Series 7 Notes
Series 7 Notes
Series 7 Notes
Company issuing new security= corporate charter + registration statement with the
SEC
ADR (American depository receipt) = bank holds foreign securities and receipts
trade in place(div. paid in U.S. dollar)
Standby underwriter= sells securities that were not sold through preemptive rights
CHAPTER TWO:
Indenture for a bond (deed of trust) = legal agreement between issuer and bond
holder (includes: maturity, par, rate, collateral, callable/convertible features and
trustee who delivers interest payments)
Book entry bond= owner only receives a receipt, and automatically receives
payments through database
Term bond= bonds issued at the same time with the same maturity (called
randomly)(sinking fund)
Serial bonds= bonds issued at the same time with equal amounts maturing at
different dates (called by longest maturity first)
Balloon bonds= more bonds mature at a later date (called by longest maturity first)
Series bond= issued in successive years with the same maturity date
Sinking fund= bank account that issuer deposits money to pay off debt (term bonds
usually have mandatory)
Pre- refunded= issuer has deposited money needed to pay off the bond already in a
sinking fund
Open ended mortgage bond= can borrow money using same property as collateral
Zero coupon= discount bond (interest + principal not received until maturity
(“trades flat”)
Eurodollar bonds= foreign securities which pay interest and principal in dollars
U.S. Bonds are quoted in 32nds (“95.8”=95 and 8/32) can be shown as 95:08 or 95-
08
Nominal yield (coupon rate) = face interest rate on bond (face interest x par)
Corporate and muni bonds calculate interest using 30 day month 360 day year
Accrued interest= add settlement date and then subtract from previous coupon
date
(assume 30 day months) (be careful to remember business days)
Calendar= Jan+1 Feb-2 Mar+1 Apr+0 May+1 June+0 July+1 Aug+1 Sep+0 Oct+1
Nov+0 Dec+1
Parity= stock and bond are trading equally (worth the same)
T- Bills= mature in 6 months or less (sold at discount +non callable) (not quoted in
32nds)
T- Strips (receipts)= 10-30 year maturity (sold at a discount + don’t pay interest)
Mortgage Backed securities= Ginnie Mae ($25,000 min. + pays interest and
principal monthly) + Fannie Mae ($10,000 min.)/ Freddie Mac ($25,000 min.)
PAC (planned amortization class) Tranche= safest because has sinking fund
IO (interest only) tranche= only pays interest never repays through principal
Commercial Paper= unsecured debt that is sold at discount and matures in under
270 days
Jumbo CD’s= minimum of $100,000 and can be traded like regular bonds (pays
interest)
Fed Funds Rate= rate of loans between financial institutions (fastest to change)
Effective Fed Fund Rate= average fed fund rate of all commercial banks
Libor= Average fed fund rate of foreign banks’ lending money to each other in U.S.
dollars
Reverse Repo (matched sale) = banks lend to fed and hold T- Bills as collateral
CHAPTER THREE:
Selling group= helps syndicate sell new issues without buying the securities (no
risk)
Stand by rights= back up underwriter in case any left-over shares (only for stocks)
SEC puts a disclaimer on the prospectus saying: does not guarantee+ judge+
approve + recommend anything
Effective date= first day the security trades (decided by the SEC)
New offerings must be paid in full (no margin) within the first 30 days
Trust indenture act 0f 1939= newly issued corporate bonds file an indenture with
the SEC
Rule 145= in the event of major change a company must file a new registration
statement with the SEC
Exemptions from listing with the SEC= U.S. securities+ muni + commercial paper +
non-profit +banks issues+ insurance and annuity policies+ rule 147 offerings (only
within corporations own state) +reg A offering ($5million or less within 12 months)
+ reg D (private placement/up to 35 unaccredited investors and unlimited
accredited)
After waiting period you can sell up to %1 of outstanding shares or average weekly
trading volume of the last four weeks whichever is greater
Must file a 144 w/ sec when selling and it is valid for 90 days
If selling 500 shares or less worth $10000 or less then exempt from filing a 144
Portal Market (rule 144a)= able to sell before a year to a qualified institutional
buyer ($100mm+ in assets)
“Cooling off period”= 20 day period between registration of new issue and the
approval of the SEC
Green shoe clause= Underwriters can indicate interest for up to %15 more than
securities available
Managers fee= Fee received by managing under writer for a sale by anyone
Western Account Syndicate (divided) = each syndicate member sells what they are
responsible for
Eastern Account (undivided) = If a firm sells all of their own they are responsible for
a percentage of the unsold (percentage of their allotment in respect to total offering
is reapplied to leftover shares)
Market out clause= ability to withdraw from offering due to negative market
conditions
CHAPTER FOUR
A firm must disclose if they are a broker or dealer for each trade (on receipt) and
cannot be both for same trade
A specialist order of priority= 1) best price 2) which order was placed first 3) if same
time and price then bigger order goes first
Stopping Stock= Specialist guaranteeing a certain price (only done with public
orders)
Sop limit= when entered starts as a stop order and when triggered becomes a limit
order (wont execute until at a better price than order)
Buy limit and Sell stops (bliss) are reduced on dividend days (SLoBS remain the
same)
Inside the market= highest bid and lowest ask (does not include stops)
Immediate or cancel order= fill as much as possible and cancel the rest
Discretionary order= order without prior verbal permission carried out by broker
(need power of attorney)
If an order does not include one of the following it is discretionary: which security/
buy or sell/ quantity
Not held order= order which the rep has the ability to decide when to execute an
order at a price he thinks is right (power of attorney is NOT needed) (can’t be
executed by specialist)
Market on Close= Execute as close to the market close as possible (cancelled if not
executed at the close)
Market on Open= If order not executed on the opening price or better it is cancelled
.P/PR=preferred
.R/RT= Rights
.W/WT= warrant
.X=mutual fund
“SLD” on a ticker means a trade occurred out of sequence (can’t trigger stop or
limit)
Super dot= System that by passes floor brokers and goes straight to specialist
(used for 3 million shares or less and is only available to public customers) (Large
orders CANT be broken up)
NASDAQ Global Markets= Largest and mostly actively traded stocks that are OTC
(majority of stocks) (can be bought on margin)
NASDAQ Capital Markets= actively traded stocks that don’t meet earning
requirements of NGM
Level 1= shows inside of the market
OTCBB (OTC bulletin board)= FINRA’s quotation system for non- exchange traded
securities
Firm with a recall option= used by a firm to give another broker-dealer a chance to
sell the firms inventory and then both firms split commission. (Recall= time the
lending firm, must give before taking back the loaned security)(firm cant change
quote)
Threshold Security= FINRA determined non- liquid security. (If sold short must be
delivered to buyer within 10 business days of settlement)
Selling short against the box= selling short a security you already own
Securities Exchange act of 1934= created the SEC and made price manipulation
illegal
Bonds are not shown on consolidated tape
CHAPTER FIVE
Progressive tax= more you make the more you are taxed
Capital gains= profit when selling a security above price you paid
If net capital gains loss you can deduct up to $3000 dollars per year against
ordinary income and rollover the rest (no limit to how much you can roll over)
Cash dividends are taxed a maximum of %15 if stock is held for more than 60 days
In order to calculate loss/gain for taxes you must determine LIFO or FIFO and match
the stocks sold with the first/last one bought
If claiming a stock as a loss cannot by back within 30 days (you can buy bonds+
preferred)
Tax (bond) swap= selling a capital loss bond and buying a new bond (higher coupon
rate/shorter maturity/ better rating) while using as tax write off
Cost basis gets transferred if gain but if market loss then new cost basis of recipient
is market price on day of transfer (for gift and inheritance)
Money withdrawn from a retirement plan before age 59 and a half has a %10 tax
penalty
Some plans allow early withdrawal in case of buying a 1st time home/ medical
expenses/ college tuition
Payout must start the April that the investor has turned 70 and a half (% 50 tax
penalties on what should have been withdrawn)
Qualified retirement plans= pretax dollars+ withdrawals are fully taxed at investors
tax bracket
Non-Qualified retirement plans= after tax dollars + withdrawals are only taxed for
money beyond contributions (capital gains) (both plans are only taxed after
withdrawal)
Keogh Plan (Hr-10)= self-employed income only + may deposit $49k per year and
up to %20 of gross income max.
IRA’s= for employed people+ max contribution of $5k w/ excess contribution taxed
an extra %6 + joint account treated like two single accounts with a $10k max
If covered by another retirement plan deductions are only possible for those making
under $56k or jointly making under $89k
Ira’s can only invest in securities and not: commodities/ life insurance/ stamp and
coin collections
Educational IRA (Coverdell)= $2k per child under 18 + must be used before student
turns 30
SEP IRA= small business IRA where contributions are made by employer and
employee (all contributions are vested)
Vesting= pension benefits belong to employee even if they leave the company
ERISA= act that regulates qualified retirement plans (only private pensions)
Profit sharing plans= percentage of company profits are placed in tax deferred
accounts for employee retirement
Payroll reduction plan= part of employee salary is used to pay for mutual funds etc.
that the company has the ability to acquire at a cheaper price
Rollover= transferring between retirement plans (must be done within 60 days of
withdrawal) (have to wait one year to rollover again)
CHAPTER SIX
Interest rate risk= possibility that interest rates will increase causing value of bonds
owned to decrease
Current assets = assets that are convertible into cash within one year
Fixed assets= assets that are not easily convertible into cash (land + equipment)
Quick ratio (acid test)= quick assets( current assets- inventory)/ current liabilities
(ratio over 1 means liquid)
Inventory turnover ratio= sales/ inventory cost (low turnover ratio means
inefficiency)
Read pages 173 - 177 (balance sheet + income statement + EPS ratios…) (empire
training institute)
Blue chip stock= high earnings and high dividends consistently for several years
Utilities= are high leveraged and have good ratings (stock price is sensitive to
interest rates)
Discount rate= rate fed charges banks for loans (lowest possible rate)
Fed funds rate= rate that banks and financial institutions charge each other (usually
overnight loans)
Call loan rate= rate that banks charge brokerage firms to use for customer margin
accounts
Prime rate= rate that banks charge their best customers (usually corporations)
Open market operations= most common tool that fed uses to control money supply
(controlled by the FOMC) Fed increases money supply by buying T-bills and other
securities from banks
Trade credit= weak dollar+ more exports than imports (more competitive)
Gross domestic product= sum of all goods and services produced in an economy
(considers inflation)
Disintermediation= people take money out of savings to put in to short term money
markets (tight money is common cause)
Fiscal spending= taxes and government spending and use towards controlling the
economy
Keynesian= theory that government should stay active through spending and
intervention to ensure economic growth
Supply side= theory that governments should stay inactive and let the economy
grow by itself
Moral suasion= when chairmen of the fed asks banks to expand or contract their
lending levels
Economic indicators:
1) Leading indicators= how the economy is going to do: money supply/ stock
prices/ fed funds rate/ discount rate/ reserve requirements/ housing and new
construction+ unemployment+ orders for durable goods
2) Coincidental indicators= how the economy is performing right now: industrial
production+ personal income+ GDP
3) Lagging indicator= mirror leading indicators but reach peaks and trough at
later dates: prime rate+ call loan rate + corporate profits+ credit cards+
duration of unemployment
Whip theory= change in interest rates cause long term bonds to change more in
price than short term debt however short term debt changes more quickly
Trading channel= area between resistance (upper portion of trading range) and
support (lower portion)
Odd lot theory= small investors are usually wrong so if odd lot volume increases
you should be bearish
Short interest theory= based on number of short sales because investors must
eventually cover their shorts (if shorts increase then bullish)
Random walk/ dartboard/ efficient market theory= every security is correctly priced
and undervalue/ arbitrage does not exist
Beta = volatility in respect to overall market (beta>1 more volatile if beta=1 then
equally volatile if beta<1 then less volatile)
Moving average chart= line graph of prices of a security over a period of time
Capital asset pricing model= model that prices stock by evaluating risk to expected
return
Rule 80a= restricts program trading if DJIA changes up or down by more than 2%
Rule 80b= all trading is halted for a period of time because of dramatic decreases in
the DJIA
Decreases in DJIA:
CHAPTER SEVEN
Discretionary account= registered rep can execute trades without verbal approval
of client (needs written power of attorney)
Limited power of attorney= reg. rep cant withdraw securities or cash without
permission of customer
Uniformed gifts to minors account (UGMA)= 1 minor and 1 custodian per account+
minor is responsible for taxes (14 and over =pays at minors tax rate)+ registered in
name of custodian for the benefit of minor+ securities can’t be sold on margin or
sold short+ anyone can give cash or securities and the custodian cannot refuse+
custodian cannot allow rights received by account to expire+ custodian cannot give
anyone else power of attorney
UTMA= extension of UGMA that allows the account to receive art, real estate etc.
Prudent man rule= fiduciary must act in the best interest of the investor (diversify)
1) Affidavit of domicile
2) Letters of testamentary
3) Death certificate
4) An inheritance tax waver
Joint with rights of survivorship= if one investor dies the remainder of the account
belongs to survivor
Joint with tenants in common= if one investor dies their portion is transferred to
their estate
Partnership account= if one partner dies: freeze account+ cancel open orders+
cancel power of attorney
Account transfer= customer must give notice to firms receiving assets+ new firm
notify old firm+ old firm must verify instructions within 3 business days of
notification+ old firm must deliver securities within 3 business days of verification
Transfer and ship = certificates are printed in the name of and delivered to the
investor
Transfer and hold= printed in name of investor and held by brokerage firm
Cash accounts are opened in street name or transfer and hold/ship accounts
All accounts need a street address but can have certificates mailed to a P.O box
Broker dealer can hold mail for 2 months if traveling and 3 months if over seas
Form 3= when buying enough stock to become an insider must notify SEC within 10
business days
Rules for insiders= all trades must be reported to SEC within 2 business days after
the trade by filling a form 4 (form 3= when becoming / form 4= after becoming)
Insiders cannot sell short against the box unless covering their short position within
20 days
Insiders must hold onto their stock for at least 6 months (only if at a capital gain/
may sell at loss earlier)
NASDAQ Market watch= system that monitors unusual price and volume activity for
insider trading
Max criminal penalty for insider trading= 1 million (2.5 million for a business) or
years in prison per violation
Max civil penalty= 3 times gains or losses avoided based on inside information or 1
million dollar fine (whichever is greater)
Payment date= day that the buyer must pay for trade
Extension from payment date may be acquired from NASD/ FED/ any exchange
Sell out= when customer fails to pay for trade by the payment date the brokerage
sells securities that customer did not pay for and the customer’s account is frozen
for 90 days
Buy in= when seller fails to deliver certificates to brokerage and the customer’s
account is frozen for 90 days
Sellers option= extension of normal settlement date arranged between firms (if
seller can deliver earlier than agreed upon then must give 1 day written notice)
Free riding= buying a security with intention of selling a security to pay for trade
(freeze account up to 90 days)
Trading ahead= firm cannot trade its inventory based on forthcoming research
reports unless unsolicited
Marking the close/ open= can’t manipulate the open/ close price
Paying the media= brokerage firms cannot pay employees of the media to affect
the price of a security
Freeriding and withholding= hot issues cannot be withheld for firm employees or
family members
Rule 2790= IPO’s can’t be sold to brokerage firms or affiliates (lawyers, accounts
etc.)
Caller must give name +company name+ company address+ phone number
Moonlighting= if receiving outside employment the employee must notify the firm
Private securities transaction (selling away)= if reg rep executes trades outside of
their employment they must notify their firm in writing and if compensated they
must receive permission in writing
If a reg. rep enters bankruptcy they must notify their firm. The firm must send them
an updated u-4 form
Principals must approve: new accounts+ all trades (same day)+ advertisement+
complaints
FINRA rules are divided into rules of fair practice (member+ customer) and uniform
practice code
SIPC= protects each customer account up to $500k of which no more than $100k is
cash in the case of a broker-dealer bankruptcy (does not cover commodities
accounts) (cash and margin accounts are 1 account)
Firm must send copy of balance sheets to costumers semiannually (if requested
send immediately)
Ex- dividend date= first day that a stock trades without dividends
Record date= day the corporation inspects records to see who gets dividends (2
business days after ex- dividend date) (trade must settle on or before record date to
receive dividend)
Stock denominations= multiples of 100/ divisors of 100/ units that add up to 100
Nine bond rule= any order for 9 listed bonds or less must be executed on the
exchange unless 1)the customer wants OTC 2)there is a better price OTC 3)it’s a
muni/ govt. bond
Rule 405 (suitability)= reg. rep should know customers investment objectives+
employment+ financial background+ marital status
Reg rep does not need to know= Investment experience+ educational background+
previous employment
Currency and foreign transactions reporting act of 1970= must report cash/money
withdrawals of over $10k through the CTR to FINCEN (must be reported within 15
calendar days)
Reg. rep can only open a joint account with a customer if he gets written permission
from principle
Don’t know notice= when a firm receives a confirmation for a trade that it does not
recognize
Proxy contest= when a group of shareholders try to throw out the board of directors
Form 13d= filed by an investor who becomes a 5% owner of a company who is
trying to gain control of a company (tender offer)
If a company wants to delist from the NYSE: approval from the majority of the board
of directors+ majority of accountants+ notification to 35 largest shareholders+
application to the SEC
To be listed on the NASDAQ a company needs at least 3 market makers initially and
2 continuing
Customers must receive a risk disclosure document when purchasing penny stocks
Advertisements must be filed with FINRA within 10 days after first use (new
firms=10 days prior)
CHAPTER EIGHT
A mutual fund must have at least 80% of assets meeting the objectives of the fund
Dollar cost averaging= depositing a fixed dollar amount into the same mutual fund
periodically
Constant dollar plan= invest a constant dollar amount invested at all times
Mutual funds cannot charge more than 8.5% of the amount invested
Investment Company must have at least $100,000 from at least 100 investors
before public offering
12b-1 fees= investor must pay for all advertising+ promotional expenses of fund
If fund charges 8.5% sales charge they must offer reinvestment of distributions and
rights of accumulation for free
New prospectus of mutual fund must be filed annually with the SEC
Break point sales= selling right below breakpoint without telling client about option
to qualify (illegal)
REIT= (not redeemable) at least 75% must be invested in real estate + at least 90%
of net income must be distributed annually
Fixed annuities do not have to register with the SEC variable annuities do
Assumed interest rates= annual rate of interest rate necessary to receive expected
payouts
Single payment immediate= pay lump sum and immediately start receiving
payments
Straight life (life annuity)= stops payout when investor dies (highest payout)
Life with period certain= minimum period of payout even if investor dies
Joint and survivor= in case of death payments are transferred (lowest payout)
403b (public school) + 501c3(non profit)= only qualified annuities (can contribute
pre tax)
CHAPTER NINE
Fed determines what can be traded on margin (OTCBB+ Pink Sheets stocks are
usually not marginable)
Sma (special memorandum account) = taking excess equity after reg t of new cmv
You cant lose SMA even if the stock goes down in price (like line of credit)
Investor cant use sma to pay off a restricted account (can still withdraw)
When selling stock from a reg T account the money received pays off DR
(although equity stays the same SMA increases which they can borrow)
In long margin account EQ must be at least 25% of the CMV (FINRA) if goes below
then maintenance call is required for the difference
If investor fails to meet margin call then the broker must sell double the securities
worth of the call (within 5 days of trade)
U.S. + Muni bonds don’t have the same reg T (between 1-6%)
If customer does not pay enough for a security by less than $1000 the deficiency is
added to DR
Cash dividends= DR decreases and SMA increases by the full amount of the
dividend (stock dividend makes no impact)
New long margin account= minimum $2000 (for reg T) deposit or pay trade in full
Max amount of money that can be borrowed through using customer’s securities as
collateral through re-hypothecation is 100% of the DR
When selling short (reg T is 50% unless otherwise stated)= CMV+ EQ=CR (credit
balance stays the same even if CMV changes)
10/13 of CR is the highest the market value can increase too in a short account
before maintenance call
Cheap stock rule= when selling short a low priced stock= $0-$2.50 the
maintenance requirement is automatically $ 2.50…..from $2.50-$5.00 requirement
is 100% of CMV…..$5-%10 req. is $5.oo per share
Combined account (both long and short) find maintenance requirement for each
separately then add
Securities in lieu of cash= fully paid securities deposited to meet margin call
=Margin call/%100- Reg. T
Loan value= max a broker dealer can lend to customer ( 100%- Reg. T)
CHAPTER TEN
Option= derivative
Same series= same stock+ same type+ same expiration+ same strike price
Premium= Intrinsic value (how much in the money…can never be 0) + Time value
(For anyone using these notes, I did not include option gain/ loss pages 333-338)
Long straddle (volatility) = buying a call and a put with the same stock, expiration
and strike price
Short straddle (stability) = selling a call and a put with the same stock, expiration
and strike price
Long Combination (volatility) = Buy a call and buy a put with the same stock, but
different expiration dates and/or strike price
Short combination (stability) = Sell a call and a put with the same stock, but
different expiration dates and/or strike price
Spread= buying and selling a call or put of the same class
Bullish spread= buying at a lower strike price and selling at a higher strike price
An investor who is receiving more from premiums then paying wants premiums to
narrow and remain unexercised in a spread
To determine if credit (more money coming in from premiums) or debit (more going
out) in a situation where there is no premiums listed, use difference in expiration
dates to determine
When bullish you can reduce risk by either buying a put or selling a call
Married put= when an investor buys and a put on the same day (holding period
starts immediately)
If buying a put option after buying a stock the holding period for the stock doesn’t
start until put is closed or expired
Covered option= when seller has a position to reduce the risk of the trade (owning
stock/convertible/option, If the option you bought is in the money first)
Stock dividend= # of shares per contract increases and the strike price decreases
Even split (2:1) = # of contracts increase (# of shares per contract stays the same)
+ strike price decreases
Uneven split (3:2) = # of contracts remains the same+ number of shares increase+
strike price decreases
Options Clearing Corporation= issuer and guarantor of all listed options (decides
which stocks may have publicly traded options) also establishes contract size+
expiration dates+ strike price
1) Reg. rep must send client a copy of the “options risk disclosure document” at
or prior to the approval of a new account
2) Reg. rep determines the suitability of a customer by way of a new account
form
3) The registered options principal approves the account
4) Execute the transaction
5) The reg. rep must send an “options account agreement” to the customer
(must be signed within 15 days after approval of the account)
Expiration= 11:59 pm on the Saturday after the third Friday of the expiration month
(last trade=4:02 and last exercise=5:30 pm of the business day prior to expiration)
Any option that is at least a penny in the money will be automatically exercised by
the OCC at expiration
An investor can’t have more the 75,000 option contracts on the same side of the
market for a particular stock (buying calls and selling puts count together)
order support system= used for smaller orders on the CBOE and is used to bypass
floor brokers
Index options:
Index options always settle in cash (index options can only be exercised at the close
of the market)
Capped index option= automatically exercised once 30 points in the money (if not
in the money by 30 points then can only be exercised the business day before
expiration (European style)
Leaps= long term option which expire in 39 months instead of 9 months like a
regular option
Foreign currency options= traded on the Philadelphia exchange (PHLX) and the
Pacific Exchange (PSE)
Priced by units in which each point= $0.01 besides for the Yen which is in
denominations of $0.0001
CHAPTER ELEVEN
DPPs’ can be used as tax shelters and are considered “passive” income/losses
Must file K-1 tax form that shows the income and write offs passed through
investors
DPP needs:
General partners make decisions for partnership (can demand money from other
partners if needed)
Alternative minimum tax= mostly used by DPPs’ when write offs cause to low of a
tax base
Cost basis= maximum loss for limited partnership (tax deduction limit= any money
put in and then decreased by cash distribution/depreciation/depletion
Types of partnership:
Real estate:
1) Raw land= looking for long term capital appreciation (riskiest +no cash flow
cannot depreciate)
2) New construction= appreciate property by constructing (risk of higher than
expected cost+ no cash flow)
3) Condominiums= cash flow depends on economy (according to IRS limited
partners cannot stay for more than 14 days or 10% of the days rented out per
year whichevers greater)
4) Public housing (section 8)= backed U.S. govt. subsidies (receives tax
deductions on income received)(govt. subsidizes any deficient payment +
safest+ guaranteed cash flow)
5) Existing properties= cash flow depends on economy, buys property that is
fully operating already (high maintenance cost)
6) Blind pool= offers diversification of different types of properties
Operating lease= buy equipment and lease it out for a short time
Full payout lease= lease payments cover the entire cost of equipment
Functional agreement= general partners are responsible for tangible costs and
limited partners are responsible for intangibles
The reg rep must make sure client is suitable for DPP= proof of financial
background+ ability to tie up money for long periods of time+ ability to sustain
loss+ need for tax benefits
Compensation of underwriter for DPP can be up to 10% of the gross amount of the
securities+.5% of due diligence cost
Recourse debt= loans taken by partnership which the limited partners can be
personally responsible for
Non- recourse debt= lender has no claims on limited partners personal assets
Recapture= IRS takes back excessive deductions claimed in the previous year
In the dissolution of a partnership the limited partners are paid before general
partners (creditors first)
CHAPTER TWELVE
General obligation bond= issued to fund non-revenue projects (backed by full taxing
power of muni) voter approval is required
Ad valorem tax (property tax) = largest source of revenue for GO bonds (based on
assessed value)
Mills=.001
Limited tax bond= type of GO that limits tax rates used to pay off bonds
Revenue bond= issued to fund revenue producing projects (voter approval not
necessary)
Substantial user rule= company cant buy its own IDR and receive tax free interest
Private purpose (activity) bond= interest is taxable at a regular tax rate on all levels
Qualified private purpose bond= interest is taxable only to investors subject to the
Alternate Minimum Tax
Double barrel bond= combo if revenue + GO bond (if revenue fails then backed by
taxing power)
Special assessment bond= backed by charges on those that benefit from project
More obligation bond= if muni fails to pay the state has a moral obligation to pay
All muni’s must be issued with a legal opinion(validates+ makes sure indenture is
binding+ verifies federally tax exempt)
Qualified legal opinion= issuer meets conditions with potential restrictions (lean on
property etc.)
CLN (construction loan note)= notes issued to finance large construction projects
for muni
PLN (principal note)= provides interim financing from public housing projects
Prime= P1-4 (only used for tax exempt commercial paper (short term IDR)
Interest+ accretion+ amortization on muni are federally tax free
State tax free if investing in home state/ or Protectorates(Puerto Rico, Guam etc.)
TEY= yield that investor needs on a taxable investment to be equal to a muni yield
after taxes
Muni equivalent yield= taxable bond yield x (100%- investor tax bracket)
Margin requirements for muni= 7% of total par value or 15% of CMV whichever is
greater
Competitive offering= auction (GO bonds) (muni advertises through “notice of sale)
Good faith deposit= entry fee and partial payment for bond issue(1-2% of par value
of bonds being auctioned)(winners use towards money necessary to buy
bonds/losers get deposit back)
Official statement= disclosure of facts about muni issuer (does not have to be filed
with SEC)+included in advertisements and brochures
GO bonds have a higher rating and lower yield than revenue bonds
Direct debt= outstanding debt that a muni owes which has not matured
Overlapping debt (coterminous)= debt that muni has to assist a higher gov’t(state)
in paying
Catastrophe call= call used when facility can no longer produce revenues
Project completion clause= allows issuer to borrow more money to properly
construct facility
Flow of funds=
2) Gross= sinking fund> operating and maintenance fund> reserve fund (principal
and net for next 2 years)> renewal and replacement fund(improvements)
Assume net
The “Bond Buyer” is the best source of information for new muni bonds
Bond buyers index= average yield of 20 , 20 year GO bonds that are investment
grade
Eleven bond index= average yield of 11 , 20 year GO bonds that are rated AAA or
AA
Visible supply= par value of all new issues expected to become public within the
next 30 days
Blue list total= total par value of all muni bonds in the blue list except for zero
coupon bonds
50M Chicago P/R @ 102 AON 3/1/07 M12 : Pre refunded+ All or none+ 3/1/07= 1st
call date M12 = years to maturity
Reg reps have to do 90 day apprenticeship during which they cant discuss any thing
with public customers+ cant earn commission
Confirmation (receipt of trade)= must disclose YTM or YTC whichever is lower
(discount bond YTM is lower)
All MSRB complaints are kept for 6 years (FINRA for 3 years) and must be settled
through arbitration