield strength. At 2000 h, total creep was strip after the load is removed is supplied, but the
0.103% and creep rate was 2.12 X 10"^%/h. On load is not specified.
the basis of the Information provided, the percent
of total creep of 05 1000 (hard) in 2000 h Is about
REFERENOES
1. Mendenhall, J. H., Ed., "Other Engineering Properties-Fatigue, Oreep and Relaxation," In Under-
standing Oopper Alloys John Wiley and Sons,
. New York, NY, 94-106 (1980).
2. Burghoff, H. L, Blank, A. I., and Maddigan, S. E., 'The Oreep Oharacteristics of Some Oopper
Alloys at Elevated Temperatures," Proceedings of the American Society for Testing Materials 42.
668-691 (1942).
3. Burghoff, H. L., and Blank, A. I., 'The Oreep Characteristics of Oopper and Some Oopper Alloys at
300, 400, and 500 °F," Proceedings of the American Society for Testing and Materials 47, 725-754
(1947).
4. Shimizu, Y., NIshlhata, M., Muta, T., and Matumoto, E., "Mechanical Properties and Weldablltles of
Small Sized Crossbar Switch Springs," Review of the Electrical Communication Laboratories 20,
71-92 (1972).
19-1
20. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS where [Sn] is less than 1 0 wt%. The standard
deviations of the coefficients are 2.1 and
Young's modulus (E) measurements at 0.375. Table 20.1 gives the measured Young's
295 K on annealed Cu-Sn alloys were obtained modulus values and the values calculated from
from References 20.1-20.4. All measurements Equation (20-1). Figure 20.1 shows the fit of the
were made with dynamic, rather than static meth- data to Equation (20-1).
ods. These methods determine the adiattatic,
rather than the isothermal, modulus, but the dif- DISCUSSION
ference of a few percent between the two types
of moduli is usually smaller than the errors asso- Figure 20.1 and Equation (20-1) Indicate a
ciated with staticmethods of measurement (Ref- decrease of about 6% in the Young's modulus as
erence 20.5). The available characterization of [Sn] is varied from 5 wt% to 9 wt%, but the speci-
materials and measurements is given in Table fications for phosphor bronze C51000 and
20.7 at the end of the elastic properties section. C52400 indicate no change (Reference 20.6).
A polynomial regression analysis of the data was The Young's modulus for [Sn] = 0 at 295 K
carried out to determine the dependence of the [Equation (20-1)] is in agreement with the calcu-
modulus upon Sn content, [Sn]. lated Young's modulus of 126 GPa for high-purity,
annealed copper [Equation (6-2)].
RESULTS
0 124.84 128.24 2
0 123.2 128.24 3
5 102.6 118.21 3
10 105.4 108.19 3
20-1
20. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed Young's Modulus
vs. [Sn] (295 K)
Figure 20.1. Young's modulus versus tin content at 295 K on annealed material (References 20.1-20.4).
The product was in cylinder form (References 20.2 and 20.4) or not specified (References 20.1 and
20.3).
20-2
20. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
C50500, C52100: Cold-worked Young's Modulus vs.
Temperature (4 - 295 K)
DATA SOURCES ence 20.7 that does not agree with the trend of
the other measurements was eliminated from the
Young's modulus measurements below figure.) According to Equation (20-1), the
295 K on two cold-worked phosphor bronzes Young's modulus of the C50500 material should
were obtained from References 20.7 and 20.8. be higher (at least at 295 K) than the Young's
The measurements were made with static meth- modulus of the C52100 material. Perhaps the
ods; dynamic measurements have not been con- higher degree of cold-working of the C50500
ducted for phosphor-bronze alloys at cryogenic material lowered the modulus below that of the
temperatures. The available characterization of C52100 material. The influence of cold-working
materials and measurements Is given in Table on elastic constants is complex (Reference 20.5).
20.7 at the end of the elastic properties section.
RESULTS
20 119.3 8.2 7
76 124.8 8.2 7
76 122.0 8.2 7
76 118.9 8.2 7
76 111.0 8.2 7
295 110.3 8.2 7
295 109.6 8.2 7
C50500 4 113.1 4.85 6
20 113.8 4.85 8
76 115.1 4.85 8
20-3
20. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
C50500, C52100: Cold-worked Young's Modulus vs.
r- yyy :
.•'^.}y.'..v{... ^
Temperature (4-295 K)
Figure 20.2. Young's modulus versus temperature for cold-worked material. The amount of cold-work
was 37% and tin content was 8.2 wt% for measurements taken from Reference 20.7, and cold-work
was 85% and tin content was 4.85 wt% for measurements taken from Reference 20.8. Product was
in bar form.
20-4
20. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed Shear Modulus vs.
[Sn] (295 K)
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS where [Sn] is less than 10 wt%. The standard
deviations of the coefficients are 1 .32 and 0.2692.
Shear modulus (G) measurements at 295 K Table 20.3 gives the measured shear modulus
on annealed Cu-Sn alloys were obtained from values and the values calculated from Equation
References 20.3 and 20.4. All measurements (20-2). Figure 20.3 shows the fit of the data to
were made with dynamic, rather than static meth- Equation (20-2).
ods. These methods determine the adiabatic,
rather than the Isothermal, modulus, but the DISCUSSION
difference of a few percent between the two types
of moduli is usually smaller than the errors Although Figure 20.3 and Equation (20-2)
associated with static methods of measurement indicate a decrease of about 10% in the shear
(Reference 20.5). The available characterization modulus as [Sn] is varied from 5 wt% to 9 wt%,
of materials and measurements is given in Table the specifications for phosphor bronze C51000
20.7 at the end of the elastic properties section. and C52400 indicate no change (Reference 20.6).
A polynomial regression analysis of the data was The shear modulus for [Sn] = 0 at 295 K
carried out to determine the dependence of the [Equation (20-2)] is in agreement with the
modulus upon Sn content, [Sn]. calculated shear modulus of 47.2 GPa for high-
purity, annealed copper [Equation (6-4)].
RESULTS
Table 20.3. The Dependence of the Shear Modulus on [Sn] (295 K).
0 44.9 47.3 3
5 37.2 42.9 3
10 37.7 38.4 3
20-5
20. PHOSPHOR BRONZE:. ELASTIC PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed Shear Modulus vs.
[Sn] (295 K)
30
10 12
Figure 20.3. Shear modulus versus tin content at 295 K for annealed material, The product was
in cylinder form (Reference 20.4) or not specified (Reference 20.3).
20-6
20. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
C50100-C52100: Annealed Shear Modulus
vs. [Sn] (77 K)
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS where [Sn] is less than 8 wt%. The standard
deviations of the coefficients are 0.80 and 0.164.
Shear modulus (G) measurements at 77 K Table 20.4 gives the measured shear modulus
on annealed Cu-Sn alloys were obtained from values and the values calculated from Equation
Reference 20.9. The measurements were made (20-3). Figure 20.4 shows the fit of the data to
with dynamic, rather than static methods. These Equation (20-3).
methods determine the adiabatic, rather than the
isothermal, modulus, but the difference of a few DISCUSSION
percent between the two types of moduli is usual-
ly smaller than the errors usually associated with The shear modulus for [Sn] = 0 at 77 K
static methods
measurement (Reference 20.5).
of [Equation (20-3)] differs from the calculated shear
The available characterization of materials and modulus of 51 GPa for high-purity, annealed cop-
measurements is given in Table 20.7 at the end of per [Equation (6-4)]. Data for the latter equation
the elastic property section. A polynomial regres- were obtained from several references. The rea-
sion analysis of the data was carried out to deter- son for the discrepancy with the measurements
mine the dependence of the modulus upon Sn from Reference 20.9 is not l<nown.
content, [Sn].
RESULTS
Table 20.4. The Dependence of the Shear Modulus on [Sn] (77 K).
0 55.0 55.3 9
4.0
7.4
51.9
47.4
51.2
47.7 —f-
20-7
20. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
C50100-C52100: Annealed Shear Modulus
vs. [SnJ (77 K)
0 2 4 6 8 10
Figure 20.4. Shear modulus versus tin content at 77 K on annealed material (Reference 20.9). The
product was in wire form.
20-8
20. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
C51100: Cold-worked Shear Modulus vs.
Temperature (200 289 K)
Measurements of the shear modulus on a The slight decrease in shear modulus as the
C51100 phosphor bronze at 200 and 300 K were temperature decreases is not in agreement with
obtained from Reference 20.10. The material was the temperature dependence reported in two
cold-worked to an unreported extent. The prod- references for Young's modulus of phosphor
uct was in wire form. A static, torsional test bronzes (Figure 20.2). The apparent decrease in
method was used. The available characterization modulus with lower temperature might represent
of materials and measurements is given in Table data scatter rather than a true temperature effect.
20.7 at the end of the elastic properties section.
RESULTS
Table 20.5. The Dependence of the Shear Modulus on Temperature (200-289 K).
289 45.9 10
20-9
20. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
C51100: Cold-worked Shear Modulus vs.
Temperature (200-289 K)
50
REF. 10
48
40
CL
O
<n
ZD
46
——
tr 44
<
lU
in
A2
40
100 150 200 250 300
TEMPERATURE. K
Figure 20.5. Shear modulus versus temperature for cold-worked material (Reference 20.10). The
amount of cold drawing was not specified, tin content was 3.57 wt%, and product was In wire form.
20-10
20. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
C50100~C52400: Annealed Poisson's Ratio
vs. [Sn] (295 K)
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS where [Sn] is less than 10 wt%. The standard
deviations of the coefficients are 0.0088 and
Poisson's ratio {i/) measurements at 295 K 0.001786. Table 20.6 gives the measured Pois-
on annealed Cu-Sn alloys were obtained from son's ratio values and the values calculated from
References 20.3 and 20.4. All measurements Equation (20-4). Figure 20.6 shows the fit of the
were made with dynamic, rather tfian static meth- data to Equation (20-4).
ods. These methods determine the adiabatic,
rather than the Isothermal, modulus, but this dif- DISCUSSION
ference of a few p)ercent at most is smaller than
the errors usually associated with static methods A second-order polynomial gave a better fit
RESULTS
Table 20.6. The Dependence of Poisson's Ration on Tin Content (295 K).
0 0.37 0.345 3
5 0.38 0.362 3
10 0.40 0.379 3
20-11
20. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed Poisson's Ratio
vs.[Sn] (295 K)
0.40 — — k
1
0.38 A
o
0.36
<
CC
(/)
z
O
n
0.34 -o
O
0.32
A REIF. 3
RE:F. 4
0.30
8 10 12
Figure 20.6. Poisson's ratio versus tin content at 295 K on annealed material. The product was In
20-12
20. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Elastic Properties (All)
Cold-worked
Reference No. 1 2 3 4
Specification — — — —
Composition (wt%)
Cu _
Sn 0.65-10.48 0-9.98 0-10 0.28-8.26
P
Pb — — —
Fe —
Zn
Others
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
Grain Size
Hardness
No. of Specimens 5 5 3 6
20-13
20. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Elastic Properties (All)
Cold-worked
Reference No. 7 8 9 10
Cu 90.3 — — 95.98
5n 8.2 4.85 0-7.4 3.67
P 0.06 0.18
Pb 0.02 — —
Fe 0.02
Zn — 0.05 — —
Others — — — —
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
No. of Specimens 8 5 3 2
^
Test Temperature 1
20-295 K 4-295 K 77 K 200-289 K
REFERENCES
1. Koster, W., and Rauscher, W., "Beziehungen zwischen dem Elastizitatsmodul von
Zweistofflegierungen und ihrem Aufbau," Zeitschrift fur Metallkunde 39, 111-120 (1948).
2. Cabarat, R., Guillet, L, and LeRoux, R., 'The Elastic Properties of Metallic Alloys," Journal of the
Institute of Metals 75, 391 -402 (1 948-1 949).
3. Subrahmanyam, B., and Krishnamurty, B., "Elastic Studies in Polycrystalline Brasses and Bronzes,"
Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics 2, 369-370 (1964).
4. Hopkin, L. M., Pursey, H. and Markham, M. F., "Precise Measurements of the Elastic Constants of
Copper and Silver Base Alloys," Zeitschrift fur Metallkunde 61, 535-540 (1970).
5. Ledbetter, H. M., and Naimon, E. R., "Elastic Properties of Metals and Alloys. II. Copper," Journal
of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 3, 897-935 (1974).
20-14
20. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Elastic Properties (All)
Cold-worked
REFERENCES
7. McClintock, R. M., Van Gundy, D. A., and Kropschot, R. H., "Low-Temperature Tensile Properties of
Copper and Four Bronzes," American Society for Testing and Materials Bulletin 240, 47-50 (1959).
8. Reed, R. P., and Mikesell, R. P., "Low-Temperature (295 to 4 K) Mechanical Properties of Selected
Copper Alloys," Journal of Materials 2, 370-392 (1967).
10. Zimmerii, F. P., Wood, W. P., and Wilson, G.D., "The Effect of Temperature upon the Torsional
Modulus of Spring Materials," Proceedings of the American Society for Testing and Materials 30.
350-361 (1930).
20-15
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Specific Heat vs. [Sn],
Cold-worked Temperature (2-300 K)
dx,
of References 21.2 and 21.3 (below 4 K) allow
predictions of the specific heat, Op, of Cu-Sn
X, = 0o/T or.
alloys between 2 and 300 K. These predictions
can be compared with the measurements on two C, (J/kg.K) =l D{e^m. (21-5)
Cu-Sn alloys between 4 and 18 K from Reference M
21.1. The measurements, obtained by adiabatic
calorimetry, have an expected accuracy of 1 %. Values of the integral in this expression are tabu-
The available characterization of these measure- lated (Reference 21.6). For T < ^q/IO, Equation
ments and specimens is given in Table 21.8 at (21-5) reduces to Equation (21-3). (C, in these
the end of the thermal properties section. equations actually refers to the specific heat at
The procedure by which predicted specific constant volume, C^, which is nearly equivalent to
heats can t>e obtained from the limited data of Cp, especially at low temperatures.)
References 21.2 and 21.3 follows. First, the spe-
cific heat contributions from the electrons, Cg, RESULTS
and the lattice vibrations, C^, are considered to be
additive: show 7 and 6^ as a
Figures 21.1 and 21.2
(21-1)
measurements of Refer-
function of [Sn] from the
Cp = . C,
ences 21.2 and 21.3 between 1.5 and 4 K. The
Second, is represented over the entire temper- equations derived from simple polynomials fitted
ature interval by to the curve of Figure 21.1 and the straight line of
Figure 21.2 are
C, = J^r. (21-2)
21-1
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Specific Heat vs. [Sn],
Cold-worked Temperature (2-300 K)
When 7 and 0^ have been obtained for a and 18 K on commercial alloys, the values of 7
particular value of [Sn] from Equations (21-6) and and 6q were not consistent with those obtained in
(21-7), the following expression, obtained from References 21.2 and 21.3; consequently, they
Equations (21-1), (21-2), and (21-5), can be used were not used to establish Equations (21-6) and
to predict values of for 2 K < T < 300 K: (21-7). Measurements in a lower temperature
range, about 2 to 4 K, as reported in References
C, (J/kg.K) = 1 h{[Sn])T*D{d^/T)]. (21-8) 21.2 and 21.3, should establish 7 and 6^ as a
function of [Sn] more accurately.
Values for D{ejT) can be obtained from Figure The specific heat values for Cu-Sn alloys
21.3 or Table 21.2. adapted from Reference 21.6. that can be obtained from Equations (21-6), (21-
The molar mass number, M, is given by 7), and (21-8) must be regarded as approxima-
tions of the true values. Using plus or minus one
M(g/mol) =1.187[Sn] +0.6354(100 - [Sn]).
standard deviation as obtained from the fits of
(21-9)
Equations (21-6) and (21-7) to the data to esti-
See the discussion section below for information mate the uncertainty in the predicted C^ for [Sn]
on converting to Cp. = 5 wt% gives the following values at 4, 77, and
295 K: 0.09614 (+0.00067, -0.00066) J/(kg^;
DISCUSSION 175.3 (± 0.6) J/(kg^; and 356.71 ( + 0.14-0.12)
J/(kg«K), respectively. In addition to this uncer-
The only measurements above 4 K that the tainty, the use of the Debye approximation adds a
predictive equation can be compared with are much larger possible error. Even for a pure ele-
those from Reference 21.1 from 4 to 17 K. At ment, such as copper, the Debye approximation
17 K, Equation (21-8) predicts Cp values of 4.903 for C| is of limited validity. The analysis generally
J/(kg4<) and 5.034 J/(kg^ for [Sn] = 8 and 1 used to compare the agreement with theory is
wt%, respectively. Allowing for the uncertainty in based on a plot of vs. T, in which B^ls com-
7 and given by plus or minus one standard puted separately from each experimental Cp value
deviation from the fit of Equations (21-6) and (21- (Cp « C^ at low temperatures; see below). For
7) to the experimental data, the expected uncer- copper, varies by about ± 15 K between 2 and
tainty in theCp value for 8 wt% [Sn] is 80 K, with a corresponding inaccuracy in the
± 0.038 J/(kg4<). For 11 wt% [Sn], the corre- predicted Cp value (Reference 21.7). It must be
sponding uncertainty is ± 0.046 J/(kg«K). This assumed that at least the same degree of uncer-
calculation assumes that the contributions to the tainty pertains to values obtained for Cu-Sn
total uncertainty from the standard deviations of alloys from Equation (21-7) when these values are
Equations (21-6) and (21-7) are additive. The used to predict Cp at higher temperatures.
predicted values differ by more than the expected At temperatures near 295 K, there is a differ-
uncertainty from the measurements of Cp at ence of a few percent between Cp and C^. Equa-
~ 1 7 K from Reference 21.1: these are 6.073 tion (21-8) predicts C^, whereas the experimental
J/(kg^<) for [Sn] = 8 wt% and 6.389 J/(kg4C) for quantity is Cp. The difference may be calculated
[Sn] = 1 1wt%. However, the Cu-Sn alloys used from thermodynamic expressions that involve the
in the work reported in References 21.2 and 21.3 isothermal compressibility and the isobaric coeffi-
were evidently of a higher degree of purity than cient of volumetric expansion, or an estimate may
the commercial alloys used for the measurements be obtained from the Gruneisen constant. The
of Reference 21.1. It is also possible that the relevant formulas are discussed in Reference
discrepancy results from a systematic error in the 21.8. However, since the thermodynamic quanti-
measurements in Reference 21.1; the authors did ties to use in these formulas may not be well-
not compare their results with the earlier work of known for Cu-Sn alloys, and the procedure pre-
References 21.2 and 21.3. sented here for estimating C^ is very approximate,
The authors of Reference 21.1 also used this correction is of only academic interest in the
their measurements to estimate values for 7 and present context.
Bq, for [Sn] = 8 and 11 wt%. Perhaps because
these measurements were obtained between 4
21-2
D
7.4 0.466 1A n ID
11.3 1.528 1A in n 11
p
D
11.9 1.761 1A in o
lU.Z 1) n
D
12.3 1.983 1A 10.5 1.395 IB
12.7 2.161 1A 10.9 1.553 IB
13.1 2.353 1A 11.3 1.761 18
13.5 2.651 1A 11.8 2.044 IB
14.0 2.933 1A 12.5 2.407 18
14.8 3.529 1A 13.2 2.799 18
15.4 3.546 1A 14.0 3.289 IB
16.0 4.484 1A 14.7 3.888 18
16.7 5.156 1A 15.6 4.634 18
17 S 6.073 1A 16.4 5.419 18
17.3 6.389 IS
21-3
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Specific Heat vs. [Sn],
Cold-worked Temperature (2-300 K)
Table 21.2. Numerical Values for the Debye Function (Reference 21.6).
0.0 9dQ1S
t*T31^. 790
f £U OD y .U*IU
1 10.4 1by0.33o
0.1 24894.800 5.3 8326.160 10.5 1648.496
0.2 24852.960 5.4 8075.120 10.6 1602.472
0.3 24811.120 5.5 7824.080 10.7 1560.632
0.4 24727.440 5.6 7573.040 10.8 1518.792
0.5 24601.920 5.7 7322.000 10.9 1476.952
0.6 24476.400 5.8 7070.960 11.0 1443.480
0.7 24309.040 5.9 6819.920 11.1 1401.640
0.8 24141.680 6.0 6619.088 11.2 1355.616
0.9 23932.480 6.1 6401.520 11.3 1334.696
1.0 23723.280 6.2 6192.320 11.4 1297.040
1.1 23472.240 6.3 5983.120 11.5 1263.568
1.2 23221.200 6.4 5815.760 11.6 1234.280
1.3 22928.320 6.5 5606.560 11.7 1200.808
1.4 22635.440 6.6 5439.200 11.8 1171.520
1.5 22342.560 6.7 5271.640 11.9 1142.232
1.6 22007.840 6.8 5062.640 12.0 1117.128
1.7 21673.120 6.9 4937.120 12.1 1087.840
1.8 21296.560 7.0 4757.208 12.2 1062.736
1.9 20961.840 7.1 4602.400 12.3 1037.632
2.0 20585.280 7.2 4455.960 12.4 1012.528
2.1 20208.720 7.3 4313.704 12.5 991.608
2.2 19832.160 7.4 4175.632 12.6 966.504
2.3 19413.760 7.5 4041 .744 12.7 945.584
2.4 18995.360 7.6 3912.040 12.8 924.664
2.5 18618.800 7.7 .
3790.704 12.9 903.744
21-4
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Specific Heat vs. [Sn],
Cold-worked Temperature (2 -300 K)
18.0 333.046
0.76
0.74
A ^^.^^
A
0.72
A ^-^-""'^
a/^
A/
0.70
r
1
REF. 2
A REF. 3
0.68
10 15
Figure 21.1. The electron specific heat coefficient (7) is shown as a function of tin content. The data
from References 21.2 and 21.3 are fitted to a third-order polynomial [Equation (21-6)].
21-5
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Specific Heat vs. [Sn],
Cold-worked Temperature (2-300 K)
Figure 21.2.The Debye temperature (^p) is sliown as a function of tin content. The data from
References 21.2 and 21.3 follow a linear trend [Equation (21-7)].
21-6
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Specific Heat vs. [Snj,
Cold-worked Temperature (2 300 K)
Figure 21.3. This curve, adapted from Reference 21.6, provides values for tlie Debye function for a
known quantity of e^/T.
21-7
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C50715-C52400: Annealed Thermal Conductivity vs.
[Sn], [P] (295 K)
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS where [Sn] is Sn content, and [P] is the phospho-
rus content, both in wt%. The standard devia-
Thermal conductivity (A) measurements at tions of the coefficients are 44.3, 22.1, 0.773,
295 K on annealed C5071 5-C52000 phosphor 60.6, and 13.34. The measurements and thermal
bronzes were obtained from References 21 .9- conductivity values predicted from Equation (21-
21.12.The available characterization of materials 10) are given in Table 21.3. The straight line in
and measurements is given in Table 21 .8 at the Figure 21.4 indicates the fit of the data to
end of the thermal properties section. Equation (21-10); the scatter band represents two
standard deviations above and below the line.
RESULTS The variance of the data was assumed to be
normally distributed and constant throughout the
Regression analysis indicated that the best range of predicted values.
fit to the data was obtained with the equation
(21-10)
(S.D. = 6.9 W/m-K),
Table 21.3. Dependence of Thermal Conductivity on [Sn] and [P] (295 K).
75.3 77.8 6 0 9
62.8 67.6 8 0 9
21-8
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C50715-C52400: Annealed Thermal Conductivity vs.
[Sn], [P] (295 K)
Figure 21.4.The data shown were used to compute the regression of thermal conductivity at 295 K
upon Sn and P contents [Equation (21-10)].
21-9
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C50100-C52 100: Annealed; Thermal Conductivity vs. [Sn],
Cold-worked; As Cast Temperature (1^73 K)
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS content above 0.09 wt% were eliminated, since
phosphorus was not present in the other alloys.
Thermal conductivity (A) measurements Also, thermal conductivity values from the an-
between 1 and 473 K were obtained from Refer- nealed, rather than the cold-worked specimens of
ences 21.10, and 21.13-21.15. The Sn content, Reference 21.14 were chosen to not overweight
[Sn], varied from 0.94 to 7.3 wt%, corresponding the analysis with data points from one reference.
to C50100-C52100. The available characteriza- As Figure 21 .5 shows, there is not much differ-
tion of materials and measurements is given in ence between the thermal conductivity of an-
Table 21 .8 at the end of the thermal properties nealed and 75% cold-worked alloys with the same
section. These data are presented in Table 21.4 [Sn], although the effect of cold work may be
and Figure 21.5. The data from Reference 21.13 larger as [Sn] decreases below ~ 1 wt%.
were obtained by adding a Lorentz term for the
electronic thermal conductivity to the data the RESULTS
authors presented on the lattice thermal conduc- The best fit to the data was obtained with
tivity, since residual resistivity data were provided. the equation
Reference 21 .4 explains this procedure. How- log A = + 0.4145 + 1.563 logf
ever, the procedure is only valid up to about - 0.2285 (logT)^ - 0.3234 [Sn]
30 K, so data from 1 0-30 K only were used from
+ 0.02500 [Sn] 2 (21-11)
Reference 21.13. As Figure 21.5 shows, the slope
of these values does not agree well with that of (S.D. = 0.0796),
the other measurements. Consequently, the data
from Reference 21.13 were not used in the subse- where A is in W/(m»K), [Sn] is in wt%, and 4 K <
quent analysis. T < 300 K. The standard deviations of the coeffi-
Because the functional form of the data is a cients of this equation are 0.0566, 0.054,
simple polynomial on a log-log plot, logarithmic 0.0195, 0.0292, and 0.00396. Figure 21.6 indi-
terms for A and T (temperature) were used in the cates the fit of selected data to the curves pro-
multivariate regression analysis of A on [Sn] and duced from Equation (21-11) for three values of
T. A total of 69 measurements were used in the [Sn].
analysis. Values from Reference 21.10 with P
21-10
J
3
20,6 41.1 2 25 1
13 1 13 5 3 38 1
13.0 17 Q J.JO 1
17 3 20 8 3 38 1
J.JO 1
26 0 39 9 3 38 13
5.58 21.5 0.937 14A
9.35 32.8 0.937 14A
10.0 34.3 0.937 14A
12.5 43.4 0.937 14A
14.9 52.4 0.937 14A
19.2 66.3 0.937 14A
21.3 74.4 0.937 14A
24.6 84.4 0.937 14A
26.2 88.4 0.937 14A
29.6 96.5 0.937 14A
30.4 99.1 0.937 14A
33.4 106.3 0.937 14A
37.7 112.5 0.937 14A
41.3 122.5 0.937 14A
51.0 134.6 0.937 14A
5.74 15.3 0.937 14B
5.95 16.0 0.937 14B
9.50 25.4 0.937 14B
10.8 29.4 0.937 148
16.8 43.6 0.937 148
19.3 54.2 0.937 148
21.4 60.7 0.937 148
23.1 64.8 0.937 148
24.8 69.1 0.937 148
25.6 71.3 0 937 148
27.6 76.1 0.937 148
(\Q^7
U.9 Jr 148
33.6 88.5 0.937 148
36.5 94.6 0.937 148
40.0 101.2 0.937 148
43.7 107.7 0.937 148
46.7 112.5 0.937 148
51.8 118.4 0.937 148
1.66 1.46 1.85 14C
1.83 1.62 1.85 14C
2.07 1.89 1.85 14C
2.16 1.98 1.85 14C
2.38 2.23 1.85 14C
2.64 2.52 1.85 14C
2.84 2.77 1.65 14C
21-11
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C50100-C52100: Annealed; Thermal Conductivity vs. [Sn],
Cold-worked; As Cast Temperature (1-473 K)
21-12
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C50100-C52100: Annealed; Thermal Conductivity vs. [Sn],
Cold-worked; As Cast Temperature (1 473 K)
21-13
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C50100-C52100: Annealed; Thermal Conductivity vs. [Sn],
Cold-worked; As Cast Temperature (1-473 K)
1000
E 100
>-
>
I-
O
10
a
z CONDITION
o ISn]
o ANNEALED
ANNEALED
ANNEALED
ANNEALED
ANNEALED
fit
UJ
X
I- ANNEALED
CW. 75X
ANNEALED
CW. 75X
ANNEALED
CW. 75X
"AS CAST'
0.1
10 100 1000
TEMPERATURE. K
Figure 21.5. Data on the thermal conductivity of phosphor bronzes from four references are shown as a
function of temperature. Tin contents are in weight percent.
21-14
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C50100-C52100: Annealed; Thermal Conductivity vs. [Sn],
Cold-worked; As Cast Temperature (1-^73 K)
Figure 21.6. Predictive curves are shown for tliermal conductivity vs. temperature for three Sn contents,
1, 3,and 6 wt%, based on Equation (21-11). Data from References 21.10, 21.14 (annealed data
only) and 21.15 were used to derive the equation. Values for Sn contents approximately equal to 1,
3, and 6 wt% from References 21.14, 21.13, and 21.15, respectively, show the fit of the data to the
equation.
21-15
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C50715-C52400: Annealed; Thermal Expansion Coefficient
Cold-worked vs. [Sn], [P] (295 K)
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS The standard deviations of the three coefficients
in Equation (21-12) are 0.09, 0.0134, and
Data on the thermal expansion coefficient, a, 0.1384. Figure 21.7 indicates the fit of the data to
at 295 K were obtained from References Equation (21-12). The scatter band represents
21.16-21.18 on a total of nine alloys. Composi- two standard deviations about the straight line
tion, including phosphorus content, [P], as well that indiciates agreement between the measured
as tin content, [Sn], was reported in these refer- and predicted values of a. The variance of the
ences. The data are presented in Table 21.5. data was assumed to be normally distributed and
The available characterization of materials and constant throughout the range of the predicted
measurements is given in Table 21 .8 at the end of values. Equation (21-12) indicates that the
the thermal properties section. A linear regres- smallamounts of phosphorus usually found in
sion analysis was carried out to obtain the depen- C50100-C52400 can influence a significantly.
dence of a upon [Sn] and [P]. The data from
Reference 21.19 on a binary Cu-Sn alloy were not DISCUSSION
included in the analysis owing to lack of agree-
ment with the equation that fitted the rest of the The reason for the poor fit of the measure-
data well. ments on a binary alloy from Reference 21.19 to
Equation (21-12) is unknown. The equation
RESULTS should be used with caution for Cu-Sn alloys with
[P] = 0. A measurement from Reference 21.16
The regression analysis gave the following with [P] = 0 does agree well with other data.
equation: The data from Reference 21.19 pertain to an-
nealed material; other measurements are on cold-
a (10-^) = 16.24 + 0.1072 [Sn] + 0.5726 [P]
worked and cast alloys.
(21-12)
(S.D. = 0.12).
Table 21 .5. Dependence of the Thermal Expansion Coefficient on [Sn] and [P] (295 K).
21-16
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C50715-C52400: Annealed; Thermal Expansion Coefficient
Cold-worked vs. [Sn], [P] (295 K)
19
Q
UJ
fC 18
(0
<
LU
2
UJ
O
U-
iZ 17
UJ
O
O
/
(0
z
<
a.
£ 16
REF. 16
CC REF. 17
<>
UJ o REF. 18
X
I-
15
15 16 17 18 19
Figure 21.7. The data shown were used to compute the regression of the thermal expansion coefficient
at room temperature upon [Sn] and [P] [Equation (21-12)].
21-17
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C51000: Cold-worked Thermal Expansion Coefficient
vs. Temperature (10-300 K)
Table 21.6. Dependence of the Thermal Expansion Coefficient on Temperature (10-300 K).
21-18
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C51000: Cold-worked Thermal Expansion Coefficient
vs. Temperature (10-300 K)
Figure 21.8. Data on the thermal expansion coefficient of phosphor bronzes Uom two references are
shown as a function of temperature. Tin contents are given in weight percent.
21-19
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C51000 and C52400: Annealed; Mean Thermal Expansion vs.
Cold-worked Temperature (5-300 K)
12.51 30 17 12.80 4
12.92 40 17 13.52 20
13.33 50 17 14.19 40
13.69 60 17 14.81 60
13.99 70 17 15.31 80
14.27 60 17 15.65 100
14.53 90 17 15,90 120
14.77 100 17 16.21 140
15.14 120 17 16.32 160
15.49 140 17 16.37 180
15.71 160 17 16.34 200
15.93 180 17 16.58 220
16.13 200 17 16.42 240
16.30 220 17 15.36 260
16.42 240 17 19.50 273
16.36 260 17 16.92 280
21-20
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C51000 and C52400: Annealed; Mean Thermal Expansion vs.
Cold-worked Temperature (5-300 K)
20
18
I
O
z
o (] °
(/>
16
z
< o o
X
lU
14
cc
111
10
100 200 300
TEMPERATURE, K
Figure 21.9. Data on the mean thermal expansion of phosphor bronzes from two references are shown
as a function of temperature.
21-21
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Thermal Properties (AH)
Cold-worked; As Cast
Reference No. 1A IB 9 10
Specification — — — —
Cu — — — 92.2-96.84
Sn 8 11 2-8 3.11-7.41
P 0.02-0.39
Pb
Fe
Zn
Otiiers — — — —
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
RRR
Grain Size
Hardness — — — Rb66-82
No. of Specimens
21-22
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Thermal Properties (All)
Cold-worked; As Cast
C50715 C52400
Bar, Bar,
2.22-cm-dia. 0.318-cm-dia.
Cylinder
0.318 cm
4.86 cm
21-23
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Thermal Properties (All)
Cold-worked; As Cast
Specification
— — —
wUI iipUolllUil yN\m)
Cu — — — —
Sn 0.937 1.85 1.85 5.46
P
Pb — —
Fe
Zn
Others — — — —
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
Material Condition Cold-drawn, 75% Annealed, 1073 K, Cold-drawn, 75% Annealed. 1123 K,
24 h 48h
RRR
Grain Size
Hardness — — — —
Product Form Bar, Bar, Bar, Bar,
0.318-cm-dia. 0.318-cm-dia. 0.318-cm-dia. 0.318-cm-dia.
No. of Specimens
21-24
^
— C51900 — — C51000
100 am
_ Rb91
Bar, Bar,
0.318-cm-dia. 0.635-cm-dia.
21-25
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Thermal Properties (All)
Cold-worked; As Cast
Composition (wt%)
Cu 88.44 93.3
Sn 10.47 6.46
p 0.74 0.20
Pb
Fe — —
Zn
Grain Size
Hardness Rb67
Specimen Type
Width or Dia.
Thickness
Gage Length
No. of Specimens
REFERENCES
1. Jelinek, F. J., and "Low Temperature Thermal Expansion and Specific Heat
Collings, E. W.,
in Semi-Annual Technical Reports on Materials Research in
Properties of Structural Materials,"
Support of Superconducting Machinery--! Eds. A. F. Clark, R. P. Reed, and E. C. van Reuth,
I,
2. Clune, L. C, and Green, B. A., Jr., "Low-Temperature Specific Heats of a-CuSn and a-CuZn Alloys,"
Physical Review m, 525-528 (1966).
3. Bevk, J., and Massalski, T. B., "Low-Temperature Specific Heats in a-Phase CuSn Alloys," Physical
Review B 5, 4678-4683 (1972). ^
4. Rosenberg, H. M., "Low Temperature Solid State Physics-Some Selected Topics," Oxford University
Press, London, England (1963).
5. Ziman, J. M., "Electrons and Phonons-The Theory of Transport Phenomena in Solids," Oxford
University Press, London, England (1960).
21-26
21. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: THERMAL PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Thermal Properties (All)
Cold-worked; As Cast
REFERENCES
6. Roberts, J. K., "Heat and Thermodynamics, 4th Edition," Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York,
NY (1954).
7. de Launay, J., The Theory of Specific Heats and Lattice Vibrations," in Solid State Physics Vol. 2,
.
Eds. F. Seitz and D. Turnbull, Academic Press. Inc., New York, NY (1956).
8. Touloukian, Y. S., and Buyco, E. H., 'Thermophysical Properties of Matter, Vol. 4, Specific Heat,
Metallic Elements and Alloys," IFI/Plenum, New York, NY (1970).
10. Cook, M., and Tallis, W. G., 'The Physical Properties and Annealing Characteristics of Standard
Phosphor-Bronze Alloys," The Journal of the Institute of Metals 67, 49-65 (1941).
11. Donaldson, J. W., 'Thermal and Electrical Conductivities: Details for Non-ferrous Metals and
Alloys." The Metal Industry 58, 342-376 (1941).
12. Smith. C.S.. Thermal Conductivity of Copper Alloys: II. Copper-Tin Alloys and III. Copper-
Phosphorus Alloys," Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering
93. 176-184 (1931).
13. Garber. M., Scott, B. W., and Blatt. F. J., 'Thermal Conductivity of Dilute Copper Alloys," Physical
Review 130. 2188-2192 (1963).
14. Nanjundiah, S., "Phonon Scattering by Point Defect Impurities in Copper Alloys at Very Low
Temperatures," Ph.D. Dissertation from the University of Connecticut (1980).
15. Zavaritskli, N. V., and Zel'dovich, A. G., 'Thermal Conductivity of Technical Materials at Low
Temperatures," Soviet Physics-Technical Physics 1, 1970-1974 (1956).
16. HIdnert. P.. 'Thermal Expansion of Copper and Some of Its Important Industrial Alloys," Scientific
Papers of the Bureau of Standards VZ, 91-159 (1922).
17. Clark. A. F.. "Low Temperature Thermal Expansion of Some Metallic Alloys," Cryogenics 8, 282-289
(1968).
18. Gudkov, S. I., Tin, Aluminum, and Silicon Bronzes, Part 3," in Mechanical Properties of Industrial
Nonferrous Metals at Low Temperatures, Publishing House, Moscow, USSR (1971), translation from
Joint Publications Research Sery/ice, Washington, DC, JPRS-55861, 307-333 (1972).
19. De, M., Thermal Expansion of Some Cu- and Ag-t)ase Alloys at High Temperatures," Indian Journal
of Physics 43, 367-376 (1969).
21-27
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed Electrical Resistivity vs.
[Sn], IP], [Fe] (295 K)
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS 10.4 wt%. The element contents are in wt%.
Table 22.1 presents the measured values of p and
Measurements at 295 K of the resistivity, p, the values calculated from Equation (22-1). The
of annealed C51000-C52400 phosphor bronzes straight line in Figure 22.1 indicates the fit of the
and Cu-Sn alloys were obtained from References data to Equation (22-1); the scatter band repre-
22.1-22.7. The form of the product was wire sents two standard deviations above and below
(References 22.2-22.6) or bar (References 22.1 the line. The variance of the data was assumed
and 22.7). The available characterization informa- to be normally distributed and constant through-
tionon specimens and measurements is present- out the range of predicted values.
ed in Table 22.10 at the end of the electromag-
netic properties section. Regression analysis was DISCUSSION
carried out on the data to determine the depen-
dence of p on Sn content, [Sn], P content, [P], The coefficient of the [Fe] term is not well-
and Fe content, [Fe]. determined, as indicated by the standard devia-
tion of 55.9, which equals about 50% of the coef-
RESULTS ficient. Iron content was reported for only 6 out
22-1
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed Electrical Resistivity vs.
[Sn], [P], [Fe] (295 K)
22-2
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed Electrical Resistivity vs.
[Sn], IP], [Fe] (295 K)
Figure 22.1. The datashown were used to compute the regression of electrical resistivity at 295 K for
annealed material upon Sn, P, and Fe content [Equation (22-1)].
22-3
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C50200-C52400: Cold-worked Electrical Resistivity vs.
[Sn], Cold Work (295 K)
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS where the standard deviations of the coefficients
are 1.12, 0.48, 0.0424, and 0.00233, [Sn] < 10.4
Measurements 295 K of the electrical
at wt%, and CW < 90%. Table 22.2 presents the
resistivity (p) work (CW) and Sn
with both cold measured values of p and the values calculated
content ([Sn]) were obtained from References from Equation (22-2). The straight line in Figure
22.2, 22.4, 22.7. and 22.8. The form of the prod- 22.2 indicates the fit of the data to Equation
uct was wire (References 22.2, 22.4, and 22.8) or (22-2); the scatterband represents two standard
bar (Reference 22.7). The available characteriza- deviations above and below the line. The vari-
tion of specimens and measurements is present- ance of the data was assumed to be normally
ed Table 22.10 at the end of the electromag-
in distributed and constant throughout the range of
netic properties section. Since the effect of CW is predicted values. For CW = 0, coefficients of
larger for higher [Sn], the multivariate analysis Equation (22-2) are in satisfactory agreement with
included cross terms. Equation (22-1). Figure 22.3 shows curves for
three levels of CW, where
RESULTS 5 < [Sn] < 1 1 wt%, predicted from Equation
(22-2). Also shown are data for corresponding
A satisfactory fit to the data was obtained amounts of CW.
with the equation
Table 22.2. Dependence of Electrical Resistivity on [Sn] and Cold Work (295 K).
22-4
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C50200-C52400: Cold-worked Electrical Resistivity vs.
[Sn], Cold Work (295 K)
108.26 108 61 6 0 50 Q
108.20 109.37 6.0 60. g
108.66 110.93 6 0 80 Q
109.21 111.64 6.0 90. Q
1 24.05 123.50 7.5 10. Q
125.49 124.62 7.5 20. Q
22-5
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C50200-C52400: Cold-worked Electrical Resistivity vs.
[Sn], Cold Work (295 K)
200
Figure 22.2. The data shown were used to compute the regression of electrical resistivity at 295 K upon
cold work andSn content [Equation (22-2)].
22-6
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C50200-C52400: Cold-worked Electrical Resistivity vs.
[Sn], Cold Work (295 K)
Figure 22.3. The dependence of electrical resistivity upon tin content is illustrated by three curves
predicted from Equation (22-2), and data from Reference 22.8 for three levels of cold work.
22-7
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed Electrical Resistivity vs. [Sn]
Temperature (4-295 K)
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS other references (Figures 22.4 and 22.5). The
wire used these measurements was processed
in
Measurements of the resistivity {p) of an- differently; annealed Cu wire was plated with Sn,
nealed Cu-Sn alloys between 4 and 295 K were which was allowed to dissolve in the wire in an Ar
obtained from References 22.2, 22.3, 22.9, and environment below 300 °C. The wire was then
22.10. The form of the product was wire. The homogenized at 800 °C for 1 40 h. Perhaps the
available characterization of specimens and product was less homogeneous that those
final
measurements is presented in Table 22.10 at the used in the other reported measurements (Refer-
end of the electromagnetic properties section. ences 22.2, 22.3, and 22.9), which were produced
Multi-variate regression analysis was used to by more conventional methods. However, the
obtain an expression for the dependence of the diffusion method of alloying may be closer to
resistivity upon Sn content, [Sn], and tempera- production methods of Cu-Sn stabilizing material
ture, T. The dependence of resistivity upon phos- in superconducting cable.
phorus content can be estimated from Equation Very dilute Cu-Sn alloys exhibit a minimum
(22-1); no cryogenic data on annealed phospho- in the electrical resistivity at temperatures of
rus-containing alloys were available. about 1 5 K or less. The effect is most pro-
nounced for [Sn] w 0.01 wt% and declines sharp-
RESULTS ly at higher [Sn]. This resistivity minimum is ob-
served only in very pure dilute Cu-Sn alloys, since
A satisfactory fit to the data was obtained contamination of as little as 0.002 wt% of Fe can
with the expression obscure the effect. Experiments have indicated
that the phenomenon is due to some type of
p(nQ4n) = - 4.513 + 17.96 [Sn] - 0.4930 [Sn]^ Sn atoms in the
preferential distribution of the
+ 0.07202 T (22-3) along the grain boundaries
interstices of misfit
(S.D. = 2.564 nn^), (Reference 22.11). Additional discussion of this
phenomenon is presented in Reference 22.12.
where the standard deviations of the coefficients Because this phenomenon is observable only in
are 0.638, 0.34, 0.0334, and 0.00287, [Sn] < 10.4 dilute, high-purity alloys, it is not demonstrable
wt%, and 4 K < 7 < 295 K. Table 22.3 presents with the present set of measurements and thus is
the measured values of p and the values calculat- not reflected Equation (22-3).
in
ed from Equation (22-3). The straight line in Fig- At 295 K, Equations (22-3) and (22-1) are
ure 22.4 indicates the fit of the data to Equation very similar, and coefficients generally agree with-
(22-3); the scatterband represents two standard in one or two standard deviations. Exact agree-
deviations above and below the line. The vari- ment such as
of the coefficients to like terms,
ance of the data was assumed to be normally [Sn]^, should not be expected because the 295-K
distributed and constant throughout the range of data sets used in the two equations were not
predicted values. Figure 22.5 presents families of identical. Obviously, the negative values for p
curves for several [Sn] values calculated from predicted at low temperatures for [Sn] = 0 are
Equation (22-3). not correct.
DISCUSSION
22-8
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed Electrical Resistivity vs. [Sn]
Temperature (4-295 K)
Table 22.3. Dependence of Electrical Resistivity on [Sn] and Temperature (4-295 K).
IVIoaoUlOU, nO^m
KJIaociirAH (lu^ll
22-9
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed Electrical Resistivity vs. [Sn]
Temperature (4-295 K)
22-10
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed Electrical Resistivity vs. [Sn]
Temperature (4-295 K)
180
Figure 22.4. The data shown were used to compute the regression of electrical resistivity of annealed
upon Sn content and temperature [Equation (22-3)].
material
22-11
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed Electrical Resistivity vs. [Sn]
Temperature (4-295 K)
22-12
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C50200-C52400: Cold-worked Electrical Resistivity vs. [Sn], Cold
Work, Temperature (4 -295 K)
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS where the standard deviations of the coefficients
are 8.52, 0.38, 0.0337, 0.00564, 0.114, and
Measurements of the resistivity (p) of 75% 0.001063, [Sn] < 10.4 wt%, and 4 K < 7 < 295 K.
cold-drawn Cu-Sn alloys between 14 and 295 K Table 22.4 presents the measured values of p and
were obtained from Reference 22.2. The resistivi- the values calculated from Equation (22-4). The
ty of an 85% cold-drawn C51000 phosphor straight line in Figure 22.6 indicates the fit of the
bronze was obtained from Reference 22.13. The data to Equation (22-4); the scatter band repre-
form of the product was wire (Reference 22.2) or sents two standard deviations atx)ve and below
bar or plate (Reference 22.13). The available the line. The variance of the data was assumed
characterization of materials and measurements is to be normally distributed and constant through-
given in Table 22.10 at the end of the electromag- out the range of predicted values.
netic properties section. Multivariate regression
analysis was used to obtain an expression for the DISCUSSION
dependence of the resistivity upon Sn content,
[Sn], cold work, CW, and temperature, T. Since For 7 = 295 K and CW = 75%, the first five
the effect of cold work is larger as [Sn] increases, terms of Equation (22-4) are in agreement with
cross-terms were used in this analysis. the first three terms of Equation (22-2). However,
the analysis of the dependence of p upon CW,
RESULTS [Sn], and 7 is based mostly upon results from
one reference for a limited range of CW (75-85%);
A satisfactory fit to the data was obtained thus. Equation (22-4) should be used with cau-
with tion.
Table 22.4. Dependence of Electrical Resistivity on [Sn], Cold Work, and Temperature (4-295 K).
22-13
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C50200-C52400: Cold-worked Electrical Resistivity vs. [Sn], Cold
Work, Temperature (4-295 K)
22-14
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C50200-C52400: Cold-worked Electrical Resistivity vs. [Sn], Cold
Work, Temperature (4 -295 K)
Figure 22.6. The data shown were used to compute the regression of electrical resistivity upon Sn
content, cold work, and temperature [Equation (22-4)].
22-15
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C50100-C51000: Annealed Magnetoresistance
(4, 295 K)
3 0.95 14 135 (4 ± 2) X 10 4 14
22-16
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed Magnetic Susceptibility
vs. [Sn] (295 K)
DATA SOURCES AND ANALYSIS where the standard deviations of the coefficients
are 0.08. 0.0440, and 0.00452, and [Sn] < 9.2
Measurements of the magnetic susceptibility wt%. Table 22.6 gives the measured and the
at 295 K on annealed Cu-Sn alloys were obtained values calculated from Equation (22-5). The
from References 22.3, 22.15, and 22.16. The straight line in Figure 22.7 indicates the fit of the
susceptibility, in SI units, is defined as k = M/H data to Equation (22-5); the scatter band repre-
(dimensionless) where H is the applied field and sents two standard deviations at)ove and below
M is the magnetization (both in A/m). The mass the line. The variance of the data was assumed
susceptibility (k^) has SI units of m^/kg. The to be normally distributed and constant through-
available characterization of materials and meas- out the range of predicted values.
urements is given in Table 22.10 at the end of the
electromagnetic properties section. A polynomial DISCUSSION
regression analysis of as a function of Sn con-
tent, [Sn], was carried out on the data. The data from the three references are in
reasonable agreement with each other. Methods
RESULTS of correcting data for ferromagnetic iron impuri-
ties are discussed in Reference 22.16 and cita-
A satisfactory fit to the data was obtained tions therein.
with the equation
22-17
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed Magnetic Susceptibility
vs. [Sn] (295 K)
-10
0 RlEF. 3
RlEF. 15
O RlEF. 16
E
-11
o
T
o
\^\
\<
>- -12
m
Q-
LU
O -13
(/)
13
(/>
o
liJ -14
(J
<
-15
2 4 6 8 10
Figure 22.7. The data shown were used to compute the regression of magnetic susceptibility upon Sn
content. The curve is fit to Equation (22-5) for the range of Sn contents shown.
22-18
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C51000: Annealed; Magnetic Susceptibility
Cold-worked vs. [Fe] (295 K)
Measurements of the mass magnetic sus- For most phosphor bronze alloys, specifica-
295 K as a function of Fe con-
ceptibility (/c^) at tions require [Fe] < 0.010wt%, and in practice,
tent, [Fe], were obtained from Reference 22.17. [Fe] is often much lower. However, these meas-
The measurements were made on cast C51000 urements show that could vary considerably
phosphor bronze that had been either cold-roiled within phosphor bronze specifications. The re-
or cold-rolled and subsequently annealed The . sults agree approximately with those of Section 8
available characterization of materials and meas- for the change of k with addition of Fe to high-
urements is given in Table 22.10 at the end of the purity copper.
electromagnetic properties section.
RESULTS
Table 22.7. Dependence of Magnetic Susceptibility on [Fe] and Material Condition (295 K).
Annealed 0.25
22-19
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C51000: Annealed; Magnetic Susceptibility
Cold-worked vs. [Fe] (295 K)
Figure 22.8. Data from Reference 22.17 show the change in magnetic susceptibility with Fe content.
The cast product was rolled and then annealed.
22-20
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C51000: Annealed; Magnetic Susceptibility
Cold-worked vs. Cold Work (295 K)
Mass magnetic susceptibility (/c^) measure- Table 22.8 shows that the absolute value of
ments at295 K on a C51000 phosphor bronze in the susceptibility of cold-worked C51000 decreas-
both the annealed and cold-worked conditions es after it is annealed.
were obtained from Reference 22.18. The cold-
worked material was drawn to 16%. The Sn con- DISCUSSION
tent obtained from chemical analysis was slightly
above the C51000 specification, although the The magnetic susceptibility depends on both
specimens were described as commercial, 5 wt% the amount of Fe present and its chemical form
Sn. No attempt was made by the authors of and distribution. Since the thermal and mechani-
Reference 22.18 to vary the Fe content, since the cal history of the specimen and the presence of
intention was to test typical alloys as they were other impurities affect Fe chemistry and distribu-
being processed in the mill. However, Fe content tion, these factors can alter significantly.
was low, 0.003 wt%. The form of the product Therefore, these values may not apply to all
Table 22.8. Magnetic Susceptibility of Annealed and Cold-worked C51000 (295 K).
22-21
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C51000-C51800: Annealed Magnetic Susceptibility
vs. [Sn] (4 K)
Measurements of the mass magnetic sus- Table 22.9 and Figure 22.9 present the In-
4 K as a function of Sn content,
ceptibility (k^) at crease in absolute magnitude of susceptibility
0.0 -B.55 3
0.93 -10.15 3
2.00 -10.30 3
2.77 11.50 3
1 S.46 -!1.02
22-22
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C51000-C51800: Annealed Magnetic Susceptibility
vs. [Sn] (4 K)
-8
REF. 3
E
o
7 -9
o
>-
I-
m -10
I-
Q-
UJ
O
(O
Z)
(/)
O
:- -11
H
LU
<
-12
2 4
Figure 22.9. Data from Reference 22.3 show the change in magnetic susceptibility with Sn content.
Data are on annealed material.
22-23
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Electromagnetic Properties (All)
Cold-worked
Reference No. 1 2A 2B 3
Specification
Composition (wt%)
Cu 89.52-99.00
Sn 0.99-10.40 0.00-10.4 O.Oa-10.4 0.00-5.46
P
,
Material Condition Annealed, 923 K, Annealed, 973 K, Cold-drawn, 75% Annealed, 873 K,
0.5 h, AC 1 h, WQ FC
RRR 1.28-133
Grain Size — — —
Hardness — — —
Product Form Bar, Wire, Wire, Wire,
2.22-cm-dia. G.IO-cm-dia. 0.10-cm-dia. 0.11-cm-dia.
No. of Measurements 6 6 6 6
22-24
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Electromagnetic Properties (All)
Cold-worked
4A 4B 5 6 7A
— — — —
0.018-0.021
— —
— — —
0: 0.028-0.040
Annealed, 873 K, Cold-drawn, 75% Annealed, 648 K Annealed, 973 K Annealed, 798 K,
1 h, quenched 1 h, AC
— — — — —
— — —
— — — —
Wire, Wire, Wire, Wire, Bar,
0.206-cm-dia. 0.206-cm-dia. 0.102-cm-dia. 0.25-cm-dia. 0.518-cm-dia.
100 cm
6 6 4 4 2
22-25
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; ;,
Electromagnetic Properties (All)
Cold-worked
Reference No. 7B 8 9 10
Specification — — — —
ConDposition (wt%)
Cu 97.40 and 91.15 — — —
Sn 2.44 and 8.68 5-10.5 1.65 0.0-10.6
P
Pb — — — —
Fe
Zn — — — —
Others
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
RRR
•
Grain Size
Hardness — — —
Product Form Wire. Wire
0.21-0.43-cm-dia. 0.025-cm-dia.
No. of Measurements 30 10 10
.^ .
(a) Copper wire plated with tin, then homogenized to allow the tin to completely diffuse in the copper.
22-26
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Electromagnetic Properties (All)
Cold-worked
13 14 15 16 17
— — — —
Cold-drawn, 85% Annealed Annealed, 1173 or Annealed, 823 K, Annealed, 773 K, 24 h;
100 itm — — — —
Rb91 — — — —
Bar Wire, Bar, Strip,
1 .27- and 2.03-cm-dia. 0.6-cm-dia. 0.508-cm-thick
5 4 3 4 12
22-27
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Electromagnetic Properties (All)
Cold-worked
Reference No. 18
Specification C51000
Composition (wt%)
Cu 93.83
Sn 5.94
P 0.23
Pb
Fe 0.003
Zn <0.01
Others
(Only > 0.001 wt%)
RRR
Grain Size —
Hardness Rg 31 or 73
No. of Measurements 2
REFERENCES
1. Smith, C. S., 'Thermal Conductivity of Copper Alloys. II. Copper-Tin Alloys. III. Copper-Phosphorus
Alloys," Transactions of the A.I.M.E. 93, 176-184 (1931).
2. Fairbank, H. A., 'The Electrical Resistivity of Copper-Zinc and Copper-Tin Alloys at Low Tempera-
tures," Physical Review 66, 274-281 (1944).
3. Fickett, F. R., "Electric and Magnetic Properties of CuSn and CuNi Alloys at 4 K, "Cryogenics 22,
135-137 (1982).
4. Smart, J. S., Jr., and Smith, A. A., Jr., "Effect of Certain Fifth-period Elements on Some Properties
of High-purity Copper," Transactions of the A.I.M.E. 152 . 103-121 (1943).
5. Pilling, N. B., Bayonne, N. J., and Halliwell, G. P., 'The Effect of Lead and Tin with Oxygen on the
Conductivity and Ductility of Copper," Transactions of the A.I.M.E. 73, 679-699 (1926).
22-28
22. PHOSPHOR BRONZE: ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPERTIES
C50100-C52400: Annealed; Electromagnetic Properties (All)
Cold-worked
REFERENCES
6. Norbury, A. L, "Note on the Effects of Certain Elements on the Electrical Resistivity of Copper,"
Journal of the Institute of Metals 33, 91-94 (1925).
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of Copper Alloys," Transactions of the A.I.M.E. 143, 228-245 (1941).
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(1980).
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22-29
1
S. AUTHOR(S>
11 . ABSTRACT (A 200-WORD OR LESS FACTUAL SUMMARY OF MOST SIGNIHCANT INFORMATION. IF DOCUMENT INCLUDES A SIGNIFICANT BIBUOGRAPHY OR
LITERATURE SURVEY, MENTION IT HERE.)
The mechanical and physical properties at cryogenic temperatures for selected
coppers and copper alloys have been compiled, reviewed, and analyzed. Tables, figures,
and regression equations are included. The materials are: the oxygen-free coppers
(C10100-C10700) beryllium coppers (C17000-C17510)
, and the phosphor bronzes (C50500-
,
C52400). The temperature range for the property data is from 4 to 295 K. Mechanical
properties include tensile, toughness, fatigue, and creep; physical properties include
elastic constants, specific heat, thermal conductivity and expansion, and electrical
resistivity. In many cases, these properties are a strong function of metallurgical
variables, such as cold work and grain size. Regression analyses have been performed in
cases where there are sufficient data to ensure reasonsUsle statistical portrayal of the
effect of these variables on specific properties.
The original program of data review was sponsored by the Office of Fusion Energy of
the U.S. Department of Energy. Its purpose was to assemble and to evaluate property data
useful to magnet designers for fusion plasma confinement. Both normal-metal, high-field
magnets (using cold-worked C10700 and C17510 alloys) and NbTi and NbsSn superconducting
magnets (using C10400 and copper-tin or phosphor bronze alloys) are currently in design or
development stages. The review has been re-edited and expanded for those more generally
interested in the low-temperature properties of copper and selected copper alloys, under
the sponsorship of the International Copper Association, Ltd.
12. KEY WORDS (8 TO 12 ENTRIES; ALPHABETICAL ORDER; CAPITALIZE ONLY PROPER NAMES; AND SEPARATE KEY WORDS BY SEMICOLONS)
beryllium copper alloys; copper; copper alloys; copper-tin alloys; cryogenic;
electromagnetic properties; fatigue; mechanical properties; phosphor bronze alloys;
tensile properties; thermal properties
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