Read1 5
Read1 5
Read1 5
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on
Reading Passage 1 below.
that performance. Monitors also watch for changes in the environment and
within the company that may affect individual and organisational performance.
Monitoring occurs at all levels of management. The role of disseminator
requires that managers inform employees of changes that affect them and the
organisation. They also communicate the company’s vision and purpose.
Questions 1-6
Look at the following descriptions or deeds (Questions 1-6) and the list of
categories below.
List of Categories
A INTERPERSONAL ROLES
B INFORMATIONAL ROLES
C DECISIONAL ROLES
Questions 7-8
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Questions 9-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading
Passage 1?
10
Mintzberg’s theory broke well-established notions
about managing styles.
11
Mintzberg got a large amount of research funds for
his contribution.
12
All managers do the same work.
13
Mintzberg’s theory is valuable for future studies.
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on
Reading Passage 2 below.
Do you read while listening to music? Do you like to watch TV while finishing
your homework? People who have these kinds of habits are called multi-
taskers. Multitaskers are able to complete two tasks at the same time by
dividing their focus. However, Thomas Lehman, a researcher in Psychology,
believes people never really do multiple things simultaneously. Maybe a person
is reading while listening to music, but in reality, the brain can only focus on
one task. Reading the words in a book will cause you to ignore some of the
words of the music. When people think they are accomplishing two different
tasks efficiently, what they are really doing is dividing their focus. While
listening to music, people become less able to focus on their surroundings. For
example, we all have experience of times when we talk with friends and they
are not responding properly. Maybe they are listening to someone else talk, or
maybe they are reading a text on their smart phone and don't hear what you
are saying. Lehman called this phenomenon “email voice"
the world has been changed by computers and its spin offs like smart-phones
or cellphones. Now that most individuals have a personal device, like a smart-
phone or a laptop, they are frequently reading, watching or listening to virtual
information. This raises the occurrence of multitasking in our day to day life.
Now when you work, you work with your typewriter, your cellphone, and some
colleagues who may drop by at any time to speak with you. In professional
meetings, when one normally focuses and listens to one another, people are
more likely to have a cell phone in their lap, reading or communicating silently
with more people than ever, liven inventions such as the cordless phone
has increased multitasking. In the old days, a traditional wall phone would ring,
People sacrifice efficiency when multitasking, Gloria Mark set office workers as
his subjects. He found that they were constantly multitasking. He observed
that nearly every 11 minutes people at work were disrupted. He found that
doing different jobs at the same time may actually save time. However, despite
the fact that they are faster, it does not mean they are more efficient. And we
are equally likely to self-interrupt as be interrupted by outside sources. He
found that in office nearly every 12 minutes an employee would stop and with
no reason at all, cheek a website on their computer, call someone or write an
email. If they concentrated for more than 20 minutes, they would feel
distressed. He suggested that the average person may suffer from a short
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concentration span. This short attention span might be natural, but others
suggest that new technology may be the problem. With cellphones and
computers at our sides at all times, people will never run out of distractions.
The format of media, such as advertisements, music, news articles and TV
shows are also shortening, so people are used to paying attention to
information for a very short time
So even though focusing on one single task is the most efficient way for our
brains to work, it is not practical to use this method in real life. According to
human nature, people feel more comfortable and efficient in environments
with a variety of tasks, Edward Hallowell said that people are losing a lot of
efficiency in the workplace due to multitasking, outside distractions and self-
distractions. As it matter of fact, the changes made to the workplace do not
have to be dramatic. No one is suggesting we ban e-mail or make employees
focus on only one task. However, certain common workplace tasks, such
as group meetings, would be more efficient if we banned cell-phones, a
common distraction. A person can also apply these tips to prevent self-
distraction. Instead of arriving to your office and checking all of your e-mails for
new tasks, a common workplace ritual, a person could dedicate an hour to a
single task first thing in the morning. Self-timing is a great way to reduce
distraction and efficiently finish tasks one by one, instead of slowing ourselves
down with multi-tasking.
Questions 14-18
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
14
a reference to a domestic situation that does not
require multitasking
15
a possible explanation of why we always do multitask
together
16
a practical solution to multitask in work environment
17
relating multitasking to the size of prefrontal cortex
Questions 19-23
Look at the following statements (Questions 19-23) and the list of
scientists below. Match each statement with the correct scientist, A-E.
Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 19-23 on your answer sheet.
List of Scientists
A Thomas Lehman
B Earl Miller
C David Meyer
D Gloria Mark
E Edward Hallowell
19
When faced multiple visual stimulants, one can only
concentrate on one of them.
20
Doing two things together may be faster but not
better.
21
People never really do two things together even if you
think you do.
22
The causes of multitask lie in the environment.
23
Even minor changes in the workplace will improve
work efficiency.
Questions 24-26
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each
answer.
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on
Reading Passage 3 below.
One of the most prominent design issues in pharmacy is that of drag packaging
and patient information leaflets (Pits). Many letters have appeared in The
Journal's letters pages over the years from pharmacists dismayed at the
designs of packaging that are “accidents waiting to happen”.
Design considerations
The author of the recently published “Information design for patient safety,”
Thea Swayne, tracked the journey of a medicine from manufacturing plant,
through distribution warehouses, pharmacies and hospital wards, to patients’
homes. Her book highlights a multitude of design problems with current
packaging, such as look-alikes and sound-alikes, small type sizes and glare on
blister foils. Situations in which medicines are used include a parent giving a
cough medicine to a child in the middle of the night and a busy pharmacist
selecting one box from hundreds. It is argued that packaging should be
designed for moments such as these. “Manufacturers are not aware of the
complex situations into which products go. As designers, we are interested in
not what is supposed to happen in hospital wards, but what happens in the real
world,” Ms Swayne said.
Incidents where vein has been injected intrathecally instead of spine are a
classic example of how poor design can contribute to harm. Investigations
following these tragedies have attributed some blame to poor typescript.
are based on strength. They do not necessarily prevent a child from access, but
may prevent people with a disability,” he told The Journal. “The legal
requirements are there for a good reason, but they are not good enough in
terms of the users,” he said. “Older people, especially those with arthritis, may
have the same level of strength as a child,” he explained, and suggested that
better designs could rely on cognitive skills (eg, making the opening of a
container a three-step process) or be based on the physical size of hands.
Look-alike boxes present a potential for picking errors and an obvious solution
would be to use colours to highlight different strengths. However, according to
Ms.Swayne, colour differentiation needs to be approached with care. Not only
should strong colour contrasts be used, but designating a colour to a particular
strength (colour coding) is not recommended because this could lead to the
user not reading the text on a box.
Design features can provide the basis for lengthy debates. For example, one
argument is that if all packaging is white with black lettering, people would
have no choice but to read every box carefully. The problem is that trials of
drug packaging design are few—common studies of legibility and
comprehensibility concern road traffic signs and visual display units. Although
some designers take results from such studies into account, proving that a
particular feature is beneficial can be difficult. For example, EU legislation
requires that packaging must now include the name of the medicine in Braille
but, according to Karel van der Waarde, a design consultant to the
pharmaceutical industry, “it is not known how much visually impaired patients
will benefit nor how much the reading of visually able patients will be
impaired”.
Innovations
The RCA innovation exhibition this year revealed designs for a number of
innovative objects. “The popper”, by Hugo Glover, aims to help arthritis
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sufferers remove tablets from blister packs, and “pluspoint”, by James Cobb, is
an adrenaline auto-injector that aims to overcome the fact that many patients
do not carry their auto-injectors due to their prohibitive size. The aim of good
design, according Roger Coleman, professor of inclusive design at the RCA, is
to try to make things more user-friendly as well as safer. Surely, in a patient-
centred health system, that can only be a good thing. “Information design for
patient safety” is not intended to be mandatory. Rather, its purpose is to
create a basic design standard and to stimulate innovation. The challenge for
the pharmaceutical industry, as a whole, is to adopt such a standard.
Questions 27-32
Look at the following statements (Questions 27-32) and the list of people
or organisation below.
Write the correct letter, A-D, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.
A Thea Swayne
C Richard Mawle
27
Elderly people may have the same problem with
children if the lids of containers require too much strength to open.
28
Adapting packaging for the blind may disadvantage
the sighted people.
29
Specially designed lids cannot eliminate the possibility
of children swallowing pills accidentally.
30
Container design should consider situations, such as
drug used at home.
31
Governing bodies should investigate many different
container cases rather than individual ones.
Questions 33-37
Complete the notes using the list of words, A-G, below.
Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet.
33
First, make the proposal, then pass them to the
34
Finally,
35
these designs will be tested by
Prescription-only
36
First, the design is made by and then subjected to
37
A consumers
B marketing teams
C pharmaceutical industry
D external designers
E in-house designers
F design engineers
G pharmacist
Questions 38-40
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
A a print error
B style of print
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C wrong label
1 C 2 A
3 C 4 B
5 B 6 A
12 FALSE 13 TRUE
14 B 15 E
16 F 17 C
18 D 19 B
20 D 21 A
22 E 23 E
26 group meetings 27 C
28 D 29 B
30 A 31 D
32 C 33 B
34 D 35 A
36 E 37 F
38 B 39 B
40 A
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