SYNTAX

“Wh–Quest
ion”

Ar
rangedby:

Gr
oup10

Kur
niaSaput
ri :
1510231063

Li
ndaMegaM :
1510231043

Ar
meeneeAbut
adsa :
1510231066

FACULTYOFTEACHERTRAI
NINGANDEDUCATI
ON

ENGLI
SHLANGUAGEEDUCATI
ON

UNI
VERSI
TYOFMUHAMMADI
YAHJEMBER

2017
 CHAPTER1

I
ntr
oduct
ion

Wh–quest
ioni
saquest
iont
hataskedf
ori
nfor
mat
ionbyusi
ngt
heQuest
ion
wor
ds.Wh–quest
ionsusual
l
yst
artwi
thawor
dbegi
nni
ngwi
thwh-
,but“
how”i
s
al
soi
ncl
uded.Thewh-wor
dsar
e:what
,when,
wher
e,who,
whom,
whi
ch,
whose,
why
,
andhow.

A.Cl
ausal
TypseandI
nter
rogat
ives

Li
keot
herl
anguage,
Engl
i
shal
sodi
sti
ngui
shesasetofcl
auset
ypse
t
hatar
echar
act
eri
sti
cal
l
yusedt
oper
for
m di
ff
erentki
ndsofspeechact
s:

a.Decl
arat
ivecl
ause:

I
sasent
enceusedt
opr
ovi
dei
nfor
mat
ionanddecl
arat
ivescan
beaf
fi
rmat
iveornegat
ive.

For
mul
a:S+V+X

 X:
isanyot
herel
ementi
nthecl
ause(
e.g.obj
ect
,pr
edi
cat
ive
compl
ement
).

 Ex.Af
fi
rmat
ive:Isawt
hem l
astweek.

 Ex.Negat
ive :Idi
dn’
tseet
hem l
astweek.

b.I
nter
rogat
ivecl
ause:

I
sasent
enceusedt
orequesti
nfor
mat
ionandcanbeaf
fi
rmat
ive
ornegat
ive.

For
mul
a:WH/
QW +AUX+S+V+X

 Ex.Af
fi
rmat
ive:
Whydi
dhet
ell
me?

 Ex.Negat
ive :
Whydi
dn’
thet
ell
me?
 c.I
mper
rat
ivecl
ause:

I
sasent
enceusedi
nthecommandandnosubj
ectbecausei
tis
under
stoodt
hatt
hesubj
ecti
syou.

For
mul
a:Aux+X

 Ex.Af
fi
rmat
ive:
Behappy
.

 Ex.Negat
ive :
Don’
tbesad.

d.Excl
amat
ivecl
ause:

I
sasent
enceusedt
oexpr
esssur
pri
seorshock.I
nwr
it
ingwe
useanexcl
amat
ionwor
k.

For
mul
a:a.What+noun+subj
ect+v
erb.

b.How+adj
ect
iveoradv
erb+subj
ect+v
erb

c.Auxi
l
iar
yormodal
ver
b+subj
ect+v
erb(
i.
e.
i
nter
rogat
ivewor
dor
der
)

 Ex.Af
fi
rmat
ive:
Whatal
ovel
ysi
stery
ouar
e!

Howbeaut
if
ult
hathousewas!

 Ex.Negat
ive :Wasn’
tshegr
eat!

Di
dn’
thesi
ngwel
l!

B.Non-
subj
ectWh-
quest
ion

I
saquest
ionsent
encet
hatt
hesubj
ecti
snotWh-wor
ds.

Onet
hingt
onot
eher
eist
hati
nEngl
i
shonl
ycompl
ement
scanbe
r
eal
i
zedasaGAPv
alue.Unl
i
kel
anguagesl
i
keKor
eanandJapanesewher
e
bot
hsubj
ectandobj
ectcanbeext
ract
ed,
Indo-
Eur
opeanl
anguagei
ncl
udi
ng
Engl
i
shexhi
bitsubj
ect
-obj
ectasy
mmet
ryi
nvar
iousphenomena.
 Forexampl
es:

a.*
Whatdi
d[t
hatJonhbought
]__
upsetj
ack?

b.Whatdi
dJul
i
athi
nk[
thatJonhbought
__]?

Thedat
aher
eindi
cat
ethatanel
ementf
rom t
hesubj
ecti
slessext
ract
abl
e
t
hanonef
rom t
hecompl
ement
.

Ref
lect
ingt
hissubj
ect
/obj
ectasy
mmat
ry,
wecanassumet
heAr
gument
Real
i
zat
ionConst
rai
ntasf
oll
owi
ng:

Ar
gumentReal
i
zat
ionConst
rai
nt:

Thenon-
ini
ti
alar
gumentcanber
eal
i
zedei
therasaCOMPS
el
ementorasaGAPel
ement
.

C.Subj
ectWh–Quest
ion
Subj
ectwh–quest
ioni
sthequest
ionsent
encet
hatusequest
ionwor
dast
he
subj
ect
.

Nowconsi
derexampl
esi
nwhi
cht
hesubj
ecti
swh-
quest
ion:

a.Whoputt
hebooki
nthebox?

b.Whocanputt
hebooki
nthebox?

 Whent
hesubj
ecti
swh–quest
ion,
thepr
esenceofanauxi
l
iar
yver
bis
opt
ional
,hi
nti
ngt
hatt
her
emaynotev
enanext
ract
ion.

 Thesear
ecal
l
ed“
subj
ectquest
ions”
becauset
hequest
ionwor
dist
he
“
subj
ect
”oft
hesent
ence.

Lookatt
heset
woquest
ions.

a. WhodoesRomeol
ove?Romeol
ovesJul
i
et.

b. Whol
oveRomeo?Jul
i
etl
ovesRomeo
  I
nthef
ir
stquest
ion,
Romeoi
sthesubj
ect
.

 I
nthesecondquest
ion‘
who’
ist
hesubj
ectandRomeoi
stheobj
ect
.

Wecanassumesev
eral
str
uct
uresf
orsuchsubj
ectwh-
quest
ioned
sent
ences.Thef
ir
stst
ruct
urewecant
hinkofi
stoal
l
owt
hesubj
ectt
obe
gappedandhav
east
ruct
urel
i
ket
hef
oll
owi
ngf
or:

*
S

NP VP[
GAP{
NP}

Who V NP PP

put t
hebook i
nthebox

Oneobv
iouspr
obl
em oft
hisst
ruct
urei
sthatnogr
ammarr
ulest
hatwe
hav
eseensof
arwi
l
lli
censet
hecombi
nat
ionoft
heVPwi
tht
hef
il
lerNPwho:
t
hehead-
fi
ll
err
ulesi
nrequi
resi
tshadt
obeanS.I
fwel
i
censet
hiski
ndof
combi
nat
ion,
wemaygener
ateani
l
l-f
ormedexampl
elke*
i WeFi
dol
i
kei
n
chFi
whi doi
stheobj
ect
.

D.Non-
WhI
ndi
rectQuest
ion

Therei
snoquesti
onwordsini
t.I
ndi
rectquest
ionsheadedby
complementzerwhet
i herandi
f

Exampl
es:

a.Idon’ whet
tknow[ her
/i
fIshoul
dagr
ee]
.

b.Sheget whet
supset[ her
/i
fIexcl
udeherf
rom any
thi
ng]
 whet
c.Iwonder[ her
/i
fyou’
dbeki
ndenoughtt
ogi
veusi
nfor
mat
ion]
.

Theinnersentenceoftheindirectquestionhereisacompl
etesent
encewit
h
nomi ssi
ngelement ,
dif
ferentf
rom indirectquestonIwonderwhoJohnmet
i
yester
day.Thismeanst hatbecompl ement izerwhetherori
fwil
lhaveatl
eastt
he
fol
lowinglexi
calentr
y :

Whet
her

HEAD POScomp

SYN VAL COMPS S

QUE+

Accordi
ngtot
helexi
cali
nfor
mati whet
on, hersel
ect
saf
ini
teSwi
tht
he[QUE+]
v
aluegenerati
ngast
ruct
ureli
kethefol
l
owing:

CP[QUE+]

C[QUE+] S[
fi
n]

Whet
her
/i
f Ishoul
dagr
ee

Onethi
ngtonot
eher
eisthati
fandweat
herar
esl
i
ght
lyev
ent
hought
heybot
h
car
rythepossi
ti
veQUEf
eatur
es

Justli
kei
ndi
rectquest
ion,
t ausesheadedbywhet
hecl hercanser
veasan
pr
eposit
ional
obj
ect.

a.Iam notcer
tai
naboutwhenhewi
l
lcome.

b.Iam notcer
tai
naboutwhet
herhewi
l
lgoornot
.

Howev
eri
,fcannotf
unct
ionast
hepr
eposi
ti
onal
obj
ect
.

a.*
Iam notcer
tai
nabouti
fhewi
l
lcome.

b.*
Iam notcer
tai
nabouti
fhewi
l
lcomeornot
.

Ther
eisal
soadi
ff
er weeni
encebet fandwhet
heri
ninf
ini
ti
val
const
ruct
ions:
 1.a.Idon’
tknowwher
etogo.

b.Idon’
tknowwhatt
odo.

c.Idon’
tknowhowt
odoi
t.

d.Idon’
tknowwhet
hert
oagr
eewi
thhi
m ornot
.

2.a.*
Idon’
tknowi
ftoagr
eewi
thhi
m ornot
.

b.*
Idon’
tknowt
hatt
oagr
eewi
thhi
m ornot
.

Thismeanst hatwhet
herandifcanbothbeart
hef eat
ureQUE(Pr
oject
ingan
i
ndi
rectquest
ion)
,butdi
ff
erentwi
threspectt
othefactt ywhet
hatonl herbehaves
keawh-
l
i el
ement.