L&T SWITCHGEAR

SAFE & SURE

FIRST AID
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MANUAL

FIRST AID

Most emergencies strike suddenly without

any warning. At one moment everything
appears to be going along smoothly, the
next moment one may be involved in some
serious accident resulting in injuries.

Knowledge of rendering first-aid to injured

person is necessary until the patient is in the
hands of a doctor. First-aid accomplishes
two important things namely,
WHAT TO DO
Making the patient more comfortable. IF SOMEONE
GETS A CUT
Reduces the chances of further injury either
from the loss of blood or the danger of
unnecessary movement.

Further care is the responsibility of the

doctor and the hospital.

WHAT TO DO FIRST

TAKE CHARGE OF THE SITUATION

Be tactful but firm. If others try to interfere,

send them on useful errands such as calling
WHAT TO DO
for an ambulance or informing the patient's
IF SOMEONE
relatives etc. GETS A BURN

KEEP CALM

Do what must be done as promptly as

possible and you must be in a control of
yourself.

SEE HOW BADLY THE VICTIM IS HURT

a. Bleeding

b. Fractures

c. Burns

d. Shock WHAT TO DO
IF YOU WANT TO
e. Breathing normally. GET FIRST AID FAST

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BLEEDING
Treatment for wounds with slight bleeding
Tell patient he is going to get better. Raise injured part except in the case of a
fractured limb.
Give him rest, and assurance.
Clean the wound with antiseptic solution.
Clean the wound with antiseptic solution.
Apply a dressing with pad if necessary and Try to stop the bleeding by direct pressure
bandage firmly. immediately.
Apply a dressing extending beyond the
Raise injured part.
edges of the wound firmly.
Treatment of wounds with severe bleeding.
Rush the patient to medical centre/ hospital.
Lay the casualty down in a comfortable
Use tourniquet, if direct pressure on bleeding
position and lower the head if possible.
point does not stop bleeding.

FRACTURES
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS
Pain-at or near the fracture made worse by Keep support or immobilise the affected part
movements. upto joints or both ends using splints or any
other stiff material. Never attempt to bring the
Tenderness - at affected part.
bones to normal position or reduce the
Swelling of the area and discolouration. Loss fracture.
of normal movements of that part. Unnatural
Check bandages every 15 minutes (to make
movement at point of fracture. Deformity of
sure that they are not too tight).
the limb.
Transport the casualty very gently especially
if you suspect backbone injury.

BURNS
TREATMENT
Make the patient comfortable and start Rush to Medical Centre/Hospital as quickly
treating the bleeding first. as possible.

CHEMICAL BURNS
CHEMICAL BURNS
If clothes catch fire, wrap rug, blanket or coat Wash off the chemical by flooding the
around the person firmly. Do not allow him to affected part with water.
run in panic as movement fans flames.
Cut out contaminated clothing.
Lay the person on soft covering, with head
Do not touch the burnt area with bare fingers.
low and cover with blanket. Loosen clothing,
raise feet about 8" by propping up one end of Treat as for bums.
the bed. Never remove clothing unless it is In case of acid burns of the eyes thor- oughly
soaked with corrosive liquid or petrol. Place flood the eyes with water from inner corner
burned part under slow running cold water or for atleast 15 minutes continously.
immerse in cool water. Cover burns with
clean dry cloth. Do not apply any antiseptic
cream or lotion.

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ELECTRICAL SHOCK
Switch off current. lf this cannot be done,
remove supply from victim. Beware, use
something made of wood and not metal,
eg. walking stick, hockey stick or some dry
clothes.

If the victim is cold, clammy, breathing is

shallow and pulse is rapid and weak, then
give him reassurance. Make him
comfortable and keep him warm with
blankets.

If the victim has stopped breathing start

artificial respiration immediately.
Get medical help.

POISONING
If an accident does happen Keep the person
warm and send for Doctor.

Try to identify the type of poisoning.

For corrosive poisons i.e. those that bum

the mouth or throat, do not induce vomiting

i. For acid poisons give plenty of water

mixed with "Milk of Magnesia"

ii. For caustic soda poisons, give plenty of

water mixed with vinegar, lemon or
other juices.

For drug poisoning i.e. sleeping tablets etc.

induce vomiting by tickling the back of throat
or by giving a glass of tepid water with two
tablespoons of salt.

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ABCD SPELLS FIRE

WHAT IS FIRE ?

A When any material starts burning, we call it

a "FIRE"

B Material is known as FUEL. which starts

burning on application of HEAT in the
presence of AIR/OXYGEN.

C FIRE can be controlled by reducing FUEL or

HEAT or Air.

D Before extinguishing any fire, it is essential

to know the classification of the Fire.

What is a class A fire ?

Basically, it is one involving ordinary
combustibles such as wood, cloth, paper
and some plastics.

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What is a class B Fire ? On which fires is Foam used and why ?

Such fires involve flammable or combustible Class A and class B, because it is a

liquids like kerosene, petrol, spirit.thinner smothering and blanketing agent.
and similar materials.
On which fires is Carbondioxide used
and why ?
What is class C Fire ? Class B and class C because it cuts off air
Substance in the gaseous form like LPG, and leaves no residue.
Acetylene, Hydrogen etc.

What is a class D Fire ?

Pertains to those involving certain
combustible metals such as magnesium,
sodium, potassium etc.

Why classify a Fire ?

When material burns, it behaves in different
manners. It depends on it's physical
property. Extinguishment depends on the
physical properties of the material. Portable
extinguishers are designed in accordance
with extinguishing methods.
How many types of Portable Extinguisher
are there ?
1. SODA-ACID-WATER TYPE

2. FOAM-CHEMICAL-MECHANICALTYPE

3. CARBON DIOXIDE TYPE

4. DRY CHEMICAL POWDER TYPE

What means is used to employ these

extinguishers ?

The portable fire extinguisher is often

referred to as "The first line of defense"
against fire.

On which fires is water used and why?

Class A only. Because it is a cooling. soaking

penetrating and quenching agent.

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On what fires is Dry chemical powder

used?

Class D only, because it is a smothering and

coating agent.

How do you know which extinguisher to

use on fire ?

All extinguishers. are marked prominently

as to it's type and the class or classes of fire
upon which it can be used. Each
extinguisher is different in shape. It is
important to be familiar with extinguishers.

Remember, know your work place,

extinguishers and the fire upon which they
can be used. It's all on the lable, so read it
well before the fire strikes; there won't be
time later. Because fires are faster than you.

Do not use water on energised electrical

equipment and flammable liquids like
Petrol, Oil, Thinner, Paint etc.

PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE

Fire prevention and fire fighting are two aspects of fire protection. Fire can be extinguished by
early detection and prompt action with suitable fire extinguishers, but it can be prevented
earlier by adopting simple preventive measures.

The following measures are suggested for the prevention of fire:-

Know you, place of work, the fire hazards present, the location of fire fighting appliances and
the electrical switchboard.

Keep all fire fighting appliances clear of obstructions. Easy accessibility to fire fighting
appliances means saving in time and minimising damage due to fire.

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Oil soaked cotton waste rags are to be kept Nevergas cut or weId drums which may
in a metal bin container with a lid to avoid have contained explosive and flammable
spontaneous combustion. Waste should be materials or liquids.
periodically disposed off.
All petroleum products, flammable
Keep your place of work clean and tidy. substances should be stored in specified
Good house keeping is an important factor area having flame proof electrical fittings
in preventing fire. Periodical cleaning of and lightings.
trenches and surroundings, preventive
maintenance of electrical distribution Empty petrol and solvent containers should
points, earthing, removing loose and worn be securely fitted with lids. Disposal of such
out flexible wiring and to rectify the leakage empty containers must be done only after
or spillage of flammable materials quickly. purging with water.

Work permit must be obtained and certified

by Safety Dept. Before carrying out any hot
work at hazardous locations such as
warehouses, paint storages, and LPG
storages etc. Make certain that all
personnel involved in the hot work at any
place are aware of characteristics of
hazardous chemicals and what they are
BAD WIRES CAUSE FIRES supposed to do in case of any fire.Fire
fighing appliances should be in operative
condition.

Do not smoke in an area where

flammable liquids are stored or handled
and signboards of No Smoking are put.

Avoid contact of oils, grease or paint with

oxygen cylinders. There may be an
explosion due to oxidisation. Check
regulator before mounting on cylinder. It
should be free from oil or grease.

Make sure that items like cotton waste,

thinner, acetone etc. are not stored on the
shop floor beyond two days requirement.

Put out lighted bidi / cigarette or any LUCK PREVENTS

smouldering fire before leaving the work
place. FEW FIRES,
Never check LPG/Acetylene gas leakage
VIGILANCE
with lighted match stick or naked flame. PREVENTS ALL.

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Never keep kerosene, acetone, lacqueror any flammable liquid near the place of grinding,
welding or any other source of heat.

Do not store unwanted materials in electrical rooms,A.C. plant rooms, air handling unit rooms etc.

Check electrical tools before using them, to avoid spark due to short circuit.

Check and switch off electrical supply when not in use. If LPG/Petrol/Acetone leakage is noticed
do not operate Electrical Switches

Avoid overloading temporary circuits.

Stacking of material on racks should not touch electrical lamps and fittings. Keep a 3 ft. safe
distance from all electrical points.

HOW FIRE STARTS

It has been said that for a fire to start it requires, fuel, an oxidizer (oxygen) and a source of ignition.
A knowledge of chemical properties of fuel enables decisions to be made as to the method, or
methods to be employed in any particular case for fire extinguishment. In a few cases it may be
even advisable to allow the fuel to burn itself out and to concentrate on preventing the fire from
spreading.

SOME COMMON CAUSES OF FIRE

Mechanical sparks - by tramp metal
Mechanical friction - Overheated bearings
Hot surfaces - Boiler ducts flues lamps
Combustion sparks - Rubbish burning furnaces
Overheated materials - Process temperature
OXY

Welding cutting operations - Torches, Blow lamps

T
HEA

Chemical reactions - High Temperature

GE

Electrical sparks - Motors, switches, controls

N

Spontaneous combustion - oil soaked rags

Static spark - liquid pouring FUEL
Lightning - By act of God
FIRE
Smoking - Cigarette/ bidi butts
Burner flames - Gas oil

1. CARELESSNESS (80%)
Throwing of burning cigarette or bidi butt on fuel,
unsafe handling of flammable material, bad
house keeping and poor maintenance etc.

2. IGNORANCE (18%)
Fire resulting out of hot work carried out in an
explosive atmosphere, chemical reaction etc.

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3. ACCIDENTAL (2%)
The falling of lightning on fuel resulting
in a fire.

OXY
SIMPLE EXTINGUISHING METHODS

T
HEA
1. COOLING

GEN

OXY
T
Reducing the temperature of fuel when

HEA

GEN
it is burning (by using water) so that it
falls below the ignition point. FUEL
2. SMOTHERING NO FIRE
FUEL
Excluding all or part of the supporter of NO FIRE
combustion (i.e. cutting down the

OXY
T
supply of oxygen).

HEA

GEN
3. STARVATION
Removing the limiting fuel itself.
FUEL
NO FIRE

GENERAL HINTS FOR FIRE

FIGHTING AT INCIPIENT STAGE.
As fire spreads quickly, a speedy attack is
essential to extinguish it.

If any one is nearby, tell him to report the

outbreak of fire to safety and security dept.

Fire extinguishers are only to deal with

small fire. Do not use water from fire hydrant
unnecessarily.

Use correct fire extinguishers on fires and

one at a time.
Do not use water on fires of electrical
equipment. Do arrange to put off the supply
in case of electrical fire. Use only Carbon
Dioxide or DCP (Dry chemical powder)
extinguishers.
After using carbon dioxide or DCP
extinguisher in a confined room, come out
immediately for fresh air.

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 L&T SWITCHGEAR
SAFE & SURE
SUITABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF FIRES

NOZZLE KNOB CARBON DI OXIDE DRY CHEMICAL POWDER

Combustion Extinction NOZZLE PLUNGER
VALVE

SM
DISCHARGE

OX
TUBE

ING

AT
YG
HE

OL

HE
RI

EN
CO
CO 2

NG
PLUNGER
FUEL STARVATION HORN
SODA ACID
CARTRIDGE

EXTINGUISHER FOAM EXTINGUISUER

CLASS DISCRETION OF FIRE

ORDINARY COMBUSTIBLES
A Wood. Paper, Cotton. Jute, Grass etc. YES YES YES YES

FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS
B Petrol. Oil, Lubricants, Paints, Grease etc. NO YES YES YES

GASES
C Acetylene, Hydrogen, Methane, Butane - LPG etc. YES YES YES YES

METALS & REACTIVE CHEMICALS

D Aluminium, Magnesium, Zinc, Calcium, Sodium etc. NO NO NO YES
REMOVE LOCKING PIN. REMOVE SAFETY CLIP,
DRIVE IN PLUNGER RELEASE THE KNOB TURN VALVE
OPERATING PRESS KNOB BY HAND,
BT STRIKING BY TURNING RIGHT ANTICLOCKWISE.
PROCEDURE SQUEEZE CONTROL
AGAINST FLOOR TURN IT UPSIDE DOWN DIRECT HORN ON SEAT NOZZLE
OF FIRE

DISTANCE 20-30 Feet 20-30 Feet 3-8 Feet 5-20 Feet

DISCHARGE
PERFORMANCE TIME 60-90 Seconds 60-90 Seconds 60-90 Seconds 60-90 Seconds
COOLING &
EFFECT COOLING SMOTHERING SMOTHERING SMOTHERING

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TREATMENT

Avoid contact of oils, grease or paints with oxygen cylinders. There may be an explosion due to
oxidisation.

Compressed gas cylinders must be stored in a separate shed having protection from sun and
heat. Full and empty cylinders must be stored vertically and separately.

Make sure that items like cotton waste, thinner, acetone etc. are not stored on the shop floor
beyond a requirement of two days. Leakage or spillage of flammable materials must be promptly
dealt with and such items must be stored and handled in a proper container with lid.

Put out lighted bidi/cigarette or any smouldering fire before leaving work place. Never check
LPG / Acetylene / Gas leakage with a lighted match or other flame.

Use only non ferrous tools while opening the cans/drums containing flammable liquids or other
explosive substance.

Use flame proof torch in places where highly flammable solvents, dangerous petroleum -
products and volatile liquids are present. All flammable materials should be stored in an isolated
place with flame proof electrical fittings.

Empty petrol and solvent containers should be securely fitted with proper lids. Disposal of such
empties must be carefully planned.

Work permit must be obtained and certified by Safety Department for carrying out hot jobs in
workshop / hazardous area / flammable and dangerous petroleum products storage area before
starting work. Make sure that the operator thoroughly understands about fire hazards in the
workplace and that he knows what to do in case of fire. Cool all hot jobs before leaving the
workplace.

Never keep kerosene, acetone or any flammable liquid near or during grinding, welding
operations or any source of heat.

Do not store unwanted materials in electrical cabin, A.C. plant room or air handling unit room.

Check all electrical tools before using them.

Do not stack materials upto the ceiling, material should be stored belowthree feet from electrical
points

Check before and after using blow lamps, welding and cutting equipment. Switch off the mains
when any electrical equipment is not in use.

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