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Johanna D. Abdulrahman
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Mary Michelle S. Ng Deleted: EDIA
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Ateneo de Manila University
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 Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature

The Philippine colonial eras, according to Constantino, had a significant influence on the

consciousness of the Filipino people, insofar that it has modified and conditioned it to favor

the needs of the colonizers that last even during the postcolonial era. From the Spanish Deleted: -

colonization, Filipinos became accommodating, obedient, and fanatical. From the Americans,

Filipinos developed Western preferences, thus, patronizing a Western consumerist Deleted: and,

orientation. This consciousness is, therefore, a colonial consciousness as contrasted to its

counter consciousness—the nationalist consciousness (Gripaldo ☐). Commented [ESEL1]: Please provide page number for
cited source.

The nationalist consciousness, Constantino describes, is the antidote to colonial Deleted: ,

Deleted: , 2004
consciousness. In the first place, Constantino defines nationalism to be primarily the “the Deleted: (1970)

summation of the needs of the people, the description of their present condition, the appraisal

of their values, thoughts and emotions, the depiction of their struggle to liberate part of his

being which is a captive of the colonial condition” (“Dissent and Counter-consciousness”

45). Deleted: p.

Nationalism, Constantino (“Dissent and Counter-consciousness” ☐) goes further to Commented [ESEL2]: Please provide page number for
cited source.

suggest, has two goals—that it should be in the form of mass nationalism and that it should Deleted: (1970)
Deleted: : it must be a
be anti-imperialist. Therefore, he continues, nationalism must be a “struggle for the national

surplus—an effort to ensure that the fruits of the labor of the citizens go to the national fund

to be accumulated for public investments and to provide the necessary services for the people

instead of being siphoned off to other countries” (Gripaldo 5). Deleted: Constantino, 1979, as cited in
Deleted: , 2004, p.
If the national culture is, indeed, “a manifestation of the struggle for national

independence” (Constantino, “Dissent and Counter-consciousness” 45), then the colonialism Deleted: 1970,
Deleted: p.
in the Philippines has not demolished, rather, it has developed into neocolonialism under the
Deleted: instead

guise of internationalism (Gripaldo ☐). The Philippines opens up itself to various foreign Commented [ESEL3]: Please provide page number for
cited source.
Deleted: , 2004
cultural invasions, dominantly Westerns—which without nationalism as a firm foundation, Deleted: ,

could be destructive to the Filipino development. Deleted: of

Deleted: (1991).
References
Commented [ESEL4]: Please provide first and second
names (or middle names) of authors as required by the style
Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of guide. Unfortunately, this source cannot be found in any
online source.

Nationalism (Revised Edition). London and New York: Verso, 1991. Print. Deleted: &
Deleted: (2009).
Bueno, M.A., Gadia, A.B., and Tulad, V.T. Knockout: How Fans and the Media in a Boxing Deleted: (
Deleted: )
Forum Construct Manny Pacquiao’s Heroism. Undergraduate thesis. Ateneo de
Deleted: (January - June 2010).
Manila University, Quezon City, 2009. Print. Commented [ESEL5]: Please provide Date Month Year
accessed. (ex. 13 Jan. 2014.
Castro, Christi-Anne. “Subjectivity and Hybridity in the Age of Interactive Internet Media: Deleted: ,
Deleted: Vol
The Musical Performances of Charice Pempengco and Arnel Pineda.” Humanities
Deleted: No
Deleted: , pp.
Diliman 7.1 (2010): 1–23. Web. ☐.
Deleted: -

Constantino, Renato. Dissent and Counter-consciousness. Quezon City: Malaya Books Inc., Deleted: (1970).
Deleted: pp. 41-47
1970. Print. Deleted: Constantino, R. (1970). Dissent and Counter-
consciousness. Quezon City: Malaya Books Inc., pp. 41-
Constantino, Renato. Identity and Consciousness: The Philippine Experience. Quezon City: 47.¶
Deleted: (1974).
Malaya Books, 1974. Print. Deleted: pp. 47-54.
Commented [ESEL6]: Similar to the second reference,
Cua, L.R., and Fuentes, K.A. Processing Pacquiao: The Fighting Spirit that Moved the please provide the complete first and second (or middle)
names of the authors as required by the guideline.
Filipino Nation into Action. Undergraduate thesis. Ateneo de Manila University, Deleted: &
Deleted: (2010).
Quezon City, 2010. Print.
Deleted: (
Gier, Jean Vengua. “The Filipino Presence in Hollywood’s Bataan Films.” Geopolitics of the Deleted: )
Deleted: .
Visible: Essays on Philippine Film Cultures. Ed. Rolando B. Tolentino. Quezon City:
Deleted: . (2000)

Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2000. 35–57. Print. Deleted: pp.

Deleted: -
Gripaldo, Rolando. Renato Constantino’s Philosophy of Nationalism: A Critique. Manila: De Deleted: (2000, 2004). “
Deleted: ”
La Salle University Press, 2000, 2004. Print.
Deleted: Filipino philosophy: Traditional approach. Part
I, Section I.
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