Sacred Tanks of South India
Sacred Tanks of South India
Sacred Tanks of South India
OF
SOUTH INDIA
SACRED TANKS
OF
SOUTH INDIA
published by
C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre
Chennai
© 2006 C.P.R. Environmental Education Centre, Chennai
All rights reserved
ISBN 81-86901-05-1
Introduction..............................................................................................1
Sacred Tanks..........................................................................................30
Chebrolu.................................................................................................43
Chinnekothapalle....................................................................................45
Hemavathi...............................................................................................46
Kalahasthi...............................................................................................47
Lepakshi..................................................................................................49
Mangalagiri.............................................................................................50
Mannarpolur...........................................................................................52
Penukonda..............................................................................................54
Ponnur....................................................................................................56
R. L. Puram............................................................................................57
Singarayakonda.......................................................................................59
Srisailam..................................................................................................61
Tiruchanur (Alamelumangapuram).........................................................63
Tirumala..................................................................................................65
Tirupathi.................................................................................................67
Warangal.................................................................................................69
Yadagiri Gatta.........................................................................................70
vi Sacred Tanks of South India
PART 2 KARNATAKA...........................................................................73
Ambalapadi.............................................................................................75
Ambutirtham...........................................................................................77
Bababudan Giri......................................................................................78
Belur.......................................................................................................79
Chamundi Hills......................................................................................80
Gokarna..................................................................................................82
Hassan....................................................................................................85
KOLAR....................................................................................................86
Kota........................................................................................................87
Kumbakshi..............................................................................................88
Malpe......................................................................................................90
Melkote...................................................................................................91
Mulbagal.................................................................................................93
Sravanabelagola......................................................................................95
Talakadu.................................................................................................97
Talakaveri................................................................................................99
Udipi.....................................................................................................102
Udipi.....................................................................................................104
PART 3 KERALA.................................................................................105
Adityapuram.........................................................................................107
Alapuzha...............................................................................................108
Alapuzha...............................................................................................109
Chenganoor..........................................................................................110
Chottanikkara........................................................................................112
Ettumanur..............................................................................................114
Contents vii
Evoor.....................................................................................................116
Guruvayur.............................................................................................117
Haripad.................................................................................................119
Irinjalakuda...........................................................................................121
Kaduthuruthy........................................................................................124
Kodungallur..........................................................................................125
Kottayam...............................................................................................127
Kumaranallur.........................................................................................129
Mannarsala...........................................................................................131
Panachikadu.........................................................................................133
Ramapuram...........................................................................................135
Sabarimala............................................................................................136
Thrissur.................................................................................................138
Tiruvalla................................................................................................140
Tiruvananthapuram...............................................................................142
Tiruvananthapuram...............................................................................144
Vaikom.................................................................................................145
Varkala..................................................................................................148
PART 4 PONDICHERRY....................................................................151
Tirunallar..............................................................................................153
PART 6 TAMILNADU........................................................................157
Avinasi..................................................................................................161
Chennimalai..........................................................................................162
Chidambaram.......................................................................................164
viii Sacred Tanks of South India
Gangaikonda Cholapuram....................................................................166
Hosur....................................................................................................168
Kaalaiyar Koil.......................................................................................170
Kudavasal..............................................................................................172
Kumbakonam........................................................................................173
Kundrakkudi..........................................................................................175
Lalgudi..................................................................................................177
Madurai................................................................................................178
Mannargudi...........................................................................................180
Mayavaram...........................................................................................182
Nagercoil..............................................................................................183
Narthamalai..........................................................................................184
Nattarasan Kottai..................................................................................186
Perur.....................................................................................................187
Pillaiyarpatti..........................................................................................188
Pullambadi............................................................................................189
Pushpavanam........................................................................................190
Rameswaram.........................................................................................191
Sankarankoil.........................................................................................193
Seerkazhi...............................................................................................195
Sembanarkoil........................................................................................197
Sholingur...............................................................................................198
Singamuneri..........................................................................................200
Sivaganga..............................................................................................201
Srimushnam..........................................................................................202
Srirangam..............................................................................................203
Srivilliputhur.........................................................................................205
Contents ix
Suchindram...........................................................................................207
Tanjavur................................................................................................209
Tenkasi..................................................................................................210
Tiruaadanur...........................................................................................211
Tiruchendur..........................................................................................213
Tiruchirapalli.........................................................................................214
Tiruchirupuliyur....................................................................................216
Tiruchuzhi.............................................................................................217
Tirukarugavur........................................................................................218
Tirukazhukundram................................................................................219
Tirukkurungudi......................................................................................221
Tirukokarnam........................................................................................223
Tirukoodal.............................................................................................225
Tirukovilur............................................................................................226
Tirukuvalai............................................................................................228
Tirumayam............................................................................................229
Tirumogoor...........................................................................................230
Tirumuruganpoondi..............................................................................231
Tirunelveli.............................................................................................233
Tirupparankunram.................................................................................235
Tiruthuraipoondi...................................................................................237
Tiruvanaikkaval.....................................................................................239
Tiruvannamalai.....................................................................................241
Tiruvarur...............................................................................................244
Tiruvathanur..........................................................................................246
Tiruvavaduthurai...................................................................................247
Tiruvengadu..........................................................................................248
x Sacred Tanks of South India
Tiruvidaimarudur..................................................................................250
Uthirakosamangai.................................................................................251
Vaalikandapuram..................................................................................253
Vaitheeswarankoil.................................................................................254
Vellore..................................................................................................256
Viralimalai.............................................................................................258
Vridhachalam........................................................................................260
1
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
Tanks of square or rectangular dimension are considered significant
in the places of worship (historic temples) for offering prayers to
God. They are designated sacred and referred to as “Pushkarani”.
They are provided with steps on all four sides to reach the water
level in the tank. Proper fencing / brick walls on all four sides were
erected to prevent the entry of cattle and also the misuse of tank
waters by the local people.
In the canal-irrigated deltaic areas, they are provided with inlet and
outlet channels to keep the tank waters clean and hygienic.
In the upland and midland areas not served by a perennial
drainage system, provision was made to pump out the tank
waters at regular intervals and refill them with fresh water of
standard chemical quality brought from elsewhere.
In the case of tanks of depth 8m or more below ground level,
there is a possibility of ground water supply from the phreatic
aquifers (watertable) by the effect of gravity. The floor of the
tank was periodically checked to remove the natural silt, clay
and other waste material to revive the possibility of groundwater
supply from the phreatic aquifers for beneficial purposes.
Geology
Underlying the area of the Southern Peninsula are various types of
rocks, of which 5,41,895 km2 is occupied by the hard rocks and the
rest consist of semi - consolidated and unconsolidated formations
covering 96,205 km2. Geologically, Southern India presents a broad
spectrum of rock types belonging to various formations ranging
in age from the archaean to recent (>3500 to 10 million) years
occupying the western and central parts. Of these, the hard rocks
constituting the Archaean crystalline complex with a wide range
of rock types of different metamorphic grades, devoid of primary
openings but which later developed femus, cavities, joints and
fractures (10 to 45 m depth below ground level) are best suited for
open wells for groundwater development. Sedimentary rocks (soft
rocks) of the coastal plains of the east and west coast, consisting
of the phreatic, semi-confined and confined aquifers, are suitable
for groundwater development by shallow and deep tube wells.
Groundwater hydrology
Groundwater occurs both in the hard and soft rock formations
under the phreatic and semi-confined / confined conditions in
depth, suitable for groundwater development. Generally, the hard
rock terrain is suitable for small to moderate scale of groundwater
development by large diameter open wells only. It is advisable to
drill bores of 30 to 50m depths at the bottom of open wells to
augment the yield of open wells. In the case of sedimentary areas
(soft rocks), shallow and deep tube wells (50 to 150 m depth)
are the best suited for groundwater development and this must
be tarred on field studies, in view of possibility of getting inferior
chemical quality of groundwater in depth. Yields of developmental
structures depend on basic parameters like permeability and its
variation in depth and space, and thickness of aquifers and nature
of chemical quality of groundwater.
8 Sacred Tanks of South India
Andhra Pradesh
Tirupati Venkateswara temple
soft rocks and groundwater
Tiruchanur Alarmelumanga temple
soft rocks and groundwater
Nandyal Nandi temple
spring - tank
Draksharama Shiva Temple
Draksharama - spring tank, Godavari delta
Sri Sailam Shiva temple
spring - tank
West Godavari Venkatesaperumal temple
(Dwaraka Tirumala) Dwaraka tirtha
Karnataka
Tirunarayanapuram Ranganatha temple
Kalyani tank and groundwater
Belur Chennakeshava temple
hard rocks and groundwater
Udipi Krishna temple
hard rocks and groundwater
Kerala
Tiruvanandhapuram Padmanabha temple
hard rocks and groundwater
Guruvayur Lord Krishna temple tank
Tamilnadu
Rameswaram soft rocks, sand-dunes, groundwater by
gravity flow (wells and depressions)
Tiruchendhur sacred tanks, open well, sub-surface water
12 Sacred Tanks of South India
References
1. Tokarev, Sergei, History of Religion, Progress Publishers, Moscow,
1986.
2. Iyyar, Mahadeva, Sri Kaveri Rahasyam, Amara Barathipariksha Samiti,
1962.
3. Chitti and Janakiram, T., Nadanthai Vazhi Kaveri, Book Venture,
1971.
4. Somasundaran, R., Swastik Kinaru, Dinamani.
17
Tamil language, the temple and tank are usually linked together
(Koilum Kulamum).
In the Hindu concept of pilgrimage and worship, three aspects
are given great importance, Sthala (Place) Murthi (Deity) and Tirtha
(Sacred water): visit to holy places of Puranic or epic association,
having darshan of the deities in ancient places sung by saints and
sages and dip in the holy waters like the rivers and sacred tanks.
When temple and image worship became important, sacred tanks
associated with them were represented as the celestial or heavenly
waters like the Ganga eg. Akasa Ganga at Tirumalai or Siva Ganga
at Chidambaram.
An inscription on Porumamilla tank in Andhra Pradesh dated
1369 A.D., quotes verses from Hemadri which aptly sum up the
importance of water. It says “the gift of water is greatest of all.
As the Vedas have said all this is water; from water alone is
produced food and food (annam) is Brahman. Siva bears the
Ganga, Vishnu resides in the Ocean and Brahma springs from the
waters. A shed for distributing water, a well, a reservoir, a canal,
a lotus tank - merit of constructing them is million and million
times higher” (Hemadri Dan - Kande quoted in the inscription
Ep i. Indica XIV, p.107).
Establishment of tanks came to be considered as one of the
Saptasantanams or seven kinds of wealth which are: a son,
(composition of) a poem, a treasure, (planting) of a grove, the
marriage of a girl, consecration of a temple and a tank. No wonder
our literature and inscriptions are replete with instances of our
kings, nobles and merchants vying with one another in digging
tanks, constructing temples, planting trees. They were recognised
as a valuable source of sustenance, irrigation, agriculture, water
supply for men and cattle. What was considered as a lifeline was
invested with sanctity or sacredness so that common people could
cherish and preserve them. Respect for water in general and temple
tanks in particular is an inborn cultural trait of our people. Several
tanks named after the kings are recorded, like Mahendra-tataka at
Mahendravadi (after Mahendra I Pallava); Vairamega – tataka at
Uttiramerur (after Dantivarma Pallava).
Sacred Tanks of Tamilnadu 19
Tank Temple
Sesha tirtham Kanchipuram, Uragam temple. Sesha
or Adisesha is a symbol of eternity and
fertility.
Lakshmi tirtham Tirunariyur (near Kumbakonam).
Saraswathi tirtham Tiruttankal (near Srivilliputtur).
Garuda tirtham Tiruvendipuram (near Cuddalore).
Gajendra tirtham Ashtabhujakaram Temple Kanchi - named
after the elephant devotee Gajendra who
was rescued by Vishnu (allusion to the
Bhagavata episode).
Varuna pushkarini Tinnanur (near Chennai); Varuna, the rain
god is a symbol of fertility and plenty.
Manasa pushkarini Sirupuliyur (near Mayiladudurai); Manasa
may signify the holy tank of Manasarovar
in the Himalaya.
Sankha chakra tirtham Sirkali.
Jatayu tirtham Tiruppakkuli (near Kanchi) and
Pullanbhudankudi (Kumbakonam).
Indra tirtham Tirupernagar or Appakuduthan or Koviladi
near Lalgudi.
Vaishanava temples
Nandi tirtham Tirukazhukundram (Pakshi tirtha).
Pakshi tirtham Tirukazhukundram.
Sanku tirtham Tirukazhukundram (It is said that once in
12 years a conch comes up in the tank.
Agni tirtham Uttarakosamangai.
Rama tirtham Rameswaram (A number of tirthas are
located within Rameswaram temple).
Saravana tirtham Associated with Muruga;
Tirupparankunram near Madurai.
Sacred Tanks of Tamilnadu 23
Other associations
Some tanks have certain generic name like lotus-tank Kamalalayam
(Tiruvarur), Padmasaras (Tiruchanur); Portamarai - golden lotus
tank (Meenakshi Temple, Madurai), Kanaka or Hema Pushkarini at
Sempanarkoil (near Mayiladudurai); Amirta Pushkarini (at Tanjai
Mamani temple in Tanjavur); Kshirabdi Pushkarini (at Tirumohur
near Madurai).
Thus, in various ways, tanks were associated with temples,
divinities, holy rishis, saints and sages and highly valuable treasures
like gold and divine nectar (amrita). They were revered as holy
tirthas which helped in their preservation. In certain cases, royal
patronage was responsible for the creation and preservation of
these tanks. But the vast number of tanks, especially in villages,
were created by the temples and village assemblies. Revering the
sacred tanks was part of the concept of pilgrimage common to the
Hindus, Buddhists and Jains and it had contributed to the creation
and preservation of the sacred tanks.
Regular repairs and maintenance of the tanks was considered an
important responsibility of the citizens and rulers. Manu imposes
capital punishment on persons who destroy a dam or a tank. The
Padma Purana devotes a special chapter on the conservation of
tanks. Wanton damage to irrigation works was considered a heinous
offence, comparable to the destruction of a child in its embryo
and man-slaughter. Hence, in our inscriptions, we find numerous
24 Sacred Tanks of South India
SACRED TANKS:
GLIMPSES FROM EPIGRAPHY
K.V. Krishnamurthy*
There are innumerable epigraphs, dated from the 3rd to the 17th
century, both lithic and copper plates, left by the various dynasties
that ruled South India. Inscriptions are available from Gupta, Ganga,
Pallava, Chalukya, Rashtrakuta, Chola, Chera and Pandya dynasties.
These epigraphs are listed and detailed in the following: Annual
Report of the South Indian Epigraphy, Bombay-Karnatic Inscriptions,
Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Epigraphica Carnatica, Epigraphica
Indica, South Indian Inscriptions and Topographical List of Inscriptions
of the Madras Presidency. A critical perusal of these inscriptions
provides us with important information about several aspects of
our culture, society, religion and education as well as about our
plants, animals and food, which help us in reconstructing our
cultural, social and political histories.
Data from these inscriptions reveal that the daily life of people
in medieval South India was intimately connected with the temples,
which grew into mammoth institutions, giving great impetus to
all kinds of cultural, religious and social activities. The temples
formed the central structure around which villages / towns / cities
were organised, thereby enabling the public to establish a bond of
mutual reciprocation, so much so that the two became inseparable
in several respects. Several inscriptions speak of this intimate abode;
they also speak of the establishment of several hundreds of new
settlements / villages / cities like Chaturvedimangalam, Brahmapuri,
etc., with temples at the heart of these settlements.
The inscriptions speak of two things that were regularly associated
with these temples: the nandavanas or sacred groves / temple
gardens and the sacred tanks. There were other gardens, called
public gardens, and other tanks, such as the public tanks which
were not considered sacred. It is evident from epigraphical data
that the nandavanas and sacred tanks were either part and parcel
water from the sacred body of water would be made available for
other crops only on specific days of the week while water would be
supplied daily to the sacred tank (Epigraph number 179 of 1925,
Annual Reports of the Epigaraphy Department). There was also a
record stating that one Koneriraya caused the digging of a temple
tank exclusively for growing the lotus (Epigraph number 201 of
1940/1941, Annual Reports of the Epigraphy Department).
Buds and flowers of lotus / water lily were either strung into
garlands and offered to the presiding deity (Epigraph No. 387 of
1905 and 65 of 1913, Annual Reports of the Epigraphy Department)
or offered individually in various numbers as per the details
provided below:
for this purpose (Epigraph No. 216 of 1917, Annual Reports of the
Epigraph Department).
There are a number of epigraphical reports which speak of the
destruction of villages / towns / cities along with their temples,
nandavanas and sacred tanks due to wars between kings. The sacred
tanks were demolished, their water getting dried up for want of
maintenance, and their beds were overgrown by grasses such as
arugu (Cynodon dactylon) and korai (reeds and sedges).
It is evident from the above account that epigraphical data
provides an enormous amount of information on the sacred tanks
of our medieval temples. The fully deciphered epigraphs of our
country form only 10% of the total available epigraphs, and the
data summarized above are from a small number of deciphered
epigraphs. If details of all the known epigraphs become available to
us, the information potential will increase enormously. More people
should come forward to exploit data from this source. Also, the data
obtained from a study of epigraphs should be judiciously used in
conjunction with data from literary sources. Then only would the
study on any aspect of the temple tanks become complete.
30
SACRED TANKS
Introduction
Offering sincere prayers and worshipping at temples and sacred tanks
are an important tradition, since our ancestors saw Almighty in every
thing and in every form i.e., idols, water, land and five elements or
panchaboothams. Even the vow made to visit and offer prayers at
different and distant temples is termed as Theertha Yathirai. In this
term, theertham means water and yathirai means travel. Sacred tanks
attached to temples are called by different names like theertham,
thadagam, poikai and thirukkulam in Tamil and pushkarini in Sanskrit.
But the meaning remains one and the same - a water body.
Our temples are designed and designated to preach the practice of
divinity, to purify our souls and keep our body clean and hygienic
through use of the theerthams. However, it is true that due to the
intrusion of western culture, our traditional bhakti cult has been
sidelined. Even the practices that were based on scientific facts and
techniques followed by some communities have started diminishing
and being forgotten.
This research is taken up to bring to light the age-old traditional
practices and rituals followed in the temples of Tamilnadu, which
have proven to have scientific value. The infrastructure and scientific
technique behind the construction of the temple tanks was an
important aspect. In this study, 100 temple tanks were observed
for their different structures, water sources and importance.
Conclusion
To analyse the medicinal qualities scientifically, water quality
tests are taken up. Taking into consideration the hymns of Saint
Thiruvalluvar on water conservation and importance and the
sayings of Saint Tamil Poet Thiruththakka Devar, we should take
all precautions to restore and revive the sacred tanks, which are
beneficial to us in many ways.
Theppakulam, Petchiparai
Suchindram temple, Kanyakumari anaicut
IRRIGATION TANKS -
HOW SACRED ARE THEY?
What are the sacred tanks? The first image that comes to mind
is that of the temple tanks. Yes, they are sacred. But are they the
same as irrigation tanks? They are not. The temple tanks are dug
out tanks; the irrigation tanks are above-surface tanks. Those who
are from Tamilnadu or from other parts of South India must have
noted this difference. The irrigation tanks are constructed by an
ingenious use of the land characteristics in this part of the country.
Peninsular India, a part of the old Gondwana Plate, is a very old
eroded plateau with gentle slopes towards the sea. The irrigation
tanks are made by constructing major embankments across the
line of the slope that stops the run off. Two sided embankments,
gradually falling in height, are added to this major embankment to
create a three-side storage. The fourth side is left open for water to
enter. Basically, the irrigation tanks are three-sided storage structures
above the surface, whereas temple tanks, like ponds, need lifting
of water. I prefer to call temple tanks as ponds in order to avoid
this confusion. The temple tanks have their role in irrigation. They
are good indicators of the aquifer level. But they are very different
from the irrigation tanks. While studying sacred tanks, it is very
important to differentiate between temple tanks and irrigation tanks.
Many experts believe that tank irrigation require arduous manual
labour in lifting of water and should be replaced by easier means
of irrigation like canals. If temple tanks are equated with irrigation
tanks in the search for sacredness, it only adds to the confusion
and will discredit the ingenious and appropriate irrigation system
of this part of the country.
The sacred aspects of irrigation tanks are worth investigation.
After the sacred grove concept was understood apart from economics
and sociology, moral and ritual approaches to conservation must
be examined. Then came the knowledge of the Bishnoi community
all three Famine Commissions and the District Gazetteers all say
so, repeatedly (Sengupta, 1993). Ramanathapuram is one such
district. Ramanathapuram did not face severe famine conditions
during the Zamindari period.
The tank is also very important as drinking water source for
cattle. Particularly during the drought years, the priority in most
parts of India is to save the seed and cattle. For tanks around
Coimbatore and beyond (to the west), which are dry areas and
where the drought situation is more frequent, this is an important
use. Most of these tanks have pathways so that cattle can go and
drink whatever is left and they cannot be used by human beings
anymore. Now, after the World Bank has entered Karnataka to
modernize the tanks, they have left no open path. So the cattle
now go to drink water. This is a serious survival strategy, which
will do great damage in due course.
Another interesting aspect was tank bed cultivation. The whole
tank bed has excellent moisture. A rich subsoil which, after the rainy
season, can be used for very good cash crop cultivation. In eastern
India, in Bihar, this is excellent for pulse and oilseed cultivation.
Now, since the Public Works Department and Irrigation Department
have adopted these tanks, they have stopped cultivation of tank beds
saying that “we have to do desilting”. The Ramanathapuram district is
the last case because it was under the Zamindari system until 1960s.
There was a battle between the Revenue department and the Public
Works Department, which lasted for 10 long years. The Revenue
department was issuing pattas for even a single year’s cultivation.
Finally after 10 years, they stopped the cultivation. Tamilnadu has
30,000 tanks and nearly 50,000 hectares of tank beds. Through the
people’s initiative and flexibility, they effected economic efficiency.
In earlier times tank bed cultivation was probably done with
some kind of ritualistic fear that arises when encroaching the tank
bed during the rainy season. In Tamilnadu, there was definitely
something of this nature, as in Uttaramerur.
The crucial issues of tank structure are its physical structure and
the inlet and outlet channels. Water does not require conservation,
unlike forests. It is the physical structure which requires conservation.
The important parts are the main embankment and protective
Irrigation Tanks - How Sacred are they? 39
CHEBROLU
History
As per inscriptions, the Chalukya Kings had renovated the
temple.
Festivals
The Theppam festival during Shivarathri celebrations in the month
of Magha (February–March) is important.
Sacred tank(s)
Temple tank
Water quality
The quality of the water is found to be poor. The water contains
a high level of dissolved solids and algae. The colour of water is
44 Sacred Tanks of South India
Special feature
There are eight temples around a single temple tank.
45
CHINNAKOTHAPALLE
Festivals
Annual festivals like Ugadi, Brahmotsavam, Mukkoti Ekadesi,
Teppotsavam, Kalyanotsavam and Rathotsavam are observed.
Mahashivarathri in Magha (February–March) is very important.
Sacred tank(s)
Temple tank
Water quality
The quality of water is reasonably good. It contains a low level of
dissolved solids and a slightly higher level of algae ammonia. The
pH of the water is neutral and contains 450 mg/l of alkalinity. The
colour seems to be green due to the presence of algae. The level
of total hardness is 180 mg/l and that of chloride is 140 mg/l. It
has a low level of dissolved oxygen.
Special feature
The rivers, Chitravathi, Palaru and Dapularu merge here and hence
the deity is called Sangameswara (sangam means confluence).
46
HEMAVATHI
History
Shivalayas were built in the 8th Century and patronised by the
Nolamba Pallavas. The sculptural decorations made by the Nolamba
artists are very famous. Of the four Shivalayas in Hemavathi, only
the Siddheswara Temple has a tank associated with it.
Festivals
Mahashivarathri in February or March is observed in a grand
manner.
Sacred tank(s)
Kalyani Kulam
KALAHASTHI
History
The historical reference to this temple occurs in the works of
Nakkeerar, a celebrated Tamil poet of the Sangam period.
Adi Sankara and several Tamil saints like Sambandar, Appar,
Manikkavasagar, Sundaramoorthi, Pattinathar and Sri Ramalinga
Swami have visited Kalahasti during their pilgrimages.
Tondaiman and the Pallava kings built this temple; Kulothunga
Chola (11th Century A.D.) renovated and extended the main temple;
the Vijayanagar rulers developed the mandapams; Krishna Devaraya
built the 100-pillared mandapam in 1516 A.D.; the Natukottai
Chettiars of Devakottai gave the final shape to the temple in 1912
at a cost of about rupees nine lakhs.
The Shivalinga of Kalahasti is one of the five lingas representing
the five elements water, fire, air, ether and earth. A Vayu linga
(representing air) is installed in this kshetra and the flickering oil
lamp inside the garbagriha is evidence of this.
Mythology
According to the sthala puranam, Brahma used the waters of this
tank which was created by Mahadeva.
48 Sacred Tanks of South India
Festivals
The most important festivals are the Mahashivarathri which runs
for 10 days in February and the March and Makara Sankranti
which is celebrated in January. About 85 festivals are observed in
this temple.
Sacred tank(s)
Saraswathi Tirtham
Water quality
The quality of the water is good. The water contains a low level of
dissolved solids and a high level of algae. The colour is green due
to the presence of algae. The pH is neutral and contains 110 mg/l
of alkalinity, the level of dissolved oxygen is 6.20 mg/l and that of
ammonia is low. The level of total hardness and chloride are 120
mg/l and 150 mg/l respectively.
Special feature
The river Suvarnamukhi flows on one side of the town, which is
bounded on the other side by hills.
49
LEPAKSHI
History
The temple was constructed by Virupanna the governor of
Penukonda province during the Vijayanagar period.
A huge 30’ x 20’ idol of Nandi is near the temple. The temple is
famous for paintings and sculptures of the Vijayanagara period.
Festivals
Mahashivarathri in Magha (February-March) is very important.
Sacred tank(s)
Temple tank
MANGALAGIRI
History
Mangalagiri means “the auspicious hill”. Jaggery water known as
panaka is offered to the Lord. The belief is that the Lord gives
back the same panaka water on being satisfied.
Krishna Chaitanya, the Bengali poet-saint, visited the temple
in the year 1312 A.D. and the imprint of his feet, and a verse
dedicated to him, are still seen in the temple.
According to inscriptions, Krishna Devaraya, the Vijayanagara
King visited this temple and made many grants in 1520 A.D.
Mythology
After the ocean was churned by the Mandara hill and Goddess
Mahalakshmi emerged with amrutha, the Devas constructed a tank
for Goddess Mahalakshmi to bathe in before merging in Vishnu.
The tank is called Kalyani Pushkarini.
Festivals
The most important festival of this temple is the Brahmotsavam
which lasts for 12 days in March. Other festivals like Vaikunta
Ekadasi, Sri Ramanavami, Hanuman Jayanthi, Narasimha Jayanti,
etc., are also observed.
Sacred tank(s)
Lakshmi Pushkarini
Temple Tank
Mangalagiri 51
Temple tank
This is a small tank just opposite the temple and is also in a bad
condition due to garbage dumped by shop-owners and others
around the tank.
Water quality
The quality of water is poor. The water contains a higher level of
dissolved solids, ammonia and algae. It also contains 660 mg/l of
alkalinity and 600 mg/l of chloride. The colour of water seems to
be yellow and the pH is slightly alkaline. The level of dissolved
oxygen is low.
52
MANNARPOLUR
Mythology
This legendary kshetra lying on the banks of the Kalindi river was
the scene of a battle fought between Krishna and Jambavan in
the Dwaparayuga for possession of the precious Samantakamani.
Jambavan is worshipped in the garbhagriha itself alongwith Lord
Krishna and his consorts Jambavathy (Jambavan’s daughter) and
Satyabhama. The Garuda’s eyes are always wet, which is evident
when his eyes are wiped with a dry cloth.
Festivals
The annual Brahmotsav celebrated in Vaisakha (May-June) draws
huge crowds.
Sacred tank(s)
Temple Tank
Water quality
The quality of the water is very poor. It contains a slightly higher
level of dissolved solids and algae. The colour of water is green
in colour due to the presence of algae. It contains 130 mg/l of
alkalinity and 410 mg/l of chloride, the pH is neutral, the level
of dissolved oxygen is 5.40 mg/l. and the level of total hardness
is 400 mg/l.
54
PENUKONDA
History
As per inscriptions, renovation work was carried out during the
Vijayanagara period.
Festivals
Shivarathri celebrations in the month of Magha (February – March)
and Karthigai Deepam (November – December) are important.
Sacred tank(s)
Basavakkarai
Water quality
The quality of the water is very poor. It contains a slightly higher
level of dissolved solids and algae because of which it appears to
Penukonda 55
PONNUR
History
As per inscriptions, Sri. Nandyala Naraparaju, a devotee of the
Lord, built this temple in the 10th Century.
Festivals
Brahmotsavam and Theppam festivals are celebrated in the month
of Vaisakha (May-June).
Sacred tank(s)
Brahma Tirtham
R. L. PURAM
Mythology
In Trethayuga, Sri Rama in order to perform abhishekam to Moksha
Lingeswara created this tank. Hence it is called Rama Tirtham.
Festivals
Every year Mahashivarathri and Sree Rama Navami are observed.
Sacred tank(s)
Vibhuthikundam or Rama Tirtham
Water quality
The quality of the water is poor. It contains a low level of dissolved
solids and dissolved oxygen and a low level of algae. The water
appears green in colour due to the presence of algae. The level of
58 Sacred Tanks of South India
alkalinity and total hardness are 320 mg/l and 320 mg/l respectively.
A slightly higher level of ammonia is present.
Special feature
It is believed that a dip in the tank cures all chronic diseases and
washes away one’s sins. A significant and noteworthy feature is that
when sand (from the tank) mixed with tank water is applied on
the forehead, it turns into white vibhuthi.
59
SINGARAYAKONDA
History
An 16th Century inscription belonging to the Krishna Devaraya
period is found in the temple.
Mythology
It is believed that a single bath assures one of attaining Moksha
or eternal heaven. Sage Narada did penance here and Sri Rama
is said to have visited this place along with Sita and Lakshmana
during their exile.
Festivals
The annual Brahmotsavam falls in Phalguna (March - April) when
lakhs of people visit the temple.
Sacred tank(s)
Bhavanasi
good. The tank was built during the reign of the Vijayanagara
King Krishnadevaraya.
Water quality
The quality of the water is good and even potable. It contains a
low level of dissolved solids and algae. The level of alkalinity and
total hardness are 48 mg/l and 48 mg/l respectively. The pH of
the water is slightly alkaline. The level of dissolved oxygen is 7.20
mg/l, chloride is 12 mg/l and that of ammonia is very low. The
level of total hardness shows that the water is soft.
Special feature
It is believed that an underground tunnel exists in this temple
tank.
61
SRISAILAM
History
According to inscriptions preserved in the temple, the Vijayanagara
kings made extensive improvements to the temple in 1405 A.D.
Srisailam’s importance can be traced back to the Buddhist
period, when the Mahayana school of Buddhism was known to
have flourished here during the 1st Century A.D.
Festivals
The main festivals are Mahashivarathri and Telugu New Year’s day
celebrations from February to May.
Sacred tank(s)
Pushkarini
Temple tank
Temple tank
This tank is at a distance of 5 km from the temple. The water is
unfit for any use as it is stagnant.
Special feature
The tanks were built by the Saluva Kings of Vijayanagar. Hindu
devotees are allowed to perform abhishekam and poojas to deity.
They are allowed to enter the garbagriha and perform abhishekam
with water from the Patalaganga. This form of worship is unique
to Srisailam, as devotees are not allowed to enter the garbagriha
anywhere else.
63
TIRUCHANUR (ALAMELUMANGAPURAM)
History
This temple was probably built between 826 A.D. and 960 A.D.
Sri Ramanuja was mainly responsible for renovating the temple
structure.
Mythology
Vishnu came to the earth in search of Mahalakshmi and wandered
around looking for her. He did severe penance for 12 years on the
banks of the river Suvarnamukhi and worshipped her with red
lotuses, which he raised for worship in the Padmasarovar – a tank
dug by him. Mahalakhsmi then appeared before him standing on
a lotus flower with two red lotuses.
Married women perform kumkuma pooja in the name of their
husband here, as it is believed to lengthen his lifespan.
Sacred tank(s)
Tiruchanur Temple tank
Water quality
The quality of the water is good. The water contains a slightly high
level of dissolved solids and algae due to which the water seems to
be green in colour. The pH of the water is neutral. The water also
contains 490 mg/l of alkalinity, 200 mg/l of total hardness and 280
mg/l of chloride. The level of dissolved oxygen is 6.30 mg/l.
65
TIRUMALA
History
The earliest historical reference to the temple is from the Pallava
period, although the Vengadam hills and its festivals are mentioned
in early Tamil literature. Tolkappiam and Silapadikaram of Sangam
period (300 BC to 300 AD). The Ananda Vimana, as the vimana
over the sanctum sanctorum is called, is the most sacred of vimanas.
From an inscription at the Varadaraja temple of Kancheepuram, we
learn that one Tatacharya built the vimana of Lord Venkateswara
with gold, in the year Pramodoota, corresponding to 1492 or 1570
A.D. Tatacharya was the General Superintendent of temple affairs
under the Vijayanagar King, Venkatapathi Deva Maharaja.
Mythology
Swami Pushkarini
The Swami Pushkarini was Vishnu’s tank in Vaikuntam, and was
brought to earth by Garuda for Vishnu’s use. It lies in front of the
temple of Tirumala, and is regarded as equivalent to the Ganga and
other sacred rivers. Seventeen tirthas or holy waters are believed
to combine in the Swami Pushkarini.
The Varaha Purana attributes the success of Lord Rama in his
battle with Ravana to the bath in the Swami Pushkarini, as it
grants success to all those who bathe in it. The rishi Narayana,
after whom the hill was named Narayanadri, bathed regularly in
the tank and meditated on its banks.
66 Sacred Tanks of South India
Festivals
The Brahmothsavam lasts for 10 days falling between September
and October, and draws lakhs of devotees. The float festival
is equally important and falls in March-April. Vasantotsavam,
Dhanurmasotsavam and Adhyayanotsavam are other festivals in
the temple calendar.
Sacred tank(s)
Swami Pushkarini
Water quality
The quality of the water is good.Water contains low level of
dissolved solids and algae. The pH of the water is slightly acidic.
The level of alkalinity and total hardness are 60 mg/l and 120 mg/l
respectively. The water contains 6.40 mg/l of dissolved oxygen, 100
mg/l of chloride and a very low level of ammonia.
67
Tirupathi
History
In 1130, Sri Ramanuja brought the image of Govindaraja from
Chidambaram and constructed the temple here.
Festivals
Annual festivals like Ugadi, Brahmotsavam, Mukkoti Ekadesi,
Teppotsavam, Kalyanotsavam and Rathotsavam are observed.
Sacred tank(s)
Temple Tank
Kapila Tirtham
Kapila Tirtham
The main source of water for this tank is rainwater and the natural
springs from the hillock. Devotees are allowed to bathe in the tank.
The water quality is good and the tank is maintained properly. The
water is let out to the forest through the outlet.
68 Sacred Tanks of South India
Water quality
The quality of the water is good. The water contains a low level
of dissolved solids and algae and is slightly green in colour. The
pH of the water is neutral. It contains 200 mg/l of alkalinity, 190
mg/l of total hardness, 6.00 mg/l of dissolved oxygen and 140 mg/l
of chloride. The level of ammonia is low.
69
WARANGAL
History
The renowned Kakati Rudra Deva built this temple in 1184 A.D.
Sacred tank(s)
Temple tank.
YADAGIRI GUTTA
Festivals
All the Vaishnavite festivals are observed in the temple. The Kalyana
Utsavam of the Lord is celebrated for 10 days in the month of
Phalguna (March-April) every year from Suddha Dwiteeya to
Suddha Dwadasi.
Sacred tank(s)
Pushkarini
Special feature
The temple is dedicated to Narasimha, the incarnation of Vishnu,
and is situated on the top of a hillock at a height of 92 m. The
place has great importance and attracts devotees throughout the
Yadagiri Gatta 71
year. It is said that the deity here is very powerful and cures severe
ailments when devotees worship for a week or fortnight with
confidence and faith.
There is a chakra on the top of the temple vimana, which is
considered to be of mystic value and power. This chakra glows in
the dark, and sometimes turns on its own. It is not possible to
turn it by any human effort.
Part 2
Karnataka
75
AMBALAPADI
History
Sridhara Nidamburaya is the earliest known ancestor of this Brahmin
family as recorded in the stone inscription found here.
Festivals
The Navarathri festival is celebrated in this temple.
Sacred tank(s)
Temple Tank
Water quality
The quality of the water is found to be good. The water contains
a low level of dissolved solids and the pH of the water is neutral.
The level of alkalinity and total hardness are 160 mg/l and 100
mg/l respectively. The level of chloride present is 80 mg/l. It does
not contain any algae.
76 Sacred Tanks of South India
Special feature
Darshana - consultation through oracle - is a time-honoured
religious practice in this temple. Mahakali is consulted through
devotees who act as a medium and get possessed by the deity
to find effective solutions to the numerous personal problems
presented by the devotees. Sri N. Annaji Ballal, the present trustee
of the temple, has functioned for 40 years as the interpreter of the
pronouncements of the oracle in the ‘Darshna’ sessions.
This temple management is involved in running many charities in
this region. They have undertaken renovation of two village temples,
established a nursery school in the temple campus, a library and
reading room, meditation centre, guest houses, etc.
77
AMBUTIRTHAM
Mythology
The tank is said to have been created by Rama to quench Sita’s
thirst. He shot an arrow into the ground, from which place water
sprang out and became a pond. Hence it has derived the name
Ambu Tirtham, where ‘ambu’ means arrow.
Sacred tank(s)
Ambu Tirtham
Water quality
The quality of the water is good. The water contains a very low
level of dissolved solids. The pH of the water is neutral and the
level of alkalinity and total hardness are 80 mg/l and 90 mg/l
respectively. The level of chloride present is 60 mg/l.
78
BABABUDAN GIRI
Sacred tank(s)
Temple tank
Special feature
Dattatreya is the much awaited incarnation of the Hindu Trinity of
Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. Bababudan Giri dargah is one of the
oldest centres of Sufism in South India. Its founding is associated
with a sufi from Arabia, Dada Hayat Qalandar, in the 17th Century.
This site is under dispute and a case has been in progress in the
Chikmagalur District court since 1980.
Both Hindus and Muslims come here and offer their prayers.
Coffee was first introduced into the Chikmagalur area by Maghribi,
a Sufi at Baba Budhan Nagar, 3 km from the dargah.
79
BELUR
History
The temple occupies a vast area measuring 443’ x 396’ with a massive
prakara and two entrances surmounting a five-storeyed tower. Built
in the Dravidian style, it faces the east and was consecrated in 1117
A.D. under the direct supervision of King Dasoja of Balligame.
This temple is the best example of Hoysala architecture built
predominantly in the 12th Century A.D. It is a very important
place for tourism in Karnataka.
Sacred tank(s)
Vasudeva Kalyani Tirtham / Devasaras
CHAMUNDI HILLS
History
The Hoysola king Vishnuvardhana, built this temple in 1128 A.D.
Sri Mummudi Krishnaraja Wodayar, the king of Mysore, renovated
the temple in 1827.
The gigantic stone bull (Nandi) on the hill is a wonderful
piece of sculpture. Nearly 16 feet heigh, it was carved in 1659 at
the insistence of Dodda Devaraja Wodayar, the king of Mysore at
that time.
Festivals
The Navaratri Utsava at Mysore, the festivities in connection
with the birthday of Chamundeswari, is celebrated on Ashadha
Krishna Shashti. The annual Theppam is observed in the month
of October.
Sacred tank(s)
Devi Kere
Water quality
The quality of the water is found to be good. The water contains
a low level of dissolved solids and the pH of the water is neutral.
The level of alkalinity and total hardness are 200 mg/l and 300
mg/l respectively. The water contains 250 mg/l of chloride and 70
mg/l of sulphate. It does not contain any colour and the level of
algae is very low.
Special feature
On the way to the temple there is a colossal figure of Nandi and
it is on par with its counterparts found in Brihadeeswara temple,
Thanjavur and Nataraja temple, Chidambaram in Tamil Nadu. The
Mysore Dasara surpasses the celebration of this festival in other
parts of India.
82
GOKARNA
History
The ancient temple of Mahabaleshwar is said to have been built
by the Kadamba kings of Banavasi who ruled Karnataka from 3rd
to 7th Century A.D. and the Ramayana and Mahabharata make
several references to this place.
Mythology
The Shata-Shringa Parvata and Koti Tirtham
Just as Kailasa was the abode of Eashwara and Vaikuntha that of
Vishnu, Shata-shringa was the abode of Brahma. Once Garuda was
flying high above Shata-shringa Parvata, holding a serpent named
Durmukha in his beak. As he was looking for a place to eat the
serpent, the serpent unexpectedly slipped from his beak and fell
down on the hills below. Garuda became very angry and lifted
the whole Shata-shringa, along with Brahma, other rishis and the
two crores of tirthams (holy waters) and flew away. Brahma awoke
after a while and pressed the hill with the weight of the three
worlds. Garuda had come by this time near Gokarna. Being unable
to sustain the heavy weight, he requested sage Agastya who was
performing tapas below to relieve him of the great burden, as he
would otherwise inevitably go down and sink in the sea.
Agastya through gnana came to know that it was Eashwara’s
will and took pity on Garuda. He then placed the hill in the sea.
Brahma being satisfied that it was Eashwara’s will, left his kamandalu
Gokarna 83
Rama Tirtham
Rama came to Gokarna accompanied by Seeta and Lakshmana on a
pilgrimage and created a tirtham for performing penance to Mahadeva.
He bathed in it and offered worship to Sri. Mahabaleshwar.
It is believed that those who bathe in the holy waters of Rama
Tirtham and worship Rama on Sree Ramanavami day, reciting
Ashtakshari Japa, will be freed from the sins of brahmahatya (the
sin of killing another).
Festivals
Astabandha Mahotsava is held once in 12 years. Shivarathri is also
celebrated.
Sacred tank(s)
Koti Tirtham
Rama Tirtham
Rama Tirtham
The tank is mainly fed by canal water and the quality is average.
People are allowed to bathe in it. The water outlet is totally
blocked due to encroachments (buildings, shops, etc.). It is a very
important tourist spot.
Water quality
The quality of the water is good. The water contains a low level
of dissolved solids and does not contain algae and colour. The
pH of the water is slightly acidic. The level of alkalinity and total
hardness are 200 mg/l and 250 mg/l respectively.
85
HASSAN
Sacred tank(s)
Devi Kere
KOLAR
Festivals
Shivarathri and Kartigai Deepam are celebrated here.
Sacred tank(s)
Antharaganga
Water quality
The quality of the water is found to be good. The water contains
a very low level of dissolved solids and the pH of the water is
neutral. The level of alkalinity and total hardness are 100 mg/l
and 40 mg/l respectively. There is 70 mg/l of chloride, 30 mg/l of
sulphate and no colour and algae.
Special feature
The Nandeeswara Temple is an ancient Shiva temple. Its unusual
attraction lies in the Nandi, installed on a high mandapa in the
middle of a big tank. Water gushes out of the mouth of the Nandi
perennially and falls into the tank.
87
KOTA
Mythology
It is believed that the Pandavas constructed this temple and tank
in one night.
Festivals
The Mahashivarathri festival is celebrated in the month of
February.
Sacred tank(s)
Mahalingeshwara tank
Water quality
The quality of the water is found to be good. The water contains
a low level of dissolved solids, 150 mg/l of alkalinity, 140 mg/l
of total hardness and of chloride. The pH of the water is slightly
acidic. It does not contain any algae or colour.
88
KUMBAKSHI
History
The temple was probably built about 300 years back.
Mythology
Sage Gowtama’s ashram was at the place where the temple is situated.
Ganapati came in disguise with an illusionary cow. The cow died
and Sage Gowthama prayed to Shiva for the Holy Ganga to give
life to the dead cow. Accordingly Sage Gowthama collected the Holy
Ganga in his kamandala and gave life to the cow by sprinkling the
water on it. A small well was created with his kamandala, which
is believed to be the present tank.
The temple sits in the middle of the tank. One half of the tank is
called as Surya Pushkarini and the other as Chandra Pushkarini.
Festivals
Rathotsavam in the month of Pausha (January-February), Deepam
festival in Kartika (November-December) and Vinayaka Chaturthi
in Sravana (August-September) are celebrated.
Sacred tank(s)
Surya Pushkarini
Chandra Pushkarini
Kumbakshi 89
Water quality
The quality of the water is good. The water contains a very low
level of dissolved solids, 80 mg/l of alkalinity, 70 mg/l of total
hardness and 60 mg/l of chloride.The pH of the water is neutral.
It does not contain any algae.
90
MALPE
Festivals
Laksha Deepam (1 lakh oil lamps) celebrated in the month of
Kartika (November-December) is very important.
Sacred tank(s)
Skanda Pushkarini
Water quality
The quality of the water is good. The water contains a low level of
dissolved solids, 140 mg/l of alkalinity, 100 mg/l of total hardness
and 80mg/l of chloride. The pH of the water is neutral. It does
not contain any algae or colour.
91
MELKOTE
History
Sri Ramanujacharya stayed here for 14 years and brought
many developments to this temple. Due to the efforts of Sri
Ramanujacharya, Dalits are allowed to worship here.
Festivals
Annual Vairamudi festival is celebrated in the temple.
Sacred tank(s)
Thirunarayanswami Kulam
Yoga Narasimhaswami Kulam
Akka Thangai Kulam
Chokkattan Kulam
Bhaswarajan Kulam
Brahmachari Kulam
Water quality
The quality of the water is good. The water contains a low level
of dissolved solids and algae and hence has no associated colour.
The pH of the water is neutral. The level of alkalinity and total
hardness are 150 mg/l and 100 mg/l respectively.
93
MULBAGAL
History
The temple was built during the Vijayanagar period. The Hanuman
temple was renovated by Sri Krishna Devaraya of the Vijayanagar
kingdom and a mahamandapa was constructed by Raja Thodaramall
(Revenue Minister in Akbar’s Court)
Festivals
Rathotsavam in Chaitra (April-May) and Sree Rama Navami are
celebrated.
Sacred tank(s)
Narasimha Tirtham
Veera Anjaneyaswami Tank
Vittala Kulam
Vittala Kulam
This tank is located near the temple. People are allowed to wash
their clothes and hence the water is not fit for bathing. Adjacent
landowners have closed the inlet while the outlet goes to a nearby
lake (Hosakere). The quality of water is very bad.
Water quality
The quality of the water is poor. The water contains a low level of
dissolved solids, 250 mg/l of alkalinity, 120 mg/l of total hardness
and 90 mg/l of chloride. The pH of the water is neutral. It does
not contain any algae or colour.
95
SRAVANABELAGOLA
History
According to inscriptions, the most important monument is the
image of Sri Gomateswara installed by Sri Chavundaraya, Minister
of the Ganga king Rachamalla Sathyavakya, in 988 A.D.
A pond by name Kalyani is situated in the middle of the
village with steps on all sides and surrounded by a wall with gates
surmounted by towers. There is a large pillared hall to the north
with an inscription on one of its many pillars stating that the
pond was built by Chikka Deva Rajendra. Gomatesvara Charita of
Anantakavi states that Chikka Deva, who ordered the construction
of the Kalyani at the request of Annayya, his mint-master, died
before its completion. Annayya completed the construction of the
pond during the rule of Krishnaraja Wodeyar I (1713-1731).
The image of Sri Gomateswara is nude and stands erect, facing
the north. The image is simple, gigantic and majestic. It is about
57 feet high. There is no other monolithic image of this height
in the whole world. In the opinion of Ferguson “Nothing grander
or more imposing exists anywhere out of Egypt and even then there
is no known statue that surpasses its height. The image standing
majestically atop the hill Indragiri, the gigantic statue of Gomateswara
can be seen from a distance of 25 km”.
96 Sacred Tanks of South India
Festivals
Mahamasthakabhisheka or the head anointing ceremony is a
spectacular festival connected with the image of Gomateswara. It
is celebrated once in 12 years, when the heavenly planets reach a
particular conjunction.
Sacred tank(s)
Kalyani Kulam
TALAKADU
History
The Kirti Narayana temple at Talakadu was built by king
Vishnuvardhana of the Hoysala dynasty in 1117 AD.
Mythology
Eashwara dwells in holy Talakadu in the form of the five Lingas.
There is also a holy watering place called Gokarna here. The practice
is to take a dip in Gokarna, worship Vaideeswara, take a dip in
Uttaravahini, worship Arkeshwara, take a dip in Paschimaavahini,
worship Mallikarjuneswara and finally take a dip in Dakshinavahini
and worship Srikanteshwara. If it is not possible to take a dip in
all the four tirthams, one can worship all the five Lingas in the
Vaideeswara temple.
It is believed that when the Sun enters thula rasi, the Ganga
comes from Kasi and joins the Kaveri at Talakadu. Thus it is an
important pilgrim centre.
Festivals
Panchalinga Darshana
At present, except Vaideeswara temple, all the other four temples
are submerged under the sand. It is believed that, on the full moon
day falling on Monday, in the month of Kartigai, when the moon is
in Scorpio, the temples will be freed of the sand cover. This festival
of Panchalinga Darshana is celebrated with pomp in Talakadu.
98 Sacred Tanks of South India
takes place only in khuha yoga and on the day of the Vishakha star.
This occasion with so many combinations is very rare. Sometimes
there will be a gap of 15 years between consecutive celebrations.
The Panchalinga Darshana took place in 1906, 1908, 1915, 1925,
1938, 1952, 1966, 1979, 1986 and again in 1993.
Sacred tank(s)
Temple Tank
Water quality
The quality of the water is good. The water contains a slightly higher
level of dissolved solids, 400 mg/l of alkalinity, 450 mg/l of total
hardness, 400 mg/l of chloride and 120 mg/l of sulphate. The pH
of the water is neutral. It does not contain any algae or colour.
Special feature
The ancient city of Talakadu is now buried deep in silt carried in
by the river Kaveri. The Archaeological Survey of India and State
Forest Department have commenced renovation work and aim at
controlling sand accumulation by afforestation around the area.
99
TALAKAVERI
History
Around 14th Century A.D., King Bhodharupa Bhagawar of North
Malabar (in Kerala), through his chief Melpundi Kunniyarasa, who
was ruling this part of Kodagu, gave some important grants to the
temple. A stone inscription in this regard is found in the courtyard
of Sri Bhagandeshwara temple.
According to the available historical records it is known that
Maharaja Veera Rajendra Wodeyar, the king of Kodagu, renovated
the temple in 1785 A.D. after defeating Tippu Sultan, the king of
Mysore.
Mythology
Kaveri is the foster daughter of Sri Kavera Maharishi, obtained
from Lord Brahma after doing severe penance. Sage Agastya
Maharishi married Kaveri at the ashrama. She wanted to serve
humankind in the form of a river. Sage Agastya converted Kaveri
into water and filled her in his kamandala. He went to have his
bath. Since he did not return for a long time, Kaveri jumped
out of the Kamandala and taking the form of a river she flowed
across the land. Kaveri came to Bhagamandala where she was
met and joined by two other rivers called Kanika and Sujyothi.
Thus Triveni Sangama was formed and Bhagamandala became a
‘Sangama Kshetra’.
100 Sacred Tanks of South India
Festivals
Kaveri Thirthodbhava takes place every year at Talakaveri on Tula
Sankramana day in the month of October. Kaveri incarnated as a
river on Tula Sankramana Muhurtam at Brahmakundi in Talaikaveri.
Therefore, Tula Sankramana day is considered as the sacred birthday
of Kaveri and is popularly known as “Kaveri Sankranti”. The holy
occasion is celebrated as Kaveri Jatra. A grand fair is celebrated for a
period of one month with all religious and traditional rites at Talakaveri
and Bhagamandala. The Kaveri Jatra concludes on the Vrischika
Sankramana day in the middle of November called Kinjatra.
In Tamil Nadu, a festival known as Padinettam Perukku, is
celebrated in the month of Asadhas (July-August) on the banks
of the river.
Sacred tank(s)
Brahmakundi
Water quality
The quality of the water is found to be good. The water contains
a very low level of dissolved solids, 80mg/l of alkalinity, 40mg/l
of total hardness and 70mg/l. of chloride. The pH of the water is
neutral. It does not contain any algae or colour.
Special feature
Lakhs of hectares of land in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu have been
irrigated by the Kaveri river, the Ganges of the south. Numerous
Talakaveri 101
UDIPI
History
Kanakadasa, a devotee of Lord Krishna, was a great poet and sang
many bhajans. Lord Krishna changed direction and gave darshan
to him through a window.
Mythology
Sri Madhwacharya was very upset as his guru Achyuta Prajna did
not allow him to go and take a dip in the holy Ganges. He heard
an unseen voice and the Ganges flowed into the temple tank. Even
today it is believed that once in 12 years, the Ganges flows into
this tank which is also called Madhwasarovar.
Festivals
Saptotsava commences 5 days prior to Makara Sankranti and 3
chariots are drawn on the sixth day. Vasanthotsava in Chaitra
(April-May) and Krishna Leelotsava in Sravana (August-September),
Kanaka Jayanthi in November and Laksha deepotsava in Kartika
(November-December) are celebrated in this temple.
Sacred tank(s)
Madhwa Tirtham
Udipi 103
Water quality
The quality of the water is found to be good. The water contains
a very low level of dissolved solids,100mg/l of alkilinity, 120 mg/l
of total hardness and 80mg/l of chloride. The pH of the water is
slightly acidic.
104
UDIPI
History
The temple dates was probably earlier to 7th Century A.D. The
sculptures resemble the architecture of the Chalukyas of Badami.
The area was once a thick forest with a tank in the centre. Many
sages used to perform severe penance on the banks of this tank.
The present well inside the temple near the sanctum sanctorum is
believed to be this tank.
Sacred tank(s)
Padmasarovar
ADITYAPURAM
Sacred tank(s)
Ambala Kulam
Water quality
The quality of the water is poor. The water contains a very low
level of dissolved solids. It contains algae and therefore the water
is coloured. The pH of the water is slightly acidic. The level of
alkalinity and total hardness are 40 mg/l and 30 mg/l. The level of
chloride is 50 mg/l.
Special feature
This is the only temple to the Sun in Kerala.
108
ALAPUZHA
History
This temple has no roof over the sanctum sanctorum and the deity
is exposed to the sun and rain.
Festivals
The Aaraattu festival of the temple takes place in the month of
October on Vijayadasami day.
The temple is famous for its Chirappu, a 11-day festival starting
from Margasirsa (mid-December).
Sacred tank(s)
Ambala Kulam
Water quality
The quality of the water is good. The water contains a low level
of dissolved solids. The level of alkalinity and total hardness are
160 mg/l and 130 mg/l respectively and the level of chloride is
150 mg/l. The pH of the water is neutral.It does not contain algae
and the water is clear.
109
ALAPUZHA
Mythology
It is believed that on Prathosham day, Shiva bathes in this tank and
dances on its banks. Hence, the tank is called Thandavakulakarai
as thandavam is another word for ‘dance’.
Sacred tank(s)
Ambala Kulam
Water quality
The quality of the water is good. It contains a low level of dissolved
solids, but no algae and hence the water is clear. The pH of the
water is neutral. The level of alkalinity is 150 mg/l and total hardness
is 110 mg/l respectively. The level of chloride is 140 mg/l.
110
CHENGANOOR
History
It is believed that the image of Bhagavathi is actually that of
Kannagi, who came to Chenkunnu in Kerala and did penance under
a tree. Kovalan appeared before her in a vimana and took her to
heaven. Chenguttavan, a Chera king, built a temple for Kannagi.
Thus Chenganoor finds mention in the Silappathikaram.
Mythology
The Sakthikunda Tirtham is outside the temple wall on the north.
It is said that when Parvathi attained puberty, this tank was created
for her purificatory bath. Even now the shrine is closed for three
days every month, and Parvathi is taken on a female elephant to
the river Pamba for bathing. This is called Tiruputtu Aaraattu.
Festivals
The Tiruputtu Aaraattu was perfomed in July 2000. Earlier the temple
used to be closed every month, now it is only occasionally closed.
Sacred tank(s)
Sakthikunda Tirtham
Ganga Tirtham
people and the outflow from the tank was used for agricultural
purposes. At present, due to encroachments, the water is stagnant
and choked with litter and weeds.
Ganga Tirtham
This tank is located outside the temple on the western side. The tank
is in good condition and the public use the water for bathing.
Water quality
The quality of the water is good. It contains a low level of dissolved
solids, but no algae and hence the water is clear. The pH of the
water is slightly acidic. The level of alkalinity is 60 mg/l, total
hardness is 70 mg/l and chloride is 80 mg/l. The level of total
hardness shows that the water is soft.
112
CHOTTANIKKARA
History
Sri Adi Sankaracharya (756-788 A.D.) visited the Devi temple at
Chottanikkara and perceived the divine presence over a wide area
of land, which he marked by digging four tanks along the four
boundaries of the temple. They are treated as sacred water bodies.
The present system of worship in the temple is based on the rituals
prescribed by Adi Sankara. Villumangalam, a devotee, while bathing
in the eastern tank, found an idol of the Goddess. The idol is now
placed in another temple within the same courtyard and is known
as Kizhukkavu Bhagavathi.
According to inscriptions found in the portico of the temple,
the sanctum sanctorum is 300 years old.
Mythology
Bhagavathi, to save her devotees from a terrible Yakshi, caught her
by the hair, cut off her head and threw it in the southern tank. As
a result the water turned red with blood. Thus, this tank is called
Raththa Kulam (raththa in Malayalam means ‘blood’).
Festivals
The annual festival of the temple takes place for 9 days in the
month of Magha (February-March). On all nine days the Aaraattu
ceremony is conducted in each of the four tanks, unlike in other
temples, where it is performed only on the last day.
Chottanikkara 113
Sacred tank(s)
Ambala Kulam
Raththa Kulam
Raththa Kulam
This tank is located half a kilometer from the temple on the
southern side. The quality of water is good and people bathe in
this tank. The outflow is used for watering the fields.
Water quality
Water contains very low level of dissolved solids. It contains algae
and the colour of the water is due to the presence of the algae.
The pH of the water is slightly acidic. The level of alkalinity and
total hardness are 40 mg/l and 30 mg/l respectively. The level of
chloride is 40 mg/l. The level of total hardness shows that the
water is soft and the quality of the water is good.
Special feature
Mentally disturbed women are believed to be benefited by being
present there continuously for four days. On Fridays, it is believed
that people are relieved of evil spirits.
114
ETTUMANUR
History
It is noted from an inscription on the base of the central shrine,
that the repair work commenced in the year 1542.
A valiavilakku (a celebrated lamp) of unusual size installed in
1545 A.D. is still in use, burning bright with five wicks.
Mythology
According to legend, Lomaharsha, disciple of Vyasa Maharishi, visited
this temple. While bathing in the temple tank, he slipped and fell
down. The onlookers burst out laughing. The sage grew angry and
cursed the temple saying that it would turn desolate. Hence, only
a thick forest remained in the place for a thousand years.
Festivals
The annual festival at Ettumanur is in the Malayalam month of
Magha (February-March). It lasts for 10 days and the Aaraattu festival
is on the last day corresponding to the Thiruvathira asterism.
Sacred tank(s)
Villu Kulam
local people bathe in this water. The tank receives water from rain
and was under renovation during my visit. Owing to development
and construction of houses, the width of the outlet from the tank
has reduced considerably.
116
EVOOR
History
Sri Moolam Tirunal Rama Varma (1885-1924) built this temple
in the 19th Century.
Sacred tank(s)
Ambala Kulam (Elephant Tank)
GURUVAYUR
History
There are no inscriptions, but it is said that a Pandya king built
the temple.
One of the most popular offerings is the thulabharam - a
ceremony in which the devotee is weighed against bananas, sugar,
jaggery, coconuts, etc. The weighed item is then gifted to the temple.
The devotees perform annaprasanam - feeding rice to infants for
the first time before the deity.
Mythology
Before leaving the earth for his heavenly abode, Krishna told
Uddhava, his foremost disciple, that he had installed the image
of Vishnu in the temple at Dwaraka and it was to be installed
in another place decided by Guru Brihaspati. When Dwaraka
was submerged, Guru Brihaspati recovered the idol from the sea.
Vayu, the wind, assisted Guru Brihaspati in finding a holy place
for installing the idol. When they reached Kerala, Parashurama
showed a lake full of lotus flowers which belonged to Shiva and
Parvathi. However, they willingly moved to Mammiyoor where a
temple was built later. Guru Brihaspati and Vayu placed the idol
in the temple built by Viswakarma. As Guru and Vayu founded
the temple together, the place came to be called ‘Guruvayupura’
in accordance with Shiva’s wish. Later the name was shortened
to Guruvayur.
118 Sacred Tanks of South India
Festivals
Guruvayur Ekadasi falling in the month of Kartika (November)
is a very important day and Mandalam festival starting from the
first of Vrichika is celebrated for 41 days.
Sacred tank(s)
Rudra Tirtham
Water quality
The quality of the water is good. It contains a low level of dissolved
solids. The presence of algae makes the water slightly coloured.
The pH of the water is neutral. The level of alkalinity and total
hardness are 160 mg/l and 140 mg/l respectively and that of
chloride is 150 mg/l.
119
HARIPAD
History
This temple probably belongs to the 18th Century. In 1921 A.D. the
temple was destroyed in a fire and was rebuilt in the same year.
Kavadiyattam, a dance carrying a kavadi, is the most important
offering here. A kavadi is a bow shaped wooden structure decorated
with tapestry and peacock feathers and carried on the shoulders
as an offering to Subrahmanya.
Festivals
Several annual festivals are celebrated. The Avani Utsavam in Sravana
(August-September), Margazhi Utsavam in Margasirsa (December-
January), Chitra Utsavam in Chaitra (April-May), Kartika in Kartika
(November-December) and Thai Puyam (January -February) are
very important.
The boat festival of the Paipad river is observed as a national
festival in this area.
Sacred tank(s)
Ambala Kulam
Water quality
The water contains slightly higher level of dissolved solids. It does
not contain algae and the water is clear. The pH of the water is
neutral. The level of alkalinity and total hardness are 160 mg/l
and 220 mg/l respectively. The level of chloride is 180 mg/l. The
level of total hardness shows that the water is soft. The quality of
the water is good.
121
IRINJALAKUDA
Mythology
The word Irinjalakuda means ‘Land in the middle of two rivers’
as in the ancient days it was located at the confluence or sangam
of the two rivers - Chalakkudi and Kurumali which have since
changed their course.
There was a period of adversity. Nature was hostile, drought,
excess rain, raging wind and bad weather were the order of
the day. Sage Kulpini along with his saintly friends reached this
spot. They performed many yagnas here (3 different ‘homakundams’,
the holy hearth where ghee, grains, etc. are burnt to please God,
can be seen here). During the culmination of the yagna, Yagnadeva
(the god of sacrifice) appeared before the sages from the middle
homakundam.
He was ready to grant them any boon as he was pleased with
them. The sages pleaded for his permanent presence and blessing
by taking up abode there. On his command the holy rivers Ganga,
Yamuna and Saraswathi filled the homakundam and became a lake.
The Sages performed avabhrita snanam (holy bath for salvation).
This lake came to be known as Kulpini Tirtham.
Festivals
The Aaraattu festival (on the final day of the annual festival) is
held for 11 days from Uttiram to Tiruvonam asterisms in Chaitra
(April-May). The festival takes place on the banks of the Chalakkudi
river and the Kurumali river on alternate years, thereby indicating
the previous connection of the deity with these rivers.
122 Sacred Tanks of South India
Sacred tank(s)
Kulpini Tirtham
Kuttan Kulam
Kuttan Kulam
This sacred tank is situated in front of the main temple. It is
surrounded by houses on two sides and by a metal road on the
other two sides. It is in very bad condition. The flow of water has
stopped due to continuous alterations to the inlet/outlet tank over
the past twenty years. It has led to stagnation of water, covered
by salvinia weed.
Water quality
The water contains a low level of dissolved solids. It contains algae
and the colour of the water is due to the presence of algae. The pH
of the water is neutral. The level of alkalinity and total hardness
are 50 mg/l and 60 mg/l respectively. The level of chloride is 60
mg/l. The level of total hardness shows that the water is soft. The
quality of the water is good.
Irinjalakuda 123
Special features
There are certain distinctive features about the Koodalmanikam
temple. It is the only temple dedicated to Bharata (Rama’s younger
brother) in the whole of India. Even today, it is believed that Hanuman
lives in the temple kitchen. Brinjal naivedyam is another important
offering made to Bharata. It is considered to be a prime medicine
to cure stomach ailments.
124
KADUTHURUTHY
Sacred tank(s)
Thali Kulam
Water quality
The quality of the water is poor. The water is clear as it contains
a low level of dissolved solids and no algae. The pH of the water
is slightly acidic. The level of alkalinity and total hardness are 40
mg/l and 30 mg/l respectively and that of chloride is 40 mg/l. The
level of total hardness shows that the water is soft.
125
KODUNGALLUR
History
Kodungallur is of great historical importance having been the seat
of the Chera Kings. It was a great seaport and visited by Romans,
Greeks, Chinese and Arab traders. The Tamil classic Silappadhikaram
mentions the installation of an idol of Kannagi, the heroine of
the classic, at the capital Vanji (Kodungallur). The Chera king,
Chenguttavan, believed that she was an incarnation of Durga. The
period of this installation is believed to be during 113–125 A.D.
Mythology
It is believed that the pond was formed in the hollow created where
Bhagavathi picked up a handful of soil. Ganesha’s idol is placed in
the middle of the pond.
The uniqueness of this temple is the small secret chamber which
is covered on all sides. No one is allowed to enter the chamber.
People are afraid of entering the chamber and it is also believed
that Adi Sankara installed the Mahameru Sree Chakra inside the
secret chamber.
Festivals
The month-long Bharani festival begins on the Bharani asterism
of the month of Magha (February-March). It is the one temple in
126 Sacred Tanks of South India
Kerala where low caste Hindus were allowed entry to the festival, long
before the temple entry legislation became effective in Kerala.
Sacred tank(s)
Vatta Kulam
Water quality
Water contains low level of dissolved solids. It contains algae and
the colour of the water is due to the presence of algae. The pH
of the water is neutral. The level of alkalinity and total hardness
are 70 mg/l and 80 mg/l respectively. The level of chloride is 80
mg/l. The level of total hardness shows that the water is soft. The
quality of the water is poor.
127
KOTTAYAM
History
The Royal family of Thekkumkur built this temple in the 15th
Century.
This temple has fine wood carvings of artistic excellence. There
are several paintings over the outer walls of the temple.
Festivals
The grandest annual festival here is the Aaraattu Utsavam lasting
for 10 days from 1st to 10th of Phalguna (March). Lakhs of people
visit the temple during this festival which offers many cultural
programmes and entertainment. Many devotees visit this temple
on their way to Sabarimala.
Sacred tank(s)
Ambala Kulam
The local people feel that the tank gets polluted mainly between
November and mid-January by Sabarimala devotees who drop plastic
covers, oil bottles, shampoo sachets, etc. into the tank.
Water quality
The quality of the water is good. The water contains a low level
of dissolved solids and more algae. Hence the water is coloured.
The pH of the water is slightly acidic, the level of alkalinity and
total hardness are 70 mg/l and 40 mg/l and the level of chloride
is 80 mg/l.
129
KUMARANALLUR
History
The Pandya king Cheraman Perumal built this temple.
This temple resembles the Madurai Meenakshi temple. The image
of Devi is made of anjalakal - antimony sulphate - rather than
stone as in other temples.
Festivals
The temple celebrates Tirukarthika festival in the month of Kartika
(November-December). On this day, it is believed that the Devi
took her Karthika bath and performed several rituals on the banks
of this tank (Ambala Kulam) with great devotion.
Sacred tank(s)
Ambala Kulam
Kunnattu Kulam
Kunnattu Kulam
This tank is situated on the southern side in the residential area.
Since the water is polluted, the local people do not bathe in the
130 Sacred Tanks of South India
tank. Trees and shrubs cover the tank bunds leading to water
stagnation, and the tank is filled with leaves, branches and uprooted
trees. The water channels are closed due to encroachments. Owing
to mismanagement by the temple authorities and the public, the
sacred tank is in a bad condition.
Water quality
The quality of the water is good in the Ambala Kulam. The water
is clear as it contains a low level of dissolved solids and no algae.
The pH of the water is slightly acidic. The level of alkalinity and
total hardness are 30 mg/l and 30 mg/l respectively and that of
chloride is 50 mg/l. The level of total hardness shows that the
water is soft.
131
MANNARSALA
History
The temple is situated in the midst of a sacred grove of 16 acres.
Nobody is allowed to enter the underground shrine for the Snake
King, except the old priestess.
Mythology
A unique offering of an uruli, a small bell metal vessel, is made
here by childless couples, in order to be blessed with children.
Festivals
The annual Utsavam at this temple is celebrated in Asvini (October-
November).
Sacred tank(s)
Ambala Kulam (inside the temple)
Ambala Kulam (outside the temple)
water. The local people use the tank located outside the temple on
the eastern side of the temple for bathing.
Water quality
The quality of the water is good. It is clear as it contains a low level
of dissolved solids and no algae. The pH of the water is neutral.
The level of alkalinity and total hardness are 140 mg/l and 160
mg/l respectively while that of chloride is 140 mg/l.
133
PANACHIKADU
History
For the past 600 years, Kizhupuram family priests are maintaining
the temple and performing pooja in this temple. Presently Sri
Damodharan Namboodiri is performing the pooja.
Mythology
The Kizhupuram family priest used to visit Devi Mookambika
temple at Kollur, Karnataka. When he became old, he was very
worried that he could not go to Kollur again. He left his umbrella
and went to have a dip in the nearby tank. On returning he found
that his umbrella could not be removed. As instructed in a dream,
he brought an idol of Mookambika from the neighouring forest
and kept it in the same place. A temple was later built over it.
Festivals
Navarathari and Vijayadhasami festivals are celebrated every year.
This is the only temple dedicated to Goddess Saraswati in Kerala.
Sacred tank(s)
Kulam
Ambala Kulam
and one outside the temple. The tank within the temple is used
for pooja purposes only and the public are allowed to bathe and
wash their clothes in the tank outside the temple. The outflow is
let out to the paddy fields. The water is good and the tanks are
maintained properly.
Water quality
The quality of the water is good.The water is clear as it contains a
low level of dissolved solids and no algae. The pH of the water is
slightly acidic. The level of alkalinity and total hardness are 50 mg/l
and 30 mg/l respectively, while that of of chloride is 60 mg/l.
135
RAMAPURAM
Mythology
The temple has been built at the place where Rama rested on his
way to Sri Lanka.
Festivals
The Aaraattu festival is observed in the month of April for 8 days.
Sacred tank(s)
Ambala Kulam
Water quality
The quality of the water is good. The water is clear as it contains
a low level of dissolved solids and no algae. The pH of the water
is neutral. The level of alkalinity and total hardness are 40 mg/l
and 30 mg/l respectively while that of chloride is 60 mg/l. The
level of total hardness shows that the water is soft.
136
SABARIMALA
Festivals
The pilgrims have to follow several restrictions or vrata for 41 days
before embarking on their pilgrimage to Sabarimala.
The eighteen steps (pathinettampadi) leading to the sanctum
sanctorum are very important and those who have observed vrata
for 41 days and carry an irumudi are permitted to climb these
steps. The temple doors and Sabarimala are open to all irrespective
of caste, religion and social status.
Sacred tank(s)
Bhasma Kulam
Water quality
The quality of the water is good.The water is clear as it contains
a low level of dissolved solids and no algae. The pH of the water
Sabarimala 137
THRISSUR
History
Adi Sankaracharya (778-820) visited this temple and installed a
Mutt.
Ghee from cow’s milk is used for abhisheka of Vadakkunatha.
The Lingam is not visible as it is covered with a thick layer of
ghee. In Ayurveda, old ghee is associated with medicinal value.
Hence the ghee coating on the Lingam is used by Vaidyas as a
cure for many diseases.
Mythology
A deep well is in the middle of the sacred tank and it is believed
that bathing in this pond has as much sanctity as bathing in the
Holy Ganga.
Festivals
There are no annual utsavams or other celebrations here except
Shivarathri.
Sacred tank(s)
Padinjare Chira
Thrissur 139
Water quality
The quality of the water is good. The water is clear as it contains
a low level of dissolved solids and no algae. The pH of the water
is neutral. The level of alkalinity and total hardness are 50 mg/l
and 80 mg/l respectively and that of chloride is 50 mg/l. The level
of total hardness shows that the water is soft.
140
TIRUVALLA
Sacred tank(s)
Jalavanthi (Ghantakarna Tirtha)
Puthen Kulam
Mythology
Within the space of a single night a new tank called Puthen Kulam
was dug in the 17th Century by the Diwan of King Marthanda
Varma, as the king was not allowed to bathe in the Ghantakarna
Tirtha situated inside the temple.
Vibuthi is given as prasada only in the Sri Sudharsana
Chakrathalwar shrine of the Vallabha temple. However, the priests
are prohibited from applying it on their forehead.
Puthen Kulam
The tank is away from the temple on the eastern side and is used
by the public for bathing. Until five years back the outflow was
diverted to the paddy field and this has since been blocked due
to construction of houses.
Tiruvalla 141
Water quality
The quality of the water is good.The water is clear as it contains
a low level of dissolved solids and no algae. The pH of the water
is neutral. The level of alkalinity and total hardness are 160 mg/l
and 180 mg/l respectively while that of chloride is 140 mg/l.
142
TIRUVANANTHAPURAM
History
The historical evidence dates back to 1729 A.D. the reign of Maharaja
Marthanda Varma. This place is mentioned in Nammalwar’s
poems which means that this temple probably belongs to the 10th
Century.
The Kulasekhara Mandapa, in particular, is a storehouse of
some of the best pieces of sculpture and contains representations
of various deities.
Festivals
There are two main annual utsavams in the months of Phalguna
(March-April) and Bhadra (September-October). Both extend
over 10 days. On the 10th day of the Aaraattu, the deities are
ritually bathed in the sea (Arabian Sea) after performing the
appropriate poojas. A procession escorts the purified images back
to the temple.
On Laksha Deepam, the festival of a hundred - thousand lights
on the auspicious day of Makara Sankranti (mid January), a myriad
lamps light up the entire gopuram and temple tank presenting a
spectacular appearance.
Sacred tank(s)
Padmanabha Tirtham
Tiruvananthapuram 143
Water quality
The quality of the water is good. The water is clear as it contains
a low level of dissolved solids and no algae. The pH of the water
is neutral. The level of alkalinity and total hardness are 130 mg/l
and 120 mg/l respectively and that of chloride is 140 mg/l.
144
TIRUVANANTHAPURAM
Sacred tank(s)
Varaha Ambala Kulam
Water quality
The quality of the water is poor. The water is clear as it contains
a low level of dissolved solids and no algae.The pH of the water
is neutral. The level of alkalinity and total hardness are 120 mg/l
and 100 mg/l respectively and that of chloride is 140 mg/l.
145
VAIKOM
History
Sri. K.V. Soundara Rajan reveals that the temple at Vaikom is datable
to the 11th or 12th Century. The Vaikom Temple Entry Movement
(1924–25) brought about a social revolution in Kerala.
Mythology
Ganga Prapatha Tirtham
Parasurama came to worship Shiva and found that the people and
animals were suffering because of lack of water. He praised the Lord
and told him of their sorrows. The Lord appeared in front of him
and asked what boon he wanted. Parasurama asked for the grant of a
tirtham which the devotees could drink, bathe in and offer tharpanam
to their ancestors. The Lord made a tirtham appear there by allowing
Ganga, wound in his matted hair, to come down. At once Devas,
Kinnaras and Gandharvas came and touched the holy pond. This is
believed to be the pond we see on the northern side of the temple.
It is duly called ‘Ganga Prapatha Tirtham’ or ‘Valiyachira’.
Shivananda Tirtham
Once Maharishi Nidagha came to Vyaghrapada Maharishi. He
begged the Maharishi to accept him as a disciple. Vyaghrapada
Maharishi taught him Shaiva Manthra Vidya and Upasana Yoga
and blessed him by saying that all success and mukti could be
achieved by chanting Shiva bhajans. Nidagha performed Sivopasana
with much devotion.
146 Sacred Tanks of South India
Arathihara Tirtham
Shankara and Mukunda, two learned young Brahmins, from
Kanyakumari, well versed in the sastras, reached Vaikom on their way
to Kashi. While enjoying the bhajans and meals of Vaikkathappan,
Mukunda left for Kasi without Shankara. The thought of being
unable to bathe in the Ganga and separation from Mukunda made
Shankara heart-broken and soon he was afflicted by severe fever.
One day he was in a deep sleep after a sincere prayer to Shiva
when, in a dream, the Lord asked him to bathe in the eastern
pond, assuring him of the fulfillment of his desires. As per the
order, Shankara rose early in the morning and bathed in the pond,
reciting mantras. Shankara was joyous to note that he was really in
the Ganga Tirtha when he rose from the pond. He praised Shiva.
At the same moment Vyaghrapada Maharishi arrived there and
assured him that his friend would return in eighteen months and
would take him back to attain Shiva Sayujya. The same tirtha in
the east is known as Arathihara Tirtha or Aarthi Vinasana Tirtha. It
is believed that bathing and offering tharpanam here is equivalent
to performing the same in the Ganga.
Festivals
The annual festival of the temple and the most important event of
the year is Ashtami in the month of Kartika (November-December).
It is a 13-day festival when the Aaraattu the holy bath for the deity,
takes place on the 13th Koodi Pooja in the Aaraattu Kulam. In this
function, the Lord of Udayanapuram (Subramanya, son of Shiva)
comes to Vaikom. After the Aaraattu a pooja takes place for both
Vaikom 147
father and son in the sanctum. This ritual is again unique and not
seen in any other temple in Kerala.
Sacred tank(s)
Ganga Prapatha Tirtham
Shivananda Tirtham
Arathihara Tank
Shivananda Tirtham
This tank is situated in the northeast corner of the temple. But at
present it has shrunk to the size of a well and the water is being
used exclusively for pooja in the temple.
Water quality
The quality of the water is good. The water is clear as it contains
a low level of dissolved solids and no algae.The pH of the water
is neutral. The level of alkalinity and total hardness are 110 mg/l
and 90 mg/l and that of chloride is 90 mg/l.
148
VARKALA
Mythology
Krishna is said to have brought the holy Ganga here with the help
of the ‘sudarasana chakra’. The water is now known as Chakra
Tirtham and is used for the temple.
This tirtham became famous on account of many miracles like
curing of diseases,etc.
Festivals
The annual Aaraattu festival is a ten-day event commencing with
the kodiyettam or flag-hoisting ceremony on Kartika day and ending
with Aaraattu on Uttiram day in Phalguna (March-April).
Sacred tank(s)
Chakra Tirtham
Water quality
The quality of the water is good. The water is clear as it contains a
low level of dissolved solids and no algae. The pH of the water is
Varkala 149
neutral. The level of alkalinity and total hardness are 80 mg/l and
70 mg/l respectively and that of chloride is 100 mg/l. The level of
total hardness shows that the water is soft.
Special features
Varkala is also famous for the Papanasam holy spring, a health
resort. Sree Narayana Guru, the great social reformer, built the
Sarada Mutt at Sivagiri, which attracts innumerable devotees.
Part 4
Pondicherry
Pondicherry Map
153
TIRUNALLAR
History
As per inscriptions found in the temple, King Ninraseer Nedumara
Pandiyan had renovated the temple and tank during the 7th
Century.
Mythology
The Brahma Tirtham was created by Brahma for the holy bath of
Shiva. It is believed that if the water turns red at any time, it is a
premonition of a calamity. Devotees have to arrange special prayers to
appease the Lord, when the water would become normal again.
Saraswathi Tirtham
It is believed that even a dumb person can recite poetry after
bathing for a mandalam (48 days) in this tank.
Nala Tirtham
Shiva brought the Ganges here for the sake of King Nala who after
bathing in this tank was cured of his depression and released from
Saneeswaran’s curse.
Festivals
Sani Peyarchi (transition of Saturn to other planetary positions
of the zodiac) once in 2½ years and an 18-day festival in Vaigasi
154 Sacred Tanks of South India
Sacred tank(s)
Nala Tirtham
Brahma Tirtham
Saraswathi Tirtham
Vaaniya Tirtham
Nala Tirtham
This tank is outside the temple at a distance of 1 km. It also receives
water through the Noolaru river canal. People are permitted to
bathe in the tank but not wash their clothes. However, the water
is polluted as they anoint themselves with oil before bathing, drop
the shampoo sachets and also leave behind the clothes they were
wearing to rid themselves of Sani Dosham [the influence of Sani
(Saturn)]. Fish breeding is practiced in the tank.
Vaaniya Kulam
This tank is outside the temple at a distance of ½ km. Fish breeding
is practiced in the tank and is the main source of income for the
Tirunallar 155
temple. Water comes from the Noolaru river canal and water from
the outlet is let into the agricultural fields.
Water quality
It contains more algae and showed little eutrophication. The water
contains a high level of dissolved solids. The pH of the water is
neutral and it contains 470 mg/l of alkalinity. The dissolved oxygen
level is low and that of ammonia is high.
Part 6
Tamilnadu
160
History
This temple probably earlier to the 17th Century A.D., Inscriptions
of Nayaka period (16th Century A.D.) are found in this temple.
Festivals
Vaikasi Visakam commemorating the divine birth of Muruga is
celebrated in the month of Vaisakha (May-June).
Sacred tank(s)
Kirupa Tirtham
Special feature
This temple and tank are located in the Annamalai University
campus.
161
AVINASI
History
This temple is very old, probably built by early Cholas. Inscriptions
reveal that the Cholas, Pandyas and the Hoysalas have made
extensive endowments.
Mythology
Saint Sundarar used his divine powers to give life to a child swallowed
by a crocodile in the Thamarai Kulam near the temple.
Sacred tank(s)
Temple tank
CHENNIMALAI
History
This temple was probably built in the 12th Century A.D.
Festivals
On Thai Poosam day (January-February), a float festival is
celebrated.
Sacred tank(s)
Subramanya Swamy Tank
Thirumanjana Tirtham
Mamanga Tirtham
Thirumanjana Tirtham
This tank is outside the temple at the foot of the hills and the
water is used only for pooja purposes. The water quality is good.
Chennimalai 163
Mamanga Tirtham
This tank is away from the main temple and is at the foot of the
hill. It is believed that the water overflows once in twelve years.
Hence, it is called Mamanga Tirtham and this incident last occurred
in 1994. The water quality is very good.
164
CHIDAMBARAM
History
Epigraphic records show that Parantaka Chola (907–951 A.D.)
renovated the Chit Sabha in this temple and Kulothunga III
(1178–1216 A.D.) had built the gopuram of the temple.
Mythology
Chidambaram is a very important centre for Hindus. It is said that
Nataraja danced and blessed his devotees Patanjali and Vyagrapada
here. The five steps leading to the hall signify the five sacred letters
of Panchakshara Mantram. In ancient days, Simhavarma of North
India bathed in the tank within the temple and found that he had
a golden appearance. Hence, he was known as Hiranyavarma or
the gold-armoured. It is also said that the gold recovered from a
well near the Chit Sabha (dancing hall) was utilised for covering
the roof of the temple.
Festivals
Thiruvathirai Thiruvizha in the month of Margasira (December-
January), Ani Uthiram (June-July), Shivarathri and Magha Magam
in the month of Magha (February-March), Tamil New Year and
the annual Theppam festival in the month of Chaitra (April-May)
are the main festivals celebrated in this temple.
Chidambaram 165
Sacred tank(s)
Sivaganga Tirtham
Water quality
The quality of the water is good. The water contains a low level
of dissolved solids and 2.76 mg/l of ammonia. The colour of the
water seems to be green due to the presence of algae. The water is
neutral and the level of dissolved oxygen is 6.40 mg/l. The level of
alkalinity and total hardness are 40 mg/l and 40 mg/l respectively
and that of chloride is 40 mg/l.
166
GANGAIKONDA CHOLAPURAM
History
Rajendra Chola (1012–1044 A.D.) built this temple to commemorate
his victory in the north, which earned him the title “Gangaikonda
Cholan”. He also brought water from the Ganges and poured it
in a well. He built this big temple around the well and named it
Gangaikonda Cholisvaram.
Sacred tank(s)
Temple tank
Special features
The well has the figure of a lion carved at the top, it is called
the ‘well of the lion’ or Singakeni. Such wells can be seen in
Tiruvidaimarudur and Virinchipuram.
Gangaikonda Cholapuram 167
HOSUR
History
This temple probably belongs to the 13th Century A.D.
Mythology
The tank was created by Vishnu to quench the thirst of his sister
Maragathamman and is hence called Maragatha Tirtham.
Festivals
The annual float festival is held in the month of Phalguna (March
-April).
Sacred tank(s)
Maragatha Tirtham
Temple tank
Temple tank
This tank is near the temple. Rainwater accumulates in the tank
and people are allowed to bathe in it. The temple authorities
renovated the tank recently.
170
KAALAIYAR KOIL
History
This temple was built by Maravarma Sundra Pandian in the 7th
Century A.D.
Mythology
It is believed that Indra’s elephant Iravatham took a dip in the
Gaja Pushkarini and worshipped the Lord to get rid of Nandi’s
curse. (gaja in Sanskrit means ‘elephant’).
Sacred tank(s)
Gaja Pushkarini
Gowri Tirtham
Sivaganga Kali Tirtham
Gowri Tirtham
Kaalaiyar Koil 171
KUDAVASAL
History
Kochenga Cholan built this temple in the Sangam period.
Festivals
A grand festival is celebrated in the month of Masi (February-
March) every year.
Sacred tank(s)
Amirtha Pushkarini
KUMBAKONAM
History
According to inscriptions, the Nayakars renovated the tank in the
16th Century.
Mythology
Shiva broke the sacred pot in which amirtham was kept by Brahma,
and it collected in a tank called Mahamaga Kulam. It is believed
that the Ganga and other holy rivers come to Mahamaga Kulam
once in twelve years, at which time it is very sacred to take a dip
in this tank.
Festivals
The Mahamagam festival in the month of Magha (February-March)
is celebrated once in 12 years, when lakhs of people gather to take a
holy dip in this tank. The last Mahamagam was observed in 1994. The
float festival takes place in the month of Phalguna (March-April).
Sacred tank(s)
Mahamaga Kulam
KUNDRAKKUDI
History
Inscriptions of Raja Raja Chola I (985–1015 A.D.), Kulothunga
Chola I (1070–1120 A.D.), Sadayavarman Sri Pallava Thevan (1115
–1137 A.D.) and Kulothunga Chola III (1178–1218 A.D.) are found
in this temple.
Mythology
According to the Puranas, Shanmuga established the Saravana Poigai
to please his peacock or vahana (vehicle).
Festivals
Thai Poosam in Pausha (January-February), Panguni Uthiram in
Phalguna (March-April), Chitra Paal Perukku Vizha (April-May) and
Visaka Visakam (May-June) to commemorate the legend of Shiva
carrying sand in exchange for some food (Pittukku mann sumandha
puranam) as observed at Madurai. The Aadheenam carries out
desiltation and temple renovation work by involving the public. They
are provided food and pittu (made from rice flour) as prasadam.
Sacred tank(s)
Saravana Poigai
Marudhapuri Tank
Melavaiyapuri Tank
176 Sacred Tanks of South India
Marudhapuri tank
It is on the southern side of the hillock. It was built by the Marudhu
brothers of Sivaganga as they were cured of cancer after praying
to Muruga at this temple. People use the water for bathing and
washing and the water from the outlet is let into a nearby coconut
farm belonging to the temple. The Aadheenam and Agricultural
Engineering Department, Government of Tamilnadu, desilted the
tank in 1973 and again in 1996.
Melavaiyapuri tank
Mulaiyur Thandavaraya Pillai, Minister of King Rajapuli Muthu
Vaduganathar Periya Udayan, built this tank in 1754 A.D. The tank
is in good condition. Lilies and lotuses are grown in the tank and
used for pooja purpose.
177
LALGUDI
Mythology
It is believed that the water in the tank has medicinal properties and
a king was cured of a form of leprosy when he bathed in it for 48
days. People believe that they are relieved of Navagraha Dosham if
they take a dip in the tank and worship Sapthagiriswarar. Children
suffering from high fever are brought here to perform abhishekam
with sandalwood paste for Jeerageswarar, another deity within the
main temple, to get cured.
Sacred tank(s)
Sivaganga Tirtham
MADURAI
History
Kulasekara Pandiyan built this temple. The earliest record is from
the Mahavamsa, which mentions that Vijaya, the first king of Ceylon
(500 B.C.), was the son-in-law of the Pandiya king. The buildings
were cconstructed during the Nayak period.
Mythology
Shiva appeared in the court of King Shenbaga Pandiyan to challenge
poet Nakkeerar, who had argued the meaning of a verse given by
Shiva to another poet Tharumi. In order to show Nakkeerar who
he was, Shiva turned the heat of his third eye on him. Nakkeerar
immersed himself in the Golden Lily tank to escape from the heat,
until Shiva eventually forgave him. It is said that Sage Tiruvalluvar
recited the Tirukural from this tank.
Festivals
Many festivals are celebrated in this temple. There is at least one
important festival for each Tamil month, though six festivals -
ChitraVizha, Adi Mulaikkottu, Avani Mulam, Tirukkarthigai, Theppam
and Magha Mandalam - are classified as major festivals.
The Theppam festival in Pausha lasts for 12 days. On the 12th
day - Tirumalai Nayakan’s birthday - the idols of Meenakshi and
Sundareswarar are placed on a float (theppam) that is pulled around
the large tank built by the king at Mariamman or Vandiyur Theppa
Kulam situated away from the temple, before they are placed in
the mandapam built in the middle of the tank.
Madurai 179
Sacred tank(s)
Portramarai Kulam (Golden Lily tank)
Water quality
The quality of the water is good.The water contains a low level
of dissolved solids, ammonia, algae and dissolved oxygen.The pH
of water is neutral.
Special features
At the eastern end of the town is the big Theppa Kulam, also called
the Mariamman Tank. It is as big as the Meenakshi temple. The
pit was formed by digging out clay for making bricks to build the
Thirumalai Nayakan palace This became the tank, and it is fed by
a canal from the river Vaigai. The huge Ganapathi idol present in
the Meenakshi temple was found here.
180
MANNARGUDI
Festivals
Brahmothsavam observed for 18 days in the month of Phalguna
(March-April), Theppotsavam celebrated for 10 days in the month
of Jeshta (June-July) and Golden Garuda Seva are important festivals
observed here.
Sacred tank(s)
Temple tank (away from the temple)
Temple tank (at the entrance to the temple)
There are as many as 10 sacred tanks in the vicinity of the temple:
Rukmini Sarovar, Chakra Tirtham, Krishna Tirtham, Durvasa Tirtham,
Haridranavi Tirtham, Tiruppar Kadal, Bamini Tirtham, etc.
Temple tank
This tank at the entrance of the temple is in a bad condition and
the water is stagnant. Both inlet and outlet are blocked and the
Mannargudi 181
banks of the tank are littered with garbage and refuse. The water
is not used for any purpose.
Special feature
The temple and the tank are among the biggest Vaishnava temples
and tanks in Tamilnadu.
182
MAYAVARAM
History
According to inscriptions, King Rajakesari Varma (10th–11th
Century) had undertaken renovation of this temple.
Festivals
Thula Kaveri Snanam in the month of Asadhas (October-November)
is very sacred.
Sacred tank(s)
Brahma Tirtham
NAGERCOIL
Sacred tank(s)
Temple tank
Water quality
The quality of the water is good. It contains a slightly higher
level of dissolved solids and ammonia and low level of algae and
dissolved oxygen. The pH of the water is neutral.
Special feature
The present Nagercoil bus-stand and the Anna Sports Pavilion used
to be temple tanks in the ancient days. These sites are under dispute
between the temple authorities and the Municipality.
184
Narthamalai
History
Narthamalai has one of the oldest structural stone temples, built by
the Mutharaiyars. A 9th century Pallava Cava temple dedicated to
Lord Shiva lies to the South, and infront of this is the Vijayalaya
Choliswaran temple and it is in a circular in shape and was built
by Vijayala Chola. Many archaeologists and research scholars visit
this area to study the pre-historic burial grounds present here.
Malaiammal, daughter of Zamindar of Vetavalem, is involved in
the renovation of this temple.
Festivals
The annual Poochorial (decking the deity with flowers) festival is
celebrated for ten days in Chaitra (April – May), drawing lakhs
of devotees.
Sacred tank(s)
Temple tank
Water quality
The quality of water is good and it is even potable. The water
contains a low level of dissolved solids and ammonia. The water
Narthamalai 185
Special features
This is a cave temple. In olden days, Jainism flourished in this area.
It is also mentioned that in the 9th and 10th Century, several traders
jointly built many temples and tanks and involved themselves in
the development of the town.
186
NATTARASAN KOTTAI
History
The Nagarathar community probably built this temple and the
tank in the 18th Century.
Sacred tank(s)
Temple tank
Special feature
A unique feature is that an entire community is involved in the
maintenance of the temple tank.
187
PERUR
Sacred tank(s)
Theppa Kulam
History
Karikala Cholan built this temple’s garbagriha in the early Christian
era. Perur dates back to the Roman period, as a treasure trove of
Roman coins was discovered here. During the Vijayanagara period,
this tank was built by Mathaiyan, Minister to Sikkaraya Wodeyar
(1489–1517), as mentioned in an inscription.
Special features
The soil at Vibuthi Medu near the temple is used for making
vibuthi and the temple administration has taken steps to preserve
the soil.
188
PILLAIYARPATTI
History
As per inscriptions found here, this cave temple was built during
the reign of King Vathapi Kondan (615-630 A.D.) son of King
Mahendra Pallava.
Festivals
Vinayaga Chathurthi in the month of Sravana (August-September)
is very famous.
Sacred tank(s)
Temple tank
PULLAMBADI
Festivals
Panguni Uthiram in the month of Phalguna (March-April) is
observed.
Sacred tank(s)
Temple tank
PUSHPAVANAM
Festivals
Tirthavari (immersion of the deity in water) is celebrated in this
temple in Margasira (December-January)
Sacred tank(s)
Temple tank
RAMESWARAM
History
Tirunavukkarasar and Gnanasambandar wrote many verses regarding
the religious significance of this holy place.
The existing records show that in the 12th Century, Parakrama
Bahu, king of Ceylon constructed the sanctum sanctorum around the
Moolalinga (Sri Ramanathaswamy). Udayan Sethupathi, Tirumalai
Sethupathi and Dalavai Sethupathi of Ramnad, renovated the temple
in 15th, 16th and 17th Centuries respectively.
Mythology
It is believed that Lakshmi blesses the devotees who bathe in the
Sethu Madhava Tirtham. It is also believed that Balarama (Krishna’s
brother) got rid of Brahmahaththi (sin of killing another) by bathing
in the tank here. Sri Rama constructed a bridge to cross the sea at
Rameswaram to go across to Ceylon and fight Ravana.
Festivals
The major festivals are Mahashivarathri (February-March), Ani
Ramalinga Pratishtha (June-July) and Adi-Tirukalyanam (July-
August). The annual float festival on Thai Poosam night (January-
February) is conducted in the Lakshmana Tirtham, a tank on the
western side of the temple.
192 Sacred Tanks of South India
Sacred tank(s)
Sethu Madhava Tirtham
Lakshmana Tirtham
Hanuma Gunda Tirtham
Lakshmana Tirtham
This tank is located outside the temple on the Rameswaram -
Pamban road. The public use the water for bathing and washing. The
quality of water is not good and the maintenance is average.
Special features
Rameswaram, a well-known pilgrim center, is not only connected
with the history of the great epic, Ramayana, but also remains a
symbol of national integration.
Poet Kambar has sung about Sethubandham in his great epic
Kamba Ramayanam.
193
SANKARANKOIL
History
Inscriptions mention that King Ukkira Pandya built this temple
in the 10th Century.
Festivals
Theppa Utsavam is observed in the Aavudaya Poigai at a distance
of 2 km from the temple, on the last Friday in the month of
Pausha (January-February). Chitra Tiruvizha (April-May) and Adi
Thavasu (July-August) are also celebrated here.
Sacred tank(s)
Temple tank
Special feature
The sun’s rays fall on the idol of Sankara Narayana during
Uttarayana and Dakshinayana positions of the earth’s journey
around the sun.
195
SEERKAZHI
History
As per inscriptions found in the temple, Kings Kulothunga, I, II
and III, Vikrama Chola and King Krishna Devaraya had renovated
the temple and the tank.
Mythology
There is a belief that Parvathi gave milk to Saint Thirugnana
Sambandar when he was a small boy in this temple.
Festivals
Chitra Peruvizha (April-May) in association with sacred milk given
by Parvathi to Saint Tirugnana Sambandhar is celebrated here.
Sacred tank(s)
Brahma Tirtham
Water quality
The water contains a low level of dissolved solids and has a slightly
high level of ammonia and a low level of algae. The pH of water
is neutral and contains 6.60 mg/l of dissolved oxygen, 60 mg/l
of total hardness, 70 mg/l of alkalinity are and respectively and
40 mg/l of chloride.
Special feature
Tirugnana Sambandhar was born here.
197
SEMBANARKOIL
History
Archaeologists have excavated about six inscriptions from this
temple. Raja Kesari Varman and Aditya Chola I undertook some
renovation work in this temple between 879 and 907 A.D.
Mythology
It is believed that Indra built this tank to worship Shiva and obtain
the vajrayudham to kill Virithra (a demon king). This place is also
known as Indrapuri.
Festivals
In the month of Chaitra (April-May), an annual car festival is
celebrated from the 7th to 12th day, during which the sun’s rays
fall on the deities.
Sacred tank(s)
Surya Tirtham
SHOLINGUR
Mythology
It is believed that Rama and Seetha visited this temple and bathed
in the Rama Tirtham.
Festivals
On the day of Pongal in Pausha (January-February), devotees
perform giri prathakshinam (circumambulation of the hill on which
the temple is located) after bathing in the sacred tanks.
Sacred tank(s)
Thakkan Kulam (Narasimha Tirtham)
Chakra Tirtham
Rama Tirtham
Chakra Tirtham
This tank is at the foot of a small hill. Devotees are allowed to
bathe and wash their clothes. The tank is well-maintained and the
water quality is average.
Rama Tirtham
The tank is located above the small hill with a temple for
Anjaneyaswami. The main water source is natural springs and
rainwater. The water quality is good and the tank is maintained
properly. Fish breeding is carried out in the tank.
Special features
The Yoga Anjaneyaswami temple is on the small hill and the Yoga
Narasimha temple is on the big hill.
200
SINGAMUNERI
History
The temple was probably built during the reign of the Pandya king
Sundara Pandian in the 13th Century.
Festivals
Vaikasi Visakam in the month of Vaisakha (May-June) is the main
festival.
Sacred tank(s)
Temple tank
SIVAGANGA
History
The temple was probably built in the 19th Century.
Sacred tank(s)
Temple tank
Special feature
The Sivaganga Zamindar’s Palace is situated near the tank.
202
SRIMUSHNAM
History
Varaha Purana mentions this temple and its tank. According
to inscriptions, King Vijayakrishnappa Nayakar (15th Century)
renovated this temple and the tank.
Mythology
According to the Varaha Purana, this tirtham is an ideal place for
gifting a cow, rice and gold, to worship Varaha and to chant the
Vedas. It is believed that the one who reads the Bhagavad Gita, and
worships the Lord after bathing in this tirtham will attain heaven.
Festivals
The annual Theppam festival in the month of Chaitra (April-May)
and Magha Maha Brahmothsavam in the month of Magha (February
-March) are important festivals celebrated here.
Sacred tank(s)
Nithya Pushkarini
SRIRANGAM
History
The temple is referred to in the Silappathikaram. Major construction
work was carried out during the Vijayanagar period.
Mythology
It is believed that Chandran (the moon) came to earth and observed
a severe penance in the Chandra Pushkarini by which he obtained
God’s blessings.
Festivals
All festivals observed by Vaishnavites are celebrated here. The main
festivals are the annual Brahmotsavam and Theppotsavam (in the
Theppa Kulam) in the month of Magha (February-March), Athi
Brahmotsavam and Panguni Uthiram in Phalguna (March-April)
and Thirupalliezhuchi and Vaikunta Ekadasi in the month of
Margasira (December-January).
Sacred tank(s)
Chandra Pushkarini
Surya Pushkarini
Theppa Kulam
204 Sacred Tanks of South India
Surya Pushkarini
This tank is also inside the temple and the water is used for
pooja purposes. The tank was last desilted in 1964 and is in a bad
condition now.
Theppa Kulam
It is 3 km away from the temple. Water from the Kollidam river
reaches this tank and the outflow is let into the agricultural fields.
The water quality is good and the people are allowed to bathe and
wash clothes in this tank. Fish breeding is practiced and the annual
float festival is observed in this tank. Sewage from the surrounding
houses enters the outlet.
Water quality
The quality of water is good and even potable. It contains a low
level of dissolved solids and ammonia. The pH of water is neutral
and it contains a very low level of dissolved oxygen. The level of
total hardness and alkalinity are 110 mg/l and 80 mg/l respectively
and that of chloride is 40 mg/l.
Special feature
The city is within the temple and the Rajagopuram of the temple is
the tallest in Asia. There is a shrine for Dhanvanthiri (great scholar
of Ayurveda) in the temple. It is believed that Kambar recited his
Kamba Ramayanam at this temple and hence the mandapam is
called as Kambar Mandapam.
205
SRIVILLIPUTHUR
History
Inscriptions of various kings such as Pandiya and Chola dating
from 8th century A.D. are found in this temple. It underwent
major renovations during the Madurai Nayak period.
Mythology
It is said that the holy rivers Ganga, Yamuna and Saraswathi
came together and formed a holy tirtham in order to serve
Chakkarathalwar (one of the 12 Alwars who are Vaishnava Saints)
for his holy turmeric bath. Kannadi Tirtham is a well with crystal
clear water, which according to legend was used by Aandal to see
her face after dressing.
Sacred tank(s)
Thirumu Kulam
Chakra Tirtham
Vasanthamandapa Tirtham
Kannadi Tirtham (well)
Chakra Tirtham
This tank is opposite the temple and is in a bad condition. Both
inlet and outlet are blocked by buildings. The residents dump
wastes and garbage near the tank.
Vasanthamandapa Tirtham
The tank is 1 km away from the temple and is in a bad condition.
The water is stagnant and unfit for any use. Both inlet and outlet
are blocked.
Festivals
Adi Utsavam (July-August), Aandal Ennaikkappu Utsavam in
Margasira (December-January), Aandal Tirukalyanam in Phalguna
(March-April) and Theppotsavam in Magha (February-March) are
celebrated.
Special feature
Aandal was born and brought up here by Perialwar who has written
many Mangalasasanams in praise of Vishnu. This is one of the
108 sacred Vaishnava temples. The Government of Tamilnadu has
adopted the temple gopuram as its emblem.
207
SUCHINDRAM
History
Inscriptions of the 9th Century A.D., are found in this temple. Veera
Rama Veera Marthanda Kulasekara Perumal started the practice of
celebrating the annual Theppa Utsavam in the tank in 1471 A.D.
Festivals
King Swathi Tirunal’s birthday celebrations in Asadhas (July-
August), Chitra Vizha for 10 days including the Theppa Utsavam
in Chaitra (April-May) and Margazhi Tiruvizha in Margasira
(December-January) are celebrated in this temple.
Sacred tank(s)
Temple tank
Water quality
The water contains a low level of dissolved solids and ammonia. It
contains a high level of algae and appears green in colour. The pH of
water is neutral and it contains a low level of dissolved oxygen.
208 Sacred Tanks of South India
Special feature
There are many special features here. Thanumalaya, an incarnation
of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, a 23 ft. Anjaneya idol, a shrine for
Pancha Pandavas and a 2,300 years old Konrai (Cassia fistula) tree
are all found here.
209
TANJAVUR
History
Raja Raja Chola I built this temple between 985 A.D. and 1014
A.D.
Mythology
It is belived that a king who was suffering from leprosy was cured
after bathing in the temple tank.
Festivals
Kartika Deepam in the month of Kartika (November-December)
and a festival observed in the month of Vaisakha (May-June) in
memory of King Raja Raja Chola are celebrated here.
Sacred tank(s)
Sivaganga Tank
Special features
The Brihadeeswara Lingam is the biggest in the country.
210
TENKASI
History
Inscriptions saying that King Parakrama Pandya performed the
kumbabhishekam in 1456 A.D. are found in this temple.
Festivals
Avani Moola Theppam (August-September), Magha Magam
(February-March) and Aippasi Uthira Tirukalyanam (October-
November) are celebrated.
Mythology
It is believed that the Ganges poured into this tank at Shiva’s
request.
Sacred tank(s)
Ananda Tirtham
TIRUAADANUR
History
Vikrama Cholan and Kulothungan II had probably built and
renovated this temple during 11th–12th Century.
Festivals
20 years back, Tirthavari was performed in the month of Vaisakha
(May-June) at the Suriya Pushkarini.
Sacred tank(s)
Suriya Pushkarini
Paal Kulam
Brahma Tirtham
Paal Kulam
The tank is located outside the temple and water from a nearby
canal enters it. People are allowed to bathe and wash clothes in
this tank. The water quality is average as it is stagnant.
212 Sacred Tanks of South India
Brahma Tirtham
It is at a distance of 1 km from the temple. Water from a canal
(tributary of Kaveri) pours into this tank and the water quality
is average. The outlet is blocked by encroachments. People bathe
in this tank.
213
TIRUCHENDUR
History
Inscriptions of King Ukkira Pandian and other kings are available in
this temple. Nakkeerar’s Tirumurugatruppadai and Arunagirinathar’s
Tiruppugazh are based on the Muruga here.
Mythology
Muruga killed Surapadman, a demon, in this place. Soorasamharam,
an enactment of the deed, is performed here and Skanda Sashti
is also celebrated in commemoration of the same. Using his spear
Muruga created the Naazhi Kinaru.
Festivals
Brahmothsavam in the month of Magha (February-March),
Vasanthothsavam for 10 days in Chaitra (April-May), Visaka Visakam
for 12 days in Vaisakha (May-June) and Skandha Sashti in Asvini
(October-November) are celebrated in this temple.
Sacred tank(s)
Naazhi Kinaru (sacred well)
TIRUCHIRAPALLI
History
The Pallava King Mahendravarma built this temple during the
6th Century.
Mythology
It is believed that Thayumanavar safeguards pregnant women during
the birth of their child. There is a legend that he came as a midwife
to save a woman and her child. Hence, pregnant women pray to
Thayumanavar for safe delivery. Thai in Tamil means ‘mother’.
Festivals
Vinayaga Chaturthi in the month of Sravana (August-September)
is observed at the Utchi Pillaiyar temple.
Sacred tank(s)
Theppa Kulam
buildings, water from a borewell is pumped into the tank and the
outlet is connected to a drainage line. The tank is totally fenced to
prevent access to the water. The water quality is good.
Water quality
The quality of water is good. It contains a low level of dissolved
solids, algae, dissolved oxygen and ammonia. The pH of water is
neutral.
Special feature
The Thayumanavar temple is a cave temple with artistic paintings
on the ceilings and walls of the temple.
216
TIRUCHIRUPULIYUR
History
Tirumangai Alwar worshipped here and offered Mangalasasanam.
Sacred tank(s)
Manasa Pushkarini
TIRUCHUZHIAL
History
Inscriptions belonging to King Parakrama Pandya are found in
this temple. Bhagavan Ramana Maharishi was born here. Swami
Vivekananda came here to worship in 1892.
Mythology
It is believed that Bhooma Devi (Mother Earth) built this tank to
worship Shiva.
Festivals
Adi Utsavam for 10 days with Theppam festival (July-August) and
Panguni Utsavam (March-April) are celebrated.
Sacred tank(s)
Kavvaikkadal
TIRUKARUGAVUR
History
The temple could date back to the time of Aditya Chola. Inscriptions
from Raja Raja Cholas period as well as those from Parantaka
Chola period (early 10th century) are seen here.
Mythology
Kamadhenu (sacred cow) created the tank called Ksheera tank
(ksheera means “milk”) in order to provide milk for Naindhruvan,
the child born to sage Nithuruvar and Vedhegai. The tank was
blessed by Garbha Rakshambigai.
Childless couples pray to Garbha Rakshambigai for conception
and safe delivery.
Sacred tank(s)
Ksheera Tank
TIRUKAZHUKUNDRAM
History
Inscriptions belonging to the Pallava period are found in this cave
temple.
Festivals
The Laksha Deepam festival is celebrated once in twelve years when
a conch inside the Sanku Tirtam floats up. On this occasion one
lakh lamps are lit in both temples.
Sacred tank(s)
Sanku Tirtham
Nandiswara Tirtham
Pakshi Tirtham
Nandi Tirtham
Water draining off the hillock finds its way into the tank. People
use the water for bathing and washing. The water quality is average
as the water is contaminated with seage.
Pakshi Tirtham
This is located on the top of the hill.
Special feature
Until a few years back, two eagles used to regularly visit the hill
and eat the prasadam offered to Shiva at 12.00 noon. Many visitors
have witnessed this sight.
221
TIRUKKURUNGUDI
History
The history of the temple can be traced as far back as the Chera
dynasty of the 3rd Century.
Festivals
Sacred tank(s)
Theppa Kulam
Krishna Tirtham
Krishna Tirtham
TIRUKOKARNAM
History
It was probably built during the Pandya period.
Festivals
The annual Theppam festival used to be performed in this tank
twenty years ago, but it has now been stopped due to poor
maintenance of the tank and water quality.
Sacred tank(s)
Theppa Kulam
Mangalam Kulam
Mangalam Kulam
This tank is adjacent to the temple. The quality of water is very bad
and the tank is not maintained. Water is totally unfit for any use.
Rainwater collects in the tank and as there is no inlet or outlet, the
224 Sacred Tanks of South India
TIRUKOODAL
History
There is a mention about this temple in the Paripadal, written in
the Sangam period dating back to 2000 years.
Festivals
The Meenakshi Kalyanam on the day of the full moon in the
month of Phalguna (March-April), Theppotsavam in Magha and
Therottam in Vaisakha are celebrated.
Sacred tank(s)
Chakra Tirtham
Special features
It is one of the 108-Divya desams (sacred Vaishnava sites). The
vimana or tower above the sanctum sanctorum of this temple is
the biggest in the country.
226
TIRUKOVILUR
History
This temple may have been built during the Pallava Dynasty.
Festivals
The annual float festival is observed in the month of Phalguna
(March-April). People consider it sacred to take a dip on Chitra
Pournami day (full moon day in April-May).
Sacred tank(s)
Chakra Tirtham
Mythology
When Ulagalantha Perumal (Vishnu) measured Brahmalokam,
Brahma washed his feet with water from his kamandala. This water
became the Chakra Tirtham and is considered very sacred.
in it. People use the water for bathing and washing and the water
quality is hence not good. Water from the Tirukovilur lake is led
into this tank and the outflow is let into a drainage canal.
Special feature
This temple is situated on the southern bank of the Pennai river.
This temple was originally a brick and mortar structure in the
period of Parantaka Chola I (early 9th century). It was patronized
by the great Chola rulers Raja Raja I and Raja II. Rajendra Deva
in the 10th century rebuilt it of granite.
228
TIRUKUVALAI
History
The temple was probably built in the 12th Century, based on the
inscriptions of Kulasekara Pandiyan and Rajathi Rajan.
Festivals
Annual Brahmothsavam and Nel Mahothsavam in Magha (February-
March) are observed.
Sacred tank(s)
Brahma Tirtham
Chandra Tirtham
Chandra Tirtham
This is present inside the temple and groundwater is recharged
through the tank. Fish breeding is practiced in this tank.
229
TIRUMAYAM
History
This temple dates back to the period of Mahendra Varma Pallavan
(600-638 A.D.).
Festivals
Chitra Pournami (April-May), Visaka Vasantha Vizha (May-June),
Vaikunta Ekadasi (December-January) and Sri Vuyyavandhal
Nachiar’s Tirthavari on Maattu Pongal day in the month of Pausha
(January) are observed in this temple.
Sacred tank(s)
Satya Pushkarani
Special feature
The tank is unique as it has an octagonal shape. This temple is a
cave temple.
230
TIRUMOGOOR
Festivals
The annual car festival celebrated in Vaisakha (May-June) lures
huge crowds.
Sacred tank(s)
Pushkarini
TIRUMURUGANPOONDI
Temple location T h e Mu r u g a n a t h a Sw a m i Te m p l e ,
Tirumuruganpoondi, is at a distance of 8 km
from Tiruppur and is connected by bus
Main deity Muruganatha Swami
Goddesses Valli and Deivayanai
Temple management Government of Tamilnadu
History
Inscriptions belonging to the era of Kongu Chola are found in
this temple.
Mythology
Muruga created this tank for performing abhishekam for his father
Shiva, in order to get rid of the sin of killing Surapadman. Many
mentally ill people stay here and bathe in the Muruga Tirtham for
one mandala (48 days) to get cured.
Festivals
Thai Poosam during Pausha (January-February) and Masi Magam
(February-March) are the main festivals celebrated in this temple.
Sacred tank(s)
Brahma Tirtham
Muruga Tirtham
Gnana Ttirtham
Muruga Tirtham
This tank is inside the temple and in good condition. Devotees
use the water for bathing.
Gnana Tirtham
This is also located outside the temple and is not used for any
purpose as the water quality is poor.
233
TIRUNELVELI
History
The temple dates back to 700 A.D. and has been sung by the
Gnana Sambandar. For shiva and this consort temples were built
by the Pandiya Kings in the 13th century, but entirely remodeled
and extended in 17th - 18th century A.D. There are inscriptions
dating back to 950 A.D. in this temple.
Mythology
Due to a curse pronounced by Sage Durwasar, King Indrathyumna’s
face changed to that of an elephant. After bathing in the Karumari
Kulam he regained his original form.
Festivals
Ani Thiruvizha for 10 days in Jeshta (June-July), Thai Poosam
and Theppa Utsavam for 12 days in Pausha (January-February)
are celebrated in this temple.
Sacred tank(s)
Theppa Kulam
Portramarai Kulam
Karumari Kulam
for drinking. The water from the outlet goes to the agricultural
fields. The main pollutants present in the tank are plastic bags.
Thirunavukkarasu Nayanar Theppam Vizha is celebrated in this
tank on Magha Magam day (February-March). This tank was
once linked to the Portramarai Kulam located inside the temple,
but due to constructions and other encroachments the link does
not exist anymore.
Portramarai Kulam
This tank is inside the temple, north of the Oonjal Mandapam.
People are not allowed to bathe in it but are allowed to sprinkle
some water on their head. The water quality is very good. Initially,
the inlet was in good condition bringing water from Mela Ratha
Veedhi (temple car path). At present rainwater accumulates in this
tank as the inlet is blocked.
Karumari Kulam
It is inside the temple but in a bad condition. Both the inlet and
outlet are obstructed by encroachments, leaving the water stagnant
and unfit for any use.
Water quality
The quality of the water is not good. It contains a low level of
dissolved solids and dissolved oxygen but contains a high level of
algae and ammonia. The colour of water seems to be green in
colour due to the presence of the algae.
235
TIRUPPARANKUNRAM
Goddess Deivayanai
History
Mythology
Festivals
Sacred tank(s)
Saravana Poigai
Lakshmi Tirtham
236 Sacred Tanks of South India
Saravana Poigai
Lakshmi Tirtham
The tank is inside the temple and devotees are allowed to bathe in
it. Water from the Chettiar Kulam (1 km away from the temple)
flows into this tank. The quality of water is average. Fish breeding
is carried out in the tank.
Special features
TIRUTHURAIPOONDI
Mythology
It is believed that Brahma created one of the tanks here and hence
it is known by his name.
Festivals
Chitirai vizha (April-May) is celebrated in this temple.
Sacred tank(s)
Brahma Tirtham
Amirtha Tirtham
It is outside the temple and receives water from the Mettur Dam
and Mullai river through a canal. People are allowed to bathe and
wash their clothes and the water quality is good. Tiruthuraipoondi
Chamber of Commerce has adopted this tank for maintenance for a
period of 5 years. The Chamber approached the Endowment Board
to extend the lease period, but was denied. As such the temple
authorities are not maintaining the tank properly. Fish breeding
is practiced in this tank.
238 Sacred Tanks of South India
Amirtha Tirtham
Special feature
A rare instrument, Pancha Mukhavadhyam, is played in this
temple.
239
TIRUVANAIKKAVAL
History
According to inscriptions, Kochengannan a Chola King, built
this temple and it was of special significance to the Chola Kings.
Kochengannan is praised by tamil literature for having built more than
70 temples - and he is historically placed in the sangam period.
Mythology
Sri Rama consecrated Ramanathaswamy in Rameswaram to get rid
of the sin of killing Ravana and Kumbakarna. But still the stigma of
the sin persisted until he came to Tiruvanaikkaval and worshipped
Sri Jambukeswarar. It is said that he dug a tank, Rama Tirtham,
after which he built a temple on the Western bank of the tank
and performed pooja to the Shivalingam called Karumal Eswaran.
Tiruvanaikkaval is known as the Appusthala, the place where Shiva
manifests himself as the element of water.
The popular belief is that Goddess Parvathi offers workship to the
Lingam everyday. At noon, the priest of the day, who performs the
pooja to Akilandeswari, wears a sari and with a crown on his head
goes to the sanctum sanctorum of the Lord and worships him.
Sacred tank(s)
Indra Tirtham
Agni Tirtham
240 Sacred Tanks of South India
The tank is just opposite the temple. Earlier, water used to flow
into the tank from the Kollidam canal. Today, water is pumped into
this tank. Due to construction of houses, the inlet and outlet are
blocked. As sewage entered the tank, the temple authorities closed
the inlet. The water quality is bad and unfit for any use.
Agni Tirtham
Special features
This temple is built at an elevated position to prevent elephants
entering and is called Mada Koil.
241
TIRUVANNAMALAI
History
The history of this temple dates back to the 7th Century or Pallava
period. Rajendra Chola I renovated the temple in the 11th Century.
Krishna Deva Raya built the 1000 pillared mandapam and the Sivaganga
tank to celebrate Vasantha Vizha. He also created a lake which would
be the source of water for the Sivganga tank. Saint Manikavasagar
has sung in praise of this temple in the Thiruvasagam.
Festivals
The festival of Deepa Darsanam is celebrated for 13 days and on
the 10th day, the Thiru Kartika is celebrated. This is the most
important festival of the temple. On Thiru Kartika day, devotees
throng the temple to see the Barani Deepam in the morning,
take a dip in the Brahma Tirtham in the afternoon and see the
Annamalai Deepam in the evening.
Sacred tank(s)
Sivaganga tank
Brahma Tirtham
Chakra Tirtham
Esani Kulam
Singa Kulam
Madhu Tirtham
242 Sacred Tanks of South India
Brahma Tirtham
It is located inside the temple in front of Kalabhairava Sannidhi.
Even though devotees are allowed to bathe, the tank is maintained
well. Fish breeding is also carried out.
Chakra Tirtham
It is opposite the temple and is surrounded by shops that use it
as a dumping ground.
Esani Kulam
It is on the path of the giri pradhakshinam outside the temple. The
water quality is very bad with a foul odour and the maintenance
is very poor.
Singa Kulam
It is also along the path of the giri valam (the path used by devotees
for giri pradhakshinam) outside the temple. Water from the hillock
drains into the tank and even though the public use it for bathing,
the quality is average. The name Singa Kulam has been acquired
from the statue of the lion present at the entrance to the tank.
Madhu Tirtham
It is on the giri valam way near the Adi Annamalai temple. The
tank is also fed by water draining from the hill. The outflow is let
into the agricultural fields.
Tiruvannamalai 243
Water quality
Though the colour of the water is slightly green, due to the
presence of algae, the overall quality is good. The water contains
a low level of dissolved solids and ammonia. It is neutral and the
level of dissolved oxygen is 8.40 mg/l. The level of total hardness
and alkalinity are 90 mg/l and 80 mg/l respectively and that of
chloride is 40 mg/l.
Special features
Every month, on full moon day, lakhs of devotees gather to perform
giri pradhakshinam of the hill and worship the god.
244
TIRUVARUR
History
The temple was probably built about 1200 years back. The three great
composers of Carnatic music Sri Tyagaraja Swamigal, Sri Muthuswamy
Dikshitar and Sri Shyama Sastrigal were born at Tiruvarur.
Mythology
Sundaramurthy Swamigal was blessed with a gold coin at
Virudhachalam. Fearing attack by thieves, he dropped it in the
river Manimuthar and prayed to God. He then collected the same
coin at the Kamalalayam tank. It is also said that Dhandi Adigalar,
one of the 63 Nayanmars, had the tank desilted.
Festivals
Adi Poora Vizha or Theppam festival is celebrated on Panguni
Uthiram (March-April). It is considered auspicious to take a dip
in the tank on this day. The Tiruvarur Azhi Ther (car) festival
celebrated in the month of Phalguna (March-April) is very
important, as this big car is drawn by about 8000 people along
the streets of Tiruvarur.
Sacred tank(s)
Kamalalayam
Tiruvarur 245
Water quality
The quality of the water is good. It contains a low level of dissolved
solids, algae and ammonia. The pH of the water is neutral and it
contains 6.20 mg/l of dissolved oxygen. The level of total hardness
and alkalinity are 100 mg/l and 120 mg/l respectively while that
of chloride is 60 mg/l.
Special feature
Pancha Mukhavadyam (a unique percussion instrument which can
be struck on five faces) is played only in this temple. A Maragatha
Lingam (emerald lingam) is in this temple. The area of the temple and
the tank are 30 acres, which is unique to Tiruvarur. Senkazhuneerpoo
(a sacred flower) is grown in the Senkazhuneer Odai on the eastern
side of the temple and is offered to Tyagarajar.
246
TIRUVADAVUR
History
The temple was probably built about 1000 years ago. Saint
Manikavasagar was born here.
Sacred tank(s)
Brahma Tirtham
Agni Tirtham
Agni Tirtham
It is a well within the temple premises. The water quality is good
and used for pooja purposes.
247
TIRUVAVADUTHURAI
History
According to inscriptions, King Paranthaka I built this temple in
the 10th Century A.D. Saint Tirumoolar wrote Tirumandhiram in
praise of Gomathiswarar.
Festivals
Tirthavari is performed in the sacred tank in the month of Asadhas
(July-August).
Sacred tank(s)
Gomathi Tirtham
TIRUVENGADU
History
Inscriptions from the time of Aditya Chola I (870-907 A.D.),
Raja Raja I (985 - 1014 A.D.) and his descendants speaking of
endowments made by the Chola rulers to this temple are found
here. Vikrama Chola built the Vikrama Cholan Tirumandapam
(1118 - 1135 A.D.).
Mythology
While Shiva was dancing in response to Parvathi’s request, three
droplets of sweat fell down to form the three tanks that are found
here.
Festivals
Indra Vizha is celebrated in the month of Magha (February-March)
with Tirthavari being observed on the 10th day and the float festival
on the 11th day.
Sacred tank(s)
Surya Tirtham
Agni Tirtham
Chandra Tirtham
Tiruvengadu 249
Agni Tirtham
This tank is also within the temple premises, and gets water from
the river Kaveri through a canal. It is linked with Chandra Tirtham
which is also inside the temple. People use the water for bathing
and washing clothes.
Chandra Tirtham
It is inside the temple and gets water from Agni Tirtham which
is opposite to the Budhan (Mercury) shrine.
Special feature
This temple is mentioned in Valmiki Ramayana, as a shrine for
Budhan (Mercury).
250
TIRUVIDAIMARUDUR
History
The inscription on the temple walls records the reign of Kulothunga
I. Many Shaiva saints have visited the temple and sung the praises
of Mahalingeswarar. They are Appar, Sundarar, Manickavasagar
and others like Karur Thevar and Pattinathar. Renovation work
was carried out during the rule of Varagunapandian in the 7th
Century.
Sacred tank(s)
Karunya Amirtha Tirtham
UTHIRAKOSAMANGAI
Mythology
Many sages gathered at Uthirakosamangai to perform a penance to
please Shiva, who then appeared before them and entrusted the Veda
Aagamas in their care till he returned from Sri Lanka. He was going
to bless Mandothari (Ravana’s wife) who was undergoing a severe
penance to please him. He mentioned that he would appear in the
tank as a jothi (column of fire) if Ravana should touch him.
Shiva appeared before Mandothari as a child and Ravana
affectionately touched him. Immediately, the jothi sprang up in
the tirtham, which has since been called the Agni Tirtham. Except
for one sage, all the others fell into the column of fire. Shiva later
appeared and transformed them into Shivalingams. He blessed
the only surviving sage for keeping the sacred texts safe and bade
him be born as Manikkavasagar to spread the fame of Tamil and
Shaivism. A small temple for Manikkavasagar is found on the
banks of the tank. Shiva transformed himself to a Sahasra Lingam
near the tank.
Festivals
Tirthavari in the month of Chaitra (April-May) is very important.
Sacred tank(s)
Agni Tirtham
Brahma Tirtham
Gowmara Tirtham
252 Sacred Tanks of South India
Brahma Tirtham
It is in front of the temple but is in a bad condition as it is
surrounded by houses and roads. The residents and shopkeepers
dump garbage into the tank. Since both inlet and outlet are
completely blocked, the water is stagnant and contaminated, making
it unfit for any use.
Gowmara Tirtham
The tank is situated near the temple and associated with the
local deity Varahi Amman. It is in a good condition and supports
local irrigation. As the tank is filled with weeds, the water-storing
capacity has diminished.
Special feature
The idol of Shiva is made of a green emerald and is worshipped
only on Arudra Darsanam in Margasira (December-January).
253
VAALIKANDAPURAM
History
Stone inscriptions belonging to the Chera, Chola, Pandiya and
Vijayanagar kings (10th–18th Century) are found in this temple.
Another Vijayagar stone inscription (1389 A.D.) mentions that
Chakravarthi of Kalpadi village built the temple tank. It is also
evident that a Jain temple existed in this area.
Mythology
Vaali, the monkey king, meditated and worshipped Shiva here.
Sacred tank(s)
Saravana Tirtham
VAITHEESWARANKOIL
History
Inscriptions from the period of Vikrama Chola (1117 A.D.) the
Nayakas (16th century) and the Marathy (18th century) are seen
in this temple. Renovation of the tank was carried out in 1770
A.D.
Mythology
There are 18 temple tanks within this temple. Siddha Amirtha
Kulam is the most prominent. This tank is situated opposite the
Thaiyalnayaki shrine. The legend goes that when siddhas in the
Kaliyuga offered ‘Devamirtham’ to the lord, a part dropped into the
tank and hence it is called Siddha Amirtha Kulam. Angaraka (Mars)
was relieved of red leprosy when he bathed in this tirtham.
Festivals
Thai Poosam (January-February), Panguni Uthiram and Theppotsavam
(March-April) and Skanda Sashti (October-November) are celebrated
here.
Sacred tank(s)
Siddha Amirtha Kulam
Vaitheeswarankoil 255
Water quality
Water contains low quantity of algae. It contains low level of
dissolved solids and ammonia. The pH of water is neutral and it
contains low level of dissolved oxygen. The level of total hardness
and alkalinity are 140 mg/l and 180 mg/l respectively. The level of
chloride is 90 mg/l. The quality of the water is reasonably good.
Special feature
There is a separate shrine for Angaraka (Mars) in this temple.
Thiruchaandhu Urundai prepared by the temple authorities is given
as prasadam to the devotees to cure diseases.
256
VELLORE
History
King Bommi Reddy built this temple in the 16th Century, in the
Vijayanagar style of architecture.
Mythology
A well situated in the northeast corner of the inner prakaram is
called Sree Tirtham. Prior to the reinstallation of the Shivalinga
idol, the well was closed without any trace. The well with many
steps was rediscovered. It is believed that if you pour coins into
the well and if they fall on the steps, your desire would be fulfilled.
The well is also connected to an underground passage.
Sacred tank(s)
Temple tank
Special feature
This temple has been in existence inside the fort for many
years without a main deity. In 1981, the Collector, Gangappa,
I.A.S., installed the present deity kept in the temple, performed
kumbabhishekam and opened up the temple for public worship.
258
VIRALIMALAI
History
Inscriptions found in the temple mention that Adithya Chola had
renovated this temple. This temple has been the recipient of the
Nayakas and local Chieftains and the Pudukkottai Thondaiman
(18th century A.D.). This temple is mentioned in the Thirupugazh
written by Arunagiri Nathar.
Festivals
Skanda Shasti in the month of Aipasi (October-November), Thai
Poosam (January-February) and Visaka Visakam (May-June) are
celebrated in this temple.
Sacred tank(s)
Saravana Poigai
Thirukani Tirtham
Thirukani Tirtham
This tank lies at a distance of less than 1/2 km from the temple.
People used to drink the water until ten years ago. The water
quality deteriorated due to pollution and people do not use the
water any more.
Special feature
There is a sanctuary for peacocks on this hill.
260
VRIDHACHALAM
History
Sembiyan Mahadevi the Chola Queen reconstructed the temple
of stone in the 10th century A.D. Inscriptions belonging to
Kandarathithan, Raja Raja I, Rajendra I, Rajathirajan, Vikramachola,
Raja Raja II, Kulothungan III and other kings of the Pandiya, Pallava
and Vijayanagara, rulers are found in this temple.
Mythology
It is believed that Vishnu created a tank here with his chakram
(wheel) and hence it is called Chakra Kulam.
Festivals
The annual Theppam festival is conducted in the month of Magha
(February-March).
Sacred tank(s)
Theppa Kulam
Chakra Kulam
Chakra Kulam
The tank is inside the temple and Vivekananda Sevai Maiyam,
a local NGO has renovated it. The water is used for performing
poojas for the deities.
Special feature
A British Collector donated a long chain to draw the temple
chariot.