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    Coconut Oil Presentation

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    This document provides an overview of coconut oil, including its extraction processes, fatty acid composition, and evidence regarding its health effects. It discusses that coconut oil contains medium-chain fatty acids that are more readily absorbed and metabolized than long-chain fatty acids. While some studies found coconut oil increased LDL cholesterol, others found no association between coconut oil consumption and cardiovascular disease in populations with high intake. Further research is still needed to understand the impacts of different coconut oil extraction methods and fatty acid compositions on health outcomes.

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    Coconut Oil Presentation

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    api-314835901
    551 views14 pages
    This document provides an overview of coconut oil, including its extraction processes, fatty acid composition, and evidence regarding its health effects. It discusses that coconut oil contains medium-chain fatty acids that are more readily absorbed and metabolized than long-chain fatty acids. While some studies found coconut oil increased LDL cholesterol, others found no association between coconut oil consumption and cardiovascular disease in populations with high intake. Further research is still needed to understand the impacts of different coconut oil extraction methods and fatty acid compositions on health outcomes.

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    This document provides an overview of coconut oil, including its extraction processes, fatty acid composition, and evidence regarding its health effects. It discusses that coconut oil contains medium-chain fatty acids that are more readily absorbed and metabolized than long-chain fatty acids. While some studies found coconut oil increased LDL cholesterol, others found no association between coconut oil consumption and cardiovascular disease in populations with high intake. Further research is still needed to understand the impacts of different coconut oil extraction methods and fatty acid compositions on health outcomes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    551 views14 pages

    Coconut Oil Presentation

    Uploaded by

    api-314835901
    This document provides an overview of coconut oil, including its extraction processes, fatty acid composition, and evidence regarding its health effects. It discusses that coconut oil contains medium-chain fatty acids that are more readily absorbed and metabolized than long-chain fatty acids. While some studies found coconut oil increased LDL cholesterol, others found no association between coconut oil consumption and cardiovascular disease in populations with high intake. Further research is still needed to understand the impacts of different coconut oil extraction methods and fatty acid compositions on health outcomes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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    The document discusses the health claims and composition of coconut oil. It outlines different extraction processes, types of fatty acids found in coconut oil, and discusses literature that has found both potential positive and negative health impacts.

    There are two main processes used to extract coconut oil - the dry process which uses high heat and sunlight exposure on copra to extract coconut or copra oil, and the wet process which extracts coconut oil from coconut milk under mild temperatures to produce virgin coconut oil which retains more nutrients.

    The three types are short chain (<6 carbons), medium chain (8-12 carbons) which are more rapidly metabolized, and long chain (>12 carbons) which require enzymes for absorption and enter the cholesterol cycle. The main fatty acids in virgin coconut oil are lauric, capric, and myristic acids.

    COCONUT OIL

    Cally Byrne
    PRIME Rotation
    Preceptor: Erin Arra, MS RD LD

    Introduction
    Common edible oil from the meat of matured coconuts
    Health claims include uses for:
    Heart disease, diabetes, chronic fatigue, Crohns disease, IBS,
    Alzheimers disease, thyroid conditions, antimicrobial agent,
    immune system boost, skin ailments, weight loss and cholesterol
    reduction.
    Mixed evidence on these various health claims

    Oil Extraction
    Dry Process
    Extracted by pressing copra that has been exposed to very high
    temperatures and/or sunlight to remove moisture
    Copra: dried meat of the coconut
    UV irradiation from sunlight inactivates the biologically active minor
    components like vitamin E and polyphenols and also results in the
    peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids
    Coconut or Copra Oil (CO)
    Wet Process
    Coconut oil is extracted from coconut milk under mild temperatures
    Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO)
    Retains the non-triacylglycerol fraction containing vitamins,

    phytosterols, and polyphenols.

    Fatty Acids
    3 types of fatty acids
    Short-chain fatty acids - <6 carbons
    Medium-chain fatty acids 8-12 carbons
    More rapid metabolism due to shorter chain length
    Quick conversion into energy opposed to being stored as fat
    Do not require pancreatic lipase enzyme for absorption allowing for

    rapid absoprtion into the intestines without catalyzation.


    Following absorption into the intestines, they are carried by the portal
    vein to the liver, where they are easily oxidized to energy.
    Do not enter cholesterol cycle
    Long-chain fatty acids >12 carbons
    Require pancreatic lipase enzyme for absorption
    Upon absorption, they enter the cholesterol cycle and are often

    deposited as fats

    Fatty Acid Composition of VCO


    Medium Chain Fatty Acids (MCFAs)
    8 to 12 carbon atoms
    -Caprylic (12.98%)
    -Capric (6.81%)
    -Lauric (47.28%)
    Long Chain Fatty Acids (LCFAs)
    >12 carbon atoms
    -Myristic (15.80%)
    -Palmitic Acid (6.69%)

    Literature Negative Impact


    Effects of medium-chain fatty acids and oleic acid on blood lipids,
    lipoproteins, glucose, insulin, and lipid transfer protein activities.
    Double-blind, randomized, crossover design; n=17
    Compared with diet high in oleic acid, MCT fat unfavorably affected lipid profiles in healthy

    young men by increasing plasma LDL cholesterol and triacylglycerol.

    Species variation in the atherogenic profile of monkeys: relationship


    between dietary fats, lipoproteins and platelet aggregation
    Long-term feeding of coconut oil by comparison to corn oil; n = 24 monkeys
    Produced significantly higher plasma concentrations of TC, LDL, apoB and triglycerides as well

    as higher ratios of LDL/HDL cholesterol.

    Coconut fat and serum lipoproteins: effects of partial replacement with


    unsaturated fats.
    Aim of this study was to examine the effect of reducing saturated fat in the diet or partly

    replacing it w/ unsaturated fat on the serum lipoprotein profile in humans. n=66


    Reduction of saturated fat, represented by coconut fat, with partial replacement of unsaturated
    fat brings about changes in TC, HDL and LDL that are associated with a lower cardiovascular
    risk.

    Population Studies
    Dietary intake and the risk of coronary heart disease among the

    coconut-consuming Minangkabau in West Sumatra, Indonesia


    Case control study among Minangkabau people w/ CHD
    n=93 (case); 189 (control)
    Saturated fat intake did not predict CHD

    Cholesterol, coconuts, and diet on Polynesian atolls: a natural

    experiment: the Pukapuka and Tokelau island studies


    Two Polynesian populations: Tokelau (n=948) & Pukapuka (n=796)
    Tokelauans: 63% energy from coconut; Pukapuka: 34% energy from coconut
    Tokelauan cholesterol levels > Pukpukans cholesterol levels
    No difference in incidence of vascular disease; rare in both populations

    Coconut oil predicts a beneficial lipid profile in pre-menopausal

    women in the Philippines.


    n=1,839 Filipino women
    Average consumption: 9.54 g coconut oil/day
    TC & HDL-c
    No association w/ LDL-c, triglycerides or TC/HDL ratio

    Animal Studies
    Effect of saturated fatty acid-rich dietary vegetable oils on lipid

    profile, antioxidant enzymes and glucose tolerance in diabetic


    rats
    Coconut Oil TC and LDL

    Beneficial effects of virgin coconut oil on lipid parameters and

    in vitro LDL oxidation.


    VCO vs. CO VCO TC, trigycerides, LDL HDL

    Influence of virgin coconut oil on blood coagulation factors,

    lipid levels and LDL oxidation in cholesterol fed SpragueDawley rats


    VCO prevents oxidation of LDL and retains Vit E, Provitamin A,

    polyphenols and phytosterols


    Wet and dry extraction of coconut oil: impact on lipid metabolic

    and antioxidant status in cholesterol coadministered rats.


    Significant radical-scavenging activity of VCO

    Weight Loss Studies


    An open-label pilot study to assess the efficacy and safety of

    virgin coconut oil in reducing visceral adiposity


    n=20 obese subjects
    WC significantly reduced in males; mean reduction of 0.97%
    No change in lipid profile

    Effects of dietary coconut oil on the biochemical and

    anthropometric profile of women presenting abdominal obesity.


    Randomized, double-blind, clinical trial
    n=40 women w/ abdominal obesity
    Coconut oil: HDL LDL:HDL ratio BMI
    Soybean oil: TC LDL LDL:HDL ratio HDL BMI

    AND Position Statement


    Although known to be an important component of breast milk, MCTs are
    gaining in popularity among healthy adults. Unlike longer chain SFAs,
    MCTs are transported in portal circulation and more readily oxidized
    through the B-oxidation pathway. That these fatty acids are oxidized
    rather than stored as triglyceride in the body could be advantageous. The
    oxidation rate of MCTs, as well as their impact on thermogenesis, has
    been shown to be beneficial in decreasing adiposity and improving weight
    loss when compared to olive oil (113,114). However, these results were
    from supplementation with oil containing 8:0 and 10:0 and not 12:0 fatty
    acids. New food products containing coconut oil and other palm oils are
    touting health benefits of MCTs. Given that 44% of coconut oil is 12:0 and
    16% is 14:0 and these fatty acids are hypercholesterolemic, consumption
    of coconut products is not currently recommended (115). There is,
    however, cause to focus on the impact of different MCT fatty acids in
    human health. As research is completed, the Academy will disseminate
    findings to RDNs with appropriate recommendations.

    Conclusions
    AHA: SFA <7%
    ~16 g (2,000 calorie diet)
    1 T VCO (14 g): 13 g saturated fat; 130 calories
    Potential beneficial effect on lipid profile
    Further research needed
    In conjunction w/ other healthy oils, VCO, in moderation,

    can have a place in a healthy diet.

    References
    Nevin KG, Rajamohan T. Wet and dry extraction of coconut oil: impact on lipid metabolic and

    antioxidant status in cholesterol coadministered rats. Canadian Journal of Physiology and


    Pharmacology. 2009;87:610-616.
    Vannice G, Rasmussen H. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Dietary Fatty Acids for
    Healthy Adults. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2014;114(1):136-153.
    Virgin coconut oil contains a 3:1 ratio of medium chain fatty acids to long chain fatty acids, which is
    higher than that of other coconut oils (Liau, Chen, & Rasool, 2011).
    Pronczuk A, Patton GM, Staphan ZF, et al. Species variation in the atherogenic profile of monkeys:
    relationship between dietary fats, lipoproteins and platelet aggregation. Lipids. 1991;26(3)213-222.
    Tholstrup T, Ehnholm C, Jauhiainen M, et al. Effects of medium-chain fatty acids and oleic acid on
    blood lipids, lipoproteins, glucose, insulin, and lipid transfer protein activities. The American Journal
    of Clinical Nutrition. 2004;79:564-569.
    Mendis S, Samarajeewa U, Thattil RO. Coconut fat and serum lipoproteins: effects of partial
    replacement with unsaturated fats. British Journal of Nutrition. 2001; 85:583-589.
    Lipoeto NI, Agus Z, Oenzil F, et al. Dietary intake and the risk of coronary heart disease among the
    coconut-consuming Minangkabau in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2004;13(4):377384.
    Prior IA, Davidson F, Salmond CE, et al. Cholesterol, coconuts, and diet on Polynesian atolls: a
    natural experiment: the Pukapuka and Tokelau island studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 1981; 34(8)1552-1561.

    References
    Fernanil AB, Duazo PL, Kuzawa CW et al. Coconut oil predicts a beneficial lipid profile in premenopausal women in the Philippines. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2011;20(2):190-195.
    Kochikuzhyl BM, Devi K, Fattepur SR. Effect of saturated fatty acid-rich dietary vegetable oils on
    lipid profile, antioxidant enzymes and glucose tolerance in diabetic rats. Indian J Pharmacol.
    2010;42(3):142-145.
    Nevin KG, Rajamohan T. Beneficial effects of virgin coconut oil on lipid parameters and in vitro
    LDL oxidation. Clinical Biochemistry. 2004;37:830-835.
    Nevin KG and Rajamohan T. Influence of virgin coconut oil on blood coagulation factors, lipid
    levels and LDL oxidation in cholesterol fed Sprague-Dawley rats. Clin Nutr Metabol. 2008; 3:e1e8.
    Nevin KG, Rajamohan T. Wet and dry extraction of coconut oil: impact on lipid metabolic and
    antioxidant status in cholesterol coadministered rats. Canadian Jounral of Physiology and
    Pharmacology. 2009;87:610-616.
    Liau KM, Lee YY, Chen CK, et al. An open-label pilot study to assess the efficacy and safety of

    virgin coconut oil in reducing visceral adiposity. ISRN Pharmacology. 2011.


    Assuncao ML, Ferreira HS, dos Santos AF, et al. Effects of dietary coconut oil on the biochemical
    and anthropometric profile of women presenting abdominal obesity. Lipids. 2009; 44:593-601.

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