Assignment:-2: 1 What Is Broadcasting? Explain in Detail. Sol

ASSIGNMENT:- 2
1 What is broadcasting? Explain in detail.
Sol: Broadcasting is the simultaneous transmission of the same message

to multiple recipients. In networking, broadcasting occurs when a
transmitted data packet is received by all network devices.
Security issues may arise during broadcasting and lead to data loss if a
network is attacked by intruders. In non-networking or electronic
broadcasting, the term broadcasting denotes the transfer of audio and
video data between nodes and devices.
Broadcasting may occur in either of the following ways:
 A high-level program operation, such as broadcasting the Message

Passing Interface (MPI)
 A low-level networking operation, such as broadcasting via Ethernet.
Broadcasting is basically limited to local area network (LAN) systems. In a

LAN, however, its performance impact is more substantial in a wide area
network (WAN).
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) uses multicasting, rather than

broadcasting, to avoid network interruption when services are required by
only one or two nodes. During data transmission, IPv6 transmits data
directly to devices and does not disturb network device traffic.
2.List and explain different types of topologies.
Sol:There are 5 types of network topologies.

a) Mesh Topology
b) Star Topology
c) Bus Topology
d) Ring Topology
e) Hybrid Topology
The arrangement of a network which comprises of nodes and connecting
lines via sender and receiver is referred as network topology. The various
network topologies are :
a) Mesh Topology :
In mesh topology, every device is connected to another device via

particular channel.
Figure 1 : Every device is connected with another via dedicated channels.

These channels are known as links.
 If suppose, N number of devices are connected with each other in mesh
topology, then total number of ports that is required by each device is
N-1. In the Figure 1, there are 5 devices connected to each other, hence
total number of ports required is 4.
 If suppose, N number of devices are connected with each other in mesh
topology, then total number of dedicated links required to connect them
is NC2i.e. N(N-1)/2. In the Figure 1, there are 5 devices connected to
each other, hence total number of links required is 5*4/2 = 10.
Advantages of this topology :
 It is robust.
 Fault is diagnosed easily. Data is reliable because data is transferred
among the devices through dedicated channels or links.
 Provides security and privacy.
Problems with this topology :
 Installation and configuration is difficult.
 Cost of cables are high as bulk wiring is required, hence suitable for less
number of devices.
 Cost of maintenance is high.
b) Star Topology :
In star topology, all the devices are connected to a single hub through a
cable. This hub is the central node and all others nodes are connected to
the central node. The hub can be passive in nature i.e. not intelligent hub
such as broadcasting devices, at the same time the hub can be intelligent
known as active hubs. Active hubs have repeaters in them.
Figure 2 : A star topology having four systems connected to single point of

connection i.e. hub.

 If N devices are connected to each other in star topology, then the
number of cables required to connect them is N. So, it is easy to set up.
 Each device require only 1 port i.e. to connect to the hub.
 If the concentrator (hub) on which the whole topology relies fails, the
whole system will crash down.
 Cost of installation is high.
 Performance is based on the single concentrator i.e. hub.
c) Bus Topology :
Bus topology is a network type in which every computer and network
device is connected to single cable. It transmits the data from one end to
another in single direction. No bi-directional feature is in bus topology.
Figure 3 : A bus topology with shared backbone cable. The nodes are
connected to the channel via drop lines.

 If N devices are connected to each other in bus topology, then the
number of cables required to connect them is 1 which is known as
backbone cable and N drop lines are required.
 Cost of the cable is less as compared to other topology, but it is used to
built small networks.
 If the common cable fails, then the whole system will crash down.
 If the network traffic is heavy, it increases collisions in the network. To
avoid this, various protocols are used in MAC layer known as Pure
Aloha, Slotted Aloha, CSMA/CD etc.
d) Ring Topology :
In this topology, it forms a ring connecting a devices with its exactly two
neighbouring devices.
Figure 4 : A ring topology comprises of 4 stations connected with each

forming a ring..
The following operations takes place in ring topology are :

1. One station is known as monitor station which takes all the
responsibility to perform the operations.
2. To transmit the data, station has to hold the token. After the
transmission is done, the token is to be released for other stations to
use.
3. When no station is transmitting the data, then the token will circulate in
the ring.
4. There are two types of token release techniques : Early token
release releases the token just after the transmitting the data and Delay
token release releases the token after the acknowledgement is
received from the receiver.
 The possibility of collision is minimum in this type of topology.
 Cheap to install and expand.
 Troubleshooting is difficult in this topology.
 Addition of stations in between or removal of stations can disturb the
whole topology.
e) Hybrid Topology :
This topology is a collection of two or more topologies which are described

above. This is a scalable topology which can be expanded easily. It is
reliable one but at the same it is a costly topology.
Figure 5 : A hybrid topology which is a combination of ring and star

topology.

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ASSIGNMENT:- 2

1 What is broadcasting? Explain in detail.

Sol: Broadcasting is the simultaneous transmission of the same message

 A high-level program operation, such as broadcasting the Message

Broadcasting is basically limited to local area network (LAN) systems. In a

Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) uses multicasting, rather than

2.List and explain different types of topologies.

Sol:There are 5 types of network topologies.

In mesh topology, every device is connected to another device via

Figure 1 : Every device is connected with another via dedicated channels.

Figure 2 : A star topology having four systems connected to single point of

Advantages of this topology :

Advantages of this topology :

Figure 4 : A ring topology comprises of 4 stations connected with each

The following operations takes place in ring topology are :

This topology is a collection of two or more topologies which are described

Figure 5 : A hybrid topology which is a combination of ring and star

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