Final Year Project (Margins Set)

Department of Mechanical
Engineering
BE Group Project – ME-499
SOLAR DESALINATION WATER PLANT
Group Members Name Registration Number
FaizanMobeen 203-F14-100
M. AbeerWasim 203-F14-107
M. Hammad Qureshi 203-F14-108
Syed Ibrahim Ali 203-F14-122
Supervisor Name: Sir Sohail Hasnain

Submitted in part for the BE degree in Mechanical Engineering
Batch 2014-15
Solar Desalination Water Plant
Certificate
This is to certify that the work in this project report on “Design of Solar Water
Desalination Plant”” is entirely written by the following students under the
supervision of Engr. Absar Ahmed Khan & Engr. Sohail Hasnain. This project is
submitted to Department of Mechanical Engineering at Nazeer Hussain University for
the fulfillment of the Bachelor Degree in Mechanical Engineering.
Group No. 05
Name Batch: 2014-2018
Faizan Mobin 203-F14-100
M.Abeer wasim 203-F14-107
M.Hammad Qureshi 203-F14-108
Syed Ibrahim Ali 203-F14-122
Supervisor
Engr. Sohail Hasnain
Engr. Absar Ahmed Khan
NAZEER HUSSAIN UNIVERSITY
______________________________
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Table of Contents
CHAPTER # 1INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND 1
1.2 WATER 1
1.3 GROUND WATER CONDITION IN PAKISTAN 2
1.4 TYPES OF WATER 3
1.4.1 Sea Water 3
1.4.2 Brackish Water 3
1.4.3 Brine 3
1.4.4 Hard Water 4
1.4.5 Soft Water 4
1.5 PROPERTIES OF WATER 4
1.5.1 Physical Properties 4
1.5.1.1 Density 4
1.5.1.2 Viscosity 5
1.5.1.3 Surface Tension 5
1.5.1.4 Heat Capacity 5
1.5.1.5 Color 5
1.5.1.6 Salinity 6
1.5.2 Chemical Properties 6
1.5.2.1 Solubility 6
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1.5.2.2 Conductance 6
1.5.2.3 pH 7
1.6 PURIFICATION OF WATER 7
1.6.1 Distillation 7
1.6.2 Multiple Effect Evaporator 8
1.6.3 Multi Stage Flash Distillation 9
1.6.4 Vapor Compression 10
1.6.5 Reverse Osmosis 11
1.7 USE OF WATER IN DAILY LIFE 12
1.7.1 Human 13
1.7.2 Agriculture 13
1.7.3 Industries 13
1.8 METHOD OFCOLLECTING SOLAR ENERGY 14
1.8.1 Flat-Plate collectors 14
1.8.2 Focusing Collectors 15
1.8.3 Passive Collectors 15
1.9 SUMMARY 15
CHAPTER # 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 16
2.1 INTRODUCTION 16
2.2 DESALLINATION 17
2.3 MAJOR DESALINATION PLANTS WORLDWIDE 18
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2.2.1 Capacity By Region 19
2.4 SOLAR DESALINATION METHODS 19
2.4.1 Single Effect Solar Still 19
2.4.1.1 Plain still 19
2.4.2 Multiple Effects Solar Still 20
2.4.3 Hybrid Solar Stills 20
2.5 DESIGN OF OUR PROJECT 21
2.5.1 Supply Fill Port 21
2.5.2 Overflow Port 22
2.5.3 Distilled Output Collection Port 22
2.5.4 Distillation Purification Capabilities 22
2.6 SUMMARY 23
CHAPTER # 03 METHODOLOGY 24
3.1 Introduction 24
3.6 Problems within the System 25
3.7 Solution 26
3.8 NOTE: 26
CHAPTER # 04 DESIGN SPECIFICATION 27
4.1 INTRODUCTION 27
4.2 COLLECTING DEVICE 27
4.2.1 Material of the Cover 27
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4.2.1.1 Glass 28
4.2.1.2 Plastic 28
4.3 COLLECTOR 28
4.3.1 Types of Collector 28
4.3.1.1 Flat Plate Collector 28
4.4 ABSORBER 29
4.4.1 Material 29
4.5 SOLAR CHARACTERISTICS 29
4.6 PROBLEM STATEMENT OBJECTIVE 30
CHAPTER # 05 DESIGN CALCULATION 31
5.1 Calculations for the project 31
Data from MET office site 32
For 21st June 2017: 32
For 21st December 34
December 34
Declination angle (𝜹) 35
Solar altitude (∝s) 35
Solar azimuth (𝜹s) 35
Incident angle (𝜽) 35
For IBC 36
For IDC 36
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For It 36
For qc1 37
At 300.5 K from table 37
For qr1 38
Hourly production 39
CHAPTER # 06 ANALYSIS 40
6.1 INTRODUCTION 40
6.2 ANALYSIS OF WATER 40
6.2.1 for Calcium Carbonate: 40
6.2.2 for Bicarbonate: 40
6.2.3 for Chlorides: 40
6.2.4 pH: 41
6.3 Economic Analysis 41
6.4 Cost of Raw Water and Energy 41
6.5 Capital Cost of Solar Stills 41
6.6 Amortization of Investment 42
6.7 Maintenance and Repairs 42
6.8 Operating Labor and Supervisor 42
6.9 Interest Charge 42
6.10 Taxes and Insurance 42
6.11 Storage Cost 43
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6.12 SUMMARY 43
CHAPTER # 07 CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION 44
7.1 CONCLUSION 44
7.2 RECOMMENDATION 44
REFRENCES 46
BOOKS 46
List of Figure
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Figure 1 - Multiple Effect Evaporator .............................................................................................. 8
Figure 2 - Multi Stage Flash Distillation .......................................................................................... 9
Figure 3 - Vapor Compression........................................................................................................ 10
Figure 4 - Reverse Osmosis ............................................................................................................ 11
Figure 5 - Uses of Water ................................................................................................................. 12
Figure 6 - Flat plate Collector ......................................................................................................... 14
Figure 7 - Desalination plant in Saudi Arabia ................................................................................ 18
Figure 8 - Capacity Chart ................................................................................................................ 19
Figure 9 - Hybrid Solar Still ........................................................................................................... 20
Figure 10 - Design of Our Project................................................................................................... 21
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List of Tables
Table 1 - Solar Absorptance and infared emittance for various surfaces ....................................... 29
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CHAPTER # 1INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Water is one of the world's most plentiful resources, covering as respects seventy five percent
of the planet's surfaces. In any case, there is an intense lack of consumable water in numerous
nations, particularly in Africa and the Middle East locale.
The explanation behind this clear inconsistency is, obviously, that ∼97.5% of the world's
water is salt water in the seas and just 2.5% is new water in ground water, lakes and
waterways and this supplies most human and animal needs. Handling the water shortage issue
must include better and more monetary methods for desalinating seawater. This article shows
an extensive audit of water desalination systems, regardless of whether worked by
conventional energy or renewable energy source, to change over saline water into pure water.
These systems involve the membrane processes and layer forms, in addition some elective
procedures. Thermal procedures incorporate the multistage flash, various impacts bubbling
and vapor compression, while the layer forms incorporate turn reverse osmosis, electro-
dialysis. It likewise covers the incorporation into desalination frameworks of potential
sustainable power source assets, including sun oriented vitality, wind and geothermal vitality.
Such systems are progressively alluring in the Middle East and Africa, zones experiencing
deficiencies of fresh water, yet where sun oriented vitality is abundant and where operational
and upkeep costs are low. The favorable circumstances and disservices, including the
financial and natural aspects, of these desalination systems are present.
1.2 WATER
The natural resource of seawater is regular. On the other hand the earth populations
continue to raise with are predictable to add to from a current rate of 6 exponential 9
to a value of 9 exponential 9 inside the year 2050. This enlargement is related whit
quick extension of metropolitan region which consumes huge amount of portable
water. Populace raise and linked change in daily life tension the restricted water
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possessions even more. Governments and municipality’s great effort to make safe
satisfactory clean water possessions intended for the forever increase request via
adopt exacting policy in favor of storing up, water recycle, import, shipping and
desalination. Constant enhancement and improvement within the desalination
technology enclose through it a realistic substitute and quite aggressive aligned with
water import and transportations. Furthermore environment safety through the exploit
of renewable power should turn into component of the current and upcoming
desalination industry. Consequently a plan to facilitate includes preservation, recycle,
desalination and renewable energy would give a sustainable resource of portable
water.
1.3 GROUND WATER CONDITION IN PAKISTAN
Mainly the Sindh and huge part of Punjab province of Pakistan contain salty to briny
groundwater. The starting point of this groundwater go back 70 million years, in the
direction of the ending of continental flow of the subcontinent, which resulted into
the structure of the Himalayan mountain range and consequent development of more
than a few basins. The basin is considered to exist a split valley, changed into a flat
plain with centuries-long alleviation. Repeated intrusions with the sea and an
alleviation procedure have led to brackish groundwater in the majority part of the
Indus plain.
Information on groundwater in Pakistan shows a continuing enhance in groundwater

salinity while from north to south. The Khyber Pakhtunkhuwah the minimum region
exaggerated by groundwater salinity whiles the Sindh province has the largest area,
through larger than 85 percent of its total land area, pretentious by brackish
groundwater. The state of Baluchistan is moderately salinity without charge other
than it suffers from lack of groundwater resources.
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1.4 TYPES OF WATER
On the basis of salinity water is divided in the following types.
1.4.1 Sea Water
Water has big quantity on the earth; along with that plenty about 97% is sea water.
Sea water contains about 3.5% by mass of salt (sodium chloride). The salinity does
differ, in addition to the mixture of salinity and high temperature has a main persuade
taking place ocean currents and manners. Salinity is a critical property of the seas and
is broadly considered.
1.4.2 Brackish Water
Brackish water is water with a level of salinity between freshwater and seawater. In
many places around the world, brackish water appears naturally, and it forms an
important habitat for some unique animal species. However, it can cause
environmental damage, since it is harmful for organisms which have not adapted to
it. This becomes an issue when brackish water is deliberately cultivated, as is done in
some regions to farm desirable food fish. It is also unpleasant to drink, and it may
cause health problems.
1.4.3 Brine
A saline solution with a concentration of dissolved solids exceeding that of sea water
(35000 ppm). The effluent or reject stream from sea water of brackish water desalting
plant may be considered as brine; even through brackish water desalting plant reject
streams are frequently less saline then sea water. Other brines are pumped from
surface sedimentary deposits and are fossil waters of marine origin.
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1.4.4 Hard Water
Water’s hardness is determined by the concentration of multivalent cat ions in the

water. Multivalent cat ions are cat ions (positively charged metal complexes with a
charge greater than 1+. Usually, the cat ions have charge of 2+. Common cat ions
fond in hard water include Ca2+ and Mg2+.these ions enter a water supply by leaching
from minerals within an aquifer.
1.4.5 Soft Water
Water which gives white foaming or lather readily easily with soap is called soft
water. The function of determining of percentage on salts concentration is to evaluate
the degree of softness which helps in selecting the methods for softening water
because water softening is an expensive process from standard point of capital
investment and daily operating cost.
1.5 PROPERTIES OF WATER
There are two types of properties of water.
1 Physical property
2 Chemical property
1.5.1 Physical Properties
1.5.1.1 Density
Density is a physical property of substance, because every factor and composite have
a exclusive density coupled among it. Density defines here a qualitative approach
reminiscent of evaluate of the virtual “heaviness” of object a steady level.
Density could as well pass on toward hoe directly “packed” otherwise “crowded” the
stuff appear to be present.
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1.5.1.2 Viscosity
Viscosity is a compute of conflict of a solution which is individual distorted through

either shear stress or tensile stress. In everyday expressions, viscosity is “thickness”
or “internal friction”. Therefore, water is lean, have a poorer viscosity, whereas
honey is thick, having a superior viscosity. .
1.5.1.3 Surface Tension
Surface tension is a contractive inclination of the plane of liquor to allow it to oppose

an outer energy; it is discovered, for exemplar, in the hanging of a few substances on
the plane of water, even though they are denser than water, and in the capability of a
little insect to scuttle on the water surface. This property is cause by means of
consistency of parallel molecules, and is liable for a lot of the behavior of water.
1.5.1.4 Heat Capacity
The heat capacity of a substance here the quantity of heat mandatory to modify its
hotness by single point, and has unit of force per degree. The heat capacity is
consequently, a far-reaching inconsistent since a huge amount of material will have a
proportionally vast heat facility. An additional of use extent is the specific heat,
which is the total of heat necessary to change the temperature of single unit of
collection of a substance by one degree.
1.5.1.5 Color
Color in water caused by dissolved or finely divided organic matter extracted from
decaying vegetation. Only the true color of water, due to substances in solution is of
interest in making a color determination the suspended matter must be removed by
centrifuging. The method of measuring color is by comparison with a standard
solution.
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1.5.1.6 Salinity
The total amount of solids contained in one kilogram of seawater when all carbonate
has been converted to oxide, all iodide and bromide replace by chloride and all
organic matter completely oxidized.
1.5.2 Chemical Properties
Natural water is never completely pure. During the precipitation and their passage
over or through the ground they may acquire many kinds of dissolved and suspended
impurities. The concentrations of these substances are seldom large in the ordinary
chemical sense. In most instances they amount to a few hundreds of 1% or less.
1.5.2.1 Solubility
Solubility is the property of a solid, liquid or gaseous chemical substance called

solute to dissolve in a solid, liquid or gaseous solvent to form a homogeneous
solution of the solute in the solvent. The solubility of a substance basically depends
going away on the use solvent on top of temperature and pressure.
1.5.2.2 Conductance
Clean water is not an excellent conductor of electricity. Ordinary distill water is

symmetry through carbon dioxide of the air has a conductivity of concerning 10 × 10-
6
W-1*m-1(20 ds/m). Because the electrical current is transported by the ions in
solution, the conductivity increases as the absorption of ions increase. Therefore
conductivity enlarges as water dissolves Ionic order.
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1.5.2.3 pH
In chemistry, pH is a measure of the activity of the solvated hydrogen ion. p[H],

which measures the hydrogen ion concentration is closely related to, and is often
written as, pH Pure water has a pH very close to 7 at 25°C. Solutions with pH less
than 7 are said to be acidic and solution with a pH greater than 7 are basic or alkaline.
The pH scale is traceable to a set of standard values are determined using a
concentration cell with transference, by measuring the potential difference between a
hydrogen electrode and a standard electrode such as silver chloride electrode.
Measurement of pH for aqueous solutions can be done with glass electrode and pH
meter, or using indicators.
For pure water: pH = 7
1.6 PURIFICATION OF WATER
There are several ways to purify sea or brackish water. The methods for purification
are given as follows.
1.6.1 Distillation
It is the process of removing water from saline solution. It differs from other process
by its passage of water through the vapor phase. The energy needed is derived from
steam. The minimum work requirement is a function of the temperature of the steam.
There are different types of evaporators which are most commonly used.
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1.6.2 Multiple Effect Evaporator
A various effect evaporator, when define inside element manufacturing, be an

equipment intended for adequately by means of the heat up commencing vapor
toward vanish stream. inside a various- effect evaporator, water be boil within a
series of vessel, each seized on a inferior pressure than the final. Since the steaming
heat of water decrease, the steam boil off inside single container be able to use heat
up the subsequently, simply the original container (at the maximum pressure) require
a peripheral resource of reheat. Whereas in assumption, evaporators might build
through a randomly big numeral of stage, evaporators by means of additional than
four stages be hardly ever realistic with the exception of within system wherever the
liquid is the preferred produce such the same as in element recovery wherever
positive to seven special effects are used.
Figure 1 - Multiple Effect Evaporator
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1.6.3 Multi Stage Flash Distillation
They are relatively efficient than the single evaporators. Each component of it is
maintained in sequence at slightly lower pressure and temperature to permit the steam
produced in one effect to become the source of heat into the next.
The plant has a sequence of places called stages, every one containing a heat
exchanger and a condensate collector. The series has a cold ending and a hot end
whereas middle stage has intermediate temperatures.
The stages have different pressures subsequent to the boiling points of water at the
stage temperatures. Later than the hot end there is a container called the brine heater.
Figure 2 - Multi Stage Flash Distillation
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1.6.4 Vapor Compression
Vapor compression evaporation be the vanishing technique through which a blower,

compressor otherwise jet ejector be use in the direction of condense, in addition to
accordingly, increase the weight of the steam formed.
Figure 3 - Vapor Compression
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1.6.5 Reverse Osmosis
Transmission is the movement of molecules commencing a region of privileged

combination to a region of minor focus. Osmosis is a unique case of dispersion in
which the molecules of water and the absorption pitch occurs crosswise a semi
porous crust. The semi porous membrane allow the route of water, although not ions
(e.g., Na+,Ca2+,and Cl-) or larger molecules (e.g., glucose, urea, and bacteria).
Reverse osmosis is frequently draw on in commercial and residential water filtration.

It is also one of the methods to desalinate the seawater. Every so often reverse
osmosis is use to clean liquids in which water is an disagreeable dirtiness (e.g.,
ethanol).
Figure 4 - Reverse Osmosis
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1.7 USE OF WATER IN DAILY LIFE
Uses of clean water be able to categorize seeing that renewable and non-renewable. A
use of water is consumptive but so as to water is not instantly accessible for an
additional use. Losses to surface leakage and vanishing are measured renewable, as is
water in corporate into a manufactured goods.
Water use in power production and trade is usually describing use an exchange terms,
focus on part size taking out and consumption. Withdrawal describes the subtraction
of water commencing the atmosphere, even as using up describe the adaptation of
clean water into several other form, such as atmospheric water steam or dirty waste
water.
Figure 5 - Uses of Water
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1.7.1 Human
It is projected that 8% of worldwide water utilize is used for home purpose. These
contain drinking water, swim, catering, cleanliness furthermore farming.
Fundamental household water necessities have been predictable by means of Peter
Gerick at about 50 liters per day, including water for garden.
1.7.2 Agriculture
It is expected that 69% of global water is used for irrigation, by means of 15-35% of
irrigation withdrawal being indefensible. It obtain approximately 3,000 liters of
water, changed since liquid to vapor, to make sufficient food to convince one
person’s daily nutritional need.
1.7.3 Industries
It is estimated with the intention of 22% of worldwide water is use in dusty. Main
industrial uses contain hydroelectric dams, thermoelectric power plants, which use
water for cooling, ore and oil refinery, which use water in chemical processes, and
built-up plants, which use water as a solvent.
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1.8 METHOD OFCOLLECTING SOLAR ENERGY
Method of collecting solar energy varies depending on the use of premeditated in

favor of the solar generator.
There are three types of collectors are given below.
1.8.1 Flat-Plate collectors
Flat-Plate collectors are the more usually use kind of collector nowadays. They are
array of solar panels set in an easy plane. They can be of virtually any size, and have
a production i-e unswervingly linked to small variables together with size, facing, and
cleanliness.
Figure 6 - Flat plate Collector
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1.8.2 Focusing Collectors
Focusing collectors are basically flat-plate collectors with visual plans approved to
make the most of the energy lessening on the focus of the collector. These are
presently used only in an only some scattered areas. Solar furnaces are examples of
this type of collector.
1.8.3 Passive Collectors
Passive collectors are totally unusual commencing the added two types of collectors.
The passive collectors absorb energy as well as transfer it to heat logically, exclusive
of being considered and built to do. Every one objects have this property to some
amount, but only several items will be able to create enough heat to make it useful.
1.9 SUMMARY
Sun powered MED and MSF, however having all the earmarks of being normal and tempting
solution, can't be taken as demonstrated advancements. An ever increasing number of
advancements in both sun based power and desalination innovations are required to keep
these arrangements focused contrasted with RO system combined with conventional power
plant.
Primary favorable position of that establishment is that RO can keep running during evening
times when power costs are low and MSF work during daytime with low running expenses
because of low weight steam. Water stockpiling offers adaptable arrangement with vitality
utilization streamlined.
Expansion of sun powered vitality from beginning of the venture (with explanatory troughs)
would have ease affect however no GHG discharges. We can take note of that the scope of
conceivable outcomes is generally open in desalination. Requirement for new water will
dependably be available, in this manner desalination advancements must be improved to wind
up cleaner, more effective and more righteous.
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CHAPTER # 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The exchange of advanced water treatment innovation from research to application is

frequently restricted by the chance to actualize examine ideas preceding full scale design.
Pilot and exhibition thinks about are utilized to assess treatment alternatives and benchmark
execution to help in design. At the pilot and demonstration scale, the opportunity exists to
coordinate research ideas into design and think about a mixture of demonstrated and
developing innovations.
Recovery territory and territorial workplaces are regularly drawn nearer by districts and
advisors to take an interest in pilot desalination examines as a methods for expanding water
supplies in their area. There are frequently segments of these sorts of studies which cover
with Reclamation look into interests; however there is no Reclamation structure to encourage
this support.
Experimental runs projects can incorporate various investigation goals that line up with the
proposals of the National Research Council's Desalination: A National Perspective. These
targets incorporate assessing the ecological effects of focus transfer, the treatment of saline
groundwater, and the coupling of sustainable power sources with desalination offices.
By executing configuration based research goals, experimental design, and novel advances at
the pilot scale, demonstrators have the chance to advance the examination field during
piloting.
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2.2 DESALLINATION
Desalination refers a few of numerous processes to eliminate some quantity of salt

and other minerals from saline water. Further usually, desalination could also refer to
the elimination of salts and minerals the same as in soil desalination. Salt water is
desalinated to create fresh water good for human using up or irrigation.
Significant desalination normally uses huge amounts of energy, extensive

infrastructure, and production added expensive than fresh water from conventional
sources, such as rivers or groundwater. It is mostly related to countries such as
Australia.
Which usually have relied on collecting rainfall at the back of dams to give their
drinking water supplies?
According to the International Desalination Association, in 2009, 14,451 desalination

plants operate worldwide, produce 59,9e6 cubic meters (2.12x109 cu ft) per day, a
year-on-year boost of 12.3%. It was 68 million m3 in 2010 and predictable to hit 120
million m3 by 2020; some 40 million m3 is designed for the Middle East. The World’s
largest desalination plant is the Jebel Ali Desalination Plant (Phase 2) in the United
Arab Emirates.
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2.3 MAJOR DESALINATION PLANTS WORLDWIDE
The biggest clean water plant in RasAlkhair in Saudi Arabia, is based on reverse
osmosis desalination.
The setting up has ongoing since 2014 and is supplying 1 million cubic meters of
drinking water on a daily basis. It uses 2400 MW of power for the desalination
processes.
Entire metropolitan water use in Saudi Arabia has been estimated at 2.28 cubic
kilometers per year in 2010, or 13% of total water use. Agriculture accounts for 83%
of water use and industry for only 4%.
Figure 7 - Desalination plant in Saudi Arabia
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2.2.1 Capacity By Region
6% 2% 1% 0%
Middle East
North America
11%
Europe
10%
53% Asia
17% Africa
Central America
Figure 8 - Capacity Chart
Desalination water plants work in more than 120 countries in the world; include
Saudi Arabia, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Greece, Italy, India, China, Japan, and
Australia.
A number of places around the world do not have access for pure fresh water like in
the Middle East, consequently, they use distillation.
2.4 SOLAR DESALINATION METHODS
2.4.1 Single Effect Solar Still
2.4.1.1 Plain still
In plain still type is a blackened basin in which saline water receive heat energy from
sun by direct absorption. The basin is covered by transparent cover which acts as a
condenser and converts water vapor into water, which flows downward due to the
slope where it is collected in the channel and the stored in a tank.
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2.4.2 Multiple Effects Solar Still
Whatever their shape, traditional solar still are not competitive with multi stage and
multi flash stills using fossils or nuclear fuels especially for large scale plants, say for
a capacity above 200 cubic meters of fresh water per day. Indeed whereas 30kcal of
energy are needed in multi flash stills and 50kcal are needed in multi stage in
traditional solar stills, the basin limitation of the single effect conventional solar stills
is due to the fact that they waste the entire heat of condensation.
2.4.3 Hybrid Solar Stills
If solar energy is used along with fossils duels, the economics of the saline water
conversion system would be greatly improved. If water production is combined as
co-product with some other benefit, the system would become very attractive. The
best example of a combination of water production, and solar energy conversion has
been proposed by Hummel. He suggested the use of a 3.5 km^2 multiple cover sea
water shallow basin.
The collected power is expected to amount in average to 52.5 watts/m^2 at a

temperature ranging from 51 C to 85 C. The overall collected power would about
130m. He calculated that if the basin is hot source about 68 C of a heat engine, the
overall conversion efficiency would be -2.7% of reversible Carnot efficiency. The
output electric power would be 3.5 MW in average. The fresh water production of the
basin would amount to 5126 million kilogram per year, corresponding to a
production of 5.6 kg/m^2/day.
Figure 9 - Hybrid Solar Still
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2.5 DESIGN OF OUR PROJECT
The basic principle of sun based refining is easy as of not long ago valuable, as purifying
reproduces the way nature makes rain. As the water evaporators, water vapor rises,
consolidating on the glass surface for accumulation. This procedure expels polluting
influences, for example, salts and substantial metals and wipes out microbiological life form.
The final product is water cleaner than the purest rain water. The still is an inactive sun
powered distiller that exclusive needs daylight to work. There are no moving parts to destroy.
The refined water from a still does not secure the "level" taste of economically refined water
since the water isn't bubbled (which brings down pH). Sun oriented stills are normal
vanishing and buildup, which is the water procedure. This takes into consideration
characteristic pH buffering that produces brilliant taste when contrasted with steam refining.
Sun powered stills can without much of a stretch give enough water to family drinking and
cooking needs.
Figure 10 - Design of Our Project
2.5.1 Supply Fill Port
Water ought to be added to the still by means of this port. Water can be included either
physically or naturally. Typically, water is included once every day (in the late spring it's
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ordinarily best to fill in the late night and in the winter, in the early morning). Care ought to
be taken to include the water at an ease sufficiently back stream rate to counteract sprinkling
onto the inside of the as yet coating or flooding into the gathering trough.
2.5.2 Overflow Port
Once the still bowl has filled, abundance water will stream out of this port. It suggests three
times day by day refined water generation to be permitted to flood from the still on the
regular routine to avoid salt develop in the bowl. On the off chance that your still delivered 2
gallons of item water then you should include 6 gallons of crisp sustain water through the fill
port; if flushed like this regularly, the flood water can be utilized for different uses as suitable
for your bolster water (for instance, landscape watering).
2.5.3 Distilled Output Collection Port
Cleaned drinking water is gathered from this port, ordinarily with a glass accumulation
compartment. Stills that are mounted on the rooftop can have the distillate yield funneled
specifically to an insider accumulation holder. For a recently introduced still, enable the
accumulation trough to act naturally cleaned by delivering water for several days prior to
utilizing the distillate yield.
2.5.4 Distillation Purification Capabilities
Sun oriented stills have turned out to be very powerful in tidying up water supplies to give
safe drinking water.
The adequacy of refining for delivering safe drinking water is entrenched and perceived.
Most business stills and water cleaning frameworks require electrical or other fossil-
energized control sources.
Sunlight based refining innovation delivers a similar safe quality drinking water as other
refining advancements; just the vitality source is distinctive the sun.
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2.6 SUMMARY
There are a few conceivable mixes of desalination and sun powered vitality advancements
that could have additionally encouraging water creation regarding financial and mechanical
achievability than others.
A few mixes are better for extensive size plants, while some others are better for little scale
applications. Before any procedure determination, the water assets ought to be explored.
Bitter water is the most conservative as its saltiness is typically much lower (<10 000 ppm),
and the vitality necessity would be lower as clarified before in the writing.
Sun based still combined with sunlight based gatherers: so as to build still profitability,
numerous specialists have experimented different avenues regarding coupling a solitary still
or multi-effect stills with sun oriented authorities.
Coupling in excess of one solar based still with such sun powered collector boards creates an
expansion in productivity through using the latent heat of condensation in each impact to
convey warmth to the following stage.
23 | P a g e
CHAPTER # 03 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
As there is a huge conflict about the water in the world and also the 60 % population of
Pakistan and 70% population of the world is not provided a with a drinkable water this is the
reason we people decide to look into this matter and solve this problem and started a project
name Solar Water Desalination Plant . How does it work and what’s significance is being
explain in the methodology.
3.2 Methodology
Theoretical and systematic analysis applied to study field. Hence it does not always provide a
solution so it is not the same as actual and practical method. We can say that the
Methodology is define the concepts use u=in the project such as paradigm, model and phases
etc.
3.3 Importance
It is now very important for us to set a target for cleaning the water that is being drunk by
people and also use for agriculture purpose and as per the prediction the WWIII will be also
held for water so we have to take immediate steps for purifying our water resources.
3.4 References
1-In this project we did not use much software except MS Word for typing and MS Office for
power point presentation.
2- The Scholars and Researcher helps us to complete this as we overview many of books
research programs and articles of some great scholars for example: Environmental Program
of United Nation held in 2008 on April 10, Theoretical and experimental analysis of water
desalination system by
24 | P a g e
Al-Kharabsheh in Florida, and a very handy book Introduction Of Water these all thing
helped us for our project.
3.5 Contents Of Project

Following are the contents of our project that we have to cover
1- MSF (multi-stage flash distillation)
2-MED (multiple effect distillation)
3-VC (vapor compression)
4-Iron Exchange
5-Membrane processes
6-Electrodialysis reversal
7-RO (reverse osmosis)
8-NF (nano filtration)
9-MD (membrane distillation
10-FD (forward osmosis)
11-Freezing Desalination
These above processes use to desalinate water and the all are very handy and using by the
whole world at a very big scale. And we people also going on the same path with some new
ideas in this project.
The above Processes are briefly described in the project report so it is irrelevant to note them
down again and again.
3.6 Problems within the System
Two major problems faced by almost every type of thermal solar desalination project.
1-The system efficiency is governed by high mass and heat transfer during evaporation and
condensation which required that the surface should be properly and perfectly designed as per
the contradictory objective of economy, reliability and transfer efficiency.
2-The other problems it faces is because it takes large amount of solar energy to evaporate
water and generate saturated vapor-lad air.
25 | P a g e
3.7 Solution
One solution to the barrier presented by the high level of solar energy required in solar
desalination efforts is to reduce the pressure within the reservoir. This can be accomplished
using a vacuum pump, and significantly decreases the temperature of heat energy required for
desalination. For example, water at a pressure of 0.1 atmospheres boils at 50 °C (122 °F)
rather than 100 °C (212 °F).[18] . However, the realization of a domed reservoir as proposed
in the article in ref is impossible. The atmospheric pressure creates a force of 9 metric
tons/square meter (the difference between 1 atm outside and 0.1 atm inside) and so the total
vertical force applied by the dome on the concrete wall(without any weight of the dome
itself!) should be about 7.2 million tons on this wall, that means 2300 tons per meter of the
concrete wall. More: it is impossible to build a dome able to resist.
3.8 NOTE:
3.8.1 Calculations: The calculation being done in this project are briefly describes in
chapter # 5 Design Calculation containing heading # 5.1.
3.8.2 Process Explanation: All the above mentioned processes are briefly described in
Chapter #1 of Introduction containing heading # 1.5-1.5.5.
26 | P a g e
CHAPTER # 04 DESIGN SPECIFICATION
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The immediate systems are those where the heat picking up and desalination forms happen
normally in a similar gadget. The bowl sun oriented still represents to its simplest application,
the still functioning as a trap for sunlight based radiation that goes through a transparent
cover. Solar still refining represent to a characteristic hydro logic cycle on a small scale. The
essential design of a sun oriented still, which is like a greenhouse.
Sunlight based vitality enters the gadget through an inclining transparent glass or plastic
panels and heat a bowl of salt water.
The basin is generally dark to retain vitality all the more efficiently. The heated water
dissipates and afterward gathers on the cooler glass panels. The consolidated droplets
rundown the boards and are gathered for use as new water.
4.2 COLLECTING DEVICE
There are two function of cover in solar still. Firstly, it covers the basipon, so that
greenhouse effect is produces. Secondly, it provides condensing area to water vapor
to produce distilled water. The names of the still have evolved from the geometry of
the still and the material used in evaporation and cover surfaces.
4.2.1 Material of the Cover
Obviously the material required for the cover should be transparent therefore glass
and plastic (transparent) are suited for this purpose.
27 | P a g e
4.2.1.1 Glass
Glass has been used extensively for the reason that of its elevated also constant
clearness toward solar power is mechanical inflexibility with moderately short rate.
According to the United Nation report, glass has given satisfactory performance for
periods of 10-15 years or else extra among exceptionally little quantity of break.
4.2.1.2 Plastic
With the advancement of plastic technology, newer types of plastics are appearing
nowadays which includes various types of Tedlar (polyvinyl fluoride) Maylar
(PR,PTP), P.V.C, Teflon, Nylon, Aclar, Polythene, Plexiglas and Perspex. The
properties of Plexiglas and Perspex as prescribed by their manufacturers are best
suited for solar panel glazing and solar still.
4.3 COLLECTOR
Solar collector consists of cover and absorber in which fluid flows. The usual
function of its to collect heat energy by means of working fluid and transforms it to
the required desalination. While in solar still the absorber is covered by which allows
heat energy (solar energy) to be trapped in the system.
The absorber in solar still is basin in which saline water is kept. When the absorber
(lining) absorbs insulations it increases the water temperature, as a result
simultaneously heat and mass transfer process occurs.
4.3.1 Types of Collector
4.3.1.1 Flat Plate Collector
A distinctive flat plate collector be a metal bundle by means of a glass or plastic

enclose (called glazing) on peak along with a dark-colored absorber cover on top of
the base. The sides as well as bottom of the collector are habitually insulate to reduce
high temperature loss.
28 | P a g e
4.4 ABSORBER
4.4.1 Material
The basin in solar stills acts as absorber to the incoming solar radiation. The common
material for basin is wood, concrete, iron stainless steel, copper, and galvanized iron.
To absorb energy, usually linings are laid on the absorber surface. The common
lining materials are asphalt mats, black asphalt paving, black asphalt paint over
concrete, black polythene film, blackened stabilized soils, black butyl rubber have
used for basin bottom.
4.5 SOLAR CHARACTERISTICS
Table 1 - Solar Absorptance and infrared emittance for various surfaces
Solar absorptance and infrared emittance for various surfaces

Material Solar Absorptance Emittance
Copper oxide 0.90 0.12

Black Nickel 0.90 0.05
Black Chrome 0.95 0.23
Flat black paint 0.9 0.86
Galvanized steel 0.65 0.13
Selective Coating
Black Chrome 0.97 0.12
Black Nickel 0.90 0.05
Copper oxide 0.90 0.12
Lead oxide 0.95 0.30
29 | P a g e
4.6 PROBLEM STATEMENT OBJECTIVE
Study the effectiveness improvement with solar energy for the desalination method.
Learning the result of using solar flat plat collector projected for preheating the
seawater.
Study the achievability of the desalination using solar and measure up to with
conservative desalination plant.
Study the efficiency and performance development suitable to the use of parabolic
drain instead of parabolic collector, and implement the tracking organization.
30 | P a g e
CHAPTER # 05 DESIGN CALCULATION
5.1 Calculations for the project
Statistical data for Karachi used in our calculation obtained from MET OFFICE website for
Karachi. From that site we took the following values.
I = beam radiaton of sun (direct + diffused)
Ta = ambient temperature of atmosphere
We have done calculations for the days of 21st june and 21stDecember. 21st june is the longest
day and 21st December is the shortest day so we will get the water output for these days and
we can design our storage tank taking the values of these days I our mind. Other values which
can be calculated are.
𝜃 = 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
∅ = 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝑛 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝛿 = 𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
∝𝑆 = 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝛿𝑠 = 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝐼𝐵𝐶 = 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐼𝐷𝐶 = 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑁𝑢 = 𝑁𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑙𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
31 | P a g e
𝑅𝑎 = 𝑅𝑎𝑦𝑙𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑡𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝐺𝑟 = 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝑄𝑐 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑄𝑟 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑀 = 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
We have assumed that heat transfer due to convection is negligible.
Data from MET office site
For 21st June 2017:
At 7am:
𝐼 = 75 𝑤/𝑚2
𝑇𝑎 = 30℃
At 9 am:
𝐼 = 360 𝑤/𝑚2
𝑇𝑎 = 36℃
32 | P a g e
At 12 pm:
𝐼 = 795.83 𝑤/𝑚2
𝑇𝑎 = 40℃
At 3 pm:
𝐼 = 709 𝑤/𝑚2
𝑇𝑎 = 38℃
At 6 pm:
𝐼 = 289 𝑤/𝑚2
𝑇𝑎 = 20℃
As per standard data provided by MET office website we note down the following data in our
project for calculation
1) Declination angle
2) Solar altitude
3) Solar azimuth
4) Indicant angle
33 | P a g e
For 21st December
At 9 am:
𝐼 = 134 𝑤/𝑚2
𝑇𝑎 = 20℃
At 12 pm:
𝐼 = 528 𝑤/𝑚2
𝑇𝑎 = 24℃
At 3 pm:
𝐼 = 524 𝑤/𝑚2
𝑇𝑎 = 23℃
December
Day of year = 21 December 2017
Time 9 am
𝑇𝑎 = 20℃
𝑇𝑤 = 30℃
𝑇𝑐 = 25℃
𝜃 = 24.9°
𝑊 = 45°, 𝑛 = 355
34 | P a g e
Declination angle (𝜹)
284 + 355
𝛿 = 23.45 𝑠𝑖𝑛[. × 360]
365
𝛿 = −23.45
Solar altitude (∝s)
sin ∝𝑠 = sin 𝜃 sin 𝛿 + cos 𝜃 cos 𝛿 cos 𝑊
sin ∝𝑠 = sin 24.9 sin −23.45 + cos 24.9 cos 23.45 cos 45
sin ∝𝑠 = 24.888°
Solar azimuth (𝜹s)
cos 𝛿 sin 𝑊
sin 𝛿𝑠 =
cos ∝𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −23.45 𝑠𝑖𝑛 45

𝛿 s = sin-1𝛿𝑠 = sin−1 [ ]
𝑐𝑜𝑠 24.888
𝛿𝑠 = 45.6528°
Incident angle (𝜽)
cos 𝜃 = cos ∝𝑠 cos(𝛿𝑠 − 𝛿𝑐 ) sin 𝜎 + sin ∝𝑠 cos 𝜎
= cos 24.888 cos 45.6528 sin 24.9 + sin 24.888 cos 24.9
𝜃 = 49.55°
35 | P a g e
For IBC
𝐼𝐵𝐶 = 𝐼𝑏 cos 𝜃
𝐼𝐵𝐶 = (134) cos 49.5563
𝐼𝐵𝐶 = 86.925 𝑤/𝑚2
For IDC
1 + cos 𝜎
𝐼𝐷𝐶 = 𝐶 𝐼𝑏 [ ]
2
360
𝐶 = 0.0954 + 0.04 sin[ (𝑛 − 100)]
365
𝐶 = 0.0575
1 + cos(24.9)
𝐼𝐷𝐶 = (0.0575)(134) [ ]
2
𝐼𝐷𝐶 = 7.347 𝑤/𝑚2
For It
𝐼𝑡 = (𝐼𝐵𝐶 + 𝐼𝐷𝐶 )𝑇𝛼
𝐼𝑡 = (86.925 + 7.347)(0.73)
𝐼𝑡 = 68.818 𝑤/𝑚2
36 | P a g e
For qc1
𝑞𝑐1 = ℎ𝑖 𝐴𝑤 (𝑇𝑊 + 𝑇𝐶 )
1/4
𝑁𝑢𝑙 = 0.54 𝑅al
ℎ𝑖𝐿
= 0.54 𝐺𝑟 𝑃𝑟 1/4
𝐾
ℎ𝑖𝐿 𝑔 𝛽 (𝑇𝑤 – 𝑇𝑐) 𝐿3

= 0.54 [{ } 𝑃𝑟]1/4
𝐾 𝑉2
𝐿 = 0.25
308 + 298
𝑇𝑓 =
2
𝑇𝑓 = 300.5 𝐾
1
𝐵= = 3.3 × 10−3
𝑇𝑓
𝐵 = 3.3 × 10−3
At 300.5 K from table
𝐵 = 3.3 × 10−3
𝑉 = 15.89 × 10−6 𝑚2 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝐾 = 26.6 × 10−3 𝑤/𝑚. 𝑘
Pr = 0.707
𝑔𝛽 (𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇𝑐)𝐿3
𝐺𝑟 =
𝑉2
37 | P a g e
(9.81)(3.3 × 10−3 )(30 − 25)(0.25)3

𝐺𝑟 =
(15.89 × 10−6 )2
𝐺𝑟 = 10.016 × 106
𝑅𝑎 = 𝐺𝑟 𝑃𝑟 = (10.016 × 106) (0.707)
𝑅𝑎 = 7.081 × 106
ℎ𝑖𝐿 1/4
= 0.54 𝑅𝑎𝑐
𝐾
(ℎ𝑖)(0.25)
= (0.54)(7.081 × 106 )1/4
26.3 × 10−3
ℎ𝑖 = 𝑤/𝑚2 𝐾
𝑞𝑐1 = ℎ𝑖 𝐴𝑤 (𝑇𝑤 − 𝑇𝑐)
= (2.9304)(1)(30 − 25)
𝑞𝑐1 = 14.6522 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
For qr1
𝑞𝑟1 = 𝜎 𝑡𝑤 𝐴𝑤 (𝑇𝑤4 − 𝑇𝑐4)
= (5.67 × 10−8 )(0.95)(1)(3034 − 2984 )
𝑞𝑟1 = 30.1191 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡
𝐼𝑡 = 𝑞𝑐1 + 𝑞𝑟1 + 𝑞𝑒𝑣𝑝
68.818 = 14.6522 + 290234 + 𝑚ℎ𝑓𝑔
𝐴𝑡 30℃ , ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 2430.5 𝐾𝐽/𝐾𝑔
38 | P a g e
𝑀ℎ𝑓𝑔 = 24.932
24.932
𝑚=
2430.5 × 103
𝑚 = 0.00001025 𝐾𝑔/ℎ𝑟
𝑚 = (1.025 × 10−5 )(3600)
𝑚 = 0.0369 𝐾𝑔/ℎ𝑟
Hourly production
𝑚 0.0369
=
𝜌 996
= 3.707 × 10−5 𝑚3 /ℎ𝑟
= 3.707 × 10−5 × 1000
= 0.035 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒/ℎ𝑟
39 | P a g e
CHAPTER # 06 ANALYSIS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
Water is an answer of different salts, which in entire build up its characteristics of it.
Consequently, it is fundamental to know its piece so as to have the capacity to submit it to a
division treatment or desalination.
The nature of the required item water and in addition the nature of the crude water provided
added to the procedure is basic while picking either process. For instance, the refining
procedure expends a similar measure of vitality freely of the gave saltiness, consequently
they are proper for seawater desalination. Likewise particularly industrial water required for
particular modern applications needs of post-treatment.
6.2 ANALYSIS OF WATER
For analysis of water we first took a sample of sea water and then perform some test on it.
After performing tests, the result came out to be.
6.2.1 for Calcium Carbonate:
The amount of Calcium carbonate found in our sample was 4350 ppm.
6.2.2 for Bicarbonate:
The amount of Bicarbonates found in our sample was 210 ppm.
6.2.3 for Chlorides:
The amount of Chlorides found in our sample was 244.95 ppm.
40 | P a g e
6.2.4 pH:
The pH of our sample was come out to be 6.5.
6.3 Economic Analysis
In all system economic play main role. In solar distillation, cost of production is made up of
row materials, energy, interest, depreciation, taxes and insurance, operating labor and
supervision and maintenance.
6.4 Cost of Raw Water and Energy
Water distillation process involves saline or brackish water as raw water. Cost of these water
have no significance value for portable stills, however, in large stills it involves pumping and
other costs.
As energy for solar distillation is available from the sun, there is no additional energy cost.
6.5 Capital Cost of Solar Stills
Is the combination of three items, capital cost, useful life of stills, and annual water output,
which are the controlling factors in the economics of solar distillation?
Cost of fabricating a large unit affected by numerous factors. Capital costs depend upon the
design of solar stills, cost of construction material and wage rates in the region where it is
built.
Working capital is not generally included in the investment required. According to OSW
report, a typical value of land near small communities is below one percent of the total
investment. The cost of shortage of water should be considered.
Useful life of large stills (OSW report) is considerable and construction material will serve as
long as they ordinarily do in conventional use. However, plastic covered still have limited
life.
41 | P a g e
The cost of product water depend on the annual water production rate, availability and
variability of sunshine is a major factor in the unit output and hence in size and capital cost of
the still.
6.6 Amortization of Investment
All the items affecting the cost of solar distillation, depreciation is least established. Estimate
of useful life is done on the experiment on the current design, which is reasonable. Another
important factor in amortization of investment related to actual life is the rate of obsolescence
of a design or entire concept. Solar distillation is particularly vulnerable to promote
obsolescence because of its capital intensive characteristics.
6.7 Maintenance and Repairs
The maintenance and repair cost of still is very low and can be taken as the percentage of the
investment (about 1% to 2%).
6.8 Operating Labor and Supervisor
The cost of labor and supervision a solar still installation is considered to be the only item
that is relatively dependent of total investment in the facility. In large still the amount is very
low, however in small still it tends to zero.
6.9 Interest Charge
Interest paid on capital investment is a significant item contributing to the cost of solar
distilled water. It is highly variable from one location to another. For small stills it can be
neglected.
6.10 Taxes and Insurance
Taxes and insurance on a solar still installation can vary widely, depending upon the type of
ownership and policies of the organization concerned.
42 | P a g e
6.11 Storage Cost
It depends on the size of the plant and demand and supply condition of the community. In
small still it does not exist.
6.12 SUMMARY
Water deficiencies likewise are often connected to its low quality, and throughout the
hundreds of years there are references of efforts to get fresh water from salt water, one might
say that it is in this century when such endeavors are reflected in securing innovations that
ensure the dependability and change process.
43 | P a g e
CHAPTER # 07 CONCLUSION &

RECOMMENDATION
7.1 CONCLUSION
Working on this project gave us experience on solar energy and different processes involved
in it. Our main domain was to design a solar desalination plant but the fabrication of it was a
real test for us but by the brace of Almighty Allah, we fulfilled in this task.
The scope of this project is very vast. The government should install plants as many as they
can because only solar energy can utilized in this process and that is purely free to cost. Many
countries like Saudi Arabia, Dubai are installing solar desalination plants and utilizing solar
energy but in our country there is hardly anything like this.
Sunny hours are available throughout the whole year which reflects solar energy almost 320
days in our country so we should get benefit as much as we can so that there will not remain
lack of water in our beloved country. Desalination is also the backbone of industrial purpose
like in boilers, heat exchangers, cooling towers, large radiators, steam turbines and Co-
Generation Plants, etc necessary to avoid scaling and corroding of units.
7.2 RECOMMENDATION
Our recommended project for desalination plant equipment, proposed for use in clear
irregularly of sea water.
It will be more beneficial to fabricate the project that enhances hands on experience.
Industrial visits during the session help student to work on project.
It is useless to have a multiple colored printed projects reports which is a wastage of time and
money because ewe belief in ‘Time is Money’.
44 | P a g e
Standardize the format of report and provide it on initial stage of project rather to change it
again and again.
As the new technologies will come in future. We recommend for new technologies that will
more efficient system could be design.
45 | P a g e
REFRENCES
BOOKS
 Solar Thermal Processes by Duffy and Beckman

 Heat transfer by J.P.Holman
 Solar Distillation by George O.G.L.O.F
Desalination, A. (2018). History of Desalination. 2nd ed. georgia: • Santa Cruz.
Energy, s. (2018). Solar Still Basics. [online] Solaqua.com. Available at:

http://www.solaqua.com/solstilbas.html [Accessed 9 May 2018].
Drinking, W. (2018). Drinking Water Contaminants – Standards and Regulations | US EPA.

[online] US EPA. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/dwstandardsregulations [Accessed 9
May 2018].
Stein, W. and Buck, R. (2018). Advanced power cycles for concentrated solar power.
Thermo table, t. (2018). Emissivity Table. [online] Thermoworks.com. Available at:

http://www.thermoworks.com/emissivity_table.html [Accessed 9 May 2018].
solar, p. (2018). Solar lamp - Practical Answers. [online] Practicalaction.org. Available at:
http://practicalaction.org/solar-distillation-1 [Accessed 9 May 2018].
S. Al-Hallaj, M. M. Farid, and A. R. Tamimi, Solar desalination with a humidification

dehumidification cycle: Performance of the unit, Desalination, 120(3):273–280, 1998.
G. N. Tiwari, S. K. Shukla, and I. P. Singh, Computer modeling of passive/active solar stills

by using inner glass temperature, Desalination, 154:171–185, 2003.
46 | P a g e
47 | P a g e

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Final Year Project (Margins Set)

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Department of Mechanical

Group Members Name Registration Number

M. Hammad Qureshi 203-F14-108

Syed Ibrahim Ali 203-F14-122

Supervisor Name: Sir Sohail Hasnain

Name Batch: 2014-2018

Faizan Mobin 203-F14-100

M.Abeer wasim 203-F14-107

M.Hammad Qureshi 203-F14-108

Syed Ibrahim Ali 203-F14-122

Engr. Sohail Hasnain

Engr. Absar Ahmed Khan

NAZEER HUSSAIN UNIVERSITY

1.3 GROUND WATER CONDITION IN PAKISTAN 2

1.4 TYPES OF WATER 3

1.4.1 Sea Water 3

1.4.2 Brackish Water 3

1.4.4 Hard Water 4

1.4.5 Soft Water 4

1.5 PROPERTIES OF WATER 4

1.5.1 Physical Properties 4

1.5.1.3 Surface Tension 5

1.5.1.4 Heat Capacity 5

1.5.2 Chemical Properties 6

1.6 PURIFICATION OF WATER 7

1.6.2 Multiple Effect Evaporator 8

1.6.3 Multi Stage Flash Distillation 9

1.6.4 Vapor Compression 10

1.6.5 Reverse Osmosis 11

1.7 USE OF WATER IN DAILY LIFE 12

1.8 METHOD OFCOLLECTING SOLAR ENERGY 14

1.8.1 Flat-Plate collectors 14

1.8.2 Focusing Collectors 15

1.8.3 Passive Collectors 15

CHAPTER # 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 16

2.3 MAJOR DESALINATION PLANTS WORLDWIDE 18

2.2.1 Capacity By Region 19

2.4 SOLAR DESALINATION METHODS 19

2.4.1 Single Effect Solar Still 19

2.4.1.1 Plain still 19

2.4.2 Multiple Effects Solar Still 20

2.4.3 Hybrid Solar Stills 20

2.5 DESIGN OF OUR PROJECT 21

2.5.1 Supply Fill Port 21

2.5.2 Overflow Port 22

2.5.3 Distilled Output Collection Port 22

2.5.4 Distillation Purification Capabilities 22

3.6 Problems within the System 25

CHAPTER # 04 DESIGN SPECIFICATION 27

4.2 COLLECTING DEVICE 27

4.2.1 Material of the Cover 27

4.3.1 Types of Collector 28

4.3.1.1 Flat Plate Collector 28

4.5 SOLAR CHARACTERISTICS 29

4.6 PROBLEM STATEMENT OBJECTIVE 30

CHAPTER # 05 DESIGN CALCULATION 31

5.1 Calculations for the project 31

Data from MET office site 32