MULTI OPERATION MACHINE USING SCOTCH

YOKE MECHANISM

PROJECT REPORT 2016-2017

Submitted by:
(Team name)

COLLEGE LOGO

Guided by:

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

Award of Diploma in -----------------------------------------
By the State Board of Technical Education Government of
Tamilnadu, Chennai.

Department :

College name:

Place:
 COLLEGE NAME

COIMBATORE

DEPARTMENT

PROJECT REPORT-2016-2017

This Report is certified to be the Bonafide work done by

Selvan/Selvi ---------------- Reg.No.------------ of VI
Semester class of this college.

Guide Head of the Department

Submitter for the Practical Examinations of the board of

Examinations,State Board of Technical Education,Chennai,
TamilNadu.On --------------(date) held at the ------------
(college name),Coimbatore

Internal Examiner External Examiner

DEDICATED TO OUR BELOVED
PAREANTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this pleasing movement of having successfully completed our

project, we wish to convey our sincere thanks and gratitude to the
management of our college and our beloved
chairman------------------------.who provided all the facilities to us.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our principal

------------------for forwarding us to do our project and offering adequate
duration in completing our project.

We are also grateful to the Head of Department prof…………., for

her/him constructive suggestions &encouragement during our project.

With deep sense of gratitude, we extend our earnest &sincere thanks

to our guide --------------------, Department of Mechanical for her/him kind
guidance and encouragement during this project we also express our indebt
thanks to our TEACHING staff of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT, ---------- (college Name).
NOMENCLATURE
 NOMENCLATURE

Ø = dia of the screw (mm)

L = Length of the base (mm)
W = width of the base (mm)
P =pitch of the screw thread (mm)
MULTI OPERATION MACHINE USING

SCOTCH YOKE MECHANISM

CONTENTS

CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO TITLE

SYNOPSIS
LIST OF FIGURES
NOMENCLATURE
1 Introduction
2 Literature review
3 Description of equipments
3.1 Scotch yoke
3.2 Shaping tool
3.3 Hacksaw
3.4 Vice
3.5 Bearing
4 Design and drawing
4.1 General machine Specifications
4.2 Overall diagram
5 Working principle
6 Merits and demerits
7 applications
8 List of materials
9 Cost Estimation
10 Conclusion
Bibliography
photography
LIST OF FIGURES
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure
Number Title

1 Overall diagram
SYNOSPSIS
 SYNOPSIS:

Here we are fabricating the multi operation machine which contains

two operations in a single machine. The operations are namely shaping and

hacksaw. It is a new concept specially meant to reduce the work time and

save the cost. So we can avoid the cost of exceed shaping machine and

cutting machine in the industries. The machine operates through manual

driven scotch yoke mechanism arrangements which is shown as in the below

figure. So exactly we can carry out two operations in this machine, namely

shaping and cutting. It is a simple in construction and easy to operate.

Handle, slider, bearings, shaping tool, hacksaw, vice and guide way are the

main parts used in this project.

 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
 CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

The Scotch yoke (also known as slotted link mechanism) is a reciprocating

motion mechanism, converting the linear motion of a slider into rotational

motion, or vice versa. The piston or other reciprocating part is directly

coupled to a sliding yoke with a slot that engages a pin on the rotating part.

The location of the piston versus time is a sine wave of constant amplitude,

and constant frequency given a constant rotational speed.

This setup is most commonly used in control valve actuators in high-

pressure oil and gas pipelines.Although not a common metalworking

machine nowadays, crude shapers can use Scotch yokes. Almost all those

use a Whitworth linkage, which gives a slow speed forward cutting stroke

and a faster return.

It has been used in various internal combustion engines, such as the Bourke

engine, SyTech engine, and many hot air engines and steam engines.

The term scotch yoke continues to be used when the slot in the yoke is

shorter than the diameter of the circle made by the crank pin. For example,

the side rods of a locomotive may have scotch yokes to permit vertical

motion of intermediate driving axles. Under ideal engineering conditions,

force is applied directly in the line of travel of the assembly. The sinusoidal
motion, cosinusoidal velocity, and sinusoidal acceleration (assuming

constant angular velocity) result in smoother operation. The higher

percentage of time spent at top dead center (dwell) improves theoretical

engine efficiency of constant volume combustion cycles.[5] It allows the

elimination of joints typically served by a wrist pin, and near elimination of

piston skirts and cylinder scuffing, as side loading of piston due to sine of

connecting rod angle is mitigated. The longer the distance between the

piston and the yoke, the less wear that occurs, but greater the inertia, making

such increases in the piston rod length realistically only suitable for lower

RPM (but higher torque) applications.

The Scotch Yoke is not used in most internal combustion engines because of

the rapid wear of the slot in the yoke caused by sliding friction and high

contact pressures[citation needed]. This is mitigated by a sliding block

between the crank and the slot in the piston rod. Also, increased heat loss

during combustion due to extended dwell at top dead center offsets any

constant volume combustion improvements in real engines.[In an engine

application, less percent of the time is spent at bottom dead center when

compared to a conventional piston and crankshaft mechanism, which

reduces blowdown time for two-stroke engines. Experiments have shown

that extended dwell time does not work well with constant volume

combustion Otto Cycle Engines.Gains might be more apparent in Otto Cycle

Engines using a stratified direct injection (diesel or similar) cycle to reduce

heat losses
 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY
 CHAPTER-II

LITERATURE SURVEY

Multipurpose machine can be used for many projects important for

humanitarian and economic development in developing countries.

The mechanical properties measurement of materials with submicron

dimensions is extremely challenging, from the preparation and manipulation

of specimens, to the application of small loads and extraction of accurate

stresses and strains. A novel, versatile concept of micro and machines to test

films or beams with characteristic dimensions ranging between 10 and 1000

mm, allowing multiple loading configurations and geometries, is described.

This new testing method has been applied to thin, pure aluminium films. The

yield strength linearly increases with the inverse of the film thickness,

reaching 625 MPa for 150 nm thickness which is ten times larger than for

macroscopic samples. The strain hardening rate is large, similar to what is

measured with macroscopic specimens. Unexpectedly, large strains equal to

about 75% have been measured before the initiation of a stable ductile

failure mode. This mechanical laboratory involves thousands of micro

machines built onto a single silicon wafer, providing a unique platform for

investigating the elementary mechanisms of deformation and fracture in

scale metal, polymer or ceramic samples.

 The multi machine is an all-purpose open source machine tool that

can be built inexpensively by a semi-skilled mechanic with common hand

tools, from discarded car and truck parts, using only commonly available

hand tools and no electricity. Its size can range from being small enough to

fit in a closet to one hundred times that size. The multi machine can

accurately perform all the functions of an entire machine shop by itself.

The multi machine was first developed as a personal project by Pat

Delaney, then grew into an open source project organized via a Yahoo!

group. The 2,600 member support group that has grown up around its

creation is made up of engineers, machinists, and experimenters who have

proven that the machine works. As an open-source machine tool that can be

built cheaply on-site, the Multi machine could have many uses in developing

countries. The multi machine group is currently focused on the humanitarian

aspects of the multi machine, and on promulgating the concept of the multi

machine as a means to create jobs and economic growth in developing

countries.

The multi machine first became known to a wider audience as the

result of the 2006 Open Source Gift Guide article on the Make Magazine
website, in which the multi machine was mentioned under the caption "Multi

machine - Open Source machine tool".

We offer our clients with iron master multipurpose shearing machines

cum press that are hydraulically operated machines. Our range is operated

by common Hyd. Power Pack that are mounted on top of machines for easier

movement of operators & jobs around machine and thus saving area. These

machines are equipped with C frames having individual Hyd. Cylinder &

Control in addition to all facilities. Both sides of the machine is made

together thus they share strength to each other with stand large magnitude

force on each side during operations.

Nowadays in India, recycling is one of the areas which is rapidly increasing

day by day. The amount of waste coming is in a tremendous quantity.

Aluminium cans and Tin plate cans are one of the important product which

is being recycled on an increasing scale.

For carrying out this recycling can crushers are used . For recycling of these

cans , manual operation is being carried out in industries, which is a time

consuming process and ultimately it leads to the reduction of production

rate. In order to crush the cans in a less time ,we are designing a can crusher

machine using scotch yoke mechanism having multi or two side crushing
ability. A can crusher machine is used for crushing aluminium soda cans for

recycling purpose and also for easy storage in recycling bins. The scotch

yoke mechanism converts the rotating motion into reciprocating motion, this

is the principle which we are using in our can crusher We ardently wish to

extend, most modestly, our heartfelt gratitude to all those sincere and timely

aids have help materialized this project. We profusely thank to Mr. Sajid

Siddiqui (Senior Lecturer) Mechanical

Department, for his skillful and learned piloting towards the goal of this

project. Mechanical Engineering, and other staff members of Anjuman

college of engineering and technology for guiding us and giving their

valuable time and suggestions. A Solar grass cutter is a machine that uses

sliding blades to cut a lawn at an even length. Even more sophisticated

devices are there in every field. Power consumption becomes essential for

future. Solar grass cutter is a very useful device which is very simple in

construction. It is used to maintain and upkeep lawns in gardens, schools,

college’s etc.We have made some changes in the existing machine to make

its application easier at reduced cost. Our main aim in pollution control is

attained through this. Unskilled operation can operate easily and maintain

the lawn very fine and uniform surface look.

Our project entitled Fabrication of solar powered grass cutter is successfully

completed and the results obtained are satisfactory. It will be easier for the

people who are going to take the project for

the further modifications.This project is more suitable for a common man as

it is having much more advantages i.e, no fuel cost, no pollution and no fuel

residue, less wear and tear because of less number of moving components

and this can be operated by using solar energy. This will give much more

physical exercise to the people and can be easily handled.As we are nearer to

Equator, the solar energy (non-conventional energy) is vastly available, so it

is easy to charge the battery and is also pollution free. But the initial

investments of the solar powered grass cutter is high. At present in o

rder to curtail global warming and ozone depletion, the Government of India

is offering subsidy for the solar equipments. The industries are producing

these components in mass productions, so the cost of the system may come

down. So in future it is expected to run all

equipments by using solar energy.This system is having facility of charging

the batteries while the solar powered grass cutter is in

motion. So it is much more suitable for grass cutting also. The same thing

can be operated in night time also, as there is a facility to charge these

batteries in day light.

Mr. Ramkrushna S. More, Sunil J. Rajpal publishes a review paper on

“Study of Jaw Plates of Jaw Crusher” which tells us that Crushers are major

size reduction equipment used in mechanical , metallurgical and allied

industries which crushes different types of soft and hard materials swing jaw

plates are takes direct part into this

operations hence the design and analysis are very important

. This paper focuses on review of a work carried out by researchers on

analysis of swing jaw plate i.e. kinematic & dynamic analysis of the jaw

crusher due to which the design quality of jaw crusher are improved. Mr.

Shadab Husain, Mohammad Shadab Sheikhpresents paper on “Can crusher

machine using scotch yoke mechanism” in which we got new ideas about

my Can crusher Machine. According to this for carrying out recycling

aluminum cans and Tin Cans Can crushers are used. For recycling of these

cans, manual operation is being carried out in industries, which is a time

consuming process

and ultimately it leads to the reduction of production rate. In order to crush

the cans in a less time They have designed a can crusher machine using

scotch yoke mechanism having multi or two side crushing ability. A can

crusher machine is used for crushing aluminum soda cans for recycling
purpose and also for easy storage in recycling bins. The scotch yoke

mechanism converts the rotating motion into reciprocating motion, this is

the principle which we are using in their can crusher An Automatic CAN or

Plastic Bottle Crusher Machine.

sorting system of different materials like Glass, Cans, Plastic Bottles in

Crusher Machine. The IHI Company is one of the pioneer in developing

automatic sorting system used for glass bottles and has delivered first to the

Izumo recycling Center. In this collecting resource like glass bottles, metal

cans and plastic bottles are separately sorted.A paper published in

Woodworker’s Journal (America’s leading woodworking authority) in the

year 2007 entitled

“Can-Do Can Crusher” give a brief idea about small can crusher machine

and also a design of it. The author and several of his buddies tested the

prototype extensively. One of his friends owns a gas station where they all

gather every night to play cards. Since installing this homemade crusher

more than two thousand cases’ worth of beer cans have been crushed. This

can crusher is made from simple parts, most of which you probably have

around the

shop. Also various explode views are given in this paper along with varied

material list and technical drawing of crusher machine which will help to
take idea for this project. Mr. Che Mohd Akhairil Akasyah B Che Anuar

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in University Malaysia Pahang in the

year Nov.2008 in his project report entitled

“Development of the Can Crusher Machine” he exploded about different can

crusher machines that are present in the market. ccording to his report study

about the current design is important in order to determine what the product

function really are and find out how it perform and getting out it advantages

for each and then compare with other product that have been reviewed

already. In this process, it is decided to study about three current designs in

market

now in order to gain information that could help to create new design. In this

project, it needs lot of knowledge such as CAD, Solid works software, using

shearing machine, bending machine vertical bendsaw, bench work and

welding process etc Mr. Aman Baviskar, Vihar Doshi, Taher

Parekhsubmitted a project report entitled as “Automatic Can Crusher”in

which they have briefly explained about

recycling of Can, soft-wares that have to be used in his project, along with

these material selection factors etc. Also the technical drawing and design of

various components like pneumatic cylinder, foundation can basher and

guide ways etc i.e. the assembly design. This project uses many materials
such as sheet metal, hollow steel bar and others. The pneumatic system and a

microcontroller make up the

backbone for this project. Overall, this project involves processes like

design, fabrication and assembling procedures. Mr. Patel Ronak A.

presents a paper on “Slider Crank Mechanism for Four bar linkage”in which

he describesthe slider crank mechanism is a particular four bar linkage

configuration that exhibits both linear and rotational motion simultaneously.

This mechanism is frequently

utilized to investigate machine kinematics and resulting dynamic forces. The

position, velocity, acceleration and shaking forces generated by a slider

crank mechanism during operation can be determined analytically. The

purpose of the slider-crank mechanism is to convert the linear motion of the

piston to rotational motion of the

crankshaft. One common application of this mechanism is in internal

combustion engines.
 CHAPTER-3

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT
 CHAPTER-III

DESCRIPTION OFEQUIPMENT

3.1 SCOTCH YOKE

The Scotch yoke (also known as slotted link mechanism) is a

reciprocating motion mechanism, converting the linear motion of a slider

into rotational motion, or vice versa. This setup is most commonly used in

control valve actuators in high-pressure oil and gas pipelines.

Although not a common metalworking machine nowadays, crude

shapers can use Scotch yokes. Almost all those use a Whitworth linkage,

which gives a slow speed forward cutting stroke and a faster return.

It has been used in various internal combustion engines, such as the

Bourke engine, SyTech engine, and many hot air engines and steam engines.

The term scotch yoke continues to be used when the slot in the yoke is

shorter than the diameter of the circle made by the crank pin. For example,

the side rods of a locomotive may have scotch yokes to permit vertical

motion of intermediate driving axles.

3.2 SHAPING TOOL

Shapers have been largely superseded by milling machines or grinding

machines in modern industrial practice. The basic function of a shaper

machine is still sound and tooling for them is minimal and very cheap to

reproduce. They can be invaluable for jobbing or repair shops where only

one or a few pieces are required to be produced and the alternative methods

are cost or tooling intensive. The mechanically operated machines are simple

and robust in construction, making their repair and upkeep easily achievable.

TYPES

Shapers are mainly classified as standard, draw-cut, horizontal,

universal, vertical, geared, crank, hydraulic, contour and traveling head. The

horizontal arrangement is the most common. Vertical shapers are generally

fitted with a rotary table to enable curved surfaces to be machined. The

vertical shaper differs from a slotter (slotting machine), as the slide can be

moved from the vertical. A slotter is fixed in the vertical plane. Horizontal

shapers, which are common, produce flat, angular, and contoured surfaces.

Very small machines have been successfully made to operate by hand

power. Once size increases, up to a potential 36 inch stroke, the power needs

increase and it becomes necessary to use an electric motor. This motor drives
a mechanical arrangement (using a pinion gear, bull gear and crank) or a

hydraulic motor which supplies the necessary movement via hydraulic

cylinders.

Operation

Shaping is a process of removing material in which a single-point

cutting tool reciprocates across the face of a workpiece to produce a plane or

sculpted surface. A shaper operates by moving a hardened cutting tool

backwards and forwards across the workpiece. On the return stroke of the

ram the tool is lifted clear of the workpiece, reducing the cutting action to

one direction only.

The workpiece mounts on a rigid, box shaped table in front of the

machine. The height of the table can be adjusted to suit this workpiece, and

the table can traverse sideways underneath the reciprocating tool which is

mounted on the ram, the table motion is usually under the control of an

automatic feed mechanism which acts on the feedscrew. The ram slides back

and forth above the work, at the front end of the ram are a vertical tool-slide

that may be adjusted to either side of the vertical plane. This tool-slide holds

the clapper box and tool post from where the tool can be positioned to cut

the straight, flat surface on the top of the workpiece. The tool-slide permits
feeding the tool downwards to put on a cut it or may be set away from the

vertical plane, as required.

The ram is adjustable for stroke and, due to the geometry of the

linkage, it moves faster on the return (non-cutting) stroke than on the

forward, cutting stroke. This action is via a slotted link or whit worth link.

Cutting fluid may be employed to improve the finish and prolong the tool's

life.

Shaping tools

As like lath, single point cutting tools are used in shapers. All the

angles are ground similar to the lath tool. But the tools for shaper are made

more rigid and heavier this is to withstand shocks at the time of starting the

cutting stroke each time.

CLASSIFICATION OF SHAPER TOOLS:

1. According to the shape of the tool straight, cracked, goose neck.

2. According to the direction of cutting left hand and right hand.

3. According to the finish rough and fine.

4. According to the type of operation down cutting, parting off, squaring

and side cutting.

 5. According to the shape of the cutting edge round nose, square nose.

3.3 HACKSAW

A hacksaw is a fine-tooth saw with a blade under tension in a frame,

used for cutting materials such as metal or bone. Hand-held hacksaws

consist of a metal arch with a handle, usually a pistol grip, with pins for

attaching a narrow disposable blade. A screw or other mechanism is used to

put the thin blade under tension. The blade can mounted with the teeth

facing toward or away from the handle, resulting in cutting action on either

the push or pull stroke. On the push stroke, the arch will flex slightly,

decreasing the tension on the blade.

Blades are available in standardized lengths, and with anywhere from

three to thirty-two teeth per inch (tpi). The blade used is based on the

thickness of the material being cut, with a minimum of three teeth in the

material. Hacksaw blades are normally quite brittle, so care needs to be

taken to prevent brittle fracture of the blade. Bi-metal blades are meant to

minimize this risk, by fusing a strip of harder metal along the tooth edge to a

softer spine.
 A panel hacksaw eliminates the frame, so that the saw can cut into

panels of sheet metal without the length of cut being restricted by the frame.

Junior hacksaws are the small variant, while larger mechanical hacksaws are

used to cut working pieces from bulk metal.

3.4 VICE

It is a device consisting of two parallel jaws for holding a work piece;

one of the jaws is fixed and the other movable by a screw, a lever, or a cam.

When used for holding a work piece during hand operations, such as filing,

hammering, or sawing, the vise may be permanently bolted to a bench. In

vises designed to hold metallic work pieces, the active faces of the jaws are

hardened steel plates, often removable, with serrations that grip the work

piece; to prevent damage to soft parts, the permanent jaws can be covered

with temporary jaws made from sheet copper or leather. Pipe vises have

double V-shaped jaws that grip in four places instead of only two.

Woodworking vises have smooth jaws, often of wood, and rely on friction

alone rather than on serrations.

For holding work pieces on the tables of machine tools, vises with

smooth hardened-steel jaws and flat bases are used. These machine vises are
portable but may be clamped to the machine table when in use; means may

also be provided for swiveling the active part of the vise so that the work

piece can be held in a variety of positions relative to the base. For holding

parts that cannot be clamped with flat jaws, special jaws can be provided.

3.5 BEARING

A bearing is a device to permit constrained relative motion between

two parts, typically rotation or linear movement. Bearings may be classified

broadly according to the motions they allow and according to their principle

of operation. Low friction bearings are often important for efficiency, to

reduce wear and to facilitate high speeds. Essentially, a bearing can reduce

friction by virtue of its shape, by its material, or by introducing and

containing a fluid between surfaces. By shape, gains advantage usually by

using spheres or rollers. By material, exploits the nature of the bearing

material used. Sliding bearings, usually called bushes bushings journal

bearings sleeve bearings rifle bearings or plain bearings. rolling-element

bearings such as ball bearings and roller bearings. Jewel bearings, in which

the load is carried by rolling the axle slightly off-center. fluid bearings, in

which the load is carried by a gas or liquid magnetic bearings, in which the
load is carried by a magnetic field. Flexure bearings, in which the motion

is supported by a load element which bends. Bearings vary greatly over the

forces and speeds that they can support. Forces can be radial, axial (thrust

bearings) or moments perpendicular to the main axis. Bearings very

typically involve some degree of relative movement between surfaces, and

different types have limits as to the maximum relative surface speeds they

can handle, and this can be specified as a speed in ft/s or m/s.

The moving parts there is considerable overlap between capabilities,

but plain bearings can generally handle the lowest speeds while rolling

element bearings are faster, hydrostatic bearings faster still, followed by gas

bearings and finally magnetic bearings which have no known upper speed

limit.

LINEAR BEARING

A linear-motion bearing or linear slide is a bearing designed to provide

free motion in one dimension. There are many different types of linear

motion bearings and this family of products is generally broken down into

two sub-categories: rolling-element and plane.

Motorized linear slides such as machine slides, XY tables, roller tables and

some dovetail slides are bearings moved by drive mechanisms. Not all linear
slides are motorized, and non-motorized dovetail slides, ball bearing slides

and roller slides provide low-friction linear movement for equipment

powered by inertia or by hand. All linear slides provide linear motion based

on bearings, whether they are ball bearings, dovetail bearings or linear roller

bearings. XY Tables, linear stages, machine slides and other advanced slides

use linear motion bearings to provide movement along both X and Y

multiple axis.

Different Bearing types

There are many types of bearings, each used for different purposes either

singularly or in combinations. These include ball bearings, roller bearings,

ball thrust bearings, roller thrust bearings and tapered roller thrust bearings.

Ball bearings

Ball bearings, as shown to the left, are the most common

type by far. They are found in everything from skate boards to washing
machines to PC hard drives. These bearings are capable of taking both radial

and thrust loads, and are usually found in applications where the load is light

to medium and is constant in nature (ie not shock loading). The bearing

shown here has the outer ring cut away revealing the balls and ball retainer.

Roller bearings

Roller bearings like the one shown to the left are

normally used in heavy duty applications such as conveyer belt rollers,

where they must hold heavy radial loads. In these bearings the roller is a

cylinder, so the contact between the inner and outer race is not a point (like

the ball bearing above) but a line. This spreads the load out over a larger

area, allowing the roller bearing to handle much greater loads than a ball

bearing. However, this type of bearing cannot handle thrust loads to any

significant degree. A variation of this bearing design is called the needle

bearing. The needle roller bearing uses cylindrical rollers like those above
but with a very small diameter. This allows the bearing to fit into tight places

such as gear boxes that rotate at higher speeds.

Thrust ball bearings

Ball thrust bearings like the one shown to the left are

mostly used for low-speed non precision applications. They cannot take

much radial load and are usually found in lazy susan turntables and low

precision farm equipment.

Roller thrust bearing

Roller thrust bearings like the one

illustrated to the left can support very large thrust loads. They are often

found in gearsets like car transmissions between gear sprockets, and between

the housing and the rotating shafts. The helical gears used in most

transmissions have angled teeth, this can causes a high thrust load that must

be supported by this type of bearing.

Taper roller bearing

 Tapered roller bearings are designed to support large

radial and large thrust loads. These loads can take the form of constant loads

or shock loads. Tapered roller bearings are used in many car hubs, where

they are usually mounted in pairs facing opposite directions. This gives them

the ability to take thrust loads in both directions. The cutaway taper roller on

the left shows the specially designed tapered rollers and demonstrates their

angular mounting which gives their dual load ability.

Other bearing types..

The above bearing types are some of the most common. There are thousands

of other designs, some standard and some specific applications but all

perform the same basic function. Essentially further types of bearings

usually take all or some of the characteristics of the above bearings and

blend them into one design. Through the use of careful material selection
and applying the correct degree of machining precision, a successful bearing

solution can usually be found.

 CHAPTER-4

DESIGN AND DRAWING

 CHAPTER-IV

DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT AND DRAWING

4.1 MACHINE COMPONENTS

The Multi Operation Machine Using Scotch Yoke Mechanism

Is consists of the following components to full fill the requirements of

complete operation of the machine.

1. Vice

2. Handle

3. Shaping tool

4. Scotch yoke

5. Hack saw

6. Bearing
DRAWING
4.2 DRAWING FOR MULTI OPERATION MACHINE

USING SCOTCH YOKE MECHANISM

 CHAPTER -5

WORKING PRINCIPLE
 CHAPTER -5

WORKING PRINCIPLE

In this project we are using handle, hacksaw, slotting tool and vice.

Here the scotch yoke mechanism is used for carrying out the multiple

operations. The handle shaft is connected to cam disc on the other side. Cam

disc and slider arrangement converts rotary motion into reciprocating motion

and the reciprocating motion is used for the shaping and cutting operation.

The shaping tool and cutting tool are guided by a horizontal guide bush. A

vice is mounted on the table to hold the work piece.

 CHAPTER -6

MERITS AND DEMERITS

 CHAPTER-VI

MERITS AND DEMERITS

MERITS

 No need of electrical power

 Power loss is less

 Low cost

 Easy to implement

 Reduces the need of many machines

DEMERIT

 Uneven forces acts on the wok piece

 Only small components can be machined

 CHAPTER-7

APPLICATIONS
 CHAPTER-7

APPLICATIONS

1. Used in small scale industries to reduce machine cost.

2. In such places where frequent change in operation are required.

 CHAPTER-8

LIST OF MATERIALS
 CHAPTER-VIII

LIST OF MATERIALS

FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS

The various factors which determine the choice of material are

discussed below.

1. Properties:

The material selected must possess the necessary properties for the

proposed application. The various requirements to be satisfied

Can be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand environmental

attack from chemicals, service life, reliability etc.

The following four types of principle properties of materials

decisively affect their selection

a. Physical

b. Mechanical

c. From manufacturing point of view

d. Chemical

The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal

Conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific

gravity, electrical conductivity, magnetic purposes etc.

The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile,

Compressive shear, bending, tensional and buckling load, fatigue resistance,

impact resistance, elastic limit, endurance limit, and modulus of elasticity,

hardness, wear resistance and sliding properties.

The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point of

view are,

 Cast ability

 Weld ability

 Forge ability

 Surface properties

 Shrinkage

 Deep drawing etc.

2. Manufacturing case:

Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or surface

qualities obtainable by the application of suitable coating substances may

demand the use of special materials.

3. Quality Required:

This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the

material. For example, it would never be desirable to go casting of a less

number of components which can be fabricated much more economically by

welding or hand forging the steel.

4. Availability of Material:

Some materials may be scarce or in short supply.it then becomes

obligatory for the designer to use some other material which though may not

be a perfect substitute for the material designed.the delivery of materials and

the delivery date of product should also be kept in mind.

5. Space consideration:

Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the forces

involved are high and space limitations are there.

6. Cost:

As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of material

plays an important part and should not be ignored.

 Sometimes factors like scrap utilization,appearance,and non-

maintenance of the designed part are involved in the selection of proper

materials.
 CHAPTER-9

COST ESTIMATION
 CHAPTER-IX

COST ESTIMATION

1. MATERIAL COST.

2. LABOUR COST:

 Lathe

 Drilling

 welding

 Grinding

 Power hacksaw

 gas cutting cost

3. OVERGHEAD CHARGES:

The overhead charges are arrived by”manufacturing cost”

Manufacturing Cost =Material Cost +Labour Cost

Overhead Charges =20%of the manufacturing cost

4.TOTAL COST:

Total cost = Material Cost +Labour Cost +Overhead Charges

 =

Total cost for this project =

CHAPTER-10

CONCLUSION
 CHAPTER-X

CONCLUSION

The project carried out by us made an impressing task in the field of

industrial and workshops. It is very usefully for doing multiple operations in

single machine manually in order to reduce the time conception and cost

waste for electrical power.

This project has also reduced the cost involved in the concern. Project

has been designed to perform the entire requirement task which has also

been provided.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Design data book -P.S.G.Tech.

3. Automobile Engineering – Dr. Kirpal singh (vol- 1&2)

3. Machine tool design handbook –Central machine tool Institute,

Bangalore.

4. Strength of Materials -R.S.Kurmi

5. Manufacturing Technology -M.Haslehurst.

PHOTOGRAPHY