Biology - February 2016
Biology - February 2016
Biology - February 2016
CONCEPT OF FRUITS
formation is called false fruit (or pseudocarp) e.g., apple and pear. The seeds
within the fruits have reserve food for nourishing the young seedlings till they
MAP
become nutritionally independent.
· Some fruits are formed without fertilisation i.e., seedless fruits. They are called as
AND SEEDS parthenocarps (e.g., banana). Fruits are classified into three main categories –
simple fruits, aggregate fruits and composite fruits.
Testa Tegmen
Perisperm Cotyledon
Endosperm
Testa
Caruncle
Inferior Berry Embryo
Pome of Apple Berry of Tomato Drupe of Mango Radicle Cotyledon Axis
of Banana
Castor seed (L.S.) Gram seed (split open)
Achenial fruits (Indehiscent fruit) Capsular fruits (Dehiscent fruit) Schizocarpic fruits (Splitting fruits)
Achenial fruits are of five types : Capsular fruits are of five types: Schizocarpic fruits are of five types :
(i) Achene : It develops from monocarpellary, superior, (i) Legume (or pod) : The fruit develops from superior, (i) Cremocarp : It develops from a bicarpellary,
unilocular and uniovuled ovary, pericarp is free from seed monocarpellary, unilocular ovary with marginal placentation. It syncarpous, bilocular, inferior ovary. On maturity, the
except at one point, e.g., Mirabilis jalapa. (ii) Caryopsis (or dehisces by both dorsal and ventral sutures, e.g., members of family fruit splits into two mericarps, each with one seed,
Grain) : It develops from monocarpellary, superior, unilocular Leguminosae. (ii) Follicle : The fruit dehisces by only one suture, e.g., members of family Apiaceae. (ii) Lomentum : The
ovary. Pericarp is completely fused with the testa, e.g., members e.g., Delphinium. (iii) Siliqua : It develops from a bicarpellary, fruit is a modification of legume, which is constricted
of family Poaceae. (iii) Cypsela : It develops from bicarpellary, superior ovary with parietal placentation and a false septum called in between the seeds, e.g., Mimosa, Acacia, etc.
syncarpous, inferior and unilocular ovary. Pappus may be replum. It dehisces by two valves, e.g., members of family (iii) Carcerulus : At maturity, the fruit breaks up into
present for dispersal, e.g., Taraxacum. (iv) Nut: Pericarp becomes Brassicaceae. (iv) Silicula : It is a shortened and flattened siliqua, single seeded indehiscent mericarps, e.g., Althaea.
h a r d , w o o d y o r l e a t h e r y. Fr u i t m a y d e v e l o p f r o m e.g., Capsella bursa-pastoris. (v) Capsule: According to the mode of (iv) Compound samara : At maturity, the fruit splits
monocarpellary, superior ovary (e.g., cashew nut); tricarpellary, dehiscence, capsule may be porocidal capsule (e.g., Papaver), up into single seeded winged mericarps, e.g., Acer.
syncarpous, trilocular ovary (e.g., litchi), etc. (v) Samara : denticidal capsule (e.g., Pink), pyxidium (e.g., Portulaca), (v) Regma : It develops from multicarpellary pistil and
Pericarp becomes flat like wings and thus help in wind dispersal loculicidal capsule (e.g., Gossypium), septicidal capsule on maturity, splits into as many cocci as the number of
e.g., Holoptelea. (e.g., Viola), septifragal capsule (e.g., Datura), etc. carpels, e.g., Geranium.
Cremocarp of Coriandrum
Follicle of
Capsule of Delphinium Carcerulus of Lomentaceous pod Regma of
Datura Althaea of Touch-me-not Castor
Caryopsis of
Maize
Nut of Litchi
Siliqua of Silicula of
Achene of Mirabilis Mustard Capsella Double samara of Acer
jalapa