Thyroid Nodules: Clinical Practice
Thyroid Nodules: Clinical Practice
Thyroid Nodules: Clinical Practice
n e w e ng l a n d j o u r na l
of
m e dic i n e
Clinical Practice
CarenG. Solomon, M.D., M.P.H., Editor
Thyroid Nodules
KennethD. Burman, M.D., and Leonard Wartofsky, M.D.
This Journal feature begins with a case vignette highlighting a common clinical problem.
Evidence supporting various strategies is then presented, followed by a review of formal
guidelines, when they exist. The article ends with the authors clinical recommendations.
An audio version
of this article is
available at
NEJM.org
S t r ategie s a nd E v idence
Pertinent History and Physical Examination
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n e w e ng l a n d j o u r na l
The
of
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Thyroid Nodules
Thyroid nodules are common; the majority are benign.
Thyroid ultrasonographic characteristics and especially the results of ultrasonographically guided fineneedle aspiration are helpful in determining whether a nodule is likely to be benign or malignant.
The risk of cancer is approximately 14% for a thyroid nodule that is interpreted as atypia of
undetermined significance or follicular lesion of undetermined significance and approximately 25% for
a nodule that is interpreted as follicular neoplasm or possible follicular neoplasm. Such nodules should
be considered for molecular analysis.
In the absence of growth or suspicious clinical or radiologic findings, thyroid nodules with a benign
finding on fine-needle aspiration can be managed by observation.
Patients whose fine-needle aspirates are interpreted as suspicious for malignancy or as malignant
should be referred for a thyroidectomy.
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or undetectable level suggests a hyperfunctioning nodule. In a euthyroid patient, routine measurement of thyroid peroxidase or thyroglobulin
antibodies is not indicated.4 Serum thyroglobulin
measurement is not useful in evaluating a nodule.
Elevated or normal
thyrotropin
Low thyrotropin
Iodine-123 or technetium-99m
thyroid scanning
FNA in nodules 1 cm
Nonfunctioning nodule
Nondiagnostic
Hyperfunctioning nodule
Benign
Repeat ultrasonography in 12 yr
If suspicious ultrasonographic characteristics
or relevant history or physical examination
findings, repeat ultrasonography in 612 mo
If >50% change in volume, 20% increase in
at least two nodule dimensions, or
appearance of new suspicious ultrasonographic characteristics, repeat FNA
Follicular neoplasm or
suspicious for a follicular
neoplasm
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Imaging Studies
Fine-needle aspiration, preferably performed under ultrasonographic guidance, is the most sensitive and cost-effective method to assess the
nature of thyroid nodules and the need for surgery.27 The number of needle passes recom-
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Nondiagnostic or unsatisfactory
20 (932)
Benign
2.5 (110)
14 (648)
25 (1434)
70 (5397)
Malignant
99 (94100)
A r e a s of Uncer ta in t y
Although the ATA guidelines recommend fineneedle aspiration only for nodules that are 1 to
2 cm or larger in the greatest dimension, further
evaluation of smaller nodules may be warranted
in the presence of suspicious ultrasonographic
or clinical findings,13 although it is not known
whether this approach results in improved
outcomes. Whether large thyroid nodules (e.g.,
>4 cm) should be considered for surgery even in
the context of a benign finding on fine-needle
aspiration is controversial. In one report,42 the
risk of cancer (mainly papillary thyroid cancer)
did not increase consistently with increasing nodule size, although among malignant nodules, the
proportion with follicular cancer increased with
nodule size. However, a study of a series of patients with nodules 4 cm or larger who were
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Guidel ine s
The ATA has published guidelines for the evaluation and management of thyroid nodules, and
these guidelines were updated recently.13 The
guidelines suggest that molecular testing may be
useful after consideration of clinical and radiologic findings and after a discussion with the
patient regarding the advantages and disadvantages of such an approach.13 The recommendations in the current article are generally concordant with the ATA guidelines and with a separate
set of guidelines from the American Association
of Clinical EndocrinologistsAssociazione Medici
EndocrinologiEuropean Thyroid Association.24
The latter guidelines differ from the ATA guide2354
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C onclusions a nd
R ec om mendat ions
The discovery of a thyroid nodule, as in the
woman described in the vignette, should prompt
a careful history taking and physical examination, measurement of thyrotropin levels, and an
ultrasonographic examination. Nodule size, clinical context, and ultrasonographic characteristics
guide the decision to perform fine-needle aspiration. Fine-needle aspiration is indicated in the
patient described in the vignette on the basis of
the nodule size (2 cm in greatest dimension),
even in the absence of suspicious characteristics;
when suspicious ultrasonographic characteristics
are present, fine-needle aspiration is recommended for nodules 1 cm or larger. The fine-needle
aspirate should be interpreted by an experienced
cytopathologist according to the Bethesda classification system.29 If the aspirate shows benign
cytologic features, we would generally recommend repeating thyroid ultrasonography in approximately 1 to 2 years to ensure that there has
been no clinically significant growth. In the absence of growth or suspicious clinical or sonographic findings, we would generally not repeat
the thyroid fine-needle aspiration.
If the cytologic findings are indeterminate, a
second review by an experienced cytologist may
be useful; options for management include a
repeat fine-needle aspiration in 6 to 12 months
or mutational analysis or molecular profiling to
better estimate the risk of cancer. In selected
circumstances, surgery may be indicated. Although long-term outcome trials are required to
better inform the use of these ancillary tests, we
would tend to use a gene-expression classifier
(which has a high negative predictive value and
high sensitivity) if there is low suspicion for cancer and to consider mutational analysis (which
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has a high positive predictive value and high depending on the estimated risk of cancer, the
specificity) if the clinical or radiologic features experience and skill of the surgeon, and the
raise suspicion for cancer and the likelihood of patients preference.
referral for thyroidectomy is higher. AlternaDr. Burman reports receiving honoraria from Medscape and
tively, the patient could proceed to diagnostic grant support from Pfizer, Eisai, Amgen, and AstraZeneca; and
surgery, if she is uncomfortable with the uncer- Dr. Wartofsky, receiving fees for serving on advisory boards
tainty associated with watchful waiting and de- from Asuragen, IBSA/Akrimax Pharmaceuticals, and Eisai and
lecture fees from Genzyme/Sanofi. No other potential conflict
pending on her personal preferences. If further of interest relevant to this article was reported.
testing is performed but is inconclusive, diagDisclosure forms provided by the authors are available with
nostic lobectomy is often reasonable; however, the full text of this article at NEJM.org.
We thank Dr. Athanasios Bikas for advice and editorial asnodules with more suspicious findings on cyto- sistance, Dr. Wen Lee for providing the cytologic images, and
logic analysis may justify total thyroidectomy, Dr. Alan Ost for providing the ultrasonographic images.
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