CIVIL ENGINEERING

For
UPSC Engineering Services Examination, GATE,

State Engineering Service Examination & Public Sector Examination.

(BHEL, NTPC, NHPC, DRDO, SAIL, HAL, BSNL, BPCL, NPCL, etc.)

RAILWAY, AIRPORT,
PORT, HARBOUR & TUNNELLING ENGINEERING

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 IES MASTER Publication
F-126, (Lower Basement), Katwaria Sarai, New Delhi-110016
Phone : 011-26522064, Mobile : 8010009955, 9711853908
E-mail : info@iesmasterpublications.com, info@iesmaster.org
Web : iesmasterpublications.com, iesmaster.org

© No part of this booklet may be reproduced, or distributed in any

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otherwise or stored in a database or retrieval system without the
prior permission of IES MASTER PUBLICATION, New Delhi.
Violaters are liable to be legally prosecuted.

ISBN :

First Edition : 2017

Typeset at : IES Master Publication, New Delhi-110016

 CONTENTS
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

1. Rail, Railway and Rail Joints ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 – 16

2. Sleepers and Track Fasteners ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 – 29
3. Ballast and Soil Sub grade and Survey work ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 – 37
4. Stresses on Railway Tract and Creep of Rail ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38 – 46
5. Geometric Design of the Track ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47 – 77
6. Points and Crossings ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 78 – 89
7. Track Junctions------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 90 – 100
8. Stations and Yards and Equipments in Station Yards ----------------------------------------------------------- 101 – 107
9. Signalling and Control System ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 108 – 114
10. Traction and Tractive Resistances(s) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 115 – 128
11. Miscellaneous Topics --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 129 – 144

AIRPORT ENGINEERING
1. Airport ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 145 – 150
2. Airport Planning ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------151 – 157
3. Runway Design -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------158 – 172
4. Runway Geometric Design -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 173 – 176
5. Airport Capacity ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------177 – 179
6. Taxiway Design -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------180 – 190
7- Visual Aids and Drainage System ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 191 – 198
8- Heliport --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 199 – 201

PORT AND HARBOUR ENGINEERING

1. Water Transportation ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 202 – 209
2. Port ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 210 – 212
3. Natural Phenomena -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------213 – 219
4. Breakwaters ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------220 – 226
5. Dock ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 227 – 231

TUNNELING ENGINEERING
1. Tunnel Engineering ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------232 – 248
Rails :
 The rails on the track can be considered as steel girders for the purpose of carrying axle load.
 Rails transfer Axle load to the subgrade through sleepers and ballast.
 Rails convert the rolling loads (moving wheel loads of train) into point load, which acts on the
sleepers.
 Sleepers convert point load into distributed load.
 Ballast convert line load is uniformly distributed load.
 Rails are made up of high carbon steel, to resist wear and tear.
 On points and crossing rails of medium carbon and high manganese steel is used.
 In India rails are manufactured by open hearth or duplex process.

Requirement of Rails :
Rails act as continuous girders carrying axle loads. They should meet the following requirements
to serve intended purposes:
 They should be proper composition of steel and should be manufactured by open hearth or duplex
process.
 The vertical stiffness should be high enough to transmit the load to several sleepers undeneath. The
height of rail should, therefore, be adequate.
 Rails should be capable of with standing lateral forces. Large width of head and foot endows the rails
with high lateral stiffness.
 The head must be sufficiently deep to allow for an adequate margin of vertical wear. The wearing
surface should be hard.
 Web of rails should be sufficiently thick to bear the load coming on it and should provide adequate
flexural rigidity in horizontal plane.
 Foot should be wide enough so that rails are stable against overturning, especially on curves.
 Bottom of the head and top of the foot of rails should be so shaped as to enable the fish plates to
transmit the vertical load efficiently from the head to the foot at rail joints.
 Relative distribution of material of rail in head, web and foot must be balanced for smooth transmission
of loads.
 The centre of gravity of the rail section must lie approximately at midheight so that maximum tensile
and compressive stresses are equal.
 The fillet radii must be large to reduce the concentration of stresses.
 To allow adequate margin of vertical wear, head of the rail must be sufficiently deep, max. wear of
head allowed is 10 mm.
 Minimum tensile strength of rail should be 72 Kg/mm2.
 In India rails are tested by falling weight test or tup test.
  2 | RAILWAY ENGINEERING

Types of Rails :
Head

1. Double headed rails (D.H. rails) Compression zone

1:3
 These rails were used in the beginning. Tension zone
The idea behind using these was, when the head will worn out 1:3

in course of time, the rail can be inverted and reused. Tool wn head

ER
 In the lower part, the indentations were so formed that smooth
running over that surface at the top was impossible, so idea Double Headed Rail
got failed.

2. Bull Headed rails (B.H. rails)

Head Head
ST
1:3

1:3
1:3

1:3
Compression zone

Tension zone

Foot Foot

Bull Headed Rail Flat Torted Rail

MA
 In B.H. rails the head was made a little thicker and stronger than the lower part.

3. Flat footed rails (F.F. rails)

 F.F. rails are also called Vignole’s rails after the name of the inventor.
 Bearing plates are used between the sleeper and rail at rail joints.
 These rails are designated by wt of rail per unit length.
 52 kg/m or 52 MR and 60 kg/m or 60 MR F.F. rails are used in India.
 52 kg rail is suitable upto speed of 130 kmph and 60 kg rail is suitable upto speed of 160 kmph.
C C
S

Compression side
Compression side

13R 13R
2R E 3R E
1 in 1 in
2 .7 2.7
5 5
IE

7R
D D
Neutral Horizontal axis Neutral Horizontal axis
A A
Vertical axis
Vertical axis

Neutral
Neutral

Tension side
Tension side

F F

B B
(b) 52 kg. Rail section (c) 60 kg Rail section
Metric Rail (HR) kg/m as per Indian Railway Standards

Regd. office : F-126, (Lower Basement), Katwaria Sarai, New Delhi-110016 Phone : 011-26522064
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 RAIL, RAILWAY AND RAIL JOINTS  | 3

Comparison b/w Flat footed rails and Bull haded rails

Point of Comparison Flat Footed Rails Bull Headed Rails or
Double Headed rails
1. Strength and Stiffness These have more strength Having lesser stiffness and
and stiffness for same wt. strength.
2. Laying and Relaying Fitting is simpler so, can be Laying or relaying is difficult.

ER
easily laid or relaid.
3. Initial cost Fastenings are lesser and Fastening are more and
cheaper so initial cost is costly so initial cost is high
less.
4. Maintenance cost Less maintenance cost It requires heavy maintenance
cost.



ST
Note: Flat footed rails is most commonly used in India

Length of the rails :

Rails of larger lengths are preferred to smaller length for more strength and economy.
Joints between Rails are weakest points of the railway track and cost of fasteners is also high.
 In longer rails no of joints and fish plates are less thus lesser maintenance cost.
MA
 Rail’s length is restricted due to transportation limitations and due to more gap required for expansion
joints.
 Rail length of 12.8 m (say 13 m) for BG tracks and rail length of 11.89 m (say 12 m) for MG tracks
are used by Indian railways.

Some Other Important Points :

 Ratio of wt. of rails to wt of locomotive (axle load) is 1 : 510.
 When wear of head exceeds 5% of total wt., the rail must be replaced.
 On the curves, check rails parallel to inner rail can be introduced to control wear.
 Check rail prevent the wear of outer rail.
S

 Check rail, is used if curves (degree of curves) is more than 8° for BG and more than 14° for M.G.

Permanent Way or Railway Track :

IE

Combination of rails, fitted on sleepers Ballast shoulder

 Gauge
and resting on ballast and subgrade is
called the railway track or permanent way. Ballast
Sleeper
 Some time temporary tracks are also laid
1.5:1 Ballast cushion
for the transportation of the material. So
to distinguish final alignment with the 2:1
temporary tracks, the term permanent
track is used. Ballast base
 On the curv e super elev ation is Width of formation
maintained by the ballast and formation Permanent way cross-section
is levelled.

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  4 | RAILWAY ENGINEERING

 In a permanent way the rails are joined in series by fish plates and bolts and then they are fixed to
sleepers by different types of fastenings.
 The sleeper properly spaced and resting on the ballast are suitably packed with the ballast.
 The permanent way is regarded as semi-elastic in nature due to packing of ballast cushion.

Defects on Rails :

ER
1. Corrugated or Roaring Rails
 The corrugation of rail consist of minute depressions on the surface of the rails.
 These are usually created at the place where either breaks are applied or trains start.
 When train pass over it roaring sound occurs.
2. Kinks in rails :



ST
When ends of adjoining rails, move slightly out of position, kinks are formed at joints.
These occurs due to loose packing of joints and uneven wear of rail head.
3. Hogged rails :
 These are created due to battering / Impact action of wheel at the end of rail, head gets bend down.
 These occurs due to loose packing of ballast or loose fish plates at the joints.
Rail
MA

Kinks in Rail [Top View of rail] Sleeper Hogging of Rail

(a) (b)

4. Buckling of rail :

 During summer due to rise in temperature , the expansion of the rail occurs, to allow this expansion
there must be certain gap in between two rails at the end joints.
S

 These joints are known as expansion joints.

 If sufficient gap / expansion joint is not available, the thermal expansion would not be accommodated
within the expansion joint which will create thermal stresses in the rail and rail will buckle.
IE

 Buckling also occurs if fish plates are bolted so tightly that the rails are not allowed to slip or expand.

Buckling of rail track

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