Sscooter Yatra Text

ÒQ} K`
Kf_ @~ `
H~
QOk K~}
^~^
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
H~
\ N~= `Q qqÔ PiH O`
"^\ K~} : A, 2009
` : 1000
H$`[`
H~\ :
H=~ >\ _*< : q[, "}OHA
O\OQ : H~H P~ O@~, q^#Q~, ^~^.
> \OQ : q[, ^~} QH, ^~^. : 9491875063
H aOK K@ :
. H~
''
WO.<O. 122709/5/1/
#"^ Hh, "n@O,
^~^ 500 028.
< <O. 040 23516539,
: 9392698814.
J=Oy "}Q,
"}OHA,
Z.H. H~,
q[,
k<+
=i
Jx =Y H aOK#.
~K~`
^~ : ~. 100/
*x H OKi
*#
XH O ~OQ LO_H *# =~#HO

x~O`~O OKi LO_e. H OKi Hx "_ *x H_.
*x J<"_ H OKi HH`^.
^xH ~H~
lO^Qh ~ H
JQ~ lO^w ` c
< ["h ~ H!
=O_`_ HOKi S# ~ OH$`< `#
'=H_ (OK~ GO) QOÔ è Q
~<_.
Pka= t=_ [OQ= ^=~Q D =~ [OQ=`H
OKO x~O`~O OKiOz# "_. ^~_ |^_Q i=~#
KOk, i"l_Q ~\Oz# "_. Pk OH~_ "^Hx
q"H#O^_ ^H ZO^~O^~ ^=, <, O`,
H~ P` =KO OKiOz# "~. ==^ =H, r
_ P H= KOk#"~.
OKiOK@O P ^" ~`# OÔ. Ju
p# O $u.
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
H~
~HO ''^@#O qÔ z=~ XH =Y"#

QO.
<<H ` Kx, Jk q#`#OQ, qa#OQ
=O_x ^$_xO f<#.
O =HO =$`= XH HH^ J# ^k=i
H` Or"^" =@e ^ ^ =##O K<#.
^=O ``=u. e`" @~ Kf_ `.
k ~A 1943 H.g. ~\Oz# ` H^#O.
''S`~ }O K~"u K~"u J<

XH HO LOk. ^x ~OO :
''u~Q`< =x+ r=# =^=x O^Q_.

u~Q`< =x+ ux # O^Q_.
t t KH<~ . . . .
P H~O|Q
< kKH "#O| #k~Oz KfQ_#

K@=\x, ^x Ô_` Kx x~~OK<#.
J<H ~\ eÒQ 2000 O=`~O U~_# #`#
~R=k. ~=} HO Ô_H~}O OÒQ, p#
HO ^H} HQ, =~+, DO_ HOh i#
HO |~Q QO_<Q =|_k. 1487 "^\ i XH
*#^ Hq `# ~K# 'Kf~ J< Ô "_<_.
^@"# J_=, HO_ H#, #^, [`, ,
Q "^Q H$u qO`` @, qq^ ~H =#}
=^` J<H `Q, + L# yi[# P" x""
D |~, D Ô_H~}O. D Kf_.
Ô_H~}O J#Q< ^@"# J_=` _# OÒ Jx
=Q< J~O J=Òk. =i |~ JO> ...? P Ô
@~`~q\? {`~ |~.
JO> On "^~ Jx, `~ JO> OÒ Jx J~O.
|~ J#Q "^~ =<, "^~ J_=` _# OÒ Jx
J~O. `~ HH"} |~Q ~O`~O KOkOk.
Kf_ J#~ _ ~@Q LKi# ~. _
JO> H@. P ~RO ZH_ 36 H@ =. Kf_ J ~
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
Kf~. J#Q 36 @O Jx J~O. [~O^_ HO

J`x ^ iOKH 36 K~H~ ô` @O
Ô_H~}OH = =K~. P @O Kf~.
D |~ ~*xH <^ "Ok =# HHf ~AO>
#=\xH HOKO H+OQ, HOKO P~OQ LO@Ok. J~<
Jk x[O. H.. 1323 HHf ~[O `<#O`~O, `
~^_ =eH H~ |OnQ zH } H~# `~`
J`x `=_ J#=^=_, =~OQ #O_ HO` #O`
|î Q^=i ^\, P<\ Ô_H~}OH "tOz JH_
x_# <Q=O ~A# F_Oz `# ~*x Oz<_. `#
q[xH K#Q dx, _Hh #^ OQ=O ''Ô`s
^q J# HoH=` Px xiOK_. P O <_
Ô`"_Q =|_Òk.
|~x J<H O` =YOQ ~~, z`@O
HHf tH x~}O`, P "=O` =# J<H ^"
L<~. J=h 14= `xH O|OkOz#q. =# HHf
H\ Oz#".
|~ W\H HO` =Ok `= HHf ~A
"~=h, `= s =~OQ "h Q~OQ K|`~.
rqÒ XH~< XH ~u =~OQ H@ x^Kx "i
HiH. Jk "i qO. |~ ~A _ JO`. "i ~ z=~#
'HHf Jx ~<~.
W\ Ki`HOQ K< |~ =# HHf ~*xH XH
H#yO. QoHOQ _ Jk =# ^Q~ =# ~Q
~RO. "q H~O =^ Q^=i h Q `=Q
L#_ He#_H# _ (Hi) #kx ^\ |~H
"tOK=K. ~[HOQ _ W^H #`# ~RO. JO^=
H~
`H ÒQ} H~H~Q _ P ~R ~@# ## PHiOz

#^_x KOk. P ~RO #_z# L^=#" =# =~=#
ÒQ} L^=xH Z\ LQ_`, "\x Z\
=#O KH" `H< J^# `Q P ~@#
Kx x~~OKH<#.
A Journey of thousand miles

must begin with a single step
- Lao Tzu
10
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
H~
11
1. `= x Z= u~Q. Z= K_.
` Ô K K . . . .
K JH =~ Q u~Q@O < H`g H^. XO@iQ
OKiOK@O JO> =# eH =#O, =# JO`~OQ ~H
`# K@". P` O^~#O J#=OH ~"O> XO@i
` ~# `.
H$ux, [#, O`# ijeOK@" Kf_ XH
#`# ~ROQ U~_\xH ^^_# i`#, L^=#
J^#O K@O _ < ` XH QO. H=# Like
minded friend # Z=i<< XHix Fellow traveller Q
ZOKH"x x~~OK<#. "O@< =~OQ q^=O`
"kH l H~îQ xK# f+ Q~ =K_. =$us`
Ex~ H~~. ÒQ} HO x~OQ xK# L^=
H~H~.
@~ g^ Kf_ ` `#, ="? Jx #
J_QOQ< F.H. Jx Zyi QO` JH_OK K[O_ KOK_.
` Zx ~A Jx PÒQ J_y<_. ^k< J#. | |
J#_. | H^ @~ Jx =*H K#. @~ JO>< "#,
O~ Q | JO> <<O^H Jx "_ c L =*H
KO_. }O +~h #< K#.
2. ^^ P"PnQ, ^ =x+Q ZH_ UO ^~`

J^ u<. U h îH` P h `Q. \ h
J H<^. g` yi[# Q_ |
Ke. ~_ H ^ @ ^ K= ^ ^
~\ ` +_K [< PtOK~^.
3. pH\ _OQ< ` |O^\.
4. g `yeOK< Op XH [`|@, Hx J`=~
=O^, \i\, H"~ =`" LO_e.
5. Kf_ JO> J^H ^q. W@E A_O.
J@E Ps ["#. JO^=OQ ~~"~ *s
K# =# H= O|OkOz# S._. H~ =#
*| ÔQ ^@x "~ J@H~ *Q
KO_ "\ îOK=#. J@ HH~#K
=^= "O_Q H^.
6. kKH"#O n~ }O H=# ` t~}
HOs. ~î =^ #O_ QH ZO_ ^|#O_
_ ~H} LO@Ok. HO_ H# >HOQ `^. H=#
+ HOs.
7. u QO@ Q~xH k, k# x=+= qOu
W==. H` WO[# Q~" Q_ K_`, =O^
H^H` =#x ~O~O J~`k. J@ ~ ~ @~ J#=@.
9. u ~A Zx Hg@~ }Oz#" H H`
~. J@< Zx b@~ \ "\ H
~. u k<= U T~ #O_ | î#O ~uH
U T~ K~#O, P T~~ ~. W`~ q=~=`
^~H ~*<= (@~_s) ~.
`xH D #=~` K# JO> << H=O_"O@ K.
~=s U_= `sY x"~O ^Q =# ` ~ Jx
f+# [~~ K#.
The world is just like a book. Those who

do not travel, read only one page.
- Saint Augustine
13
H~
|O_ =| ` `s . . . .
=O^
|O_x =| KH" Q~x Ô

KH" Jx x~~OKHx ^xx =~ fHx
"o#. J Kf_ ` `# WH h^ ~O Jx
=Y "Hx` KOQ< ''P JO`^~O D |O_
g^< Jx "_ <~\ Q_yOz XH H}O
ci~<_. "H_"< Jx J#=#OQ K J_QOQ<
'' "O@ =~H ^ _ Jx Q~OQ _H~ K#. XH
qx@ P "~ =~ JO` ~OzOk. JO^~
O`+OK~. p "HxH <HÒ x ~ J~Ok.
OQ ~\ "#H KHO g^ |~= Z= _k. >~@|
~O_ `q H=# ~O_ |^~Oz H`q "e.
# Q Jiy#. |O_ _<Q ZH_< PQK. H`q
"e. WO[< P~ =i sOQ Ke. _\ ~
Hx _ q~~ =. Jq `xi. H` Z#H #O_ =K
Ô\ s H#|_= Jq =# gkH =KÔH.
W=h QH #Q @s sKs K~OKe. H` |O_
W~ HH` H H\ H\ "H <C =q. g~
^" [OQ ~. U^=< J~` "Hx _
^~H~ Jx "_ [|~, KO`_O` H~ HO_.
^# e `~~ uOH ~HH=O^ =_
"^H *| H_k. `^. "_ _=
H~=H=#k. ~O`xH ~Ô H " ^
=~Ok. P k#O =~ < ` XH # J~
~Ok. HO@~ a Ke#C_ Q_ ''|O_ g^
14
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
15
H~
Kf_ `#~@ Q^ Jx H+~ c == #=

#qO_. ''#q^~ QH <H\ Q Jx <# c #=#.
WH WO@ < ~ ^ Qr `~ KOk. @~,
=~, K^~ =`" QH U_ "~ #Q Q U_ k< HO
U_ [` _e Ô KOk. "@xO\h B\~\Q ''g\ K
XH [` |@e Op x Q* "~ HO~| Jx
H~ Ôz#. ''~>y> O\k U"< H\ < î PH~`
uO\xH J#OQ< ''~>> UO "^. `= UO ^~` J^
u<. Wk = Ô Jx ^ g~_Q ["az#. ''=i
H_ [~ *Q` Jx J#=#OQ K P" KiOzOk.
PQ"~# P[O* q . .
2009
A good traveller has no fixed plans, and is

not intent on arriving.
- Lao Tzu
|=s x"~O U_= `n L^" S^ QO@

x^z + JiH è è "Q H *~=
Ò ~O=~Ok. PH" O_ |O_H Qr H@Hx
` \ ayOKHx iQ P~ QO@ , H_ ~*
KC`# HOH#, \\# JO^Hx ` "^
\#. Kx Qe` P L^ "`=~}O K P^H~OQ
LOk. JO|~@ \ \O xOx L ^> iH Q
^_zOk. #Q~O e"~ ^>iH \H #O^# U
Hg@~ "QO` }OK#. Z\ i`# _ U
^@~^x x=O @<#. [#QO OÒ XH z#
@ K a@ yOz f+ <K WOH QO@
JH_O\#. ~_Q LO_. PO K=^ Jx Q WK#.
î = `` =`` T~ =_HO_# OîOKHx =
s# iOKHx @OK<Q k QO@ #HO_ f+
WO\=O^ "#. ^^ #O_ #HO_ 140 H.g..
<Q QO@ }O.
J\H f+ ~ ^qH =O@ Ô KOk. Q|Q [<
Hxz Wî Qr# |O_ =O^ "#H ayOz H_OnQ
16
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
H\ <O. î =^ U =Ò W|Ok @O_. Q` "q

Q" ` H~ "`#_ H~ Q# ayOz# Qr
H~r =^~ ~_g^_ =Ô [iyOk. P
J#=O ^$ Di Qrx Q ayOz H\ <O. |O_x Q
O K _ q~~ +OQ H#|_@@ ~<O. "_ N=u
H_ qH" HOH#, P WO\ =# W^~ ^
n=<~# JO^Hx ~_#_O.
=O q@=Ô. ZO_ Zyy q_q_ _Òk.
#HO_ K~ \ xOx =~OQ " "`<O.
~_ g^ [#"< OÔ. LH, zH, p^~. QOn
^"M< Z^@ =O T~yO ^\ "OH\= \H =O^
#O_ P[O* q @ \ <O.
HO` ^~O iH q"# yi~ "^#O iQ
<=@"# P[O* q H#|_Ok. P q XHC_ x*O
HO ÒQ} `=}HO. =MxH = Z@ JO^q^
=~OQ l Jk J@ LO_k. Jk 1932 x*O ^ H_
P[O* ~` ~O" <}"# =# $+Oz q^
Ò ZQ=u K ^k Hi u+e OkOKOk. ^<
"Q q ~<` =~OQ #Q~O '*Q~ J~k. =O^
2,500 =Ok Hi` ~O"# P q k" =Ok
Hi` qiOzOk. _ O=`~@ "k ÒQ}
Hi W n# "eyOz "iH J#O \# P q 2002
O=`~O }= Jx =`|_Ok. ^xH
O|OkOz# 135 ZH~ q"# q H# _Ok.
J~"# O`# HO^ JQ= Q= J=x 200
H@ ~ q"# P # <==` ^~ H~~\
Jk` JyOKx Ò u#k. =O^k =Ok
Hi H~~# |=OÒQ Mm K~Oz XHC_ lQ
H~
17
"Q n "eQ P WO_# <=@O K~. P @Oh

kx Q O~, ^~, Q~ =
~. W_H_ # x|O Ò_qOk.
~"# $^` =~OQ #Q~O e"~ ^\ #~O@
~_ ZHO. ZO_ Ôz H_Ok. >O XO\QO@ ^\Ok. \
ZO_^|#O_ ~H} H=KOQ xKOk. Q HO_ HOkH
qiOz# ^x Q = "_Qe H, =MxH `QO_ KQ
LOk. =~OQ #O_ #~O@ 40 H.g.. #~O@ K~Q<
~s ^"M< K@ h_ HO^ Q~x H> ^xH qOu
WKO. "O P ^"M<x B\ +O\ Qe HO
OM HO^ H qqOKO.. "_ s~ K|_Q<
Z^~Q L# H|i O_ |O_ ^QiH "o K~ ~O_ He
H\OKHx P `H|i h# H_ xO_ `y<O. ZO_^|
#O_ HO` L=#O HeyOk.
=MxH << +< ~H"x _H~ < YzÒQ
KOk.
*HO =z JH_ =# XH "_H ^x QiOz
J_Q#. "_ =O^ `=YO " P `~` #q J@=O\q
WH_ ^~H= ~. Jq =~OQ, #HO_O\ \ =`"
^~`q. J~< "\x WH_ Z=~ "_~. Z=~ H#~
J<_. < HO` *<Ô HeyOk. <O\ @"
H_ u<k `" "O\H ~<k, <k Z" Jx
^_Ok. Q\H Qux ÒQ} Qg} *hHO ''g
OOQ #< J#@ =M <<+# "_`~? D
[# Jk ^"<?
JH_Oz | î k Hg@~ ^~O =# M
K~= K~<O. ^@"# J_q. Kx K@ h_ HO^
18
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
}# = K P#OÔQ LOk. "O uiy# #\

`K= ~_. = |O_ KH HO^ ^~O ìyÒk.
M K~= H#|_Q< = =# =# ~=~<~.
W^~O K HHf HO <\ QH@ K~=
QiOz =\_<O. M, ~=, H=~O, H=Ô,
L^=Ô, #~O "^Q K~= P HO <\
=lH Ja=$kH P#". =~HO XH K~= xO_Q<
J^# [ =~ K~=H K~<q. JH_Oz WOH
K~=, =~Q K~=h h` HH_` ==O
=_ = P~HQ Ja=$k KO^k. P HO "iH
H~= JO> Uq\ è^. J@=O\ ÒQ} W_O^ W\
JOQ\ PQ"~O^ Jx W^~O JOQ~O. D<\
P K~= _H fO^ _ ^ ^.
W\=e HO e QQ# open cast system
"@@O =# D K~=x h~ WOH~ Q~[
<#= =Ô îOzOk.
^@"# J_=, HO_` "O "`# ~_ Y=O lx
WO^ " yÒk. XH\ ~O_ Q= `~_<~. u
Q=O =Oy@ Z~~x x"` J=~g~ , uH_=e
Q~. HO^ tH "i ~, T~. Hx K@ QO_
b HxOK~. Q= h\ Z^_ L#@Ok,
haO^ " K ^~O #_z "`<~. WO^ K~iH
O`" < K|_Ok.
<*O HO WO^# Q@ J<"~. J\ Q~G"`
qeO HOQ 1871 WO^ Zxqk Hg@~ ^~O =#
''OQ~} Q=O "^\ i Q# Hx\_. `~` 1889
Q`=@O ~O=~Ok. P OQ~} Q Q# H=
H~
19
H=OQ Pk^ =~ qiOK~. Oe 1927 Q

`=_O [iyOk. P ~A H"_ +yi QQx Hi
<_. J`xx 1948 " 15# OK J_= b,
ÒQ} ^ ~@ HO `` He KO~.
#\H #~ x["# HiH <_. x~rq. K
O=`~ ^H Hi `= +yi Jx ~
@<"~.
WO^ XH @ =Oz H qOz H ~ fx
K|_O. JH_Oz =~ =m | î QO@, QO@#~
`~` OK K~<~.
OK K~<iH *H =m QC=<~. ''Q*
[=< ^ Pf ^~ ~<^ Pf . 1969 ÒQ}
L^=O WH_ ~O=~Ok JO@ f+ ^` *H
@# ìK_. W^~O P *H iQ =xyO. 1969
[#=i S^= `n# WH_ ^~ =~ +< ÒQ} "iH
<|ÔQ L^Q H"x H$+ J< HiH <_ x~~
nH <_. "O@< l HOÔ Y=O @}O ~gO^<^ J#
qî <_ _ x~~ nH ~<_. 1952 Q~
=b Q H L^=O `~` ~O_= ^ L^=O Wk. D 1969
ÒQ} L^=O Jx l JyQ "Oz 370 =Ok
q^~ [ J=~<~. <\ =_= ^ L^=O 1996
#s=O OkOk.
J\H pH\ _Ok. ^KO JH_O_ 30 H.g. =~H
QO@ }O pH@ f+ |O_ K *Q`Q #_`<_.
Q^=i #kg^ =O`# ^\ ^K #Q~ "O ÔQ
[iyOk. LÔ P~ QO@ #O_ UHay# }O. J~<
J@ s~xH Qx =# Q^. ~u |HO "^@.
20
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
21
H~
^" OQ}Ox `h Juk Q$O Q^ =x

èOk. z=iH "\ _ <Q =O^ ~. _| ~O
îHOk. Jy> O\ Qk. h ~~ iQ ^. J~`
[#O =Ò QOk.
P ~A ^^ #O_ ^KO K# }O 343
H.g.. \ J~# Y~ 610 ~.. P ~u x^ JO`
Q @^. ` "^\ k#O J@ =yOk.
For a good traveller the destination is not important,

but the journey is important
- Jaswant Singh
Ex. Defence Minister
"HO @ Kf_
q` _| P"\ . .
P ~A Pk"~O. LÔ S^ QO@H x^KO. ~u x^
iQ H H =O@, h~O. J~< x ~ `z @x
Kh` `~ xOKO. =\= XH H=û ~x
"^\ JO` #O_ HOkH kQO. JO` ^.
+ \ Jx ~~# nqOz J^ K` K c " Jx O
*s KO. Q QH H=\ K` `` Y+ J~Ok. P
Pk"~O K P#OÔQ J~OQ@O KOk.
HO@~ a Ke Kf_ "e, HOKO î QiOz
q=i~ Jx J_QO. "O @~ ` K<=# OQu
J`# Q=xOz K ^Q, Q~=OQ q=~ K_.
~Ò` @ =O^ Ke xsH# = J~*x
K~x ^xH Q_=iOQ KO. < ^Q~# |@` ^x XO`
22
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
`~OQ =e+ K#. Z^~Q \ O \O

xOx, Qe KH K~OK<O. OQ ~\ [s H=# Qe
`~Q `QÒ^@. JO^H u~A Qe KH HOs. =
Qh *Q`Q `` H@x ''K =~ K JO@
~O_= k#O ` ~ K<O.
^KO e"~ ^\ `~ k Ò> `~ k
=O^~O P~~x JOQ~O J#@ ~_ =H^~Q =z
xO_ $Ô` P#O eH_. =OK`~ g_ P `
" ZO` JO^"# ~Ô. PHO ~_. [~#
*i #\ "`\ î. JH_ =OK |s #k }= Jx
îH ~O_ " q"# K\ O@ . XH K@
xO_ qK# Kx ~. =~H K@ Z~~x
q~ O_ H. îH J@HQ Z` Ô fiHQ H=
fi# XH ^=O. `\ #O g^ *A~OQ x=w`. JH_
ZO` x|O. x|O< ^=` x=~@. ZO` O`"#
^"! PQxOzOk. J~< $Ô "#H "O =O^
}OKQO.
P ~A Pk"~O H=# Q^=i #k _= }O K
HO_#, ~O\e Q_x îOK<O^ "
} | ==e ^\ =O^ #=~O " ~Q
f<~. "O #=~O H< =O^ Z_= " uiy zO`~
" }<O. zO`~ #O_ P î ~[=O_ ~
qY @O " _ "Òk. UkU"< PO^^ U
= "o< ~_ =Ò D =^HO K Q#=#
=# = |OQ HeyOk.
~_ #=~O J# Hq J[O` Q~ =K_. z#\Op
~_ ## PHi< L<~. < _H ZC_ U^ ~O
K`#@, XH OÔ W#@ HxOKk. D _H W\ ZO`
H~
23
^~O "Ò^ J# < z# |~ L^~OKk. D

^~ < rq`xH U^ q_nx ^Q~ O|OÔ LOk
JO^H z=iH D qÔQ XH u_Q =i<<"!
P O`"# ^~ [# OK~O < ''P=O^qQ
J#@ JO^"# `x P= =O^ = `~_<~. XH
=O^ =O^ U =Ò `Q^. J=h QO QOQ fiHQ
o #_H #_<~. = Hi HxOK_Hx P=
=O^ =Ò =O^Q=#O` =O^K` =#O^H
"`<~. ZO` Q *="! ZO` Q i<!
^KO ^\ HO` ^~O "o# `~` î XH ^ Ps
HO H#|_Ok. q"# "^#O ^@OQ L# ~uQ_.
"\g^ =O_ fQ W# xOQ "~. P P=~}=^ s,
r, ~_ K# b. P HO #= Z`# O
WH OK` |~AO\q H@x XO` H KHx,
K` "+<Q# @x ~"x HO_` HxH H
H# ["#. ~O_ OK ^ HO <r <
H<<>+< HO ^$ *HxHK~. s `\
H@H\ H~Q~ x `HO OqOK<?
ÒQ} U = "o U b +< K< [
OQ`"Qx J b, b +#H ~H} ^" J#
J#=#O ~H=#^. TiH ^~OQ H@Q_O\ Z`# Q_
=^#, "\ g^ xOQ "~ =^# J<H iH_ ^\ eH
" ^x =^ a a =O@ k K b +<
''H |OnQ ^~#qOk. [ ~H} HeOKe#
b `= `" ~H} HeOK< û _~. !
`qn [=< H` |^ Q!
D* P"* ~\ J#@ zO`~ H=O^ =m "O
Z_=" uiy =~ î "tOKO. P î Kf_
24
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
"î. = H O = Q=O = =Ol = =H^ J^. P @

Ô_H~}O @. QQ #O_ JO^s PHi#
~}H"# @. ~\ i\@. yi[# P"
x""# |~ @.
P T~~ O@.
Jk Kf_ i^# "iOz# "^\ Q=O. "HO @
Kf_ Jx he~OQ ^~ `x JH~ WOw+ ~
L<~. WH JH_O_ = H"~ H#e F< KO. W^~O
q_q_Q P ~ HO^ x|_ `~ kQO. ` Jq =
"^\ \.
Kf_ "HO <# \ KH"# P#OÔ`
H## XH ^H î<O. P ~A JH_ "^\ y~H "".
""xH Jk =Ô ~O= [#. J~<
>|h ~K|_ = HO xsH<~. |~=e H#\
fiHQ s ~<O. Z^~Q L# s# = =O^
y "\H = J# H# ~K<O. P ^#
XH =O =u #_`#@Ok. P" J@ W@
u~Q` \g P< K~. XH K< `Q"~. [Q<
"~ ~#O^ PO^*u k#uH ^_ K# ^$
=<~.
''WH_ \<g ^~H= Jx ["az# P J= "O
^~f~ @~ `~e" u=x QOz ~O_ Q_
H\ [|~Q Le, zqi, JO "e, Hug~#
HQe LÒ = _| P"\ JOkOzOk. P "_ "_ P"@
~zx U=x =iO`=? H_ xO_~Ok. =H~OQ Q~O
Q~O K. ''rq`" =^~= J# @ ~`Q *HO
=zOk.
H~
25
WH P k~A ` "O u k#O _| P"\ H.

P ~RO uK\ P"@ `H H<}O` K#@xOz
''=# `Q " P"@ K~^ Jx W^~O O He
i "*s` UHw= f~<x K<O.
P`~=_ K|_Q< O@ Q=OH "tOKO. ^KO
#O_ O@ 68 H.g.. < a._. ~, i>~ S.. P~
*HO =K_. P# QÒ |~ l HH~Q x K~.
~H `kHi Hx x["# yi[# q`_. yi[# |O^=.
^g q~=} `~` J`# "i` O^"x ÒHH P
Q=O< ~_<_x q<#. Px JH_ HH"x
P_#. Q=OH "tOz HO` ^~O "Q< XH WO\
=O^ W^~ = xK<~. "O |O_ P "i =^ "o
iKO K<O. JO^ XH`# ` ~
L^_. =~H`# P Q= ~OK. W^~ =~^Q =`
=\_~. ~Qi QiOz "H| KQ P# QiOz "iH
uQ è^x èOk. (P~QO Q H P# _b
LO@<~x ^^ =KH èOk).
H` ~RO QiOz g JaO Uq\ Jx P L^_x
On J_QO. '|` Y+ JO@ ` ~RO J\
~[^x . U^< x g^ "O JH_H "O> K
H+=k. WC_ ~~ = K ^Q~. O`+OQ L<O
J<_.
=~ =^#O W W_ = + = ^` D
Ò #_Ok. Jx O`$x =HO K_. "O Q=xOzOk
U=O> J`# On ZO` KHQ =\_`<_ `Q _
JO` OQ =\_`<_. = = ^t=~ J#@
i^ x=OK [ LO_ O J^.
26
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
= WH_O_ # H.g.. P î QO_^. Q`

=O Jx J`# KiOK_. JO` =~ =#OQ L# P
Q= ~OK ''g~ P @# f }OKO_. ~OQ
"\xH Jq @<~x b q=e J#=xOK=K
Jx WK_.
H~
27
f+ =#OQ `# `# U^ iQ Pz#@ <

`zOk. ''H` [< Jx HkeOK#.
''H< =u~HOQ `~ H< q=H ~@O K

1971 |OQ^Q J=ìOzOk D + ukH g^<.
XH\ `~ H< "*i\ [ =O J~< "i
=`$+ =Ò L~H^. OQb. JH_ [ + OQb
+. =O H= _ L~ HH OQb +< ~K#
K~. Hq`x ~~. WH +` @ "i O $u, PK~
==~, r=# q^< Jh `~ H<` QH t=
OQ, JO ~ [` ^Q~ O|OÔ, eH Hey
LO_q. H=#< "i q=H ~@O q[=O`"Ok J<_.
''JQ~ H M" H ~^ H~` LH [<

vOK J<_.
''"s Q_. =i *u ~\ =>q\ Jx K~# <#

Qn#.
(U^< XH *ux <#O KO> =O^ "i +# <#O

Ke).
''Ò NOH #_# LTTE q=H ~@O "#H

+_ XH =Y"# JOO. NOH L# ^#"# *`
~O_. "^\ k Om. =`~OQ "~ ^. "i +
OO. ~O_=k `q. =`s` "~ O^=. =`$+
`qO. x*xH Om XHC_ ~`Ô #O_ NOH
= "o#"~. |^x HO ^ =` K~O HO HO`
=Ok L`~ ~`Ô #O_ NOH "o JH_ ~_<~. P
H~OQ "= ~O_#~ " O=`~ #O_ NOH =O@
<=x Om "^#. nxx LTTE `q XCH=@O
^. =k ^q_ *u "O WH_ ="O Jx `q
"^#. D "^# z=iH L`~, ^H} ~`^ "~ÔQ =`"
QH P~, ^q_ O"ÔQ _ ~kÔk. ~O_ =`
=^ ~}Q _ =iOk.
~ J<O Hx "O P # \OK^.
''D =# ^xH <Ok Jx ~\OK#.

''+ JO> H=O ~O_H~ Ô H^. + "#H _O`
<Ô H^ H=g+ LO@Ok. XH *uH O|OkOz# Ki`,
O $u PK~ ==~, P~ ^`, r=# q^#O Jh
LO\~ J<_.
''WC_ O@ Q=O P \K~ = + = ^`
Ò #_Ok J# ^x g^<< #= PzOk J<#
<#.
''iQ J^. P =@ QiOK Pz<#. QÒ + QiOK
~* `#"<~. + H" *u ~\ ~O"<~
J<_.
''J^\ J<#.
13= `|O< * XH |"# `q~[O LO_^x

Ki` KCÒk. WOH qQ` O` _ `q~*
=i~. 1815 a\+ "~ NOH# iQ PHqOK#
28
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
`~` ` `@ bQ xK\xH `q<_ #O_

"k =Ok `q# NOH ~OK~. P ~HOQ `
ZQ=u ^#"# PiH == `q "<=HQ =~~.
W`~ "~ ~}OK~. H= q+#s }= Jx WOw+
q^# JOz L#` L^Q ~_<~. Jx ~OQ
J_Q_Q< `qH Om f="# \ LO_k.
1956 O +# JkH~ +Q H\ OKQ< JyH P[O
`_~Ok. NOH `q L^=O ukH ~# OìO
KOk. P L^=O J<H<H = uiy 1972 XH
^xq^ L_ ~HO ^_ =_ `q # >Q~ (TNT)
J< ~@ O NH~O K\_.
''P =_ " H~<
WH P `~` =~=# Ki` JO` h èO^ H^ Jx f+
J<_.
B<# 1980 #_z# 'P JO q^~ ~@O "i
=`$+ Jg i~H} _ XH =Y"# JOO. OQb
+ `<x "~ f=OQ =u~HOK~. q^~ L^=O =
z=iH `" `#" JO Q} OQ= i+` JkH~OH
=zOk J<# <#.
''=i =# ÒQ} UO ~QO \ Ok Jx f+ HOQ
"MxOK_.
''=#H=~Ok. =#Ô` XH*u `Q *u, XH + `Q
+ Jx H"x f+# |<~OK#.
^x` "_ Jy~=_~ Jy |~\ Q q[$OaOz<_.
''="H` XH *uH |"# <kQ LO@Ok Hx PO^
ÒQ} O` [ =^# Q_"# = "H` ZC_
^. W\=e HO P JO`~ ~Q`< ` `Q@O
H~
29
^. XH *ux `H"# *uQ QiOKO> P [O` XH

OÒ x= XH O $u XH Ki` Hey LO_e. P qÔQ
K< PO^ ÒQ} "~~ *`. =# ÒQ} QoHOQ
^H< ~q. D QoH i` P^~OQ< WH_ [
=#H u Q` U~_<~. =^f~O He# H [
=#H u Q` r=# q^< "~ D ~O_ O` =^
Ki`, O $u _ a#Ò Hey L<~. H=# xOÔQ
PO^ ÒQ} ~O_ "~ "~ *`.
WH ` +. ÒQ} +e PO^ "
JO J==< K~. WO^ =# `Q < =Oz
L^~}. XH *u =# + XH cementing factor J~
f~e. Hx Jk [~Q^. ÒQ} + J<QiH + Jx, L~
HQe# OH~ + Jx W\H J#O\~. uH,
\g Ly# ~O_#~ l + iS# + Jx "~
^$_OQ qO> =#k XH + XH *u Z@~`k? Jx f+
JOQiO_.
''h ^ x[". D Kf_ Q =# XH `H ~RO
U~_`< P ~ K#@ =# +, =# ^` =#O =#
`x #_H=K Jx f+# =^~OK#.
P O@ Q=x ^\ ~O_, =_ H.g. "Q< |s #k
O^~#O [iyOk. |i Xi [xOz |~ =Oz
z=iH =# Y=O l #=~O =^ Q^=i b#==Òk. #k
@H, #^ [#O QQ #O_ =x+x PHiOK XH
=iH q+O. #k =# J<+OK@=O> =x+ `#
=# `< J<+OKH=@O. `# eH `# }O
K@O. ~HO |+ #^ f~ "O|_, "\
[##O #O_ Q=#O =~ }OK"~.
30
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
N~=_H ZOye ~z K# H |i ~ P #kH

OHqOzOk. ^ |s #k f~O [xOz# P yi[#
P" èÒ_ P #k ~ @<~! U^"`<O QoHOQ
# Ô_H~}O. HO^ ^KO. =^ |s #k. P
Ô_H~}O =^QO z`@O. `~= OKiOz# <.
~=H^ #_z# <. P |s #k X_# Py<O. =# ^
u_ ~ Pk<~} *HO =K_. P#
`HO ''=}HOH =YzÒ ## \ D |s #k
X_# x|_ ky#^. P# Ô_H~}O #O_ ~"~O =~
^` K#_ ky# \ Jk. "q^~O P #k X_#
Pk<~} = \ kQO. Ô_H~}O =#"O K#
~=_ D Ô è û_ Jx Pk<~} XH
"O ~<_.
P #n=` #O_ = nHx =iHO` ^~O "Q<
Ô"# ~^~ #i~}O # HO` =Ok b
HxOK~. "ix HiOKQ< P P_=Q bO^~ =#
~@ O`xH OOkOz# "~x è O`+O HeyOk.
W`~ O` `Q"~ He HeQ O`+" Jk.
For my part, I travel not to go any

where but to go. I travel for travel's sake.
- R.L. Stevenson
H~
31
Ô"# ^~
^q . . . .
MH
~OQ Z`# b "<. "\ `_`H_Q

xK# Ps ["#. "i K` J`^xH P^. u
"#O =O^ XH \ "\~ H. ^x =~ W^~
["# _QH K`. \<~ sH< b "<
Z= u~Q`<~. ~_ H# H_On b HO. "\
H< yi[#e x~OkOz# #~" ta~. Q=
Q=< Mm K~Oz "iH ="~` L# O|O^#
q_Q\# LÔ` P HOe U~~K~. K K@ ~_
H J_= OaOQ K# Ps ["# HxOK~. "~
Pb"w< xO =#O^# PK J_= He~
Q=xQx QiOK g^. "ix Q_ K# ''A_O J~KH
QO HxOK~. =ug^ g _ ~x "i
L<~. ~^~ g^ s# P "~ _| = K#
^$ HxOK~. JH_H_ A_O K` _
P^ HxOK~. "ix KO> <*O HOx ''~*H~
^ *HxHK~. #~"# J ^. ZH_ XH K@
~`Q |_Qp @Hx K` qO|` *xH
`yeOK# ~H |~` J_q "\_` OKiOK
yi[#_ H#|_"_. JH_H_ fiHQ <=~# P=O^
Q_ O_<!
32
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
|O_ #_`# f+H K ''P K@ h_ H Py ~

fOÔ J<_. J g^ J<<#. ''~_ ky U K@
h_<, U ^H< Py JH_ KO> ^~OQ OaOQ K#
b ="~"#x =_, _ ~`Q H
[i< k^ Jx q=iOK#. JO`H^, HhO OH HO
_ ZH_ PQ\xH g^ Jx P~~ *s K. z=iH U^ XH
z# T~ `ye` JH_ H qqOKO.
PHe "^~Ok. P T~ K _ HxOK^. J#"
~=KO^ JO@ }OKQO. XH\ #~ ~O_ ^\
~Ok. z=iH XH K@ s =~Q Py# O HxOKQ<
} z x|_<~. J^H ^. ~ Q_` ^xx xiOK~.
^x =O^ h_ |O_x P t~} T_nO. PHe, h~O,
LH` P ^H "tOKO. [#<~` Je# H =OK.
==e PxOK~. u =OKO z=~ XH KH|. Jk _xOQ
>| J#=@. |@ q P H=OK |_O. =Y
H# FH ^. K` =Ò ~K<O. ^ "#H
~_ K` H_H=\xH "o` XH "O@ `\
ZOye@. "\ K@ A=x =~`# DQ QO. F
== P =iH h< P HOK# H_QÒk. = Ke
|=OÒQ uC<O. =~ =~O ^ H=# ^~O _Q@x
[<xH P~iKO.
`x = O\ J#O #*A HOKO
#@, "_ "_ Q Q QH ^ =Mh, Q= Q=_
Q~O Q~O K "_. "~ z# @ #OAH=_xH Hx
Le=H, JO^ O_H=_xH Hx x=|^, =^
=^ HOKO HOKO H~H_xH z q~H, | JO`.
<O|~. < ^. ~QO> Kf_ "iH J è^.
, ~Q J=@O OQ q~@. H=# ZH_ ~Q
# Hx @ `, J~`<O? J=$` =# [#O.
H~
33
P=~=~=O@ H_~ P~yOKO. h `Q\xH OÔ>

Z^~Q H "#H @ g^ `x aO^# H@# XH =x+
=K_. s _=~ "} U^ J_Q`<~. "O Q=x<O. Jk
W= H Jx è~Ok. OK ~ UH Q
JO@<_. P J_q`_. JiOQ L# P =iH hHO> P
Hh @~ J#Hx K~H Q K<O. KQ uQ
~Q JxOzOk. K^ H+< J#O@ =~ Q
\ z#O. ÒQ} H `Q@O JO> ''=~ =O` K_
zO` Jx J~O. H = " =x `# =zOk. HO`
HOKO J< K<O. HkQ x^f QO_x
JxOKÒk. Hx JH_ # u_O ^~^ QH ^~^.
|@ ZO_ ^_^__Ok. Q` ~_ _Òk.
`^~ ^=_ JO@ z x|_O. u#H =O^ XH ^. u#
`~` =~H ^. |~=e * `QeOKx, @#
` `yeOKHx ''K =~ J#O@ ~_ gkH =KO.
ZO_ Q "< ^. y "< LOk.
n~ x~O`~ }O. Q` ~_g^ |O_x f+ K
KHKHOQ #_`<_. JOÒ` x J_qî. Z^~K
b. J^$+=` Z=~ ==e P@O ^. PO^" Jx
=O__` `Q"g^ ^_ K A_O (~O AO)
^HO_ = |O_ g^ ~# U.. J# JH~ g^ _^.
H=# "O |uH |@_O. H` =O^ |O_x `Q\ P
`~` = ^k [i z=iH x= ^_ K". =
Q\ =x è~Ok.
Kp K_ OÒ ^~ J# T~ K~<O. P T \
O LOk. _ h `yOk. XH K@ Kx ^"J îHOk.
@ @ KiOz î zO` f~<O. JH_ =
J~*xH _ [~ P~O îHOk. P Q_ @# XH
#_Òk. P" ~O_H_ ZO^H PQO_ x~O`~O
34
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
U_<_. J<~Q""! WO` XH Pq =z P"`

"^xH kQ_. P" ~ =_Oy. J`# _| J_< fx `#
^Q~ x ZQ\_x J`x ~^. P" U^ =^~Ok. P"
~ JC_ x^H` WO\Oz z =z `Q^` `#Hg O|OÔ
#@ xiOQ Ow |h< îOz JH_ <g^ QO`K<_.
| ^=^ z# `=_ H. P `Q^ F HeH
~H=O^ "O _| KeOz =O^ y<O. O Jn P
J<qH H^. =m J_q }O. =`Qe ==e "O\_Òk.
u\ H=\ =`# W= "#. P ` K@h xO_
KQ L#q. "\H `_ =q_ `` O^`
=q_K@. ^= _Q< J". =~Q ==e Px,
P"#K, P =` "#` } J@ `^.
O* pH@ H=O@<~. ~_ = KH HO^ ^~O@
"#H Òk. HO` = O|OÔ ^. =O^ =#O^
Luu+Q y`<O. K r=< H Hh ~M< =`H xh,
pH\ _Ok. \~_ ~"Ok. XOO "eH ~_.
<<Hi ^Hx '' ~\#_ JH_ H~H~O
~Ò Z`# =^H~"# ~^~ ~ "\ gk
~` *HxHK~. P ~` QiOz f+ KQ< "_
# #"_.
- I am curvacious. I like slow driving
- Slow & steady drive gives me more pleasure
Ke =kiOk. XH K@ |O_ P<O. H\ H pH\ , H=#

< "Q |O_ "#H L# =@ q [i#,
=OHH "<O. P \ ~_ K =^H~OQ LOk.
JO` pH\ . Z^~Q =K s _@` HO_ pH@
H=O@<~. |O_ U =Ò H èy< HO^##
H î`=# O. _ W=H` Z^~Q =K s
==e _ H_Ò^"#x O. uq~O` =~O. "Q
H~
35
H` H# pH\ . Hx P "Q qs`"` _ H# pH>.

ÔÔ, "~Ô. ~`Q XH "` *H"zOk. ''KK
H# Z=xK $+OK|_< J" H# ^~ P $[#H~_x
K_O. "QO Q `yOKO. ZO` =yO x \ ~_.
OÒ HQ< }O P# = x=O P ~A QeH
Zyi~Ok. }x P@O = K` ^. T~ H#|_`
Q^ }x P@O.
=Ol H H ~M<
T~ " *<.
~_ g^ ^~x è " ~ H#|_@O ^. Q_^
K_ iQ``#@ }<O. z=iH P "O O
=~O =yOk. JH_ Hx WO_ H#|_~. u WO\ =Oy\
XH K= Oki. ^x HO^ WH aO^. [Q^~ Jc H`
^~ Jx J_QO. O^c Jx ["| =zOk. JH_ #O_
~_ qOQ, KHQ LOk. =m Q~x ~Q \OKO.
PHO Oki HO^ }OK =~O. # pH\ Z_i
#H` =~. JO` ^~O [Q^~ e"~. qq
"~# gkn î K~`# _=.
n~"# J_qîx =keOKHx @OH "tOKO. @O
=Oy\< XH OK~` @ H#|_Ok. J^H J^ =.
Q Je~ L<O. @OH "o Qk "^< FH ^.
WH_ \ J=Ô Jx P_ J _` ">H eH
"O. JO` J@O. P_O|~O. _| ~O ^~ =O^
J<_ ix. ''P[< H^ J<O U^ XH\ =\_x.
WO` UHOQ P @ "<[~ = ^QiH =K_. y~H
#@Ok. |H~O "" H#|_#@Ok. ~O "^~Ok. Zxqk
=O^ ky=K_. = `` <Q =O^<O. "_
XCH^. = x=O H~O P <Q =O^ _ Z=.
36
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
H =O^ "o _OQ QiOz "H| KO. P#O^ _

=~* "î =O^x è J@" "O.
OQ< îHOk. ~"# ~@. _| ~O ~O_ =O^ U
~. Hx =_= JO` ZHe. H <C. < e.
''=Es H <" =`QOn. `^H^ |O_x @ =O^
~ K =\=e qCHx O` QkH K~<O.
_| ~O QOk. \g c . Ò OQ LOk. Hx
Q~Oh # qQ. U^ XH\ U_Ô Jx ~<O.
Kh` `~ < KO. J@ +HH Zyi~Ok.
M<H^~ Jx qKiOKQ JH_ <Q= JO` Jx èOk.
P [# K OQ LOk. y~H ~. JO` OÒ.
^ M~O. "_ "_ Q^= . XH\ i KQ<
=~H\ ~OQ ~ = OH =z "`<~.
|`Y. z~zQ YH. H\g~ K\ JK~. H
L`~ ~` [# O|~O. ^~_ ~".
QkH =z =OK |_O. Q` ~u ^KO x^ JOÒ`
=`" H=# P ~u =Oz Q_x^. =^ "= ~x
"^x^.
^KO #O_ [Q^~ P ~A "O }Oz# ^~~O
267 H.g.. Q` ~_ }OH=# 267 2 ... Jx H
"< ~@ H^.
Two of the greatest gifts we can give

our children are roots & wings.
- Hodding Carter
37
H~
WO^=u #k X_#
[Ò J_Q#
P LÔ K P#OÔQ P#O^ _ x^KO. =Oz
x^ = |x, ~x WzOk. Q|Q #e =yOKHx
"# ê îOz <HO HOkH kQO. < ^Q~ `
WO_< W_, =_, ^ ^~Ò^x ix K_. =x+
=m ~_# __. JO` ^~O [Q^~ =~*
L^ HOu "~ H#|_Ok. ~* g~ KO^ O*^"
(HHf) H^ *HO =zOk. J`x qÔ` rqÒ =##
Hez"Ok.
P @ Q W~H~Q, Ql'arQ LOk. L`~ ~`
^" _ W_ =_e W+OQ uO@<~. ^~}OQ "~
^\ @ _ " HKs lc ^# J=bQ
O\~. L`~ ^H} ^ "H` W\ W_ =_` kOK
|_`#@Ok. ^^ `#Q~O _ D =^ ~
#s Y @ _ W_ =_ ^~#q<~. H`
|^ Q W<<!
P ~A ~ z`@O ".
[Q^~ #O_ z`@O 43 H.g.. Qk Mm K a
KeOKO. |O_x ~z ^H~OQ Qr ayOKO.
38
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
@O \ xOx Qe K~OKHO@O> JH_ s

~# =x+ = |O_ #O|~ @# K ''J~ U` Z..H
Q_ J<_ ~HOQ. ''J=# J<O. ''H L` ^~
U Q_ H T~ P ^[< P~ H? Jx =m tOK_. ''r
J<O. O P =#=_ =~O tOK^. ==e Q~=OQ
K ~O_ K` *_Oz `H Zu@x #=~O
K_. P #=~O =HH <#O Q `zOk. uO>
[ ZC_ Q~=".
z`@O ^~@ Jx J_Q` J_Q` #Q~ e"~
^\<O. HO` ^~O "iH P~\ U " = "<x _
P~. |O_ ~ KOK=O> Jh KOKO. J_Q"_H
KOK"_ = J#@ ''W#~< HQ* H^~ Jx
HtOK_. J^H> = =^^. <# < Q=~"O@ S._. H~
f K ''=~ U " W#~<H [~~` # Jx
^~OQ J|Ô P_#. < H~ gk ~[=^# K
"_=#<_ U" ''*" Jx OHiOK_. |`r=_
J#O@ W=`|_O.
q"# KHxî. [<, "< JO`Q x î. ZO_
x "< QOk. J~^Q JH_H_ F Q=O. Q=
K@ HO^ h_ "O_ aO^ WH J" _K.
= { "O_ "O_. ` ~A [ JgxO
y<# "O_ y< J<"~. "i =^ z#y< LCH~O
He# _. H `y P H~O _x <H J^Hx =O^
y`# @~. w<\ P WO_ Jx Kf_
=~~. ^xH `Q@Q< ZH_ Kz< `ì`". ~RO
46 Ò J_=. >| \ P WO_ Jx =~~ _
LOk. 60% [ yi[#. ~`Ô J`kHOQ yi[#
x=OK OÒ W^. QO_, , ^~", =i O\ qa#
H~
39
yi[# `Q, qa# +` WH_ x=<~. [ =#~

+OQ L# ~RO. =_ W#=, ~y, Q, #~~, "H,
JHO "^Q Yx[ O^ QH H, c_ P, O_
yO[ "^Q J@g L`` =$kQ a~. J<H #^
Xi [xOz D ~RO =Oz Hx =# ~ROH
"t~. JO`\ QQ a~a~ ~ #k [. J [
=#~, O^ q+O state is rich but people are very
poor. Xi [xOz D |~ =Oz =# ~RO
H~O =^ Q^=i` OQqOK^ WO^=u #k. W_ ^x"
= }O. z`@Ox WO^=ux HiOz ~=iOz
îOK< = `.
D z`@O ~=} HO <\k. `~=KO^
^Q O=`~ =#"O K# Ô_H~}" D z`@O.
H }_ |OQ~ =_x ìqOk WH_. ~=}_ `=#
JiOzOn WH_. z`@O ~=}O #_z# <. ~=_
OKiOz# <. ~`_ J# Qix J^ uiy ~=x
|uq_Ok. D < g^<. qkH ~=^H` J^
uiy "oOn D z`@O #O_. D z` \xH =~ J~O
_ LOk. J# Ô z`~ H\. z`~ JO> =K. H\
JO> lOH. J@ z`~H\ JO> =K lOH Jx _ J~O
=O^@. | `@H `_ =sK_ =_Q, |OQ~
=K He# _Q =~@" D z`~H\ J~""! ~ U^`<O.
H^ U^`<O. D z`@O =^ WO^=u #k 96 J_Q Z`
gk #O_ HOk H ^# ^Òk. K O^~"#
[`^$O. K= |^ ~. D z`@ [`x
~`^ #Q~ [Ò Jx _ JO\~. ~=#
[Ò h ZO_ ueOz WO^^#Q =~ "#O. JO`
He XH ^$=} O^~ Ow` "#O. `<\ Q `<#
=^_O = P [`xH WO^^# ~OQ =x
40
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
yi[# #=HO. P JO^ |On# `~=KO^ ^x

gO< ~# xiOK<~. <_k XH ^"O
qeOk. Kf_ D XH [`x =`" # LiÒ
#O_ HO^ J_Q #O_ K J=HO LOk.
D ~O_ } P 43 H.g. ^~x
<OQ JkQqOz LÔ ^HO_ QO@ OÒ
z`@O "e<~. ZO_ ''"O_ ZO_Q ^Q^Q_Òk.
[Ò H< Z`# Ô ~s =~ M< Jx
OQ` <Hx LOk. JH_ U Qk | K< ^ ^ J^
H\ H #O_ JQ^"# H ^H [` O^~ ^$x
K P#OkOK=Kx "O W^~O P_O. Hx H ~^?
qKiOKQ è#^=#Q ^x |HOQ [Q^ ~ HH~
"i H~O H=x è "q~=~= H_OQ_
qKiOzuq. @ @=~ \ q^ "# ''<@ q^#
P ~ "K "< =O^ "O =O^ ~ <@ ~O
îOz @. H# =~
Q_ @. ZO`< "O ''> " =#+O. H=#
JH_# P ~O_O\ = @H "o Q^ QiOz "H|
KO. J^$+O Hn JH_ ~O_ ~O_ Q^ L<~. P Q^ P
@ [=x". XH Qk ~A =_ =O^ ~.
ZO` ~=_< P Hi#$^_ =_ _ `yOK_x
`@`=Q è# "~" qkH QuH ~ Jx XC<O.
J~` JK\H JO^"# H~O Q^. P Qk =O^ P s
H Kx M#" J~HC "_"_ `h~ ^ j`
H~
41
h"^## KHKHQ Ki P #k "x =i

HO` =~ P [` ^$x, }# "i ~~#
H#~ H# O_=Q gHOK=K. WH` = [#[#
H~H= ^` JO` WH P ^~ [=x^. g@xO\h
Q=xOz# "~" ~ Jx XC<O. Qk =#`
kyO.
= J~*x JH_ P OQ}Ox h_ =ke\O.
|zO` f~Q< } ^@|_~. Q =i<~.
P~OQ Qk =O^ s ~<O. _Q ZQ~`
Ô` = =O^ F ^ Q_ `H"<_. "_ yi[#
~_x "_ = =YO K_OQ< XH qx@ è~Ok. "_
JH_ ~~Q ~O # `< K<_. "_ ~ MKO^.
"_ u =@ =O^ #=`<_. "_ è H=#
H#@Ok. =O^ "_ #=x `~` "}. P MKO^ g^
"O q+< K qOKO. K QOk. ''<a |_` #"x
_ " KK. <x ~K~` P [=x` ^<
K<_. "_ H~=| "_. H~ g= "_. #x
=YO `x ##= "_. "_ K "@Q_ HO_
H^_ H~K K~ K. PKH f è#^=#Q
"_ ~ |~<. Z._. |~< H P~._. |~< Jx <#
"=_` #x =YO` `Q #qO_. P ~ q#Q< xH
yi[#_ H^x < è~Ok. WH"_ Ki` "_ XH
=dH Ki`Q KCHzO_. |~< JO> |~ Ô #O_ =z#
HOkj_ H^Qx |OQ^ #O_ =z# HOkj_@.
1960 P# `# J=<< qQ` "` He
He#_H# JH_ #O_ HH` `~` HO` HxH Xi
=m JH_O_ D [Q^~ = HQ =K_@. ~~
"i O` XH ~rqÒ U~_O^@. WC_ O H$+`
42
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
D z` @O @ [=xQ rq<_@. ~ =Ò

xH yi[# . H=# W^~ H_. H## Q_
^H_k. "_H D =^ oHQ< "~ O>QH "~Q P
Q_ @ _ \_@. |~< z# H_ W~" UO_
z#"_Q< H#|_`< H P @ HO@~
~x _H [=xQ ==i<_. ''~\ H
h `y# rqÒ |~< k.
z=iH JO` H^ q# <# ''#= O`+OQ =<" Jx
tOK#. P J`# #q ''H H#|_ rqÒ Q<
kOK#. Hx e rqÒ =Ò JO` Mm Jx ùHOQ
=^#qK_. | Jk T~"_ =ke =z# =H
"^<" ..!?
WO` |~< ~ [#O Ô KOk. P ~O_ Q^ kQ
} =`" P" [#O Ô KO^@. ^ ^
M~ ^~# J<x `z = =O^# | J=iOk.
h =Q~ MKO^ K<_. "O i~#, =z
}# ije J#O u<O. @ |@ ZO_ _
_ =x =#+e ^Òk. JO` f="# ZO_ _ F Qp
` î^ <~} yi[# =$^_ hH=_ *xHx #k
#O_ @ @ #O_ #kH u~Q`<_. ''\
B~ ~` HO` "O ~OH "o <
_Q @Hx Q_ x^H "oO.
OÒ S^=`< ZO_ f=` `Q^. z =M
H_Hx =m "+< K qOz ~s =~ M< " #_
"O. P =#O [Ò Ô`# JOK# xiOK|_
LOk. P =#O "#H " H kQ\xH J~" "@ L<~.
Hx Jq K ^ A =#O^# kQ@O _ H+". H
kQ "^\ "@ ^Q~ XH ~`# t"O LOk.
H~
43
î ^ ^ QO_, t. "\ =^ J#"# x

KHx ^=, < z# z# \~# xiOKHx
"\ x"O LO@<~. î "~ \# ^=^= z`
=O^ u z~ _|e "<~. "O J _`
"@ ky, H "tOKO. WO^=u =O^Q=#O`
=O^ QÒk. JO` WH. =~^ H@Hz#
K` K^~O =HO. #_K îO_ ~~. #_=@O
_ W|O^. "O XHi *e =~H~O P~ KHx [Ò
kQ #_=QO.
ZO_ `y KQe gOk. _`# [`xH gOQ
"O> _= "e. XH _= =\_<O. # ~#
K~ U. ~ J<O. _= =x+ <=kQ FHQ #k _=
#_`<_. ^~# ~_ =^ =O^~O OQ`#
^$O. PHO, #k ~O_ ~=. H"~ H<
@@ H@O@<~. îH P=e" HO` =Ok u
OÔ. "i HO` =Ok P_=Q q^~. =#
q~xH =z =O@ _ K#@Ok. _= [`xH
^Q~`#Hn ~ ~QÒk. QO_ ^_^__Òk. h\
Ò~ Qe" =g^ h\ [ _`<~.
[Ò " #O_ g# Qe, KQ qO*=~ gOk.
`Hu K HO_H i Q=~"O@ Q z#
=i H#|_Òk. [` |O ` =~ |O x x|O
JO` =#~QO. H$u JOÔQ#, QOc~OQ#, >kQ#
LOk. WOH P [`xH ^Q~Q "= Jx f+ P _=
=x+x J_Q_. P [Ò HO^ _QO_ LO\x, Jq
_=x eH Qx J`# ["aK_. JO^"# PH~}
"#H OH~"# x[O.
44
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
_= îH J@" uiyOk. X_# HO_ Q z~^=.

z# z# ~ z~ ^= N<^_ *HO =K_.
"eyOz# q^ QeH ~~_`<~. _= J@" î
KiOk. H qiOz =O Jx _= =x+H K _=
^~OQ J_q He O. WO` < "#H" JeH_`
`"#H u K#. XH J_q =x+. [Ow Pn. XH z# Ò_
=Ò " K@<_. qQ` Ô #Q Ô. Ku XH
_Q =O_ H~. =x+ ZO_# #~O, qO\<i, #Q
#Q L<_. ''K=` wH` K\H =OO ~^ (K\H JO>
UQ=). |H} =iOK ÒQ} "`. J`x H KC
=x <# `HOQ K=# J=~O ^. P =O_ ~
~ ZQ_ kQ_ "_ Qe ``# "_Q
<OQ < gxH =K_. Z=_ "_? Z=_ "_?
Jx <# uH=HQ ù iQ K_ iH "_ Qe
Qe è~, lOH iQ``, HQ Zyi` JO`
^~O H#=~Q_. P J<=_, J\ "o~#"_
K \ =~ ## "O\_ "kOK_. "_ rqÒ QiOz
ii q^ PzOK#.
`\|\ ~x ` g^ @Hx HH
#=` " =z# ", He#_H` HO_e J=bQ ZH
"o~. "q^~" qyeO. #k XO@i _=
= HO xsHOk. OrH@ H=O@<~. ^=`
H ky=K ". "O _= " HkeO. "@ kQ@O
ZO` H+", ZH_O JO`H< H+O Jx `HOQ K=#
J=~O ^ H^!?
Q ^\ Di [Ò _ LiÒ " #_=QO.
xOîx "O|_ xO_ KO^~x #q "< JH_
K~Ok. u Z=~ ~. "O [`xH gO F
H~
45
Z`# ~u QO_ g^ x|OQ ~x h ue# "<

*_e K<O. JH_ ZO` ~<" = è^.
Jk _ XH ^#". WO` XH ^= H#`î P h
^QiH =z O^=O^# <x =yOz H<x ~KHx
^x< =m îOz H=O_O [e xOHx KHKH #_
pH\ He_. ZO` x=x+!
Hx O=`~ HO^ <# #= J_=x = f~xH
"o P ~u JH_ | K#_ WO\ =O< F
[\E@î JH_ HO_ HOk [Ò #O K# ^$=,
W\= <# _Q~ ^Qi QuHO_ aOH ky#C_, ##
"O@nHx ~# F ''=# ^= P aO J_Q# ~
pH\ ~ #QOQ #O K# ^$= < *HxH
=K~. *H ~ _. O^~ ÒQ XH^x "O@
=~H\ =^< =# HO_ =O^ H^`~.
P #n "x ^x L`#`<e ijeO> =x+ rqÒ
#n "O ~O_ XH> JxOzOk. ZH_ J<=HOQ \#
#k. HO_e H#e ^\ "Qe =OHe Hx =O^ y
qiOz "eH = uiy L`#`< Q~ z=iH
=Ô` OQqOk. =x+ rq`= JO`. #n "O
ZH_ PQO_ rqOK@O XH H. J rq`" QO H. QO
H.
| K~<O. ~u @ J~# `~` "< "Q
#\ `~~_ g^ K ^~O <=kQ #_<O. x|O
WO^=u #k QQ +OQ q#|_`<~. qhHO
Oki HO^ x| î XHH J_Q "O@ #_K W^~
@~O. = ~`Q z# < "#O |~~
Z^~K_. @@ |O K Jk = =O^ PyOk. J`# H
Q=O #O_ =<_@. z^#Oû Qo L<_. JH_
46
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
P O`=O^ ''=O^ ^@OQ \ z#@<_. =m J`x`

P xt~u î =^ =@O> @< =K@. ^~#
He ^~ =K@. `# rqÒx Hx He =
qxOK_. Z=i rq`x HkeOz< XH O~"# #=
H"e# ''=_ ~ ^~Òk. q< FH, ^, =x+H Z^\
=x+ @ ==H~O LO_e.
"O | uiy =KiH K =Ok Ps ["#, JO^
Z= QO H`Q Ki# = = | ^Q~, Q* ^Q~
H#|_<~. "~O^~ K _=_Q J@ W@ u~Q`
|O^| q^ =<~. Z=~ =Ou=~ P ~u P
Q* q_k K`<~@. ì uiy "o `~@.
J@" Q=h, ="~ q` Q=. H=#,
=OuQi ~H} H" P P~@O.
"O ~@# P Q* | K = _ D |O^|
u `q H=x QOz O`+OKO.
z`@O P ~u K P#OÔQ xÔ.
"Travelling almost like talking with

men of other centuries."
- Rene Descartes
47
H~
` O^# |<Q
=< |<Q . . . .
~s
=~ M< | ^~HH=@O = K
"Ok. U^< =# =OzH JO\~ ^. JH_ J^
= | K "O XH Q J^$x q J"O.
= îH# P J^$+O ''ZH
P# H` `~` K#.
= }oH H~O P ~A L^" K@ #kH J=`
=# Q=x OîOKe. P Q=O ~ f~. P H~O|Q
P LÔ Kh H~H=O HQ< H"~ @x J@"
He@ #_=QO. è è "Q L^ HO`
O` "`=~}O P He @, =\^~ #_=@O
ZO` P#OÔQ, ZO` O`+OQ LO@O^. = =m
WO^=u #k J_O =zOk. \ =OK`~ ^\ HCx
x^ `#k. HÔ_ "Ô_ xOQ H#|_Òk.
JO> JH_ #k K `Q LO^x J~O. f~xH
K~H"O> #kx ^@H `^.
`"O@ z#^< ...
## `H< ~^ z#^< ...
48
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
J#@ #k J_OQ _x ==e " KOk.

HH ` =#+ HêH H<=. x^`# #n
Oîx K X_# J> Py~#O. _x P =#
h =_ K XH _= J@ #O_ W@ = " =Ok.
_= "_ ^~O #O_ ==e K = " =K_. "_
##Q g #`=#_. J_q a_. ~ Q_. "_H
= ^< kiOk. "_ ==e îH K~"_Q< QH,
P Q=x K> Q_Q _ LQ_<_.
`` Q=O =Oy\ =# Pk" ^"x
KOK_. Jk x~_O|~OQ XH ^ =$HO K`K
~O_ =_ _ ~O LOk. "_~O =H ~=
OQ}O *HO =zOk. Jk "i yi[# ^=` PO. P
K@ Z^~Q XH ~u^[OO. =~HH XH T.
^x K< KH x"`< Jh . Jq J~Ku
_Q` K ^#Q L<~. ^=` x# "~ K
OQ "\ P#~ T TQ` q+` QiOz
*O K|`~@. "O P~O. H ~=O "iH
^ è^@. ~ O_Q xC QO_O g^ #_K",
t=~u <_ <eH <~O fQ QK< g~=
< *HO =K~. =Ò =` =O^ Jx q<#, Hx ^
èx =` =O^ Jx W_ `<#. P Q=O
U_kHHi f~O (*`~) [~QÒk. H=# P Q=xH f~
Jx ~z#@Ok.
Jk K z#Q=O. T~O`\ H XHXH \g. Jk _
~OK WO\ LOk. u Q_ ~~ Wz# Lz` H~O@
Oy | LOk. JH_ _ ~+< H~ g^ < #
H =`HaO, H ~O_ ~ KC# W<~.
=O^ Q_ WO\H "o#O. Jk x~_O|~OQ, iOQ
H~
49
ÒQ} WO_Q *A~OQ JOH~O` LOk. WO\

==g =. J=~xH JH~HK XH\ ~O_ `, WO`
^#O "#. H=x u\ =`"#. J`x ~ _
z#^. ==e K `gkH HOQ x a_O`
J=èH "o~Ok. "iH W^~ #. Q_ `=_
_ P WO\< LO\_@. =~H `=_ ^^ H>
H q+< xK_@. Q_ @O| ` \
kQO. J`x Ku Hx z~ _|e \ Q=
O^~# | ^~O.
Q_ = "O|_ LO_ P T~O` K<_. JH_H
^qH P~Q HOÔ _ LOk. P ^"M< WOH
`~=^. `qk QO@ `~~@. JH_ XH XH H~}O
^H}O LOk. "=H_ a@ @O H<O. K
^~Ò^? JO> ^~H^x =^#O =zOk. P
[=x _ Q_ = "_. JO^~ yi`Q K\
= |O_^ #~OQ LOQ~ A@. HOKO
_QxOK \^#O, KH\ JOQ+=O. =YO K^~x
z~=. J`# = g^ ^`z ''HK K#x ==e
`# WO\H PxOK_. "O WO\ J~Q g^ P~OQ
~<O. WO` =@ O^~O JH_ O@~
xK# ` _H~ P WO\< XH Qk LO@<_#
OQu èOk. J`_x iKO K# Jx P WO\ [=x
J#Q< "O O`+O` P WO\ "#H" "O. `#
~O_ H O K ^"M< "\xH ^=`#
_H~ HxOK_. J`# 30 35 O=`~ =_.
~^. =YO ^ z~=. J`x O ==e K
O`+izOk. D Q HK ~< =zOk. ^xx q
JO^~O H|~ _O.
50
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
P _H~ K OQè = q=iOK_. K

^~H=. ^_ < H\ `H@O =O Jx
yi[# =#. H=# WH ~Q =K@ <^.
~Q J" "~^$HÔ "iH è^. WH =~Q
J`# `# ^ UH~= \_. Ò J`xH J#=~OQ
rÒ WO^@. J P Q=xH JH_ @ J=~"
^@. ~Q Ju "Ô g^, Pu _H~g^ J
#=H" ^@. Z=iH UO < =z<, UO ~Q"z<
`"^_ ^QiH iQ`@O, ^=` H, Q~ H@O
K~@. z=iH q@" }O gkH =z _gkH
=O^ `# ^QiH ~yx =OKO O_\ =OKO`
fH=~@. JC_ `# _ K^g LO_^@.
J~< `# =Ò u ~A @OK<Q >= H~O @
F< K ~Q HO xsH WOw+ #=` HHO
K_@. WH ZC_< Z=~< = ~s K\xH k LO>
^~O LO_^, ^~O LO> k LO_^x K|` WH_ L^QO
K@O XH KO* Jx #"_. =i gHO^H ^.
~Q [Q^~ LO_ "@ H K ~O_ K`
OkOK=K Q^? Jx "O Lz` WKO. ^xH J`#
=m #=` =O^ <# g# kOz f~e. U^ XH ~A
WH_ O@~ Q #_Ok. WH < O^# JO\~
W_ < = 35. U O=`~ ~Q< D L^QxH
~r<= K [Q^~< H = Xi< "@
H K rqÒ OkOK=# Ô` JC_ ^
Ok# Jx q+` g^ ~` =\__.
=i "Ô HO J# g ^QiH =~? Jx Ò`
tOKO. ZO^ ~~? " ~u@ =~. <<z#
H` "Ô K\xH ## J_=H ~=x J_Q"~.
~#x "^> +OQ K#. g~ WH_H U =O=z<
_H~Q <# < _\ K#x "iH #KK#. "~ `~KQ
H~
51
~u =O\~. K =~^Q ==i~. Q

K^=# " Hx~ Jx =yOK_.
''=i b q=e tOK~ Jx J#=<x =HO
KO.
''< ^$+ Z=~< ~Q. "i Ja` <
O|OÔ^x F =~ K#x _<Q WOw+H [O K
D Q=O` J=HOQ Hx~ Qx g~OîH "i`
O|O^<~. ~u g\OQ [~Q`~,
P\@ LO\~ Jx QO`` K_.
J`x` He z~= `~ ky = K<O.
H~} =_ ZO` |uq_< H K
fH^. P =~ "=< J<_. z~=
zOk J`x ~ HxOzOk. P" _ z~=
XC Xi =.
î"O@ h aOê H"~ |OkOKO. h aO^
#O_ h XH^ Qx Hx z~= "eH~.
W =O^ PQO. ^\ @ ` ZO_
P=~}< Jx `~Q` " XH K@ P_ "Q
<g^ ~ fi ~<~. =+~ s ~x
"iH H H<_. JO_ P~~ = ~O_. ~O
OQu ^=_~Q. Jx H XH_ \K~ qQ` \K~ Us?
Jx J_y` ''Jc P` Jx P ~ ~_"_ ["|. XH
= =^ [# ^HO < ~O"<~.
^xH" W =~x ~Q~ qK~. q^~
~~ "~ ~~ K# _ _ LOk. J=h
z~Q zO~<. =iHQ L<. WO\ "<O^ P
"~ ^ `=. H=# " W~" <Q QO@
52
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
"\< "H=@O =# "\ ` (iu) J\ LO^@.

t+~` =^ s ~# Q~=Qi` F \ QO*O.
f+ _ "i` @ *~< J~_.
= Z~ Q_ = "O|_ L<_. JO^~ O #
"o#@Ok. T~ x|OQ x^`#@Ok. H, H
KC_ ` =#+ JeH_ ^. =iHx W JOH~}e
"\ =^~ ~OQe KO. Q_ O` F
=" (W~) OkOKO. ~" L#_ ~=<Q
LO_x ^ qK~ H^=i!
Q_# _|` `Qsu# ìOz "_ ^<#
OkOz =m _= J=è f~O K~<O. | K~<
iH ZO_ =kiOk.
K HO <H JOQ~Ok. ZC_ ^# `y#
XH Q K u~Q_ Pq~. H\ =# HH
~^H^! HO_ K HO }O H@O@Ok. Q K#
^` =# PHe _. = Qk =O^ s
|_O. = MKO^ l~ . Q~O Q~O _|
P"\, K\ =Oz f~O. P# Q QH q+<K. P`
P#O^ Q! J@=O\ P#O^ Q_ WH
^= ^~#O [iyOk. J^ JO> ... .. .
P"@ uO@#_ HOKO ^~O = Z^~Q s
XH ^# QOw, \ | \+~ îOz H =Oy nHQ
k#uH K^=@O K#. `~` H P `~` =~i
WOHi =m =m K#. J`# JQ ~ K^=`<_.
J`xx HiOKxOzOk. K^=`#_ _ K@O
=~^ H^xOz PQ#. J`# = = u_ H^.
x_x < ~Oy` *#O KOk. J`x HO_^ =YO
H~
53
''K^=# èq` HxOzOk. ^^ =# x~

~K~` Nu~Q HxOK_.
HO` xsH} `~` ~ K^=@O =yOz J`# s
H^Q< ''H P H Jx HiOKQ ''r
J<_. JO`\ ` `$_ =#O T~HOQ ...
. QO@. P =M` =OQ è# WH
H^ Wk :
< ~ ==^ WH. = J~" S^ O=`~.
Ò <# D |~ l ''n J< ZhF O#
#_`<#. OpH~} <Ô D |~ ~@H
~OQO Q Ja=$k J=Òk. nx` @
iqHH~}_ f=OQ "Q=O`==Òk. D ~O_O\H
"O =u~HOH^ Qx ~=~}O ^|u#O_ [ rq`
"i O $u, LxH #tOKO_ D ~O_ ~OQ Ja=$k
H#Q#^ = LÔ Jx J<_.
H q=iOKO_ Jx W^~O XHi J<O.
L^~} ~@H ~OQO xH yi[## K~H#
Q=e Ke. ` ^` ^ ~ @
x~}O |^ yi[# r=# q^#O, O $u, P~
^`# uaOaOK Paying Guest Houses # `
@|_` xiOz "\x a_ ~@` yi[#H n#O
Ke. "\ x~} O~ `#O "iH W"e. u<
"~ `xH W<"O@ ~O |H~ Ke Hx
O=`~ `~` "~ O` [=#=`~. =~"
#O_ u _ ''xH yi[# O $u "`=~}O
QiOz iQ J~O J=Òk Jx n~OQ q=iOK_.
54
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
=i iqHH~} =Ô Uq\ Jx f+ tOK_.

= ~RO [ =#~, Yx[ O^ =$kQ L#q.
J~"# =_ W#= =# ^ ^ L H~Q~#
OK`<~. "\ =# yi[# x~` H=@O,
"i O $u #tOK@" QH ~=~} H+O _
U~_Òk. nxH =u~HOQ _ "O ~_`<O J<_
WH .
=O^ g rqÒ QiOz KO_. Jx <# =^ *HO
K<#. ^xH P# "`Q #q J^H ^ H^ J<_.
g~ KeO^ J<<# P```.
''x*xH <# x} H^. <# _ |\"_<.
B\_i. < ~ =Ò WH_ yi[# . =k <Q~.
JH_ =O =k L#` =OO. = <#Q~
`~Q xK"~. < z#`#O P L^QO K
^k. ^, Q~=O Hey#@=O\k. P# K x*~fQ
L^QO K"~. OKH^ HhO q~~ _# _
HiOK"_H^. Z=~< W "\x = WO\ x K ^
= WK"_. <\H_ q~~ *ix <#
^_"_x. =k K ^ @O|O. JOî
H< <# _~O\. < K =$u < O<
|@_Ok. #=<, < y>kH^. #O ~`Q<
|\H i"}. J= =O < g^ K Z=.
J= XH ~A |=OÒQ < #O K~Ok. <# l^
K<#. WO` < K@gk #O_ U^ XH |O
qxOzOk. P x *Q`Q qx JÔ |O Jx J=#
J_Q#. ^x H~ JO\~ JOk. J^=O@Ok Jx =m
J_Q#. =Oz #O K~x @ _Ò^x J=
H~
55
KOk. P =@ ## Q PHiOzOk. J\Op <

H$u J< < = HQyOk. P " ## W\ |~
HzOk J<_.
=i g K^=, L^QO Jx <# #Q#.
P .. P OQ` _ K#. <# <Q~ q
qÔ #O_ ZO.Z (*Q) \O^#. `~` <
_b HO^` Y HO~ JO_ P_@~ [#~ =Oz
L^Q" aOzOk. P L^QO k# O=`~@
K#. P `~` 1980 OÒQ <# XH u_Q D
|~ O`x K_\xH =K#. JC_ <
*<^=~Ok. <# JO`=~ rq#k XH rqÒ
H^x è=z _b <# xK# L^QxH WH_OK
~r<= Y O#. J\H <# |Kix. < Ò`
=$u è# = ^ _ ## |=OÒ K^. <#
[Q^~ @}O H` rqÒ ~OaOK#.
[ " k<" " K H H< ^. K Q
`Q"}. <# ~Q~Q XH K ^H}xH ""_x. ^xx
yi[# Ô` #_"~. JH_ "i ^ ì` <#
= _#. P" ~ H=u. P" <HO> K z#k.
J\H q"`. Hx ~` i_H èÔ_`<
LO@#k. ~. = Wî =# He#q. H=# He
|``<O ` q"O JO@ Z@=O\ Ò`H kQ^.
W~", W~" ~O_ O=`~ r=# K~O =k. WC_
= =Q~ . W^~ P_, XH =Q Q_. ^
W~" UO_. ^x~ +|O. _w K [Q^~ H#
PQ=O |\~~ O\k #_Òk. ~O_ J=~
^xqk O=`~. ^x~ }=u. _w "@Q
K^=Òk. "@H, yi[# H PH. yi[# eH
56
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
JO^ tH} W WH_ z`@O< "\H O|OkOz#

ZOiO #_Òk. H_ ^~ O=`~.
"_~ c~^~. a~=O_, QO_^~. D W^~ WH_
Pk" yi[# u~Q@ g~. a\+ Ò giîh
KOOk. "i gk Q~=O` "iî ~# He < H_
c~^~ Jx ~ @<#.
J~` ="_H K^= JO`Q J|^. <# _ _w
O|OkOz# K^=H, ` L^QH =u~Hx. H=#
"} K^=H=x |=OÒ K^. "_H < Q}
=z#@<~. H$u JO> }O. J_=< LO\_.
ZC_ "ixHi WO\H =_. J_=
u# HO_ ZH >HOQ Q_Q xK_. ^
#^ \OQ tH} W_ Jx `# @O| q=~#
è_.
JC_ <HH WOw+ H>+< *HO =zOk. ^xx
WH K P# ^Q #"_.
I was born intelligent but education ruined me.
P# # U H`" Q_\. Hx OHO

K^= OQ` =# M` ~K~` KO Q
=iOK_. O` q+O P# ^~} f+
#K^. OÒ = WO\H ~O_ Jx P# K
"o_.
=Ô [< " J~Ok. PHe ÔKOk. =
~ |~< ~ K ~ =O_`#@Ok. P ~*
LÔ #k \ # `* [ . "`=~}=O`
QoOk. = <\ h~`<~. f~ Q=O #Oz
H~
57
`K# f~O =" ~z KO. J^=O` #K^ Hx

< L=~YO Hq` O *HO =z<~.
''< =< # ^
< H ^ + " P< =<
=" =O = xKOk. PHe ~\O K~
_+ UH^=# Mm KO. P ~A Q~"~O. "O hK=@O
Jx P J= K ~ K\ "Ò = =O^ >Ok. `x
##O. HOkC. ~QO_ K_. hK~ "~" J^n.
[#O JO> Jn. [#O HQ< < _ @x
OÒ <Q ^H XH> Q~.
^x` ^^ #O_ K# }O |_eH fi~Ok.
=m <Q QO@ x^z =YH# QqOz +~
==Q MKO^ Wz# "+< K qOz
H=~^~" JH_H Hk ^~O =# XH ^=O ^~<xH
|^~O. Jk ^Q= `|O HHf ~A
J#=^=_ H\ Oz#k. P ^"O H =~OQ HHf
tH"=O` =Ok. J~` JH_ t=eOQO `HOQ
=Ok. #=@O ZH_< QO_OQ LO@Ok. Hx WH_
K`~H~O =Ok. t LÔ Uq\ è^. [#
OK~O x ^"qk.
P ^"O =~ `H` _ LOk. JH_ K@ HO^
F ~u` LOk. ^x =^ XH ~OÔ. Z=~< z\H# "ex
P ~OÔ î P `# H ^x` P K@ K@
^H}O K =# =O_ H~ <~"~`@. P x
=HîH K`Q^. Lu }xH z\H# "# Ô Hx
Ô ZO^ q~Q@H"x èq_ Q "~" u~Q
58
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
=YO \O. =K < t=~u<_ JH_ ^ *`~ [~Q

Ò^x èOk.
WH WO\" |^~O. q"# O_ =
"^#O =# XH XH K@ HO^ XH XH Q_ O\ W
WHH ''^`M<. q"# PHO Oki HO^
q"# XO@i "^#O P ~O_O\ =^ XO@~O@iQ
=# P Q_# ^~O #O_ KO> P# Q$O _
P# ''K JH ``xH `Q> =#@xOzOk. P WO\
=O^ "He P K@ h_ P<H s ~x =
HO xsH# ^$O ^~O #O_ HxOzOk. P# "#H
H _ Jq# ~_. XH z`H~_H H"e#
~} ^$O.
P Q_ =O^ ''n O ~ = HxOzOk.
''P~ Jx P# "`Q #=` ==e P =x"\HH
PxOK_. JH_ ~< Op, ^x =O^# >a ~O_
_ ~u H` H`HOQ ayOz#". O_ H J@
W@ == _` u~Q`<~.
JH_ Z~=\` K# >~H\= W`~ yi[#
HYO_ XH = x\ =<~. WO\ Z=~ ~
P# `. XH Qp ` yi[# =$^_ Px H=\xH
=z#@Ok. JH_# =~ ~u Op g^ fiHQ ~<_
q@ q@ ==e KO@. P WO\H F = `_H`
H\ # <Qk. P WO\ H~O\ H<H< ^. XH ~O
HxOzOk Hx Jk K_~ xK@O ^@. WO\
qx="Q ==, H =OK, =\ =_, O_,
'=O P WO\ Ò_qOK@O ^. < Oz ``"`
~ ''uiy H$uH ÔÒ *HO =zOk. h^~
Q_ ~ ''"< _ *HO =zOk.
H~
59
=m =@O> @< =K@. ~HO Zki

K<_@. }=u _ =O^@. Di `# Ki
H=u QiOz K q=~ K_ nO |_ =H=H
"Q h_ "`~.
# H` PiHOQ K ^ _~@. P" W`}
~H~H b# ~^~ x~}O HOH~ ~ "
# "^Hx == bQ, `xH HiOK
b ^H # K +OzO^@. P# =O~O K
=x Q=xOz u OÒ `# b _|` K,
~, =OO Hx`K^@. x*xH P" J\H W\H
x~H~~. Hx WH K~O` P" J~"#
H*<x OkOK@" QH, yi[# OH= H~H~Q,
L^=Hi}Q ZkyOk. ^= K#@ ''x["# q^
qq^ ikH J=` LO^x x~OzOk.
=@ =^< `~ }=u =zOk. P" "O|_ P"
`~ _ =zOk. P J=~ ~ #Ok`. HQ=O
`~ Q_J@. K p~ `Q, #Q K JOÔQ
LOk. P" _ yi[# J=. }=u #. J~<
K~Q LOk. ''h ~ }=u Jx ZO^ @<=?
WO^=u Jx #k~ @O> QO_k Jx <# O
K#. P J=~ #qOk. P pH\< P+ \ P
W^~=~e \ |OkOKO.
H=u WOH ~^. K@ JO` z= pH\ . pH\ P
He@ _ H#|_@O ^. J P" Z\ =Ok Jx
"O PO^#Q J_y` P# èHQ #" =Hk J">
J<_. ~ LÔ =m =O Jx P# ^Q~ =
fx = \i\ "Q | uiy =KO.
60
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
|~< _. | ~A =ki k#K~Q iH "o

LO\_. MKO^ [< J=~_. f+ P"\
u<xOzOk. MKO^ K H## Q_ @ #O_
P"@ ÒK<_. H J~# `~` P OQu |~<
z#H_ è#@Ok. J`# ^Q J~=@O "^
\_. P WO\ gk HH D WO\ g^ "^h, J@ [iy`
~HO H K#x, ^ ^" [~Ò^x H## J<
=k<# L^t, "iOQ W K \ =~ JiK_.
=^ Hx PHH YKO^# H\_. O = =#
P "_ `# u#= =zO^x "O W~=~O ^_O.
~O_ ~A ~u _ z`@O ~Q xÔ.
x^=O^ WH QiOz PzO> XH ` On
< @ Q~HzOk.
''` O^# |<Q =< |<Q ...
W<< H B^ W<< |<Q ...
A journey is best measured in friends

rather than miles.
- Tim Cahill
H~
61
u q[O "#H . . . .
= f+# WOH O~ H}O =ke#@ ^. P L^"
P# *#^ K= =zOk. ^x ~O"=#Q ...
''J f+ =#O uO. J#Q [OO. J#Q
XH K@ #O_ =~K\H =_=_Q #_ <H W#H, XH
T~#H D =~[OQ=`H OKO x~O`~O iqOK
"O. J@=O@ C_ ^^ O~Q ^ ^< D
J_"# Q_# wH#@ U? #O #O Jx =x =$^
~K<? Q=# `H}" D +qOQ x H\ @=. P` k
J=~OQx D ^k H^. Q# <x "~^ "=.
K WH H +~H Jx z=~YiH L~ _ `Ô
K= =zOk. P ^| `H_H O P =#=_ H=#O_
~_ g^ __.
_x P L^# WH ~ K~<O. P# =m
J^ K@ HO^ ~^x Px = u"`x
z~=` ^~#qK~. ~f ~"~ = J^ =O
H=u _ JH_ `H"Ok. JKOQ P" yiuH. x["#
~O XH O @HzOk. Q =y# ^ ^ ~QO_.
J~\ O_. = =O^# ~uH \ `# _ F s
~x = +HO_ WzOk. P P~O< Q^, P" `#
P~O _ `# yi[# O^x, O $ux =~=^.
62
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
P" #Q Q\ JOQ+=O` \Q LOk. `# n~ H

^@OQ H|i #< \ Oz =^@f ##Q ^=x "#H
HC =kiQ =_"x LOk. P" #^@ Z@=O\
@^. P HC =^ XH [_a (<Q~O)# JOHiO
KOk. P" _ Z_= KuÔ_ _x K@. "\<
<Qs \\ JO\~". P K@ < ~O_ " "O_
Ô_ H_ (+}) K` ~O_ " Z~\
=\QA, =i XHH "O_ =~Q. ~O_ K=
~ PH~O K=H=, = ~O_ "
=H~. Jq JC_ qKO@# J~ " =#q. =OQ
` #O XH HO>. (HO~~}O) JH_ yi[# ""H
OÔ =OQ `xH #O #@Ok. " "O_
LOQ~. H Q =OÔQ L# "O_ H_. yi[#
|OQ~O |^ "O_< Z=Q "_`~. P" yi[#
OÔ H~O ~qH "H^. p~# "H ^H<
H@Ok. `p~ =^~ *A~OQ J^HO _*# L<~. P
p~ ~O_ He Z^ QO #O_ "_ "#H y _[O
=_"Ok. H KC =.
H~
63
=O^ "oOk. yi[# = i~O HO O#

Oz L^=# #_Ok. J_= `xH H~} <.
Hx ~ _ il~ "i ~~ ^ Ò_ ~ ~~.
P _| KeOK ~A P ~ Q =Q"~ =z O`H K
_|e fHx `y Ò^<_"~. qye` WO\ WKk.
H` ^. nxH =u~HOQ P" <HÒ ~_ ~
~~OKx "~ _|e f<~. Wk Q q[". JQ
=#"# xH =# b Jx _ =Q"i` @
=#"# b _| JO^ ~_ kOzOk. J~` P"
`H` Uq@O> W\H _ P" "i`@, gi =^ XH
=# bQ< xKOk. Hx <~e#x K
+# >_ x< b_~Q =~^.
"O P ~O =yOKQ< eH "o JOîH HK

@HzOk. `~` fiHQ =K@ =xQO. P" On
<=kQ \ \ =\_Òk. [OQ< yi[#O <=kQ,
OQ =\_`~. J<H OQè "iî #O_ `<O.
Ò P" WH K\ # * ''WO_rx @i[O

K~Q xKOk. P" H$+H *fOQ, JO`~fOQ
<=k <=kQ QiO =Ok. W\H |~ yi[#
uxkQ P" ~O_ JO`~f H#~# Ok. "^@
OHH ~O_i |\<. P ~O_ "< JO`~f
yi[# O|OkOz#". P" `# yi[# +`
WOw+ OyOK^, O+OK^. H=# ^Q P"
~# `HOQ PxOK~. J "iîH ~O_ q^
O^~# QO aOzOk.
q` `## =\|OÔ `y_^x P" KC

"H^@. D qx H+Ò K# =#+ =m P H+O
`= H JO@O_ LO_x KC "Hx *Q`
_`<~x P" "kOk. WH "O` `# rq`" =i
~O^h H` JO^~ yi[# Q XH = J<=HOQ
rqOK^#x KOk. J`xz# K`#O, ~}` P" K
J~` JH_H Q=` [iyOk. H=u P ~O_ q^

_ H KC O_< `# [ yi[# p~H@`
P~}` ''=\a_Q "oOk. JH_H =z# uxÔ`
yi[# J~< Q K^=# "~. H=# @, |@,
H@, >`, `"O@H HuOKx [~ D"# K `=
''=î^xH Q_ P" H=} K WH q+`
64
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
H~
65
[~Q , =" `=`= ^ O^~H

^ ==x "Q#O K~@. Jn H=u Q^#O.
~ g~ xK# ''n O QiOz =iHx OQ`

KO_ J<O.
u ~+_ q[O "#H OQ`"Qx u q[O

"#H P" ~ LO> ZO` QO@O^ D H=u rq`" XH
L^~}.
WH_ _ H^~ | ^~~. q+` ~@H

~OQO Q Ja=$k KO^Q^# =O^K` `= ^~`
q"# =O_# H<<~. WH `xH
O|OkOz# "` KeOK ^~H< JH=OQ PHqOK "
Z=. g@xO\H =u~HOQ ~_`<O. WH_ HO_=x
^ HO\H~. g ~RO"_. H\~_. [Q^~ ~ q
J`x^. J`# D z`@O q"# # PHqOK_.
[Q^~ J`x x"O K ^ =#O. Z=~ eH
"tOKO_ ^ ^ H H HO\~. [ J`x
g^ HO` HO_~" J< |^ ''`~" Jx ~O@
#"_. "O _ #"O.
WH P"# =ke\ =m WH "O@_O. g~"

=O. P"" >|. =i , "i o, O_Q,
Z\ ... ? Jx O^` _# # =nO.
P# =m #q J"O ^ = Q=. ~`
q<~Q. +|O =O~. }=u O^~ WH H_ ~
W^~ u~Q@^~ ~. P W^s W\H JO^~
=`fÒQ Ja=x~. WH O_Q OQu. <H` ~O*<,
|H^ O_Q *HO LO_=. = " Z=~< <Q~ #O_
< K ''D^ =~H J#Q< F O_Q H^ Jx < ~`
K|`#. P" zH<, s =Q~ =O_Òk. =" `#.
JO^~O ~x =" `Q` "\x uO\O. WH_ yi[#
O_QO> =Q `y u#@" Jx #"_.
J g~ ` He Jn P_` He `Q`~
`C H^ Jx PO^#Q J_QO.
WH_ O $u H~O Ò H^. XH " "~ ^ gi
JuQ `y` "ix ik^\xH JC_ <# *HO KO\#.
^~}OQ "i q+ <# HQKH# J<_.
=i P Wî P_ o, O|O^ "`H_O =Q~ Jx
=m PO^#Q J_QO.
"O Z\ W+_ K<" " J\< ... JO@ P OQux
XH=H `_.
=i g~ W\ XO@iQ, TiH ^~OQ LO@<~. J@=O\

"i #O_ g~ *Q`Q LO_O_ Jx "O WKO.
g Pq_ ~qH "H` g Qx P" Qx W|OkQ
JxOK^ Jx "O W|Ok _`< J_QO.
''Jk PK~O, O^xH O|OkOz# OQu. =
K"iH, ~qH îOKx"iH WîH Z@=O\ eOQ UO
LO_^. K H=< OQu. ~^~}O. |\ #O_ =K
"iH D OQu qO`Q W|OkQ LO@Ok. @} LO_
K^=# = O "~ WH_H =z ZO` #ux
H\ Oz XO\xO_ ^ =~ p~ H@H"x ''p~
^#O K "`~. O " Q=O e"~ ^@Q< =
XHH p~# =m ~O_Q zO P QO p~< H@O\~
Jx J<_.
Di #=@O = =O`~Ok.
66
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
J\H >= ^=Òk. "O = QO H~OQ WH

z`\xH Q_ K HOH~ *f ~ =# @O~
Qe K_\xH "e. Jq =i< H" P OQu "iH KQ<
Ô_ "=O^~O =z P @ ^Q~ g g_ KC`=x
J<~. WH, H=u, }=u =Q~ = | =K~.
"i H_ c~^~# _ = K_xOzOk. D q+O
WH KQ J`_x < HO\H K = |^Q~
"O@< ~=x K_.
DQ "=O^~O P @ < =yOKO. P `~`
|~<` =\_ P ~O_ ~A a "Ò KeOKO. MKO^
~OQ Hx _|eKO. |~< J`x ~ H$`[`
KO. #=~ KO. |~< z#H_x He ''J# g^
HO OKH <~< Jx îHO` "O |^ KO.
"_ Q` ~u `# =~# Q _` ~ J#@ ` T_.
= Qrx = Q~xH H@<O. |~< =` ^<` =
__. DQ c~^~ J_=Oz = =O^HK_.
H_ = Q_. H$u X_ H$u a_Q ~Q`#"_.
K^= "} +\ K#@Ok. H *_ * Qx
T|HO @O =#@ ^. P~QOQ K~Q
L<_.
*H PO ^KH"x JO^~O \ kQO.
WH P~=~# $Ô`, QO``, H` ''g~ JO^~
u O\ "~ H^ Jx J<_. P =@ = XH #^,
iH\ O\k. XHiHH~ +HO_ WK<O. WH#
Q\ Q H=eOK<O.
|O_~ K =O^ ~_ gkH ZH<O. "#H uiy =m
=m "i =OH KO. "~O^~ J =~< x|_ K`
T` = g_ K|`< L<~. "O H#=~Q^H ...
H~
67
Je^ ZH Je^ ...

"Every road has a friend and every friend has a road"
D ~A =m =k 'O~. ` Wk S^= ~A. D

~A = }O z`\ #O_ HOQ~ "b *f ~.
^~O 103 H.g. J~` =^ K_=#q ~O_. XH\
z`@O #O_ 12 H.g. "Q< _" uiy ~~ ~_ ZH
13 H.g "o` `==~ J< JH_ [Ò LOk.
^xx îOKe. =m "#H =z [Q^~ "o` #Q~O
~OO< |~ Pk" O|OkOz# PO`r
=lO LOk. ^xx K_e. P `~` OK =yOz
HOQ~"e *f ~ "e. JH_ =m K_=#q ~O_.
XH\ @O|~Q. ~O_ f~_ "@~ =i JH_
~`# ". =i ~u =HO ZH_ T~ " *<!
Wn P <\ = @~ <.
ZO__ `Q, Q =H="# H< JOÔ
LOk. =~ H"eO^q\? O^~"# H$u X_
[#OK~O x ^~ D@ _O@<, UH`~
g@O@< "o=@"Q! "O J^ K<O. [#O x [Q#
OKi<O. J_qx [~Oz# = _H~ H= ~_ J#=@ <
~`Q iOzOk. less alone when alone. Hx "O =Ò
total alone Q }<O. ~}Q}^# H+ #Q~ #~HO
#O_ UHO` x| ~OH "tOKO. `èHOQ< S`<O
^k=~Q, lQ, =H_Q, P"~ ^Q
u~Q`<O. Hx O=`~ HÒ < Hq` HO <#
=O^=@Q ~#k < [H =zOk.
''D OK~`Ò ## x# "#\^H =~`
O`#, ~` K< i^ '=< =~, QOQ=<
68
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
H$Q^=i #^ [#< =~, H~@H, ~, HOH}, Q"

f~ O` =~, Xi H~= O` H}~
=^f~Ox `Q Q_ =~, <, _b, ~[<,
OQ~, "~, T\ O\ @} =~, Q, Hj,
=|~, <H, H^~<^, |n<^ O\ }H` =~,
O, S, ^g, c*~ O\ Ki`H ^ =~
=# ~ROx =~= O` =~ ## HoOk. ##
ìqOk.
WO^ Hx XO@i `. UHK. =~Q, ~^jQ
^^ i^, îHx ^~ XO@i @iQ
u~Qx < 'JO`~. HO He ~ HO ci
=OK Z_~b, =OQex Qc WH U_~b, Dl
~q_h, <#kh, #Q~ [`h, q L^$`h,
PH HH~}h OîOKh H|~, < H#=
He#_H# } H< g^Q QO^~Ô =~ ''Ou
` Kx ^ ^` ^ K ^ =^
"~^x xiOKh, XO@iH ~ }h,
~H =~ =K@h WQ H#yOKx < ~OQ
H, ~HiH.
(=~ Hq` HO 2003)
2003= O=`~O `~` D P~ <# WOH K `
K#. ZO` uiy< ZO` K< OK~ Ô ~QÒ^
` `~Q@O ^. u~Q` u~Q` D q JOK z=~
ZC_ K~O\<!
~. z`@O #O_ ^=_ H.g. ^\ =KO. `=
Q=~ H^~ Jx F @ix J_y` XH He@# K_.
J^H =\@. |O_x JO^H =oOKO. Z~^| QeH
H~
69
ZQ~Òk. î JO` O` O_ Òk. XH\ ~O_

Q_ H#|_~. Hx Z=~ ~. OQ OQ K@# #iH
^ HO_x *# "x t= "# UH ~OQ
J_Q " #_# XH =e Pk" HxOK_. J`xH
On~^. K~ L` J@ "O_ J#@ Q K_. ^"n#O
î HO` }OKQ Jk XH JOK =yOk.
K JO^"# Ô Jk. ^=HO. XH "Q J_= ZH_
\ JH_Hz iq qiOz #i P#OÔ @H P
H =O^ J_Q Z` #O_ ÔÒk. iOQ L#
P Kx h =YO H_<O. =#=eH H~H=# P
h\H B+^ Q} LO\~. P Kx h~ "# n< "#
"Ok.
JOK x|_` K ^~O =~ qiOz#@
H#|_Òk. K@ Jh ^@"# ~`. J<H<H HH~}#
`# H_ ^KH# P XH ''~}Q~. ZH_ Z=~
Q_e` K@ H_`# |O. # PHO XH H b
H_`# ^$O.
f+ X `x P#OÔ JOK WOH
K~=H"Ò> <# x"iOK#. u XH =Q\
=~ LO@Ok. îH K~OQ< eH QOk. _QO_OQ
J<#. ` JOÔ X [îOK JOÔ.
''[~ |K |KH K E~.
P \ h\ H# W^~O \ kQO. P x~<~}O
"O Hx = ^ =ê =ke `= Q=~ g_ eH
"#H uiQO.
70
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
P `~` [Q^~ @}O e"~ L# |~ yi[#

PO`lH =lO# îOKO. Jk <Q^ qQQ
LOk. "i rqÒ, O $ux O~OQ èKOk. "~
x=OK Q_ #=<, "i =O@ `, P^,
"@iH~, "i ^, JOH~}, P~}, qq^ Ow`
"~^ iH~, H=û îOK~. WOH qQO
z`H, Kz`. JO^ "i *`~, L`",
T~yO, , ~+ } \, Q@ (Jq"` =f
= ~` x=OK =H x") ==x
îOK~. |~ Ki` O $uH O|OkOz# H qH
HOÔ _ JH_ LOk. Ò`xH ~O yi[<a=$k HO
~K#, = K# JkH~ \, W`~ q=~# WH_
îK~.
yi[# ^#"# `Q a, QO_, =i.
^~", Q_|. giH O|OkOz# =O_eH QO_,
Kfs, b, +, XHH OÒ XH `Q [<
Z=Q LOk. L^~} Ô`"_ l ^~", f~_
OÒ Q_| Z= OY Hx~. c*~ J_=
W\H K@ H= g^ x=OK `Q"~ L<~. g~ <\ H
Pk= ^< L<~. Q@ == XH =i `Q< LxH
LOk.
=lO #O_ W=èH =KiH =Ô XO\QO@
^\Ok. PHe QO@ Q}Q} =O@<~. \ eH "o
=Oz [#O HO "kH` >O " J=Òk. Q HOQ~ ~
" î P =lO gO #O_ "Òk. PHex, P~x
"~^" P î =O^ QO. K \ H XH ==
^ HxOzOk. y~HO` s_=~. ZO_ =O_Òk. eH
^~O. K` ~K< FHx "~ i~ i`#
H~
71
ZO` =~ \ OKO\~? ^ M< =p P~iKO. H_

xO_ +Q u#`~` =O_>O_ |~@O ZO`H+O.
ZO` H+O. NN @ix D J_Qe.
JH_ #O_ HOQ~ ~ =~ = Hg@~. xC
^~ g^ iQu iQu HOQ~ ~ "^~O K~<iH 3
QO@ =O @O~ Q K_\xH =O i^.
P " ^~O #O_ eH 10 H.g. }Qx Qe
K~HO. Qe <Q QO@ =~. Q Q_# ^
\i\# J^ =#" fHe. P J_q Z~=\ He@
= |O_ g^ =Q~O Z\ "O. Jh HiHs. UO `KH `
@<O. JH_ i< HO@~ \H@ WK XH _ ~Q~
= J=x Q=xOz XH WzOk. ''Qe K_@O ~\ H
"~^ "O_. Ò WH_O_ P~ H.g. \ ~_
}O K f~Q_ [Ò, " =~. JH_
Q=~"O@ Q * LOk. u ~u | JO^
^~H=K. ~=m ~O_ J#k.
P *f ~ "#O` He " ~O =x+H U
~. ~O_ \H@H#Hx =m J~}=~O \ <O.
^@"# =#O ZO_ <# `H@O ^. ''K`K
}O HOKO YOQ< LOk. Z@H f~_ K~<O.
~O_ ~A H`" ^ *`~ [iyO^@. i~xO\x
H OK` xO~. ZOye q~, H Q
~i. H$ux '~ K"iH U_O_ * tH "~"!
=O^ =HO "@ _O. P ` JukQ$O Q@ Ò
LOk. Q$O ZH_ J_q L#@Ok. P "K"< HO
Z^~Q =# Q_ @"ix J_QO. W\ =~ WH_
KO. Jx ["|. z=iH XH K@ c_ `Q` ^~#qK_.
72
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
=_. +~ ==Q [Q^~ |HOQ Jx ~_"_

["aK_. J`} |i_ H\OK@O Di "O q[O
kOKO. WH ~ LÔ < K =m |^~ =~ WH
= ''l"î h^ = Jx J`} ^<` KiOKO.
uO h= PtOK ~< LO@O^x O`+ \<O. J`#
F.H. Jx Q@ Ò f_. Jk K z# Juk Q$O. K
OQ LOk. Jx H~ =<~. H\ H ` `~=Q<
J^`"# , [` ^$ ^~#qK~. Juk Q$O
K Z` LOk. H=# ^x "@ +OQ H#|_
`<~. [Ò ^H |O, Kx Qe ==e O`+ \
J@# ^~O K~.
Kf_ ~RO ^H} OÒx |~ l D HOQ~ "b
*f ~ ~O_ =O^ H.g. OÒ qiOz LOk.
1982 D *f ~ ~OaOK|_Ok. Wk HO^ `
x^`, J[=~+ x~OK|_Òk. D ~O_ =O^
H.g. ik Z@=O\ [#", [#^ LO_=. Original
land and virgin land J#=@. `Q KO> D J_q `#
[ ^ ~O \Ok \#@Q< Z@=O\ =#=
` eÒQ =~ K~ QiHO_ ''H$u X_
Q< LO^#=@.
D J~}O =OK #^ ~O_. HOQ~ #k. H#k.
D HOQ~ #k =OQ, =k, "^~
H~
73
=$H. WH H =#} =^= JH_ H=fiOk. ^

, z~`, J_q , J_q O^, lOH, ^C,
, H`, =#`, ZQ|O@, ^C, "H, J_q
^# "^Hx ~O, = [O` *O, *O` ~[O JH_
<Hx LOk. ~H~H =, HO_ z=, T~",
", `HHzH H^. =$H ~*x =iOK
HO H^. Kf ~R H HO_ H~ (|~"<) x"O D
HOQ~"b.
f~_ [Ò H kQ\xH <Q =O^ "@
L<~. ~O_ JO`Q LOk. [Ò _ ~O_
^Q ^Òk. [Ò HO^ =~ =O^=Ok =Q
< K=K. JH_ ~ g^ <K JO`Q LO_^. H=#
OQ< #_==K. "O L`< |@e =@Q@Hx
< |^~O. "@< kQ@O H+". PQ` PQ`
i~e qOQ=H#O K, u# Q=x
[`xH K~==`<O.
P p# HO <\ t= ~` PO x~_O|
~OQ, x~OQ <Hx LOk. ^x< f~O J<~. ~O_ ^Q
^H# [Ò z=iH JQÔ HOQ~ H#=~
Q=Òk. HH~}O Qpe HeÒk. =m
`k ZH_ ZC_ ...?!
~=O P#==Òk. H=# u H "o
`<~. P ~A ~u JH_ Py | Kk "q^~O =#=O
=`". ==e K xH O "e. # [Ò
HO^ h\ QO_. P x| H$u "q^~" |@ L`
O@, < K, H|~ KCO@ fiHQ, `Q,
~Q _Kx H$u Q " q^~". far away
74
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
O^ ==~O
p~K@Hx H kQyOk. ^=` [H@ ky=K
"~O^x "O u~Q =YO \O. P ~A P PYi
uO "".
from the mad world and crowd world.
Z=~# Jk~Oz#> P <Q =O^ "@# Jk~

ZQ kQ` | K~<O. =Oz ZH~*. PHe
J=Ò> Z^~Q =# Q_ @ "o P|l, J^H H
K# yOKO. z#Q ~u [#O QiOz QO.
JH_O ^~H^x ["| =zOk. @ OQu Z@~ ^=_
Jx PzO> "K"< q`_ ^~#O [iyOk. =
q=iOKO. J`xO\ f~xH =z# K\ WOH u+"x
L<~@. H` WO\H fH~ J#O >"_#x H
qKiOK_. #" U"< K Jx ~O J`_< "O.
P @ Ô`` " + U"" =\_ K_.
LC, C, aO Q^=O_ O\q `xO@ #Oz `z
"iH JyK_. "~ [#O `~ K~. @ =#
Q_` _|^=H P"@ ~i. WOHO "# H_
J~~Ok. ~u uO_ QiOz WH H~. =#O> =~O
^~H ^ Q~" J#O@ P x~# î #pH@#
pO@ =O^ #_<O. DqxOQ "H K ^~O
=KO. XH K@ Ox MmO XH P=O O\k
HxOzOk. ZH\ ^. <Q_ "Q KOk. ^x K@ F
QO. U" [#w` P<~. _H, HO[~, Ò|~,
`" "~<~. = \i @ "Q @#
ije P P=O K~<O. JOî =M g^ <Q_ "Q
h_ ~~_`<~. "O _ P `@ `
HeO. ~O_ =_ [#w` qx k ~ ^H}
75
H~
Wz "#H uiQO. "~ O`+_~. "= O`+_=.

ZH_H "o< [ h KQ He"e. H` @~ K
H ~^?
| uiy =KO. HH~}O aa=O@ P z#
JukQ$O î^ "~ #~=#=_ "# ^. K@
Q. [Ò KC_. " q^~O \g^ H Kx
ÒQ} L^=O f~`# g^ f< `~ < J~~
J~#"#O g^ fiHQ KiOK<O. =m pH@ K@ HO^
#O_ xK~ #_ [# "O. Jh Q~O Q~O. P
Ô` Q< K~. J#O = ~| ~O.
P ~u ^ ~h, ÔQ ~h =HOH~ ^. O ^
J#@ Q~ g^ Q~ ìO^H. s~HOQ, =#HOQ
==e "O sHOKH=\xHQ D ` `\Ok!
~u. Y~u.
Travel ofcourse is an adventure but it

is also a search for
"innerself" in the guise of a place to
visit or destination to reach.
- Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
76
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
H~
77
~ _| "~Q =i J`xH |HQ ~O_ =O^ U

`HOQ Wz H K H~K< KO. O P Qs|
JO`H `$ _<_.
< Pk= Q QO
''|<
ì #= J#@ ` P~= ~A
"^~Ok.
'' x# z=i uO =#". WC_ "^\
fO _ =#" H"e J# OÒ` W^~O <
[Ò ^Q~ "O. [< ~ Hx P LÔ H` _^
JkHOQ LOk. J=h X èx z LÒ` Z=~
`_x = gkH QOQ ^_K" Jx _O. =
K` O_ *=y H#|_^" Jq x~ÒQ
K ==e x~H O K~. J\ H` ^, O #O_
|uHO. J\ z=iH H` î H`k = î =k J~
|K~Oz |uH~#O.
P *` LÔ @ H$u K qÒQ H#|_Ok.
K ^~O #_KO. Z@ K< QQ ^H \
[`. ` ZO_ \ fO. î^x JO`
O` x .
< =yOKO.
D ~A @O~ Qe K_e.
< HO Q_ @ K~<O. "K"< q`_ JH_
ZO__ HO@ K `Q`#_. "O Kf P"@ ux
K `QO. @ a ~O_ @e KeOKO. "K"< q`_
=m P~ H.g. \ ~_ ZH ky *f ~ "
^~xH K~<O. Q_ Z=i "O|_ "o Q ^Q~ L<_x
èOk. Q " }OKQO. Z~\ =\î K~y
Z~ô` b P_O@ "<O. î HO_*u [#
JH_H~ WH_H~. P k H.g. W~" H.g. }O
qQ JxOzOk. z=iH Qe K~<O. ql@~ Z=Q
~. XH\ ~O_ H~ K@ h_ K|_`<~. P KeH
"o#@Ok. K@ HO^ O_ WH, C ,
J" yiuH. Ô L=#O HO "O `~* u<O.
D @O~ Q "#H XH ~}H Q^ LOk. OH~_
~_H _ `# @O| ` He D Q K
O=`~ `^K<_x H^ K~O LOk. XH @O|"
` ^KOk H=# On @O~ Jx ~|_Ok. Wk
Hx H@ O=`~ HO^\ ~`# Q Jx yi[# #=HO.
D Q# "^\ i 1951 ~~ KOk# ~ OH~
u"s H#Q<_. P ~A P# # xH yi[#e
`_ fHx P=^ HQ_ "Q eH kQ_@. P
J<+} Hx O=`~ @ [iyOk. JO^ OKiOK q+
H@H, ~, q+"= = ZO` =Ok Kx~ ? H#
_K< H#~x pH@ Hi JQ^ J_Q# _ ZO`
=Ok kx K= Q~<~, Zx H+# `Q e`" P
Q Pq+~}.
JO^H ~ OH~ u"sx ''@O~ QH ~OH,
^ y Jx Q~qOK~. P Q =Y^~O =O^ P#
78
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
t qQO \ Px Q~q QO_k. Hx ZC_ ^=

HO _ =# JO` *#"H_k? JO`
fiHH_k?
P Q _Q 330 g@~. ` 20 #O_ 72 g@~. fiHQ
K_O> 2, 3 QO@ =O _Òk. ^x " =~O
K W~. QO`Kx QuH ky#> kQe. P aO îH
UHHO W^~ =#+ kQ~. Hx eH ky# `~` #
# P Q q=Òk. Hx UO O? JO`\ H\ H H@H
pH\ . Qa "#. T~_x Qe. LH`. K=@. Z@
E J@ pH\ =. u^xOK i~. ZQ_
kQ_^~. `_K=` H [~# *~ _ ~. u~~
~ q+Hq H@H P"O. Ki` HO^x HO XHC_
Pk= =#= WH_ x=OK"~# =# =## k
QiKOk. "~O` Z=~? Z=~"~? Z=~"~? "O`
=#" =# =`` ``, =`= =`=. P_O JO_
D" O`<. è HO <\ Pk= =#=.
JqH @Oc!
UH~H |O^!
=#=_! =#=_!
~ "O*^~,
H =#< Q=M
Ki`H q` O^
=#= H^ qH"\k?
P @O ~ Q NN < H# x|_ `# Hq` Oe
=m < qxOK_.
H~
79
QÒ <# ~O_~ =# ~RO L# ~Qe K#.

Hx UO ~^! P^xHH~}, u H~O i@ "\x
< \OQ _Q =~~. D =^ ^^
=~, J=~<^ Q Jx \H@ ^~# K@`<~.
H$u= q=, H$u= O`. ~ Q` e
@O~ Q =i< H". XH =~ =`" =zOk.
XHC_ kq\ "Q kQ"~. WC_ \i\ "Q
kQ`<~. JO` Xil<e\. [^ ~O.
Q eH "Ò> J^`"# ~H ~+<, z`
qz` \H tH$`. \i\ "Q nHQ Q=x# Hn
=i`# ~ = U#Q Ò_ =kiQ, q<H
qQ =kiQ, t=eOQQ.
""xH J=h # ~ Q (lime stone) "\ LO_
(HeO H~<\), q LiÒ #O_ =K h\ KH`
~xH OQO KOk z` qz` tH$`Q =~`~.
# LiÒ #O_ H~ h\ KH JH_ hqOz
H=H=OQ HOkH *~` ''Q@Q =~`~. nxH
=u~H ^ HO^ _# h\ KH Hx O=`~ `~` XH
@Q Q_H@Hx H ~~ ''Q"@Q
~O^`~. Hx K@ Wg ~O_ HQ ~ U#Q Ò_
=kiQ =$H HO_= =kiQ H#|_ =## =O[x`
Ou _~. XH\ ~O_ H^, =O^ Hn \H t
H$`. H+ ~+<.
X "=iz Pk= =#= J_Q*_e J<+ =O^
Q`#"O _<Q î Ò P îHx ^~, H#~x
^~ J^ [iyOÔ> ...
80
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
~OO aOH ky# `~` = p F k=Ok

=~ L<O. XH Q_. = =O^# "_ K` _ XH ^
\i@ LOk. H=# J`# _ Q_ Jx "O =_ J`x
"#H #_=QO. J# Q_ "O|_ HO` =Ok XH =
"~ îH "o ~. P \i\ Q_ "#H <# f+
WOH Z=~ XH~. HO` ^~O y#OH J#=#" "_x
t "_H On _ ~^x è~Ok. QQQ U^
J~<_. P \# P ~_ Q" J^ `K<_x
èOk. "} JH_ KO O^ _=#O` HO =zOk.
JO^~O Q\ Q F ... F ... F .. Jx J~<O. J Q_ qx
= =^ ~"x. "_ `_. Hx =~H +p =
^Q~HzOk. =O^" ==e K = J~e qx
_~.
pH\Ô J#<~"! Kp K_ }= ~=
`# J#@ Q "eH K~<O. P J# Q_ Hx
`<#<O. Hx "_ J^$+O Hn "_ = H#|_^.
U^`<O P Q XH\ ... J#Q =O^ " O=`~ [#
HO^@ < =`$=~O. < Q$O JxOzOk. 1993
"^\ i <# ~ Qe K#_ ~# HqÒ =m
< *HO =zOk.
XH = `\ # "i#
< Pk= QQO.
P#O^cH~OQ <x,
|=~OQ< |î# K@H K~<#.
H H@ ~A <\ < =`$=~xH
ZQ_ kQ_ qz` _H$`H x~x+=}O.
H~
81
pH\ W~ ~ O^ #O_ "H `, ^`

JKi` HO <\ < J_Q*_e J<+ WOH eH,
< eH =m J=H_H "o#O` ~Q, KQ.
XH ~Q$#OH ...
(=~ HqÒ #O_)
K@ HO^ WH# =^|kH^. P ZO_ "_qH =Ò
Q ~"O> J^H> i#=~O. xO_ xO<O.
=m }O. J#" ~=KO^ JO@ ^ HO
"\_O@. J\H QO k#O Q_z~Ok. D ~A =m
=k n~ }O. [Q^~# ^\ H "e. [Q^~
@}x ~A # u~Q}O K_K. = QO
H~O ^b~*~ "e. Hx JH_H D ~A K~HO. =^
ZH_< =lb KeO^. ~uH PQeO^. P ZH_ J<k =
WC_ è^. P OQu pH\ _OH PzOKe. JO^H
}O, }O. ci O.
''= H< `~ =~
*Q H!
^" Q_ |~ =~
*Q H.
(^"#O^ Q_ < ._. |~< OQ =` _# @)
''^<^<H T~ M<"H <" J#@ P ^ =

J#O u< QO L#@Ok. JH_ Py<O. Di "~\ Q KQe
HO ^ "#H ~_ K@ HO^ >| s# "~OKHx
JO^ u+"O. Kx K`K ux H` ZO_#
QO`# `_<O. " KH=i [< N#Q~x
^H# K ~=O> W^ W^ W^ ... Jx =_~ J<_@.
82
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
"O _ J" K~}# =m =m =m LKiOKO. `èHOQ

S`<O "O [#Q =i~<O.
J#O HOkC HHx P x= K_ ^@OQ \ Oz
^ ^ =ê KHx Q|Q qOQO. î^, u
PHe Z""!
=O_>O_ ~Q"#} = g^ "O@
[Q^~ K~<O. =m Fi = ^Q~# Kf_ =
q " îx ijeOKO. "O "eOk ^~ l =#
^b~*~ J< W#Yx[ Q# O`xH. ÒQ} OQ~}
Q Q# OÒ O\k. JH_H ZO^ "^K<" P
H^ K ^ H^. ^xx `~` q=i#. JH_H "O>
=O^ D |~ l ^\ HOH~ lH "o JH_Oz ^~
lH "tOKe. JO> =_ l# ^\e.
[Q^~ @Ox XH K~ XH JO^"# qQx
KO. ^x \ _ fO. =Q~ yi[# `=
O^~H ^` P~}` ` `@# "#
qQO. #\ Q<\ ~~` H`HOQ =eK~. W# Yx[O
Q# #O_ f# =_ W#=# `@ `~e# ^$O. J^H
qH O^~ HYO_O. @}O e"~ ^@Q< WO^=u
#k xiOz# =O`# `~_Ok. JH_ #k K qOQ
=Ok. D #^ = z`@O HeOk. ^xx ^\ HO`
^~O =O^ "Q P J# Q=O =zOk. WH `#
`~ +|O WH_ |\ ~~ O\k #_Ò^x K_.
^xx ^@x WOH =O^Q " |~ Q=O =zOk.
LÔ f~_ "K"< q`_ g_ K |~
Q=O " [~QÒk Ò_ K_O_ J# *HO
H~
83
=zOk. Pk" yi[# *`~ K_H` Z\? QÒ XHi

J~ "o#_ JH_ [iQ "~O` O` K_\xH ~O_
~A PQO.
OÒ S^ J=`#@Ok. ZO_`yOk. [#=O` "
[~Q`# î "`<~. =#O _ "o KÔ Jx f+
J<_. WOH ZO` ^~O ", ~uH ZH_ PQ UO
è^. J@=O\ P^~ = J ^. PHO Oki HO^
#H` HO` ZH_ XH K@ _OÔ J# x~H
=#Ò. J^ @i \"~ L# `_. @i ^`
*a`H =_. `# K ` WO\Q Jx
H~ LO_x H~O\_. J^ HO~| . Hx \"~
XH |O*~, XH l O\ =x+. Un =O^ PtOK_. ^H
"H_. J\HC_ îH# "\x Z@< O`+O`
Hi_. W|OkQ, JH~OQ qOK_.
*`~ [iQ "^#O [#O` H@H@_Òk. = |O_ ZH_
@H" "\# Qrx ÔQ ZH_ ^KH" =
Z^~Ok. ^~OQ XH WO\H "O. "i "He K ^Q LOk.
P Wex |uq_ Qrx "iO\ îKO. |O_x H K
J~O. ''^x H " He O.
=O^ = HxOzOk W^~ QO < ^$O. "#
t=` (t=) Jx J#=K^. "i "+^~} `HOQ
LOk. #OK ^Q L# =`H `p~. J^ `_O K#
~OQ ~OQ O_ ~qH. ` Q= ~` JOH~}. H
Q Q =< Q*. "^ H_. Z_= Ku <qbH
Ô_. q~# A@# `` x~O`~O W@... J@ ...
T` H HOkH =Oy z "~ <@O K<~. P <\xH
J#Q}OQ F H# H= |~ T^` * H_`<~.
84
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
H=H=OQ <@O TOÔk. XHi |* =~H~ K`

[O@ #$Ò *~OÔk. "iH #HO iQ =KOk.
^# "# O<O\ s |_~. P
s ~OQ ~OQ Q_e ^\ Q H\~. "~ JO^
P#~ J_Q *O K|`<~. P_, =Q
"i ^ OQ Ô_ _`<~.
=~K@ =iHO` =Ok =Q"~ ^^ k =Ok ^[OO
O\ ^x `= * " #HO =z# "i [#O
=^ #O_ iQ``<~. "~ iQu =#k K [#"
"iH î W<~. =Q*~ _ `H "+^~}
L<~. P *~ "_ = Ô_ "x }
=kiQ [O^ _ "<~. "~ ~OQ ~OQ [O_
H~e @<~.
JH_ JOQ =O^ KCH"e#q f H~ k#
J" q~~ ^M}. f ^~h O` K#". u
^H}O O #HO T~# Q*=e `~}Q
^~ "_n~.
H=, ~= J~# == ^H} L#q. x`=~
P~ k# "^Hx ~Q, =, O_, JOH~
==, P~} Jh JH_ J=Hx<~.
P *`~ XH q+x "O Q=xOKO. =`~O P_ =Q
O^~ <> P^xH "+^~} L<~. qye#"~
=`" O^~H"# H@@# \<~. yi[#
O $u #t#^#\xH P " XH L^~}.
P ^= ô =# = J\H h~O =OKHzOk. WOH
K ^~O"e H=# JH_O_ x+qOKO.
85
H~
pH\ ~_ f+ *Q`Q |O_ #_`<_. *f

~î Q< LOk Hx Z^~Q =K s @`< W|Ok.
"Q ` H ^H =<~. ~u `qk QO@
OÒ HO_Q" J< \# K~<O.
J^H z#\#. _OQ ~O_ L<~. XH ^< ~@
Z=. ~O_k ~O_ =O^ U Hx ~O_ JO`. "@ Q
^q. *`~ "~. Jh g~ KH"x X#~ =O^
K_. P J@ zH` = =@xO\h "" "
O@ O.
P ^ ^ "@ Z` ~O_ JO` K~< iH
`` *HO =K~. ~O ~"^. FH <, <
KO. [#O HO =m HOkH kQO. XH `~ H `~H
@ î Kf, =p, P"@ P~iKO. JC_ =
[#O H# x^ =Y"~Ok. =m Hm_O@ ~O_
JO` ZH ~O =OKg^ XiQO.
P ~A f~_ #O_ @O~, |~, HO_Q" =~
"O K# }O 139 H.g.
|~"H# < ==e H} x^HOH <\ "~.
A traveller without observation is a

bird without wings.
- M.E. Saadi
86
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
H"_ OH~ Q xw . . . .
''[ H" rqOz [ H" =~}Oz# XH HiH
H~
87
_ #`~ @K J=Òk. H=# ~~ }O

<~}~ #O_ "o =K@_ HOH~ #O_ HO_Q" =
Z= ^x K#@ LO@O^x x~~OK<O. LÔ
U_HH =O^ "O HO_Q" e"~ ^\O.
=~ UH [Q P~O #
~M*< "~ H" #
<_ rqÒH, J`x H~H`"# ^~ l, JO^x

^b~*~H W" }O. D ` H^#O JO` q#
g~ z=iH ~"# $^` ''r< W H <" JO\~.
J#@ =O^ Q`<O. KQe = `_Q =Ok.

=m ^@"# [OQ H ~. qx KK@Q K> = @~
KH HO^ `H<O.
D ~K# ~OO< <# g K#@ Kf_ `H

~R L^=O J#" =# =~=# ÒQ} L^=xH Z\
LQ_`, "\x Z\ =#O KH"
`< J^# ` Wk. WO^ QOQ< H"_
OH~Q xw H^ ...
JO` O` x J_q. " " XH =x+ XH W ^

Q_ H#|_@O ^. #~=#=O@ H#|_` Ps ["#,
"i "<. H` "i HO. J~` ~O_ K@ =Ò
= XH qzÒ XH ^$O HxOzOk. ~_ H ~O_
K@ J#Q D ~O_ O@< =^ ^~O k k#
H.g LO_K ~O_ aO| s _ =<~.
i =^". P s _=~ H#~ JH_ H#|_^. P
~O_ =^ yi[# K =Ok x|_ P =^x
K<~. "~O` î^<~}#x `HOQ K=#
x^. P =^ [iy# O XH b ["# _
_. J~` JO^ U XH~ KK^~# P ax Hx P
|# Hx `= WO_ fH=_O ^. J\ @H=_O
ÔQ`#O HH=K. "~O` x~^. PHe` _H xO_x
"~. J~< `=q Hx P aO |# =@H^. "i
x*~fH P O@# XH ^~}O.
P ~A L^" x^ KO. ~O "H\ Ke# x^. =m

~uH WH_H uiy ~"e. <\ _ WH_. H=# =#,
Qr ~< x Òk. = ^Q~ XH "@~ @~ ~_ LOk.
^x` ~O< h |H\ ^xx " "_h `~ K
OQ < HxKO. #O _ |". g
`yeOK< Q H"~ <\ |, #, S._. H~,
h @x Q HOkH kQO. _ =O^ ' |O_
H#|_Ok. =~=~ èO D . K _ JH_ |O_
g^ îHOk. \ H . \ \O Q xOx Qe
KH K~OK<O.
^b ~*~ ~O_ =~ #O_ "=K. XH\ D T<
Z_= " uiy <~}~, #`~ g^Q JH_H
K~=K. ^ HOH~ l HOÔ #O_ Z_= " uiy }
2000 OII Kf_ `H ~ROQ U~_H =O^ Jk =^

^ ~RO ^H} OÒQ LO_k. L`~ OÒ "^#
OÒ. ^H} OÒ J_=, HO_, ^H} OÒ "*s
[ yi[#.
88
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
D [ O^, H$u =#~ J[=~+ ^ x~}

x# yi[# ZC_ ^. XHC_ =~R ~A
O i< HO D OÒ XH = OÒQ<
LO_k. `~` DO_ HOh `~` a\+ `
i< HO _ XH = OÒQ< H#yOk.
"~O^~ WH_ [ O^# H$u =#~# ^KH=@"
ÔQ ieOK~. D PiH ^_QH =~" O $uH
J}z"`, JO, J==< H#yOK~. D OÒ
yil# , r=# q^<#, PK~# P~ ^`#
JxO\h J}z"~. J==xOK~. J O $uH q=H
H#yOk. z=iH ''^` xO_# O# qQ
qye~Ok.
D ^_ _# =u~HOQ |~ J<H O
O~}^=, u~Q@ L^= ``~. "\
Q~Q^ L^=O QiOz KCH"e. W`x rq` HO 1755
1830. W`# XH ô`_. ^=. ^=O` ~\OK_.
`g O` (iS# =~O) L^=x ~OaOz [
K~O K_. i# <uH =~#, x*~f, =O~O
=i =^ x+Ô, ô`, yi[# P`Q~=O,
J $`=u~H` W`x q^<. W^H Q O
O~}^=OQ #_z K =Ok [ J`xx J#iOK~.
W^H> QH Hc~O`, ~=#O^ O` L^= =O _ D
< LOk. D O O~}^=h [ ~[H K`<xH
u~Q@ L^= î f~.
"O <~}~ Q=O K~<O. T~ ^^. XH @
=O^ Py ~ f<O. # xK#O^# =~OQ
^^ Z_ KO. ^# < =OzQ K^.
PHe. WH_" #< F_`# s, ". }O
" ''" H=# b~O K_" \# yOz
H~
89
J^HH K# `y#O. LÔ k QO@=`< T~ WOH

x^`#> LOk. |O_ WO[< _ K|_Ok. =m ~ +~!
f+ XH ÒQ} L^= H~H~Q Kf_ `H ~R
L^=x, P L^= <^x Q `Q J^#O K<_.
} J@# =iz=@O HO J`# Kf_ Ki`H
"o~ P OQè < q=iOKQ_.
1857 ~ u~Q@ =O |~ _ _Ok.
g~<~}OQ J< yi[#_ ` P~ ^< y_OQ#
|^ H\ yi[# OK"_.
HOh i J`x J~ K a~ * |Ok
[ P * g^ ^_K J`} q_OK~. g~<~}OQ
S^ =O^ =Ok` XH Ô_# `~ K `x =C
u \_. z=iH 1857 _O|~ 19# Ò Jx J~
K JOî =HO LifOk. J`_x [ XH g~_Q
lOK~.
1910 OH u~Q@ L^=O QO_^~ J< yi[#_
<HÒ [iyOk. Wk qH O|OkOz# ~ÒQ ~@O.
J_q g^ HO [iy# yi[# ~@O. z=iH Wk
^ ~@OQ =iOk. W^ HO J@ <\ *~O_
OÒ c~=O_ J< yi[#_ <HÒ u~Q@
#_K~. Ò J`_x LifOk. P L^= =O_
OH L^=O _Ok.
P ~A a\+ Ò Ô ~ =~# xiOk.
~ \ |^HO ^ Z`# H J=~"Ok. K@#
#~H_xH J_q g^ `#O ~ HO\H~Hz yi[#
J_qH "~^x, K@ #~H~^x x+Ô qkOK~. ^xH
=u~HOQ |~ JO`\ q HO, J_q g^ HO
90
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
QO_^~ <H`# OH L^=O #_zOk. a\+ Ò

D L^=x J}z P g~_x LifOk. D <Ô #O_ `H
Kf_ ~R L^=O ùOk.
1922 ~~ [iy# ~` *f HOQ
|~ #O_ "o# HOQ ux^ `H Kf_ ~RO
U~~Kx ^=OQ f~<x "\~. ~[H, PiH,
O $uH H~} QiOz KiOK~. J@ 1922 "^\ i
`H ~R _=O_ ~O"Ok. 1956 ~R JOc D
_=O_ f~<x "\~.
J\ f+ Ki`# Ki` K~}O KO_Q< =Ô
<O_ QO@ OÒ #`~ K~<O. T~ K
^k. WOH QO@ ^b ~*~ K~H=K. JH_ K
K_e. K =Okx H"e. >O i^. K x\"
OÒ. H=# pH\ _H =O^ JH_O_ |^~e. Z<
#OK K_x H HO@# ~@ OÒ. JH_ =O
i^" J# >#<` [#O ~OK^. XH @Ho HKi
u<O. Jk K ~zQ LOk. \ K\ u\ ~Q Q
"~. P ~Q u# `~` K `Q@O =Ozk H^x u\
zH\ `QO. H_ xO_~Ok. [#O K ^# zO`
^. ZO^H< =Oz^x =m \ xO<O. xw
OKiOz# <, L^qOz# < "= _ Ô
"`<=# O`+O`, =#O` LkQi`"Ok. ^b
~*~" }OKQO.
J\ =~ JOiQ K# Ki`# f+ =m
H#yOK_.
1959 J\ < Ò ^~ lx a
q\ x< H~O` ` ~OQO ''a
Hsx <HeOk. Jk Ô< L Lù Ju^
H~
91
H~Q~O. P L LùH J=~"# =_ W#Yx[O Q#

_ ^b, ~*~, ~*#O^Q", ^x\ "^Q O`
~O"<~. "k =Ok Hi D Q# xK@O
~OaOK~.
D n~ <Ô #O_ OH~ Qxw Kf_ =H
"~ L^=O ~O=~Ok.
OH~Q xw D OÒ "_ H^. P# t= OQ
~RO _ieOQ gOx A~Qi XH H }
@O|O 18.09.1942 [xOK_. W`< @O|O
^"_. Ò_ XH \K~Q xK"_. xw `# è
KxQ< 1961 J#Q 19 O=`~ = "#==
WO\H ^~ l =K_. ~>O L^Q KO@ aZ
iHQ< a Hs >H+<Q L^QO =zOk.
JH_ ~ H< Hq\ Jx XH HiH Ox Oz
=~j"# ~\#, "# K~OK_. eÒQ K#
L^QO T_~Ok. J~, zÒ. xw 1968
"^\ i J~ J_. `~` Z=~h HO 13 <
* =<_.
Hi# O\` iz "i [< HO Ji
H$+ KO> J~ "~O@ *s J~Ok. ^x ÒKH=@O
HO ~ rqÒH "o_. nx` P# Kf_x
J<H O` uiQ_. h K =kiQ yi[# He
_. ~H~H # K_. == bQ,
Q# =\ `@ ""_Q, K~= K >"_Q,
Q= Q~ HiQ, = J" "iQ WOH J<H
J=`~ Z`_. c*~ lx Pk" =^ rq
"iQ KH= ~` xkOK"_. x^ HO^
_O_ `## `# K@H=`, fQ` |OkOK<"_.
92
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
xH yi[# =O_eH# QO_, b, =i O\ [

+e <~Hx "i Q ^~OQ =\_"_. qq^ O`
u~Q` ^ ~ÒQO, == b, Hi =^
rqOK@O = "i rq`, "~ Z^~O@# = @
O~"# J=Q# HeyOk. J@ HiH =~O` ''_H
J_. `# q+` L^=xH XH =x U~~K<_.
a K ^ iqH #Q~O. JO^ HiH O
x~}O K H+"# ==~O. H=# =O^ K@H
Q= =# ^x J#|O^ Q# q[e kOz <ê
\ +~Kx z=iH H@ O\ a @ kOKe. Wk
J`x ~}Ò` =O.
aH =~ =O^ H.g. ^~O ^b ~*~ W#
Yx[O Q#<~. x*xH ^b "~ ~*~ "~. Jq
[O@@}. H=# ~O_O\h He ^b ~*~ Jx ~.
D OÒ<QH qQ` Jx Q# ~O_ ~H HiH =~
L#q. XH\ iQ s~H = ^~ xK Hi. gix
=#= |~ J#=K. D =~=O` g Q= #O_ =z#
yi[#. qx == b, ^ ^ ~`.
r=<^~O H ìq" |``~= HO Q# J_Q
~H =z _# q `. =~H HiH =~O O`
P^~OQ xK HiH =~O. g~O` Kf_ J=` #O_
=z# =^`~Qu kQ= =^ `~Qu, L#` "~. OHuH
q^ Q"~. g~O` <}O Hey# Hi. giH r``
Z=. H~ Z=. L^Q ^` LOk. s~H = Pî`
Hi =Ò W"g =. "i x i`, rq` i`
K n#OQ, #OQ LO_q. g~O` HO\H~ ^_H Qi
J"~.
D ~O_ =~ =^ L# PiH JO`~ ~O_ O` =^
J=#`Q xw J~O K<_. W^QH D ~O_ HiH
H~
93
=~ =^# <H# O $uH J=#è "~^x r=#

q^<e PHoO K<_.
=i 3= `n 1977 ^b ~*~ Kf_ "< qH
O (.ZO.Z.Z) ~O=~Ok. Wk iQ XH >_
x< =`". J~` Wk =~# O^~H HiH
O =kiQ QH (Z.S.\..., .S.\.., S.Z<.\.
.) XH `= HiH OOQ, =O`~ HiH
OOQ ^xx xiOK_.
O^~H HiH O H=O PiH _=O_, Q\
g\OQ, Hi Zxqk QO@ x r`xH =`"
iq`"` .ZO.Z.Z =Ò PiH ikx ^\ Hi_
rqÒx Jx H} qiOzOk. Q@ g\OQ` "^
Hi WO\H KKH ~ "i rq`# qÒ KOk.
=lH =xO\h .ZO.Z.Z \ OKOk.
Ki` O~ J=Q# Hey# XH x["# =~îQ f+
q=~} i J iH "O ^b ~*~H "tOKO. P
@}O QiOz Z< ~HQ TOK# = =#,
P``` Z^~ K# = H# xwH O|OkOz# P <
L`lÒQ HxOzOk. ZQ_ kQ_ ^~. ~_ JO`
Z~=\ ô. JH_H_ h =_Q. Jq ~H=~O L<~.
xw =i W`~ J=~g~ ~HO WOH P~O_ qH
WOHO_ J\Q LO^? Jx = HeyOk. P ''~H=$uH# ^\
WOH =O^H iH +^ g~<~} OQ (1857 u~Q@
J=~g~_) O KH (<Q ^~_e) =zOk. P O
QO QO Z~Q, HOk QO QO PKQ LOk. .ZO.Z.Z
`HO ~OQ Jq. .ZO.Z.Z `= L^=x w< JO_ ~_
Q L^=OQ =iOK<~. J#Q HiH H~H SH` Jk
zO. +^ g~<~}OQ J=~ ~ x<Ô XH" =~
=_ " On q= Hq` O L<~.
94
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
JO^ XH\ W LOk.

|`
J H H^" "
Hu H _O_ K
++ H = "
nx `QH J#=k ...
'' H"+ ~k~O =Ok
=# L^
WH Oè "^H\xH "O Ô_
J^ = ...
.ZO.Z.Z u _O|~ 29= `n<_ P g~_ =~Oux
[~Òk. P ~@ "~`x H#yOKx #~OHÒ
J=Òk.
"O P K~ Py .ZO.Z.Z P Z@" Jx J_QO.
î èOk. HO` ^~O "iH q"# "^#O =^
.ZO.Z.Z P QO P K QO Z~ ~OQ` =Ok.
P Q_ XH x<Ô ^ JH~` ''xw UH =H # UH
^~^ UH ^~ ~Q (xw XH =H H^. XH PK<
"O WH q+` _ XH PK< "O LO\_).
P HiH OO H~O =O^ XH J=~g~ O =Ok.
1977 E< 3= `n# [iy# H =~}Oz# ^HO_ =Ok
g~ *H~O ^xx OK~. P O XH u[ Hq`
~O ~ LOk. `Q ^x J~O.
''q=e U H~` `K~
<\ <#O "i^
"O g ` qK~}#
H~
95
"i K` @O
"O ~_Ò,
"O SHOQ LO\O,
"O q[O kO
= * <#O
P O`# tHOk.
"iH =~} Ô_# qkOk.
"O P >_ x< H~OH "tOKO. J^H ^
q"# . J~` J^H =lO Q H#|_Òk.
Z^~Q XH z# "kH. ^x "#H Q_ XH ^ ~O\OQ
Kf_ `~`~Q #_z# u~Q@ O|OkOz#
z`HYO_=k. Pk" K# J<H ~\# P zÒ
uaOaOk. , ~+ qO|, Q_# îOz
qq# ^$O.
P ~O\OQ HO^ Hq` K~} L<~.
''~* <` *_Q
[OQ # K_Q ^x J~O.
''s` O|O^x H#yO J_qx =ke@O.
P "kH >| OH~ Q xw \. ^xH XH
Z~Ô_. P \ =O^ P~O_ [e# JYO_ nO.
Jk P# Ô[e. P q^ #< J~O_ P *u
P~O_ *Q` fO@<~.
Q_ b H =~}Oz# ^HO_ =Ok
J=~g~ z`\ L<~. JO^ XH \ <O_
O=`~ _ ^=. =~H \ J#~k. P"
*#ê ~@ w` _ JOîh L~`yOKk. b
H P" _ =~}OzOk. =~H \ XH Q=O
96
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
[ =^ L## xw. ^^ `\ b *=
îOz L<_. #Q _Q J`x PH~O. #_= ~O_
K` @Hx U^ iQ L#<_. J`_ =O^ "H
O\k Un ^. [O^~ HO` =Ok HO^ < g^ Kx,
=iHO` =Ok "i "#H x|_ ^Q J`_ =@ qO@<~.
=~H \ "_ T~yO, H"`, L< \.
=O^ =Ok Z~ +~ Z~ p~ îOz "_ ~_ K<~.
=~H \ xw` @ q Jy"+_ L<~.
P H~O xK J`# = q=~h J_y [#H
~~ HO XH =x+x O_. xw L^=O =\ #O_
=}H# $+OzOk. =\ =#+ = <<~.
JO^ XH~ D [#H ~~ ^~}~ #O_ Zky
Kf_ =H "~ (.ZO.ZO) `~# ~O_ ~ Z"Q
ZxH# <_. J`# =K iH WOH HO` =O
_Ò^x K xw XHC_ ~# P ~OH ==e
fH_. P Qk _ XH =lO Q HxOzOk.
P Qk Q_ =~Q QÒQ, KO^Y~ P*^, |^_
=i W`~ yi[# u~Q@^~ \ XH", =~"
xyH [ Wz# H#H. "\x JQ Q_ `yeOK~.
q, J=, Q_, Ow` "~^ iH~, *xH "<
OK, ~H |~, q#H~, ~` "H< `
KC, ` @< `\ \ ... =Q~. J=h
yi[# `~ K H#HQ Wz#q. "i gk =`
xy "\x Q` Ki` HQ `# H~O Qk JQ
Z^~Q @<_. P >| xw LyOz# ~O_
# J< =Q~ L<~. P# ~< H> sx
"O H, Q~"` = =x"` J~OQ, `~OQ
=@<O.
H~
97
sH _Ku " #@~[ <@ qQO. k< @

(1977 1991) Kf_ Ki`# TyOz Oz# xw
H~O Qk Jk. XHC_ qHOz# q^`[=k.
DQ H"_ [#H ~~ =K~. J`# H#|_Q< "O
= _K~ _He ayOz QeH H O J#O.
J`# J< K O J<_.
#Q _Q =# #_= =x+. w` b `\
*=, "_H~" "_`# F `\ `". *xH
*Op. P# x~_O|~ Pk" `_. = `
O|OkOz# q=~ = T~, ~ Jx `<_. D Q
K =K~. K =HOP# Q` Ki` @
q_. *H =O`# g^ #O_ #_ P# xw L^=
x~}OH P P, HH ==e fH_.
1977 .ZO.Z.Z XH >_ x<Q< ~O"Ok.
J~` Jk =~ =# O^~H >_x# ''^H<^s
>_ x<x H"_ xw Q\ Q KCÒ_"_. "\
#O `= =O`~ >_ x## OKx "\
<HÒ i=` xK Hi ` |\ = ^
=$u~"# HiH < LO_~^x "kOK"_.
.ZO.Z.Z# =O^ Hi ~A 13 QO@
xK"~. J~< L^Q ^` Hk. JO` Hi# =
K< ~A XH>@ Jk _ ~u@ =`" =O@
K<"_. Jk H=O ^~ =`". ZC_ O_Q @
=`" ~Q, =OO =O_<"_. ~u @ J#O
=O_#_ =K QOlh# =~_ LÔ `y PHe f~Hx
xH ""_. P PHe =O@` ~A ^=_ QO@
xK"_. .ZO.Z.ZK# ", ~\ =# r`
98
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
iQ~. Q_ #O OH` H Q_ H@<~.

Hi K` QQ_~. x QO@ `y q~=O
_ ^~HyOk.
`~` S^ O=`~ 1982 Kf_ =H "~
.ZO.ZO # [iyOk. D OO P^~O J<H =lH
= i~O HO H$+ K J<H q[ kOKO.
JO^ =Y"#k ~ =u~H ~@O.
Q# O` ~ "~O, Hb~ "~O Q [iQk.
^H} #_O^ HO\~ H~~ QO_# +OK"~.
Hi#"# = `~` Hi q<Ô P#OÔ HO =^<xH
x<~. ^x =# iy# "i r`h ~ Y~~~
"i P~QO _ K_k. J_ .ZO.ZO `` ~
=u~HOQ L^=O #_Ok. Hi `Q_ =u~HOQ
K~O KOk. =O^ H+O JxOz< `~` e`
H#|_y<~. H=H=OQ Hi `Q@O JO> `= QQ
HO ~@O K# Ox ^Q K_"#x qOKQ~.
`Q_ =x# Hi =# =Ô " =m =O_"i
q~=, qOu =x x~}`H H~H= "
=oOK~. OÒ = [# H~H=, *#^Q#
HKs, Hi = <@H ~OkOK~. "\x
Hi | îOK~. =iHO` =Okx `Q_ x#
"i x HO xqOK~. P `Q_ J"@ =#Hx
=$^ q#~Oxz WO_< iqÒQ =Ô `Qx
H~ *s K~. J~^ 50 #O_ 100 ~. =~
A~< ""~. J = K# "`x K@Q P J~k
~ WK"~. D =^x+^ L^=O =# ^ Z`#
HkeOK~. =Ô qOK ~, Ò_, J# =u~HOQ
=, HiH "_ L^= x~OK~.
H~
99
D x~O`~ H$+ =# =Oz e` =K~. HO` =Ok

iQ =<~. =iHO` =Ok Q `yOK~. nx=#
= .ZO.Z.Z. J< .ZO.ZO J< Q~=O iyOk.
= L^= x~}O HO = =H "~ ZO.ZO.ZO#
Oz = Hi =, u H~ HO
~\ K~. J#~ O\ *#^ HHi} D
= OO ^~< "QH =zOk.
~ =u~HOQ< QH E^xH =u~HOQ _ ~\
#_K~. ~, E^ Q$ #O_ q=# Hi WH J#
`= q=H L^=O " PHi`<~. P ~@O
Q=<~.
Hi q^HO J<H ~ # [iyOk.
~ =< x~}# K\~. Hi r` iy, ~
|O^ [iy W Ou U~_Q< Hi ~ "o
KHQ K^=HQ~. sH =Oz e` ~Q~.
L^ .ZO.Z.Z. .ZO.ZO H$`[`~H
L`~ ~ g H$+ =# ~ q^~ [~Ò,
Lf~`ÒiyO^x è~.
~ =<iH PiH iu iy ^ L^=O
"^~Ok. O_Q ~A Hi H#Q H iyO^x
^H}O^~, O ^ _l@ iQx O
"<[~ .ZO.Z.Z. H$`[` è~.
D H~H=xO\ "#H XH Ò, XH ÔÒ, XH PO
LOk. J^q\ g~ Q=xOK~ Jx ~~ ==e tOK_.
"O =#OQ ^#@ ` TO. P# H Py `#
fx, uiy H OAx ''O~ B~ x~} J<_.
^ K q=iOKO_ Jx W^~O XHi J<O.
100
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
''[# ~\H H^ x~}`H"# H~H= _

Ô Ke. "ix x~}`H"# # W<" K@O
^~ "i #O_ #`# < | ^~`~. g~
PK~}`HOQ, Hj~Q, x*~f ~Q LO_ J=HO
KQ LO@Ok. JO^H" q^, *~QO, ~=~}
i~H}, `, O $uH, P@@ H~H=H "ix "i
Ja~K `Q@Q Q=e KO. `^~ x*~f, x|^`
Hey# H~H~# `~ K<O. "~ HH"<
<Q ~O^~ Jx q=iOK_.
=i g L^=x w< JO_ ~_ Q ="O\ Jx
ZO^H<~ Jx f+ =~ =Y "_.
''Q# s~H = ^~ xK_xH =z# <}Ox
HiO^~ Qg} OÒ #O_ =z#"~. "~O` qx
== b. ^ ^ ~`. =YOQ yi[#. gi
=h Q=< L<~. XH Q=Ox XH @O|O
W^~ H_O> XH_ ==O =~H_ Qx =O_"_.
H~
101
xiOK<~. "~ x~OKO@, Hi` @ JO^~

^ ~` JH_ Lz`"Ô JO^@@ H~ U~@ K~.
J PK~} x["# HiH, H~H SH`# "O kOKO. J^
w< JO_ ~_ Q L^=O. =~H =@ K =y#.
xw K~O K# =~H PK# ''q~n # qH. JO>
H=O =u~HOK@O =`" QH `= =~# _
Pq+iOKe. nxH Hx L^~} K#. = H$+ =# S^
" =Ok "\ KHs K H@x q=H aOzOk. O`+"
Hx "i #~"O = ùOk. "iHO "O Ò`
OkOz q HiOz q"# q L=_ ^x
Q`HOQ K\ q[O kOKO. JQ "O q
"H<*+< HO }oH U~@ K, [=#O P"Ô
Ok Hi L^Q O_ H_QeQO.
H=# =u~HOK@" QH `= ^` _zOz
J= K PK~} q[# kOKO.
=~" ~ÒQ =. "\ KHs, `= b ~@,

^<xH y@@ ^~ ~H=@O, = #O_ ^H
K_O "^Q = ~_\xH ''Kf_ Qg} qH
O (.l.Z.Z)# U~@ KO. <# P Qg} ~ÒQ
L^=O #O_ =z# H~H~#. ''[ [g< [OQ
HO D Ox OKO. @}x Hi` Qg}
O`x H~# SHO K@O ^~ OH =
~~ H~O LO@O^x xw =#.
''"O +^ Pux _ K_e. "i` =\_e Jx

Px J_QQ< F Ò_ JO@ J@" ==e fH_.
HO` ^~O #_=Q< P Pu HxOzOk. Z`# O ^xx
~O_ JO` =#OQ H\~. P =#O ` j~=}HO
''+^ P`J# Z~x On JH~ "~<~. <
~`Q Q~*_ Hq` O *HO =K~.
''=\ =@ H\ \
Q\ " `@"
L^~} Hi < `~|_ " K#_ r` H

PHe` J=\#_ ~` Z_|O_ aO OKe
fH=z WO\O\H aO O} K~. "iH JO_Q
x|_~. J\Q Hi KO^ "x +^ Pux
"= P Pu "@ ZH eH "Q< Qg} O`

~Q` Pu JO` H@H@_Òk. ~Q _Q H\
xK<~. P ZO>< i< ^Q~ Q_ xw
z`@O HxOzOk. ^x K@ z# z# ~OQ |
102
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
H~
103
Ò JH_ P Pu iO>O_O\ _H~ ~ *<.

"O ^^ #O_ =K=# "~ Qk ~Qe sH#
P# KiOk. arQ L#@Ok. XH "O|~ = =^
O_. [#H ~~ `# "~ =Y"# #<x =
=^ = fHx "o~. ==e JO`x
JHO\ QkH fHo JH_ xK JHO>O\ ==e
iKO K_.
K@s =\_Ò_Q< P QkH _H~ ~ *<

=K~. K ^ ^Q HxOK #__ =x+ g_O \.
_H~ J@O Ug ^. J KuH "p _ ^. XH `=
~@ +~, _H~ "< Z< _ ^. "O Q~=OQ z
x|_ P# +HO_ WKO. "`\ HO~~O. ^qH
~ L^_ OQ L<~. = q=~h
`x X ^^ #O_ WO` ^~O @~ =K~
Jx z#Q #q ...
''PH Q^~ B~ q.q. H Jx J_y` ..
''r " JK J#O.
''" ^ [< W^~P^. Q^~ A xH` L<H y~~
W^~ " J<_.
P# ~ K@s. K #Q, `Q, _Q O@ \+~

L<_. =\_k On. J~< OQb +OQ Òk.
=Oz je. #=` =` =\__.
"O Px K q=~OQ WO@~ KO. =O^ P#

=HQ` rqÒ #O_ ~OaOz +^ Pu x~}O x~}
=~ Jx OQè `<O.
P# WH_ p JHO>O\Q xK<_@. O

HH\@. J P#k JHO\ H^@. ~ =< J@.
_b U+< Q" [iy#_ JH_ HKQ xK_@. P `~`
P#H xw QiOz, .ZO.Z.Z. L^=O QiOz è
''<#Ò OKyH q^<H\ PuK# J#@ D T~H
=z xw` He xK WH_ ~__@.
''P#k HH`. JC_ P# *^"~ qqÔ

qî. è`~O #H|s qî < O`+~},
+"K@s P# K~ q^~. ZO.c.c.Z _w ~Q<
.l. KO_ H \ HO`HxH .ZO.Z.Z L^=O
QiOz qx WH_Hz WH_ ~_<_.
"Q`<~. xw q"#, "_# =YO` xO_Q

#=`<_. = Oz` iê ^\ q[h#"` J@=O\
#= ^""! xw z`@O H< QÒQ @O _
LOk.
XH`< H^@ xw #_`# H` `~ `=

L^=O QiOz Ô K =OkH è#_ Ôx qq^
O` #O_ _H~, WO[h~, HH~, ~K~` =z "i
=e JOkOK~@. D =@ qO@O> < =~R H
L^= K~_ *<~ Ô Q~HzOk.
''*` *` [Q` K
"H QOQ |` K
''ZH=H W J#@ ^b~*~# `# WQ

K<_. J`x ~ J^ Pu #~Q xKO^@. XH_
H_. WO@~ qî J@.
`~` +^ Pu QiOz q=~OQ KCHK_.
1977 .ZO.Z.Z U~_# `~` XH O=`~xH J#Q
1978 Pu PK# JO~~} [iyOk. O` Pux
104
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
U~@ KH"x Hi x~~OK<~. `= "^

L^=O, [ =Oy\H "Ô, [ Q=O` Pu
x~}, `H"# B+^# =`" "_@O "^Q #`#
PK# ukHQ =O^ "x x~O [iyOk. 1981
x< P H~ Q~r "^= _H~ PjO^,
_H~ q<H<, _H~ q` Q P^~O ~O"<~.
P O=`~" Pu =# x~}O _ "^~Ok.
Hi `= ^ K# _|`, HiOz# KO^
^~, `# =^#O ^~ 15 _H` Pux xiOK<~.
Ò =O^ _H` J#Q W<+O\` D Pu #_Ok.
Pu ~O`=O 1982 E< 3= `n# [iyOk. iQ P~
O=`~ HO^ W^ ~A# [iy# b H 11 =Ok
Hi J=~<~. "i _ ^=, *#^ HHi}
J#~ _ L<~. P J=~# ^ OiOK
H=_O HO Pu ~ ''+^ P` Jx ~\~. P
Pu ~O`=O Qx J`kH J#=O, = Hey#
Hi_ s OQ g Q=O J`kH = He# ^
~` H~ K` g^Q [iyOk. HiH ~ÒQ L^= x^
^~< P Pu i~ XH P~+< k@~, ^lH
~@s, ZH~ ~O, |~ ~OQ Ja=$k KOkOk. Wk H=O
QxHiH QH JO^~ ^, ~` HO U~_# Pu.
H~
105
Pu J<H =Ok tH} Ok# P~Q H~H~# `~

KOk. "~O` KO^ =. ("O\~). g~ ~Q~Q
Q# xK Hi. q~= =, = k<
P~Q H~H~Q xK~. D KO^ " H~H~ HO`
=Ok Q` rqÒ `Q`, EÔ P_"~. .ZO.Z.Z.
K\ # =^# x+^ L^=O = g~ =i~ z=iH P~Q
K~ H~H~Q H` rq`# ~OaOK~.
_H~, P~Q H~H~ HiH "_ Q= uiy z#
z# H ^~ ~ ^~, ^~#, _ , gk =
" ^~ =Y"# P~Q~"# q+# K~O K~.
i~ i`, =Oz P~O, =Oz h~ QiOz K`
W< P~Q = i~O K ^`# J=
\~. ^ [ `= Y~` "#, `H"#
"^x JO^@H `K~. OK P~Q O _| .K.F
J`=~ B+^ HO^ ~# =O^ =`" "_~. P O
x+kOz# =O^ \xH, ^Q ~, HOa<+< _Q#
Pu "_^.
nx ~O`= xw Oy ''O\` Hi,

JO\` Hi HO |HiOz# H#H D Pu J<_.
O~` @ x~}`H"# L^=O JO> W^ Jx _
J<_.
"^ x"~} QOQ i~ i` ~=~}xH

=Y`xK~. s * =u~HOQ J_= O~H}
HO '#~^|K" L^=H~` He z# `~ h\ *
HO L^qOK~. [ J_= O~H} HO Ò
`\# "}[ O|O^"# "<H~ O>+< =u~HOQ
~\ K yi[# J@g J_=e O~Hx
K~O K~. x< H~O P=~}#, Hi
W ^ Z`# K@# <\ ''h K@ QiOz `H J<
q^ H~H=x K\~.
.ZO.Z.Z. HiH OO K\ # q $`"# =lH

O~} L^=O D Pu _ K~Q Ok. D
s i= $+OK J<~Q, H+ "`=~}O ^Q~O_

_H~ $+OK | H+O =~ "\H =u~HOQ
106
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
L^qOK~. Hi x" =^ ~H~# K`# JkH~

OÒQO `yOKH` K ~A xsH} `~` XH =
~A Hi P K`#O` O K s xO O|Ok`
JkH~ W =O^ " ~=@O` P = `H}"
i~"Ok.
''=i D @ x~}, "<*"O\ ZQ #_Ok? Jx
f+ tOKQ P _H~ Q~ =m q=iOK_O "^ \_.
''Jx "^ O =[Ox =~ q^# +OQ
uaOa~. Hx = @ J\ H^. WH_ U XHiH
iO>O_O\Q < Qx =~ <kHiH Qx Z@=O\
PkÒ LO_^. "^, L^Q, P~Q H~H~
"~xHH~A ="" x~ fO\~. P x~x
HiH OxH =^`~. P O" JOu= x~O
fO@Ok.
=i HOKO g QiOz KO_ ...
''<# _ J<H x~O^, ^_ Q~<#. =~Rx
Q_~e =i WH_ ~*#O^Q" # WO\ Q#
L<~. JH_ _ Hi i` J^#OQ< L<~. XH
_H~Q <# JH_H "o W@ "Ô J@ L^=O ~O_
~OaOKQ< O=u~H ## ^~}OQ OOK~.
J~< <# ^~HiH z=iH b ## J~ K~.
P J~ x~#Q Hi ", ^~# K~. z=iH
## q_^ K@O`@ Hi <"# H~
XCHO@ Q# [=# x~O f<~.
''_H~ q<H< Z=~? P# * =<~x q<O Jx
f+ `# O^x J_Q_.
H~
107
P# = JOîHO> x~ _H~. +^ @ x~`

P# =Y_. =$us` z# _H~. WH_ _H~Q xK<
Ô #_# ~ L^=O K~Q x KO>
Ò Px J~ KOk. Q` k <Q P# *<
L<~. *fOQ, JO`~fOQ P# J~ x~# =H=
`<~. a@< ~"O\ kQ= P## q_^ Kx
f~#O K =# HO^ `xH OOzOk. Ò P# *
QO_ [|` ^_`< Ò P## q_^ K@O ^.
''D ~A g~ WH_ LO\~? XH " LO> = WO\ |
K=K Jx P# ==e `# WO\H PxOK~.
''^ "O "e. WOH Ô`"_, c*~# K_e. >O
`=Q LOk Jx = JH`# èKO.
''XH " g~ "Ô> =Ò pH\ _H =O^ g~ |
^~e Jx P# #~Q~OQ zOK_.
~ J#@ `_OKO. _H~Q~ =m "o ~Qe K_e.
'"^<~} i J# H *HO =zOk. B# P# ^=_
O\ "^_. * "^_. < <~<`<, _H~ H\,
_H~ ~=<Ô, _H~ P"_ <~} ... WOH ZO^~O^~
*HO =K~.
''~y g^HO> ~~g^ = KOK _H~ L# D
~A, H~~\ P` ~O "_H =
~["`# D HO +^ P` XH "QKHQ, XH
"Q KHQ xezÒk.
D ~*Q =*xH qzH`` zH` K P "^_` He
"O \ kQO. P# ==e =m K@sH JyOz `#
q^H "o~.
108
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
K@s, xw ~zOz# J<H H# = XH *HQ,

|=#OQ WK_. P ~K#h On =<~. K@s
==e fx @ JO` u KOK_. "O @
"~#, _H#, "\ qqOz# ~Q# \ fO.
x~}`H"# H~H= J# xw PK# (^~) ==e
"O\_ "kOk. ÒQ} L^=O QOQ =#O D #
ZO^ KH`<O? "H_Ok? J# J~^ =#
==e "O tOK< K<~. `= L^=O
=O`~ L^=O " = PK# "Q`<~. `H
ÒQ} L^=O U k Z\ =O^ " XH +`
U~_`#@xOzOk. JO` KOKH K@sH ==e
JO` =# 'Q =Ok~OH fH"_. OÒQ,
OQ =Ok P Qk. LÔ, OH K =Ok JH_
^#O KO\~@. Qk JO` "# `\ H` iz =Ok.
"kH XH H xw =. ^x HO^ XH\ ~O_ "ey
Pi~# H"`. "\ H# XH Jy>.
''[ JyO\ "
f+ XH ÒQ} L^= H~H~Q Kf_ `H ~R
L^=x, P L^= <^x Q `Q J^#O K<_.
} J@# =iz=@O HO J`# Kf_ Ki`H
"o~ P OQè < q=iOKQ_.x=~ Q# xCO\
"
Z=~< "eyOK "~O>
Q# =O_`~ "
<# f+ XHi `~` =~H~O JH_ H"è "eyOz
xwH x" JiOKO. xw z`@O KO> Hr
=@ *HxHK~.
H~
109
''@H hk, K=hk

|`HO` ^xk
=Q~O P `\ K^~# KHO=HO " ~<O. K@s
Z@=O\ _=_, x =u_ O_ K =^#OQ
~<_.
''g è# .ZO.Z.Z, .ZO.ZO L^=O OQ` =s
=YOQ xw rqÒ z=i ~A QiOz =H"<
q=iOKQ~ Jx "O Px "_<O.
K@s `# OQb + QQ Q` On
q=iOKQ_.
1977 ~O"# .ZO.Z.Z, 17 qq^ *O`
|"# <^` ^b~*~ ~_ 1984 #O_ W`~
O` ~*#O^Q", ^x\, ^~ =i Q_~b l
qiOKyOk. D L^=O z=iH 1990 a~H K~Ok.
a L i=< HO_ P iqH #Q~Ox
O\`, JO\` Hi " OY .ZO.Z.Z "
~Q~. Hx " H@ ~ Jk`# ^ ^
iqH "` ^~ Q, OH Q, H_ Q
O\"~, HO\H~, ~[H<, b L#`kH~
`= LxHH Z~ =zO^x _Q~. ^ Z`# J~,
x~OÔ, J}z"` K~ ~O"<~. xw `# rqÒ
1968 #O_ 1991 =~ 23 O=`~ 25 ~ *
L<_. J`=~ iu HO (E< 25, 1975 #O_ =i
1977 =~) 13 < * rqÒ Q__. J`# WO\H ^
H_. xw * x~OÔ L#_ Ò_ _ieOQ #O_
XH L`~O ~_.
110
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
''#= x~~OK# rq` H O ZO` =#`"Ok, Q~=

^"#k. #= < =HQÒQ P^HH~< <Hg zO`^.
h `Ô #= =O^ ~QqOKx <# < Pj~^
JO^K<# Jx ~_. P Y `# ZO` P`|x <uH
|x WzO^x xw `# K~ K~ K_.
1990 L^=O a K~HQ< ~@ ^
=i~O^x, qQ` ~\H# Wk a#"O^x, a#"#
= Z^~=`x xw `# q`# KiOK_. iQ
J\Q [iyOk.
1991 =^^ Ò xwx *f ^` K@O
HO^ J~ K_" QH ~~, ^~, |~, a~,
~*#O^Q" l #O_ J`_x ''|+iOzOk. ~
O " P L`~ =u~HOQ H~ J K~.
xwx J~ K~^x, |+~} K=x H~ PQ 9=
`n# P~~ =OE~ KOk. xw q_^ HQ< `#
H"_` XH XH =@ J<_.
''`= WH WC_ |@` =\_`_
`# =~}xH Hx "~ =O^ xw `# JOu= O^x
~`~HOQ iH~ K~OK_. JO^x q+ W
L<~.
''`## ` K_xH a#, ^x i~ O`
=# |_ iqH "` W^~, =~H b L#`kHi
^H "<~x K P =Qi ~# +OQ H\ OK_. gi
=< `# }O LO^x "_OK_.
`# ` Qi# `~` L^=x, ^x P#,
H# `# H"_ Z=~=~ UU +"# ^` x~OK
H~
111
"i ~# H\ OK_.
P JOu= OÔ z=i QO W =yOk.
''D OKO ZO` O^~"#k. D O^~ OKx <#
Ò_ q#. Hx < x < ^` < JÒ`
^#"#k. <# < < ^`# <~"~e. g ## KO
`~. J~` ## KO_O ^~ g D L^=x
J}z"~, ~=~.
D O^x PQ z=i"~O uH q_^ K~.
P `~` O|~ "^\ "~O xw XH uxk
|$OÔ` _bH "o ~Rux He L^=O ~R Ò J=
K# f= x~OÔ, J}z"` QiOz q=iOz ~Ru `#
*HO` "O@< ^xx Px, xK =K < JH|~ 2# QOn
[Ou ~A ~"O@ =O^ P=~} x~~ nH
~Oa=x è*_.
1991 O|~ 28= `n Kf_ L^=O XH pH\ ~A.
P ~A `"~ ~=# 3 QO@ ax .ZO.Z.Z
HiH OO H~O XH KH =OKO Q_x^ L#
xw P~Q~ H~~ QO_ ^_ K "+< Q#`
H [i~. H< = ìKQ 18 |@ P#
s~OH KK~.
x[" xw K#@ z=iH `= |@`< =\_<_.
Kf_ Ki` @ XH JÔ ~HHOQ<
=y~Ok. HiH<_ ~O L# XH =lH
``"`, <O, =#Ò, =#= q= ukHQ XH
#`# =*x Pq+iOKx x~O`~O H Hx P He
H~O K\xH ~_ <Hiy# =# HO g~_`#.
112
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
Kx =O^ ~E J~~u ^H xw JO~OQ

Kkq =ke# HO P KH=OKO JQ XO@iQ qye
~Ok. P HO ... q.S. x< ~# ''P< >_ x<.
`= Ki` è^. Ki` #O_ ~ <~_. K#
`C =m =m #~=$Ò KO\_. XH <} uHOQ
x~e J`_ #_OK L^=< <#O KKx H
HO@O\_. Hq q`_ P~A K#@.
''"_H =~_ XH J Q"
"Ò =^< Qx H HO\_
xw =`" x[O. `= H J|Ô Jx JH|~ 13#
[iy# ''O~ ` ~A= KOk.
xw `#O`~O 15 ~A a @}O O~
` [iyOk. P ` H O xwH x" JiO@K"
QH, xy O` Ò Hi# K~ fH"x, qq^
iqH O` kOz# # H_H"x
L^tOK|_#k.
Kf_ Ki` P ` XH J~ x"O. Q#,
=#, H~< #O_, #Q~ #O_, ^~ ^~ Q= #O_
#O_, Q_ #O_ Ò_ Ò_Q [#"#, *
H~\ J JQ Hke =K~. a L H~Q~O
xK J`#` x}# WO[h~ "\ H~ L^Q
"^Hx zOH` Qp~, _HO_# î^
<~}, yi`, q `, e KOH Z`H#
=, Ò_ * gkHH# JO^~ JH
#<` ^` $^` P ` <~.
P T~yO ^^ 75 " =Ok <~. ZO` ^
Z`# =#O xK< P ` z=i QO HxOK<^. P
H~
113
T~yO ^^ 8 QO@ @ [iyOk. 10 H.g. ^~O P

T~yO XH [#=ÔQ Hke Hke z=iH xw `
[iy# O Py~Ok. JH_ ^ |~OQ [iyOk.
ZO` H=tH}` xw <iOz# H=tH}< xw
O` P O~ ` =yOk.
H^ Hx H^ K# K@s H^ \# H`` H` KOk#
$Ô` HO_ =Hx Hk H} HO ^#OH
"o_. H^ JO` q# = =# HHqH" ~.
XH" xw g^ =, Q~=O. =~" =# =~=#
ÒQ} L^= f~`# èx JOu, P"^#. "kOK
x+ ~Ò.
ZO^? =#"O^ ÒQ} L^=O QOQ W@=O\
x~}`H"# H~H= K@HO? xH =
L^qOz JO^H [e ZO^ gHiOKHO? L^=
x~}OH =z# [ #O_ x*~f Hey# #`# <HÒ
L^qOKk H^? J@=O\ < [ #q "ix
J#iOK"~ H^! `H} = xH = ~\
K [ `èH"# L=< Hey [ Q=O`
L^= =iO` |_qH^? [#, [ Q=x
[ ~\# qiOz x~H O K H=O ÒQ}
ÒQ} Jx ~=<= [O K c~OQ K F@ <@
@ q+=O _QO_O _` ÒQ} Z_
^==Òk. P O ZC_ H~O J=Òk. ^~^
#Q~O = O^~# ZO^ J_H^? B@~
iOQ~_# ZO^ =u~HOK^? =~O ezO`#
P\xH ZO^ L^qOK^? e O\ *# ZO^
P^? OQ~} F< HOQ ÒQ} K\ e
Z_~Q =~O>, #O_ ~ `~`~# \ _O>,
OQ~ [ JO^H "^H QO` ZO_Ò>, x*O Q~
114
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
* x~HxH QiJ=Ò> H#< H+= =<

=~ [ Q= Q=< MmK ^ gkH =
bQ "Ò> =#O HH ` ZO^ +<O.
ÒQ} L^=O JO> Jk =K^H Jx =e x~H O
K@"<? ~ ^~ H ^" lO^ ue` J#@ ÒQ}
=K^H Jx =e J@< H \? [e gHiOz
u OÒx = L^q P ~\h ÒQ}
q=HH î fx D c~OQ <, ZH# HH#
<, `= e |O^=e ~[H "~ÒH `K
< ZC_ Ò\~? J@=O\ ~[H <e
=# "^= "kH, ~K~` "kH, L^Q O
ZO^ =u~HOK@O ^? "iH +"# W=O_
P~Q=O`"# x~}`H"# q=~ KO_ XH ~[H
sH O|OkOz# J#|O^ O Q ZO^
==i<~. <uc~H <O` J#@ J D *
O, "kH *=|ÔQ JO^s Hx `<
H HOîH iq`" qye`<? . g^
` = =# HHqH" ~<~. Q"#
$^# =m |=OÒQ WHOH fHx =KO.
''"O H"_ xw ~ e K_e Jx K@sx W^~O
XHi =HHO~O` P^~Q J_QO. "# He "O Px
K#> Jx qOKO. P# J_Q*_e J<+ P WO\
OQ}O "= OKiOKe. ''iOK ^ =q.
k Q\ +^ P` g_ K|` "# uiy =m =m
K XH `_H g_ K#> P ` g_
KO. Qe nO ~~_ ^ }# H_ =Oz
=## =#=`=# ` Jk.
H~
115
xw J=~_# `~` P Hi Hhx xw Hh Jx

<~. J=h ^ W Hx K iOQ ~OQ`
=Q` HQ L<~. "O Qb #O_ #_KO@
"`<O. D < xw #_z# < Jx =#O` LkQOQ
LOk. ZO_ Q LOk. g^ Z=~ OKiOK@O ^.
=iOQ_ H=# JO^~ #H "o#@Ok. F Q# O
WO\ z#Q@ =O^ "O PQO. J^ xw W. ^@OQ,
Q|~Q iy# K@ H= h_ HO^ xw qQO #O_
HO@# P O\. `Q #"# Q_ ~OQ~OQ
KH =Q. Q_ HO^ *A~OQ ~~ JKO =#
ÒQ} WO_ Q. Kx h_# JOkOK P K@ H=#
KO> xw #_# ~=~} i~H} L^=O h K@
QiOz h= `H J# x<Ô *HO =zOk. ''H= H=
He# K\ #" #" J#@ Qe _K#_ K@H=
J~iQ `#_ P Hh Hi xw *HO
=_"!
"O XHH J_Q "O@ P OQ}O WO\ `#
K~<O. ~`Q < HOî g~eOQO QiOz zH=i
K# Ô iOz ^xx z#Q =iOz =#< =##O
K<#.
''`# ^=, `# Q=
`# HO|, `# ^#O|
[Q[# qxyOz#
#_ xw [#~!
=O^ ^=~ HOu =zOk. =iHk H} z#=~
=H _ =zOk. ==e "O iKO K<O.
''^^ Jx `HOQ KO. e QkH PxOK~.
Qk JO> Jk L` Mm Qk. ~O_ ~O_ ` HO <\ KH
116
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
s. XH KH =OKO. ^x XH ^k ~# O H@<
K^~. Q_ XH XH \. JO^ W^~ ~< z#
. Jk K z# Qk. P ~O_ s XH =OKO` P Qk
xO_~Ok. =~ =#, JOH~} xQk. Z=~<
Ju^ = ~< _~OQ ~O J^ H. =O
H#|_x HiH <_ W Jk. xw iqH Jk`
XH H#Q K K H@ ~ <@ H@ ~H H@x
P WO\ =Oy@ "q. }# `$}OQ ZOz =$`=<
iOz# "_H P <@ H@ Hx K<@ z Hy`
=`".
"O ~# K@ #O_ H K =~ Qk HxOzOk.
qiy~# XH #"~ =OKO x\ =Ok. xw ZH `H#
XH ` H Q_ P#x LOk. Ô_O g^ `|@
"_`<~. Qk Q_ #O K_~ =Ok. JH
Ko^~ = =Oz h QOkOz =OKO = Z^~Q
~<~.
P P_e^~ xwQ "_ =M` ^Q `Q
L<~. z#=~ =s =Q =Ok. W^~ `_=HO_
WOw+ =\_`<~. W^~ Q_>. ^=~k
WOw+ @. \K~Q xKO^@. z#=~ L^QO HO
"^Ò^@. `=_H `" xw =~}Oz# `~`
a L H~Q~O L^QO WzO^@. P "_ ~ r`.
^= `~Qu =`" K^=<_@.
DQ z#=~ eH "o èx "O@ nx =zOk.
P"# K_Q< "q^~O s #O_ z x|_ ~O_
K` *_Oz =o` ` Q~=OQ #=~O KO. P"
=YO = ~ÒQ LOk. WOH xw qÔ #O_ P H
#O_ P" H#@ HxOK^. K ^^Q HiH
H~
117
<_ ~ HO_ == Q HxOzOk. P" K

=#OQ< KOk. Kf_ Ki`# H` = u#
HiH <_ J~Oy P". P"# K# `~` P" g^ =
=iO` Q~=O iyOk. P =#O "#H U |_Q ^y
L#" ...
P W^~ =Ò =` KHQ =\_~.
" XHi <# L#_ <# T~ A~QiH "~@.
JH_ ~ W`~ |O^= JO^~ L<~@. =@ "O
H |O Jx KOk. xw O QiOz _
`H"x < HiH. " <# He#_H Z=Q W+_"_@.
D T~ ZH_H "o< #_KO@< ""_@. K K
OQ` P # J_Qx = HiH. Hx ==O. _H~
*< Qi KiH ==e "y~~Ok. "i =Qi \
f<O. D =OKO< <# _< "~ JO> J=#
J<~. =m P XH =OKx P# H# \ fO.
z#=~ K K\xH "O> =^x "iOKO.
''=m === Jx P èH #=~O KO
=m ZC_~ JO ? Jx P ^=~ #=` _<Q
tOzOk.
XH H}O <# `~x h oH Ò_ =# J<#. P
J=~ Q` #"Ok.
= J_ _H~*< =^ =<~. Y O@O
=iz=^ = J<#.
~ Jx `_OzOk.
"i #O_ = fx W=èH =KO. q`_ K@s =
"O|_ L<_. WH = PYi O^~#O xw =k.
118
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
=m .ZO.Z.Z P =O^ #O_ #_ HOKO

^~O =# =^ OQ}xH K~<O. P OQ}O K
qOQ LOk. K@ XH HOO_ ". eH "\xH XH
Q@. P " =~O ^Q~ XH ~ QO Z~ HOk QO
PK .ZO.Z.Z w< JO_ ~_ Q ="O@
OHÒQ P ~ On JH~ ''+^ KH HO Jx
~~. ^x HO^ Hx Hq` O. P HqÒ =Ò xH
yi[# + LOk. P e On JH~Q L<~. H=#
H+_ Kkq W J~O K<O.
''^_ =@_ [~Q`# ^q #O_ g~ ^~f~
`~e~. WH "O g #, O`# H~O
K\xH ^qH `~e"O.
xw #_# Kf_ L^==O` HqÒ` ="HO
H=@O "^\ #O_ "O Q=xOKO. +^ g~ <~} OQ
O<, +^ `#, .ZO.Z.Z P
|\ ^x Q_< P OQ}Ox J=~g~ O u[
~O z=iH D =^ =^ JO`\ g# K@ HqÒ
=~^ "= LOy ~Ok. xwH P L^=xH HqÒ
Q =, Ja=< = J~"<~.
P =^ OQ}Ox Q@ XH H # K# ~
LOk. =~ H# JH_ Q# xK ~+ Hi =\
qQ L<~. "i^~ =Oz =#O LO_ P~QOQ
L<~. W^~ yi[# Où Jx "i P~O H~O Òk.
"iî ` Qx Hi LyOK `~OQ @
L<~. P Hi~ P \ W# Yx[O `@#
"Ok. WH P" "+^~} JO` yi[# H O|OkOz#^.
K= ^ ^ EH, =_H, "_ HO>, H ~,
~O_ K` [| Ô_H_, K` "O_ =~Q
H~
119
=^# Z~\ =\ QA, #_= ^ =_}O, Z~p~,

PK ~qH, #^@ L^~Oz# ~_ "Q`#
Z~@. ~+ Hi_ Z~|h#, PK xH~` =_u#
H~ g` K` Q# Q~x KkOK _Q ~` P
qQ .ZO.Z.Z Hi u~.
"O eH P OQ}Ox =^ ^QiH "x P Q@
=^ " ^xH XH Ò "_Òk. Ò Kq Z=i ^Q~
LO@O^ K@sH _ è#@Ok. ^~O #O_ P =ê
K "~ Jx K@s J_Q_. H"_ xw =kx ^Q~O_
îOKO_, ^Q~O_ x" JiOKO_ "" "O?
JO` ^~O ^~^ #O_ xwx H=i =z z=iH W\
J~O`~OQ<? = =# XCH^. f+ < =OH
xOQ K<_.
''_O_` Y^ c q Jx XH L~ "`.
=#O> =~O HxOK^ Jx <# P HOO_ " K@
XH ^H}O KQ Q_H# P#x XH Z`# =\ k|
HxOzOk. WOHO <# P =\ k| ZH P @Q_ ~O_
K` PxOz Zyi Q_ Kx ~O_ H J=`" "_n
eH [O K#. f+ K@s ## J#iOK~. z=iH
=Q~O J=~g~ =^# K~<O.
< ~`Q *Q_ Q^~ @ *HO =zOk.
''=O^< =O^<"
< a_ ...
k K KH~<~
< a_ ...
P =^ OQ}=O` ^@"# K@` xO_ LOk. P Kx
K`K HO^ qq# J=~g~ =^, u =k
120
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
"i~, P =^ =^ HOKO ^Q xw =k.

=~}#O`~O _ K~# g_x, "iH ^~O Hx xw
=k. P H< .ZO.Z.Z `HO. P `HO h_< Xiy
Xky qOu fO@# xw. JH_H ~. Z~, PK
=~O`. JO^ `x JH~. ''H"_ OH~ Q xw J=~
~. P x"o HO^ J`x [##O `n 18091942,
=ax+=}O `n 28091991.
< =# 1942 [iy# *f^= Ki`H "o~Ok
...
~` Ô a\+ ^$OY =Q`#_ 1942
PQ< H\ WO_ L^=O [iyOk. DO OR DIE x<Ô
^=O`\ u^xOzOk. ""u# *hHO ~ \#
qiK, >e< fQ# Ò ` H~# `Q\
`= LQ#~O ~x K\~. O~x =^ f~#
P*^ "^#O J~} P Jb ~Hx L~`yOK
L<qzOk. J@ [=Ô W@ [#=Ô, ~O_ >u
~<~. `~` HO H<_# [H <~}
+e <_, JO_~ QO_ "o_. QOnr *
L<_. Ki`H `^ J"@ _# H=x a\+
`xH =`^~Q =~~. *< `~Kx [`
xO_ ~. g^ b H. [ g qiy#
s. H\ WO_ x<^` xOw < ^îe# =O.
Wk 1942 PQ [iy# H\ WO_ L^= ~O. P
H `H QO_ Z^~Q QO_ xe } H~#
g~_=~ XH < `~` J#Q O|~ 1942 xw ~`
=m q= q OQx A~Qi xwQ [xOz
L^qOz =m J^ < O|~ 28 <_ 1991 =~}Oz
#@Ok.
H~
121
''^ H e W ~ " =~
[< H =<
=@ x "= xw =k KO` < g^ =# =^
x|OQ ~<O. P =kx KO> W~< Ôx +~*
@}O M` Hq +H n =k ~# "H
*HO =K~. ''OKx # x^~ #O_ x^# "_ WH_
# x^ L<_
J JQ xw QiOK PK#. P PK#
L#... "= ... zH H@H `# "q^~O.
Z=~`#? Z=~`#?? Z@=O\ =x+ J`#??? ^~}
\K~ [xOz# ^ H_ H#è Kx` HO_
Hh xOx ZO` ^~ OÒ ^~ l "#== WO\H
K^=H=\xH, |`#, q+`# "^H=\xH = =z#
^xqÔ_ |H\ =_ LÔ@ @\ HO
~H~H =$`, L^Q K O H Kkq a.Z.
_w OkOz# F Q_\ a L H~Q~O =Oz
OHuH L^Q"z< ~_H, q` _H, Y_H, JOu`
P"^#` J^[Q` ^~ HO _He ayOz# = HiH
<_ ~ H< Hq\ "` T_# L^QO, `y#
OH ^b ~*~ W# Yx[O Q# J_Q ~ `
gk `@ =_ W#=# `H`Hx p=Q H=tH}`
H+Oz xK q` ="H"# ~ x F J<=H
=_ , ", ~\, J}z"` x~O^
Ô_H~}OH =#" ~ rqÒ K > "_Q,
Q~HiQ, bQ, ^k=iQ ^ QO_ Q_
OKi "i "i + O+, K@ H= g^
xk ~uO|=, "Hx ", îHx ^~ `#k Hx
Ô, `# +Hx Ô Z=iHO? ZO^HO? U H O
122
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
HO? U Q=O HO? U "Q HO =@# H

KO_ }OK_?
=m ^b~*~ =OKHz# Z=~h, 13 < *
rqÒ q+` Kf_ z`@O =~K#, Z`Q_,
}oH oH, O~ B~ x~} .ZO.Z.Z Pq~=O,
# ~` He # Kf_ H. <è Q~ Qx `#`
@ xK ''P J< K^=x yi[# =u` q"O
HOu, r`, =H Ò_ H=@O ^ Hi "_ XH
Q_ ^ rqÒ, F H, F H=OKO rq`=
L^== ~O_ XH> JO@ "~^ O_ ="HO H=@O
_H _H H=@O =OKH# =$`=#, HO_=O^
H^_ =$`^=`# iOz x~H O K [ H" rqOz
z=iH [ H" }iOK_.
''"+= [#` ` # H
* _~ *}~
W`~ _## QiOz# "_ x["# "+=_ Jx nx J~O.
=~ =@ KO> ''=#= = =^==. Hx =O^
O=`~ HÒ D w`x Q[~` x=Oz# H$+_
''#i"` ~zOz Q#O K_. QOnrH _ D H wÒ
JO> =}O. XH H } "+= @O|O [xOz#
xw ''#i"` K#> JH~ rqOK_.
Z@=O\ =x+`#?
''r< WH <" JO@ i~ |` x~K<xz
^ [ Oz Wz# =#, `= kOz# ^xqk
|@# He =@Q@Hx *# "x #Q ^`
#_KO@ H#~x H, uiy~x H Hke
H~
123
_`#. J`# H"_ OH~ Qxw Kx <\H

P# = H=O 49 O=`~ =`".
K \ H PK< `~OQ #O_ W=èH =z "q^~O
_H ayOz K~H H"_ xwH O x"
JiOKO. h ~@ O $ux "O = ÒQ} L^=O XH
iQ H#y=x =#< u[ f<O.
q+}=^<` K@s ^Q~ = fx |O_x ~ K<O.
O* pH@, H=< =O. _H~Qi KiH. P @
^Q~ x "# WO@e*<"~ Z.. <O|~ |O_x <\ Kx
J#=<^ = .ZO.Z.Z P#, xw WO\h,
=kh ql\ K~x =~ "iH i~ K LO_K. Q
= Q xw ~K#, Ò. P `Q "O U"<
[~QK ZH_< î P ^ KK. tOK <O`
ZH_H< fHo< k " LO_^. u=x K<,
` L^QO Jx = S_ H~ KOz< =i xw`
gHO O|OÔ D Hq\ Jx J_k_"# OkOK=K.
# J#=<# H#\ |O_x =O^ LiHOKO.
D ~A = QO ^b~*~ Jx =O^ "~ =~OQ,
^~^ K~"O. H=# U"< [iy` `~Ok ^b
~*~< Jx = W ` H|~ K~x = ^~O.
uO_ uHO ZH_ PQO_ 50 H.g. }Oz "~ l
HOH~ _ H~~ K~x QO_O Q_zO^x ^=
<O.
J\H pH\ _Ok. _O[~ *< #O_ W=`_O J#Hx
Qee XHK `y P `# \ K<O.
HOH~ @}O XH =^ K JOÔQ H#|_Ok. =^
P =~YO_<, |M~< L#@ = JxOzOk.
124
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
125
H~
"QHO <\ P =^"@ g^ K ~x e

#=Ae ^Q q<O.
z`@O WH |~ Ki` O|OkOz# Hx
H < K@ HOH~ ^~`x, H#=x K_.
"\HO H h uiQO.
XHK@ ~*g~ KO^ O*^" (HHf) ~# I am
praveer the god of Adivasis J# On J#"^ HO
H#|_Ok. ^xx H<O.
pH\ =~# H ^H=K "Q `=#
ÒKHO@ n~ }O K K ~u k QO@ =
'' =HO HO_Q"x _H K~<O. =m Kh
<. H <C` "@ky =m P `~H @ UO
HuH" =H è#O` J@ h~O. _H g^ "iH
=OKHz# "^x^.
HO_Q" @ HO_Q" = ^b~*~ P ~A "O
}O KOk. JH~ 346 Hg@~. "^\ ~A ^^
#O_ ^KxH K# }O 343 Hg. J#Q 3 H.g.
Z= = ` D 346 H.g. XH iH~ H.
Do not tell me how educated you are,

tell me how much you have travelled.
- Prophet Mohammad
k O_ P K\
D ~A ` Zxq^= ~A.
HÒ ~A 346 H.g. }O K< ^< =H `^.
ÔQ`#OQ "@~@~ ~_` "_h HKx `~ <
KO. ^ ^ ^=O` =ke~Ok. D ~A =m O~.
HO_Q" #O_ [Q^~ K~H"e. =~ 80 H.g.. JH_
=~* =i JO^x =lO# îOKe. |~
Ki`, O $uH O|OkOz# He H "kH H<e.
OK P T< K ^ Ô`"_ = y^" K~x P ~u JH_
''=HO. Wn = QO. J#@ [Q^~ #O_ ^g
Ô`s T~ =~ =O^ H.g. J#Q =m JO` He 170
^ 180 H.g }O. [ *``.
''[Q= `=
K= Q$#=
Jx Hr qz#@Q< ^ `= XH># P `èH
z# `x Mm K ~O_ ~A | O|OkOz# ~Hx
KeOz ~_ gkH =KO. H_ PHe ~_ H~H~
_`<_ ~u J@, h~O` iQ u#^ H^! î
`# XH ^## "H| K W_, "_ @ F H<
Jx î KOK_. ^ ^Q J^$x sHOKOÔ Jx
J#=HOQ< JO^H ^~iH L` J^$+O H^ = J^$+O
Jx è ~Ok. UO K\ ...! UO K\ W_ "O|_ =_
~H K\ . ^ "O|_ =~ "~\ =_ ~H K\ . O~
126
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
~i. ^xHî. zqi [|~Q ~a"# P ~ =_ =m

^xH +Q u\ JO K\ . J J U=x =iO`=!
J P @ ~ 'k O_ P K\ J< ^+O H^.
L__ P }~# TÔ@ P=~=~=x yOK@=
Mm @# H #H_= =m =~^xH O *s K@=.
P L^# XH~O |H~O. =~H~O \`KO. "~
uO_` ~=#O J~O. P @ "_ ~[h J@,
Hx "_H PO^ ^ ^= ~Ò `~" kOz, w
g~_Q 'Qi> g~_ Jx a~^ ^#O KK. Ki =_
\< P~yOz XH XH K q `C#~`C J=Ò^x qOz
~O_O_ ''K _ `y#O.
XH ^| ~O_ @#@ Oy \ OQ H, OK
~O_ =yOKO. WH ~@~` |` . U p* |_ = =
Jx _O@ "@ ky |O_ ^QiH ~OQ< ''_q\ H^ J_O
uiyOk. = J~[O "H kyOk. x~H~}^=O
_ "^\#@Ok. H uQ< eQ QO_OKk H
Q ~ ~=x XHi, @ HH=x =~i
"Ò@Ok. ~ <Q `# Ò` J^ îH =O^x
H H\ H\ "H <C ~"<~. Hx Jk =Ò K_
KC_ ^! =Q<= \ Ok. =H" u#Ô` h h
J~~ K=@ H~`<~. WH O ^ nx _H~ ^Q~
fHÔ Jx f+ ^x #O@, #O@ <<" ^x
"#HOQ< =QO@ "Hx ^Q~H K~<O. "^_ ~y
<_ x^#O K#@ "_ XHi ^xH Or Wz ^x =
qx @s _< Q Jx _H~ KQ< = @s _<
J~ ^~O h~_ = Q\H_H kyOk (Q@ "H).
''H ~h, H ~h J#O@ K=@
`_<O. =O^ |O_ q @s KH K~OKe. sKs
H~
127
K~OK? H H`k "~OK J#k JC_ Òk. J~`

P x J`xk H^@. ~+ }~+ "~ J#@
_H~ +e L#@ @s O@~ " "~ LO\~@.
=i "_H_? Jx h~OQ qKiOKO(!)
=m Ò@ Ò@ XH ^H}xH "o#O. ^H}O
Hx ^M<^~ #. F ^ Q_ Q @ H_ #_.
`r Jc PQ Jx = " H< =O^ [" WzO_. P
`N HO =m "~\OQ. "_ =Ò \OQ~OQ JO@ K
\ H =zO_.
"_ =p~Q< |O_H =~}O [iyOk. f< `~< J~~
J#@ ~h T_n KK^~ KO_. ZH~ i~ fx
_H~ ^QiH "o P# UO i[ K|`_"#x a a=O@
_H~ "YOH K +O@Q "O "_< K<O. =x+
s~O #O_ QO_ H# W=èH H#@ "_ @sx
W=èH H sHOzO_. = iu ''T~ ~h JO^~ ~h
J#@Ok. z=iH "_ ~O_ P< = =O^ \O_.
1. Wk iQ _~#@ < J#=#O. H~< #Q ^@OQ
~~Ok. H=# @s iQ H~ J~#>H.
J~< sK~ u. qx=O ~O_ QO@ >O
_Òk. `~` > K. x K F.H. ^ JO> H`k
@s "e.
2. H` @s "@O JO> =*H H^. <O_ =O^.
sOQ JQ. H` @s "O@< x K^. HqH
<O_ QO@ "~\ K JC_ Jk x ~ Kk.
^~O qO H^. } ~= _ `<~. P ~O_
P< "#HQ~ =O^ #~Q#~. `"Q "#O. <>
128
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
H~
129
=@ |O^. J\H `qk ^\Ok. D \H, JO` =OzQO>

|~ ^>"O. HO He~^. zH> " HiOk. ''|`
^~O @~=#O ^^ J#O [b "#O. P
=+~_ "~ =_ PK# UO K. "~QuH @sx |O_x
"_ K` \ x~OkQ ~<O. `yOz<xH `_ eOQ=#@!
"i` e =#O =O_HO. W "k e H~k J<

~HO. =# ''W HO, H_ "O~O.
W..l sHHO ~yH WH_ JH_ ~_~ U^ HC

\#@ "_ = @sH U"" HC `_y U^ HqH h
^xx =Oz<_. H~HQ ~O_ QO@ Jx Q_Q_~O KOz
=m Z\ ="<_ WO`H sHQ K èO^=O> P
^H}O "#H ~^ èy J^ "_ x"O. ^H< B~ =H<!
~O_ XH>. "_ <@HOx `Q `~ fx ~=@O, =m
"#H "@O ~ [OQ =lO Q_~Ox =
=x+Q JxOzOk.
WO` ~O_ QO@>O HO\ J~Ok. @s sKs

J~O^@. x K^@. =m < ~A =~ U _H^x "_
_OH |*~Oz K<_. "_ =O^ Ki = K_.
Z= Q. f+ _ =K_. >O <O_ ~ |* ~~ r
H >O.
f+ < =<xH ## "k ~_ ~ K\xH "_. <#

< WO_ = F< K q+` UU `= QO_ UU
~, UU O`, UU = Z\ " P ~^~#
K H è`<#. UH =~ B~ . ~^~
## PHiOK Ô@~. "_ =m ~ #O_ |\H
=K_.
''~" ~< ^,
~ < L\" J#@Ok "_H`.
Di "} =m eH ^~O_ =@` H\ _#.
=@ =Ou} <#. "_ D Ô =x+ H^@. O*c O^
J@. k< ^ P\" al< LO_^@. Hx Ye<
L^=O >O >~i ^ iOKH ^ \ uiy
z=iH WH_ W\ \ J~<_@. <~ O*c, `
=m x[OQ ^k=~. Z_i WH J" `.
P @H_ < WO\Oz ^ QO_ KO|` K\ =Oz

f~O `zK_. [Or=O [^` v=.
~} = #_<u# "O@ =m =}HOH. z#_

<# JH~}OQ QeH TiH ~_O@ u~QÒ> J= ~_ ##
@x `#O@ WO\H fH=z k"<M< QO[ H>k
H$+_ |OkOz# ^Q. =m =~i ''D u~Q_
~Q"Ok? Jx F t=ux J_y` H KH<x K <
H P" x=H ~k JkOk |O_~ _
J#=@. J~< J\H W\H Z\H <<O Q_!
OQ~" u~Q`#.
''" ^ q^j |O*~
" UH ^ P"~
[Q^~ e"~ 3 QO@ OÒ XH ^ ^Q~ PQO.
JO^ HO^~ `Q` J_ a~~OK~. ^ "#~
x[OQ =O^Q[O. J_Q f J_Q " PO. ^ #@.
"_ |~=# "_ "O@ |`H XH OQ |``<_.
=O@ ^Q~ J`x ~ `~ K JOÔQ L<~.
"O #O ux H qqOz #Q~ "O KO. @Q
x^`# #Q~O. ~^~ [# OK~O | `=. ~_ g^
130
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
HO_ =x #_z aa [#O. ''<
#Q~O h KQ [` xO_h Jx J<_ #"|
b Y` H~# =~O D<_ =# e@ " ~Ok
J H H~!
WH ''|~ Ki` O $u [Q^~ ~#
On HO K QO@^h Ò_ Hx K^==x =
K_. Jk HOH~ ^~H^. =m WH_ u^=x P
ZO_ H h QeOKO. Z=~_y< ''|` ~<
H` . q |` =+ Jx ["|.
z=iH F "_ ^`z ~K~` WO\H "O_ P< F
H g W=K Jx =~O KOK_. "O P~O` Zyi
QOÒ. P# WOH rqOz =<_ Jx <~\ J_QO.
~~Q L<_. P# = WC_ 89 Jx `Q
qK_. < $Ô P#OÔ` QOÒk. ^ " g^ <
==. "~ K =K@ < e@ =dH Ki`. P# W
~* "#H Jx èOk. J@"o Z=~_y< K~@.
z` \ =lO H< =O^ P Living legend Museum
# K_x, P ^#` =\_x J<H<H OQ`
`H"x P~@O iyOk.
'' l "~ ^
~ Pk< *~ ~
'' [Q^s =O^ =ie J#O@ "_H
^#"^ K ~[= " "O.
"# g# J_y z=iH W @<O. ~O_` "_ Jk. P#
z=i JO` =O\_x èOk. ZO_, zH, t~} |~=.
H~
131
g^ =@ "`, H<C` ">O@ JO`

K~<O. ^=, PO. ` H>iH F =^ =_ s
s~HO` W=èH =K_. Ow |h#` cH~OQ L<_.
x~O`~ Ò| =#O` Z~Q L# <~. =# HiH KO#
=Ow <~ LOk. '' [Q^ s H Jx f+ J_Q_.
Ô` "_H = HO =OKHzOk.
''H PH =~^ # =" Jx Jiz#@Q J_Q_.
"O aH" "O. "O K# <~"q\ = J~O H^.
''H J<O J<_Q.
''<" N <Jx P# = |^ <~_.
''= Hl. " ~ ^j, ^^ P . [~
# P` Jx q#OQ <# O*~+ WKHO@O> ...
''N <He H H [~~` Jx =m <H
=H}OK_.
"_ =~# f+# Q ~ KOk. J~< UO =\_^.
^=H@H~# = z J=`~# K "_H
U=xOzO^ U" ...?!
XH z# Qk XO@iQ, P~O s P ^#
[Q^s ~x L<_. L`~ ~` Ô H=
=YOQ L~H= `=~ z=~ `= T~~#
`yeOKO\~. ~ kh, ` *s, ~H Q~Hs,
*+ =en Q D# _ [Q^~ x" H=#
''[Q^s Jx @<_. Q _Q, K #Q L<_.
^=f b *^~ H\ "<_. K |#O HO~O.
^@"# H#= HO^ K~Q r=O` `}H_ HO_. Qk
JO` H, ` QoO. ~u xk.
132
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
J~` P# K= q#|_=. J_Q^^ XH _ ~

KOKe. ^xx Kkq P# =#` =\_`_. `# Z^~Q
L# s ==e ~=<_. P# ~# Dr K~ H<
P s K Z`Q L#q. P# H< L#`< "O
~=@O LzÒ H^x qOz P# "i< q#O_ "=
P# H# HO^ <g^ ~<O. 89 O=`~ `` ^
KO` q#OQ ~< =#= =kiQ.
= kKH ` QiOz`Hx =OÔ K<_. =
O^x x=$u HO P# = QiOz J_y` 1920 WH_
D T< [xOz#@ K_. ==^~ @O|O
\<_@. rqÒÒ U L^Q K^@. ''`= e#
<q J#@ ==" K<_@. ^qHOQ =O^ `#
Hq#x, P `~` ~K~`#, Ki`H~_#x HOz` Q~O`
K<_. "`xH P< `# rq`x `# KC K`
LOK#@ èOk. g~Qb| =kiQ< P# _ ''"
J =sH =eH J#@ |uH_.
<# < Kx ^KHH ''PH Z_H+< H Jx <
èq `= x J_Q#.
^xH P# ^Q #q ''Z_H+< H H =` ` Jx
## Z^~ tOK_.
133
H~
Jx K_. P ~`# HO P T =`"

LO_^@. H=# P# K^= JH_ Py~O^@.
J~`<O P# 13 H# ~zOK_. P# =Y
QO^"# |~ Ki` O $uH =^^ ` JH_g
|=u =zO^@.
''P HO ^~Ò^ Jx P` J_Q#. < =^ XH H
_ ^. J~` < K@ XH ` H ^H}O Hx
H =<~. P ^H}O^~_ < =Oz q`_. <~ K
J_QO_ J<_. P J_ ~<O.
P `~` "O ~[=# ^x e z`\ =lO#
K_\xH "`<=x `x ~* g~ KO^ QiOz
gH"< ` Jx tOK_. è^x q#OQ KO.
=iHOKO KO_. P H^ JO` q<H P =#,
=lO# K =iO` QO@Ok J<_. ~ Jx "q^~O
|kQ P ^# =O^ ~x H^ q< z# q#QO.
89 O=`~ P Ki`H~_ P<\ `# =Hb# Ki`H
"o~ P Hx = HO_ =O^ iK_.
''`# Ki`# `< iOz
# #"# îu
=~=~~=
<# =#OQ L<#.

''Z_H+< H =` P`x~} P` qH Jx x~z
Z_H+<` ~ ~ `! ~H =`r B~
i"~ ~ ` J<_.
< \ w ``"` Q~HK_.
=m ## F^~\xH ''"` ~< a\+ [=< H "\\
Let your memory be your travel bag.

- Alexander Solzhenitsyn
134
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
H~
135
kOz#@ H^ K~O LOk. P Y_O W\H =lO

îO|_Òk. g =~OQx ^H= ^"x ^$+
@< ^q Ô`s Px xiOz#@Ok. P Ô`s ~
=< Ô`"_ l U~_Ok.
~* g~ KO^
' Pk" ^=_ q^Q^
''|~
~AO> Z=~#O@<~? "~=~ H^, g

=~OQ HHf~A Jx P ^# H^ "^ @H =O^
==e O`+\<_. P =@ q#Q< = Kf XH WOK
LOy~<~. ÒQ} ~RO U~_Q< D |~# _
=# HeO^= J# =["^ ^~K# _ =
=# îOk.
H.. 1323 _b <x =eH H~ Ku HHf~A
` ~^_ Ô F_~ |OnQ zH<_. =eH H~
J`x @Hx _bH |OnQ fH"O_Q Q^=i #k< H D
|~ ^\#OH #~^ #k< ^H P`` K<_x JO\~.
"`xH U^`<O P# `=_ J#=^=_ HO` =Ok`
Q^=i ^\ D |~ "tOz WH_ xH ~*#
<Q=Oj_x F_Oz `# H` ~*x Oz<_. W`x
~[< HO 13231369=~. "i "^\ ~[^x
~~. HHf tH"=O` JH_ J<H ^"#
xiOK_. g "~ O Q_ =# #On~_ qQO WH_
~~ _ LOk. `~` HO` HxH `# ~[^xx
~~ #O_ gO L# Ô`"_ =~_. JH_ Ô`s
^"x xiOK_. Ô`s ^q P ~A H XH Y_x
1774 û ^=_ ~AQ =# =O |~ ~*xH

=Y@}O D [Q^~ =iOk. <\ H l =Y HOÔQ
LOk. D |~ ~A ~ z=~ ''^" Jx LO@Ok. g~
HHf Jx K\xH Wk _ XH =Y"# L^~}. ~*
g} KO^ |O[^" =Ò `HOQ `# ~ z=~ HHf Jx
@<_. D# rq` HO 1929 1966.
D |O[^" Uq\? Jx f+ J_Q_.
|~ ~K@O| q" O|O^h ~Q# L# Xi
~ROx [~O, =~|O* O< "` LO_q. g~
KO^ Ò_ |O*^" ~K@OxH KOk#"_. H=# g~ KO^
`# ~ H# |O*^"`@ HHf Jx _ `HOQ
@<_.
~*g~ KO^ =# ~Q< < P# ~# I praveer the
god of Adivasis HO *HO =zOk. P On J#"^ Hx
<# HOH~ H<#. P HO gk ~*g~ KO^ \ =##O
K<#. K JO^"# qQO. Q~=~O. =YO ~[O`
L\_ HOu. PûH "kQ * *"~ n~H.
O^~H ^. ~KiHO` @ q^` _ J`x =YO
QKiOzOk.
W@=O\ ~A "#H U= q^Q^ ..?
Q~ Ki`# H^Q =ez q=i<~.
~* g~ KO^ èQ~ =i ^q. P" |~ =~A
~^`^" UHH Q~ uH ~} ~^=^qQ. 1921
136
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
~AQ~ =~}OKQ< P" O<x Jk+Oz =~}

J~Ok. 1927 P" q"O Xix =~|O*
O<n_ ^Qi |O^"# =~ |O*^"` [iyOk.
J`# |~ WiH J_Q =K_. "iH 1929 g~ KO^
[xOK_. `~` XH P_ H==i. PYi "Q "_
q[KO^|O*^" 1934 \_.
=~} =i P" ~ W^~ q^k. W^~
WOQO_ ZO.U K^=<~. P" ~ "^\ #O_
*="k. ~`^xH ÒÒ ~"x |OQ H~
<_. P ~A O_< q.H. H+g#< P^~O #_K
WO_bQ J< O J`# K~H# _. `# ~K# ^~,
L< ^~ Ò` L^=H~# L`[iK"_. a\+
Ò W`x Q=x J#=#OQ< K LO_k.
=# ^xH ÒÒ ~H =O^ Ô 560 =~ z# ^
O< LO_q. =# ^^` . "\ |~ _ XH
O#O. a\+"~ `= e\H U*O\ ^ ~_O\ ^~
O# ==~ *HO HeyOKHx `= ~ [<
HO `#O KO_"~. `= J#OQ LO_ k"<#
xqOK"~. ~A Ò` =HÒ O_ @ <"~.
|~ O#O W^ [iyOk. J~` K #QOQ, QO_.
| Pk" O|OkOz# O#O H=# a\+ "iH P
Òi`#O =zO^"!
=~} =i^q 1936 WOQO_< ~`Q
J<~QO (JO_\ )` =~}OzOk. P" HO i#
"Ô U~@ KH @ iÒQ< ==iOK@O = P"
Kx~O^x XH ` Y ^~ P ~O "_ J~Ok. P"
=$`= ^~ O<x |#~K_" "i LÔ.
H~
137
~} KxQ< U_ O=`~ P" ^H_ g~KO^#

<"H " ~AQ H\ Oz O#O Jk+OK~. x["#
JkH~h a\+ "~ xqOz# e\H U*O\
OHqOK~. P U*O@ g~ KO^ =i J`_ K `=_
q^, tH}HO y|< Jx XH Qi<# xqOK_. "_
= Hi#_. H=tH} ~` "i =H` qH# <#O K
=O^|^Q K@" "_ H OQ LO_k.
O#Ox Pk" [ ~}Qi =$`~O è~
JO`$ * ~QQ~. `= [ O^, [ =#~#
^KH#@" QH, `= Pk" O $ux ''P^hH~} ~`
a\+ Ò Z\ <#O K#^ "iH +OQ `. P
JO`$ * ~ye~ye 1910 <\ OH u~Q@ =m
#~=$Ò J=Ò^"#x a\+ Ò _yOk.
=~ |O*^"# OQnH"x J<H ` KOk.
~}Qik ["# =$`"#x [ #KK=x =u_ KOk.
P# Hi ~}O _|# OK`=x WOH W`~ H~#
OK`=x P K~. XHC_ 'WO_bQ _#.
P# P OQH WOH q[$OaOz [H "o ~}Qi
=~}xH O|OkOz# @` J<H OQ`# KQ_.
`# [# "O K q`_Q qye#x `Q K_.
^x` J`x J<H POH# qkOK~. HH kOK~. `#
O` OHO J`# *HO KH~^, e\H U*O\
J#=u`< "ix K_e. J\ z# , èx P L#
Ò_ = _ ^~=~. ~* g~ KO^ Jh Ò_
Q} OHqOKx `x a\+ "~ "i^~ H=O_
Ò_ =O P H_ _O_ Jx *Q` f<~.
z=iH =~ O*^"# Xi OOz "~.
138
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
WH =Q~ J<^Q iQ~. y|< L H=tH}

HO^ "i ["# Ja=$kx èq`@# H~z" `
[iQ~. y|< "ix `~KQ H>"_. =O^ ~[=i
H==i |~Ok. H"x P"# iH Q Oz H
= ~H=O^ ~K@O| O|OÔ HH == [qO^s
@O| O|OÔ` o [iOK~. P" JH_ W=_H
z^~ ~# <Q O=`~ J<OQ
=~}OzOk. P =Q~ z# ~H ~K@O|O
[xOK~. Hx "i O, =H` ~k^< =O<
èÔ_ ^~=~. J~< g} KO^ J_Q_Q<
y|<#, e\H U*O@# u\ LO_"_.
XHi Hk ~A HO y|< = "_. OHx
~[@O| H~î *+H JyOz "_. J`# ^=_.
~K@O|O LCux iy#"_. H=# P =Q~ e `#
WO\H fHo ^j [<x s, M~` _#
H\g~ k+[<x ~zKOK_. POQû P~x
ux l Kz# P P [#O J=$`=#OQ `zOk. P
WO\ "i =# _ KqK~. y|< ~Q< D OQu è
*+x K_=_ u_O> iOKx g~ KO^ y|< KO
K=xOK_. ^x` y|< g~ KO^ zO^x,
H==i Q z"_Q =~_x K~O K Q Jx
"_H ~ ^~ =^" |=OÒQ =#H "Ô
~OaOK_.
a@< ~[H == ~"O@s *= == J~< P
^ [ ~KiHx XH O|Q Q~q~. ~A H ~} ^
B#`xH OH`Q q~. P O^x Q~qOK =#
Ôx a\+ =# O< @ =# ~A q+O
#OQ J==#H~OQ ZO^ =iOK~? <QsO J#<
"i D "~Ô ZO^H?
H~
139
""xH g~ KO^ ^" K x` $^_. =_,

PûH"k. =#+<H^, [O`=# _ JqÒQ
qOK"_. XHi `# O_ H Kx` ^x =` f
H~O JO` H [i ^ J#^#O K_.
z=iH J`xH 18 OII xO_ "<s fi "[~ HQ< Jx
x["# JkH~` A 1947 ~AQ H\ OK~. Hx Jk
=} =K> J~Ok. ^xH ÒÒ =z HOQ
JkH~OH ~Q< 1948 |~ O<x Ôx W`~
O<` He WO_< x< qb#O K<~. g~
KO^^" ~* J# a~^` @ ~[~}x, W`~ H~#
JO^K~.
J~` H^ JO`\ ` MOÒ H^. HOQ HO Q~#
u<"_~ |~# u<"_ =z#@ =iOk.
1953 O<xH O|OkOz# PxO\h HO^ Ò
n#O KHQ J`# "\ q_^ HO H~ K@ u~Qe
=zOk. =HQÒQ PiH W|O^# Z^~<_. q^~OQ
J`_ `"gH^. ~~ x=i\ #O_ ZO.Z iK
HO` HO WOQO_x PH~ x=i\ Kkq<_.
1955 g~ KO^ |~ l Pk" H< =E~ " O
Jx XH ~[H s OK_. Pk" [ PiH =lH
^_x JiH\ "i O~ Ja=$k kOK@" P s H O.
HOQ sx J`_ Z#_ #=^. 1957 |~ #O_
Z"Q ZxH<_. Hx ~O_ `~` P ^qH ~r<= K_.
a\+ ÒQ HOQ Ò _ J`xH =u~HOQ
J<H @ xOk. PiH <~ P~} 1961 J`} J~
K HO` HO * \Ok. ''~A J# a~^# `yOz J`_
`=_ q[KO^ |O*^", P a~^# ^#O K Jx
140
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
q+ J`_ OkOK@O ~OaOzOk. J\ J#^=

=^ zK \ a\+"iQ ''qlOz eOK J< Ô`x
J= KOk. `=_ q[KO^ Ò "~ #`#OQ
H\ Oz Wz# ''q[= `~e"o_. `~`~Q
=# ''~[= g~ KO^ XH_ XO@iQ qye_.
1961 J`xH ~[< ~[uH` q"O [iyOk. Hx XH
O=`~"< u~QH=O^ P" èQiO\H "o =@O = P
q"O q" ~Ok.
O #O_ XO@i `#O< iy# J`# =m =~i Q
qiQ =~_. J_Q_Q< J`_x "O\_ qÔ J`_
`_h_Q =iOk.
~A# J~ K_O, ~* J# a~^# f J`_ `=_H
P a~^# |^~OK_O, P [iy# J==#O `= [iy#
J==#OQ< yi[# ^_<~. x*xH "~ `= ~A
g~KO^# `= ^=_Q qOK~. "i JO`$
* ~Q`<~. |~ lx z`\ gO
O_ Q_ J< Q=O LOk. JH_ u "~O yi[# O`
[~QÒk. Hx " =Ok [= J=`~. K ^ O`.
^~}OQ P O` =O< yi[# = ''^~~
[~QÒk. Di ~A J~, a~^# `yOz `=_H
|^~OK@O K~ [~QÒ^x eÒQ Ou ^` =
``=Kx l JkH~, b JkH~ =O^ TOz, P
O` K~x "~O` Kki "x KiH K 144=
H<# qkOK~. P ~A JH_ =~ k" =Ok yi[#
L<~.
^x` Pk", JkH~ "y"Ô [iyOk.
P =O XH =#_# yi[#_ z x|_ qz`"#
`~x ~OaOK_. ''< J~Kux XH "ex f WOH"ex
H~
141
WH_ _` Jk iQ JuH#@ LO@O^ Jx P JkH~#

\Q tOK_. J`< =m WOH # _ J_Q_.
''1948< O#O, ~KiHO ~^~~Ok. *Ò` Ò
U~_Ok. =m H`Q WC_ ~A ''a~^# "~ "iH ZO^
|kb K= =zO^x tOK_. P =^#O `KH
z~u# b =O^ sKi K P `~` H [i~.
b JO` |QO K< yi[# `= =^ qO|,
Q_, |i O\ P^< "\x yOK^. `=
~A# ZO^ J~ K~ ZO^ J==xOK~ OuÒQ
KiOKH=@" "~ K# ^<~O. P H k=Ok =~
KxQ 59 =Okx J~ K H~ H K@ u~. Hx
J^$+=` "~ K# <~O ~A= HH P H# H\"
"~Oîh +~`Q q_^ K~. D ^~@# 31.03.1961#
[iyOk.
P H^ Hx H^ qO@O> < =# Pk^ lx
WO^"e QO_ 1981 Z 20<_ [iy# b
H *HO =zOk. yi[# }O> <_ <_ _
H^. W\=e HO "He yi[# =
[iy# =H J`K~ g\ qK~}# h~Qi# "#O Ò
Q~=zOk.
P `~` Hk ~AH ^~ L`" =K~. Pk"
^~ K ^ O_Q. ~*Q~ ^~ T~yO =O^ QO
U#Q# JOs ~x Q_H "o ^qx îOKH=@O
`~`~Q =# OÔ. P H~H=O ` Y~`
` ~OQ< x~OK|_Òk. J~` Di Ò g~
KO^# HH J`_ `=_ q[KO^# Q*~} K=x
P^tOzOk. Pk" yi[# P PK## f=OQ =u~HOz
`~"# P T~yO# |+iOz `" Y~h iOz \
142
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
L`"# x~OK~. Hk =Ok yi[# P#O^``

P T~yO x Q*~} K# g~KO^# L^tOz
''[#` H ~* Jx [[^< K~. J\ Pk" ^~
L`" 1962 #O_ ~O"<~.
n~"# k O=`~ <~@O `~` 1963 A
< ~* g~KO^ Ph J`xH n#"<~.
P H~ H [O*@O #O_ q=H Ok# ~* WH `# Hx,
Hx `# [# yi[# H" "zOK_. HOQ `
O Jx ~H ^_ Qi J=`# "ix ~HOK ~@O
HO #_O ayOK_. Yes I am the god of Adivasis Jx P<
OQ K"_. HOQ HO\ #Q
`~_. HOQ "~ _ J`xx XH ''u@<HQ
QiOK~.
1965 |~ yi[# = _bH "_. J\ O
qx+~ Qs #O^# He =e q=iOK\xH
J~O\"O\ J_y` P# x~HiOK_. `# [ HO P
~* ~[^x _b x~~nH ~OaOK_. P "~
uHHHOk. z=iH HO^ Ò ky =z ~*# K~
PxOzOk.
WH P `~` ~* g~KO^ Pk" = `HOQ
^ K_. `#HO@ XH O` @O|Ox J`# `#
~[=# *"kHQ =~_. 1965 #=O|~ P
~[= =O^# q"# "^#O "k Pk"
T~yO |~OQ [i_. ^x` XH O\` HQ
~O^Q~. P Wz# K`#O` P Hk~A `~`
l HH~ H~x `= _=O_HO K@=\~.
~uO|= P ^~ =@_ [iyOk. z=iH J~~u "i s
LyOz "ix KK^~ K~. "~O` =Qb. g~
H~
143
HO` =Ok ` JOQ =iOz#@ è yi[# HO`

Ty~.
P b ^~<xH x~#Q '~* 1965 _O|~ 12# `#
`=_ x=OK JkH~ =#O ''q[ =< =O^ x~~
nH ~<_. b JkH~ =z J@=O\ ^~@# =m
q+` #~=$Ò H=x g W=@O` ~* P x~~ nH#
q~qOK~.
Pk" =` [` ="H"# P ~* XH
L^=H~_Q =i_. e\H H J<e H~O
a\+ ^+hu =# O èÔ_ = ^~"#
P J=H _ `` a\+ "i< P `~` "i
J_Q *_ #_z# HOQ < ^+O OKHx `#x
'^=_Q qOz# [HO XH L^=H~_Q =i<_"!
| ~` ^ O< U ~A_ W\ [` "i
=` ="HO H^"! JO^~ ~A =kiQ QH J`#
''^ ~AQ i=~# KO^_.
q[=< =O^ x~~nH K =yOz# ~O_ <H =~
= ùOk. ~` #O_ P~ ^< g = =. J
H~= P g =. P~ Y JkH~ qKH} ~ÒQ
|=OÒQ ~` #O_ g ^<x = K<~. XH Food
inspector XH Pk" ^~` WO\H |=OÒQ K~|_ J`x
=^ =# k | ^<x [ KH#Q P ~` H QkH "o
O_ ` QO @x P WO\ ^xH Li"x
P`` K<_. P JkHi [ K# P |xO\h JH_
=k He#_H< iQu i_.
D O@# yi[# HiKQ "OzOk. WO`QH
Pk" =e W`~ K=HQ H#@O HO\~ Q<
H# J=H yi[# #O_ <==` ^~ Hx H@
144
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
_Q`@O, JkH~ Jqhu, [, [OQ, [g< Pk"

O_ K@O "^Q "@xO\ L^qOK\xH
~* ''Pk" "^# OK_. P O K~Q xK
Jqhu JkH~<, b< "iH ~^ K@O
~OaOzOk. 1966 |=i 8= `sY<_ = i~O
HO =m q[=< Z^@ x~~nH <_. g =
QiOz H` K@O fH=x Ò "Q#O K@O` P nH
q~qOK_.
|~ i` q+q<x Q=xOz# HO^, ~R
` ux^ K~ HO ~*# ~R ~[^x
eOz Ou ^` ^$ HO` HO |~ ^~OQ LO_x
zOK~. Jk ~HOQ XH KiH _. `# Ò_
=~ |O*^"# _ W< a\+ "~ |=OÒQ
Xi OOz# OQu ~* *HO =z ` `xH #
`xH `_ ^x Q=xOz `## ^=_Q Hez qOK
Pk" #O_ ^~OQ " H ^x "i =M |#
|^@@ =^#O K_.
~*, ~*Q O^Q =iOK_. Pd~ ` " ~* <!
''1966 =i 25= `n `~`~ yi[# |~ Ki` XH pH\ ~A.
[Q^s `# H^# f JH#<# K``
JÔ@ =@ "}`# QO`` L^QOQ J<_.
''JC_ < = iQ 46 O=`~. < H =O^ P ~A
P ^~@# [iyOk. ~* g~ KO^ <H# `qk O=`~
z#"_. D ~A J`# _. Hx, <#<#. [iy# Ki`
K\xH XH HQ. ''Wk qÔ QH =~q\? Jx tOK_.
P Ò O=`~ ~=$^_.
H~
145
P ^# =m Ki` @H "o_.
P pH\ ~A @# iQ "~O ~A =O^, YzÒQ
KO> 18 =i <_ [Q^~ @}O< Pk",
b =^ XH ~} [iyOk. Pk" ^=`
O|OkOz# XH T~yO b *HO KHQ ~OO
=i ^[O ~O_ HO^ <g^ _<~. Jk J#OQ
qOz# Pk" HO #xH JO\Ok. "~ b gkH
^_ KQ uK~Q g~ sKs K~. P ^| _
HO` =Ok gO =# ~[=H ~H} ^~Ò^#
P` î~<~. K ~AO_ ~[= Pk" ,
~+ XH =~OQ =iO^x b Q HH
LOk. WC_ =m "~ JO^H ^~iH b ~[=
gkH _ ^_H #<~. JC_ ~* g~ KO^
b f=~ "QÔ [iyOk.
P =~<_ ~* HO^ ` O qx+~ XH Y ~
[Q^~ ~A~A i` q+q<x `# _
}x LO^x, H=# ~H} HeOK=x q=iOK_. Hx P Y
HOÔ U =Ò OkOK^. =$Ò\H Q}Q}"y# 1966
=i 25= `sY ~<=zOk.
P LÔ K P^H~OQ OÒQ LOk. ~ `#
=O^ iu Q. ~[= =O^# q"# K\
"^#Ox K@ HO^ Pk" =O@ ~OaOK~. qO|
îOz# Pk" ~+ K~ K<~. z# O`+O`
QO`` P_O@<~. Wk u~E x`H$`" ^~} ^$".
~[= Z^~Q P "^<xH H# l <#O LOk. P
# g^ =K [ P "^#O qOu fH=_O,
J=~=#O> XH\ ~O_ ~A LO_@O ~^~}O.
146
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
LÔ k QO@ =O <#O #O_ XH =^~x

b |O^|` * fH<~. J`x |O^= XH`# P
=^~ J=_x, <~O K^x J~ XH q+i`
}x Z\ b " =k_. XH b ["# P
}O `ye ^"M< fH"Q =~}OK_. ^x` Jy
`QOk. b "^#O =# yi[#Oî g^ sKs
~OaOK~. T~yO ~OO, ^[O <~e# ^$
*HO =z yi[# _ ` Q Q=x =O_
qO|`, Q_` Z^~^_ kQ~. b H
~OaOK~. K\ "^#O ~HH=~Ok. HO` =Ok
yi[# }O` ~[= ~H}HO ^~~.
yi[# ~H} H=KOQ x|_# P ~[=# K_Q<
b W`~ L#`kH~ O_g^ H~O ~#@
Q=Ok. ~R~[^x #O_ _ J\H "iH U"
~ OH` JOk#@<~.
=~H [Q^~ @}O H KC_ qx J@_H
~Ok. ^H}h |O^ J~#q. i~ O` #O_ "k
=Ok Pk" @}OH P^` ~Q~. ^
"`=~}O <HOk.
iQ OÒ <Q#~ QO@ XH #~OQ b "<
#O|~ 1199 =z ~[= ^ ^~* =O^ =z PyOk.
JO^ #O_ b L#`kH~ W`~ ["# aa HOkH
kQ~. "~ "< =z# b ~[= "`x
K@=\~. "` KiH *s K~. ~* g~ KO^
=i ~H} fO@# W`~ Pk" `H}" |@H
=z b Oy"x ^ ^ KiH, kiO *s
K~. Z@=O\ J#K~Q}O O_ ~* g~ KO^ XH_
H~
147
O` zÒ` =K_. J`x Z@=O\ PO^<, L^H

H#~^. QÒ [iy# J<H @#Q Wk _ J#<_.
"^#O "k =Ok Pk" [= J~. JO^
JkHO. "i KOH _ L<~. Hk =O< b
L#`kH~ ~* =^ "y"Ô [iyOk. ~* x~#Q
"#H uiy `# =H "`<_. XH L#`kHi P#
H Qi\ H_. ~* ~HO H~`# H`< O@
O@ eH #_=Q_. WO` XH Pk" =z ~*#
@Hx eH f" Ò KQ P Wî UH HO
J<H Q# iOK~. WOH Pk" "~ g~_ =z ~*#
[O "Hx ~*_H QkH "o Px =OKO _H\
Ò_Q "O|_Oz# b P _H Qk î P Wî
qKH} ~ÒQ H [i~. ~[= qO|
|O^ ~}~OQ"Ok. z=iH |O^^ K~ J~Ok.
b, Ò ~* `= HH# z=iH J\ f~<~.
=^^ ~R Ò XH O<n_x Q~qOz# û Jk.
~* =~}x l JkH~ ~OQ ^z\~. J~<
[ J OQu è~Ok. #Q~O JO` x+^[
qkOK|_<~.
26= `n LÔ =~ `=_ ~* q[KO^ |O[^"
J#Qi =~}"~ è^. z=iH XH ~} ~[= b
|O^| #O_ ÒKHx =z P "~# J`xH è*Ok.
~* q[KO^ ~k ~[= =K_. b J`xx
_ J@H~OK~. J`# qÔ` "# =~_. =sH
OK<= [iy# `~` J#Qi xs= ^~#O [iyOk.
JO`H O^~O _ Ò << OQ= K J<H
POHe qkOzOk. "x b "#O< <xH fHx
148
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
H~
149
"kOK~. z=iH ~K@O| , Pk" [

"iPK## =u~HOz O^~H ^` `= *
"O@ ~K@O| # "\H JO`H#
x~OK~.
^ A L# `=~ z`. =~A, =~} [O@Q

q_q_Q ky# \. ~* g~KO^ z`@O `HOQ LOk.
x|OQ \ f<O. H"~ H=< "i PÒuH
ZH_ OQO "\Ò^ J#@!
P =~<_ 27= `n# [Q^~ @}O Z=~ KO_<

|O^ \OzOk. iH Ò #_=^.
P L*_" K=< ("_~# L^#=#O) #O_ W=èH

=KO. ` H J" Q |*~ "O. Qi q`_
HeO. P# _ "~ #=# OîOz# "_. KH\
WOw+ KH\ On` =Q =\__. ''|~ Ki` O $u
Qi QO^x q= KeOz H#<O. |^~
@~O J# OQu è } *Q` K_. Ô`"_
}O =O^ y^" T~ K~@. =^ U T~, z#
Q=O _ H#~^@. OÒ J=Òk. pH\ }O.
~_ JOÒ` =`". `~Q |^~x KiOK_. "O
"i< q#O_ Q~O Q~O K Òz "O `y# `~`
g_ K_. P =$^_ = "O =iO. P =
=# J~` Uq\? =~O J# XH =H `!
|~ q OKiOK Q=O`x h_ z=iH J ="Ok.

Hx Pk", yi[# Q_, QO_ Q_ H@x "
xez~Ok.
[Qî H^ P =#OQ ~<_. "q^~O =#
=^ Q_H\ # =OK =^ x|OQ ~<O. ~*Qi
PÒu HO J#@.
H#_x HO ==e `~=Òk. `^, <# <=kQ z
^ < Kè PxOz ^#=~O K#. P# `#
Kux < ` LOK_.
''=~ ~
# ~ # iH<
| K *<
W^~O ~[= " |^~O. Z=~ Hq J#@ ''HO
KHe g^ hqOz# Hh\ KH P =#O xKx LOk. ^x
=O^ q"# "^#O Hx x" =<, XH H` Q_
L<~. "^#O XH = ~* g~ KO^ O*^" HHf
qQO, ~H O L<~. P \ f<O. P
~[= HOk Q=O` XH #iOQ Hr, aW_ Hr
L^~OQ Wz#@Ok. =#O QO ~K@O| "~
x"O. HO^ =lO ` ìK L<~. H^~,
O^~ Z=~ H#~^. "O eH x|OQ "O. Jh
P [Q^~xH Je^ K #H<Q O\ @ gkH

|O_x =oOKO. `~# L^~Oz# ~_ _=@
JO_~QO_ "o _. Hx J`x J_Q *_ =Ò
O[HO* ~OQ JO`\ qiOz, "~<~. q"#
O_ ^$"^<. Q_ `` = g_
K|`<~. PHO = \Q ==e HO` ^~O
J#iOz b H\ î=o ="`<~. Jq =
`èH `. JQ_x PH^=` H=O = Wî H"
P UHO` ^~e $+Oz#@Ok. pH\ , H\ H pH\ , pH\Oz
H~pH\ H, pH@x peHH = Z_`Qx x~O`~ JO`,
O` x n~ }O. @~ f+ fQ gk = ~
@. H#~x #e HO pH\ Qk ^=@ pH@#
pO@ = }O QÒk. ~_O` HOH~ ~=O.
150
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
|O_ Q~O HeOz Q_^ QO`Òk. |O_H D z= pH@

UO H=^~ ^=_ ^=_ Jx = QO_ KK=O@<~.
O yO q_ #_ J#@ =O^H `<O. [< x
Q Ô î `# @~Q ^s `# x }O.
D ^~ ZH_< =O^`~ q@#O [iy` ... ... . H
b Z^~ Z=~ g~? Jx P` ... ... . k "x
Z<HO@~ K ... QiO x J<^ " =i` .. .. XH
" J# P ... JC_ "O L^QO` ...
J<<x
"< H<x ...
Jx @_? QO`?? pH@ DQ =~
PK#. f+ PzOK J=HO _ ^. ~
*_Oz OKOk HOnHiOz K# KHxQ =i pH@#
KkOz QO_~O_O =O^ "<_. ^~, ^~ D
~^~ D PK# ## g_x =~, J#O` #O
JOu= `^H "<_ `_ h_. Z\q? U Hxg
~^~!
|^x HxH L`~ ~` ^x =^ P ^ He
=~[^<~. P ^~ ~" x~O`~ OK~O
H#yOK"~. û ^~^~ O` XO@i
` K"~. H~O <= `|O #O_ H HO ~O_=
`|O ^H< OÒx <\ B~OQ^ gO =#
''^<# ~[^xQ Kx ieOz# `"# ~A
iQ ÒQ} O` ~A. g~ L`~ ^H} ê He
''=^# xiOK~. `^~ ^"OQ O|O^
#~îOK|_~. D ~A <Q ^# =~# xiOz#@
Ki` K|Òk. ^< #O_ ^# H@HO =~, qO^ ~`
#O_ ^< =~, ^< #O_ |~HKxH, (Q[~`) ^<
H~
151
#O_ |~ g^Q Xix =YeOQO =~ <Q

=^# xiOK~. P <Q ^~# He _e "i
~[^x ^<. J\ Ki` è ÒQ} ~[^x ^<. `~`
HO Jk <\ HsO#Q~ lx ''H\eOQ =iOk.
|"# ~*, ~[^# ÒQ}" èHOÔ.
PK< = #O_ T__ Kp K_ y^" T~
K~<O. ~~Y# JO\@Hx Hx W =iHx ^H},
T~ T~O` Z=~ ÔQ ^K~#@ xs=OQ, L^#OQ,
Mm MmQ ~ =Ok. u #Q~ Oî `## HQ>
Q[ÔQ HO xsHOk J# ~ H D TiH =iOK^"!
q^n P=^ n Q_ Q_Q "Q`<~. Q J
"O P T< PyÔ J#<O. XH XH Qe~x
HOQ> =^#+ _ LOk. ~ D ~u WH_ U_Ô Jx
x~~OK<iH H< =# ^"O #O_ " [#
"`. Q.
''`Q <@ H~O
`Q ~Òk
_<r = H
_O[~Q =~Òk
Jx Q*=~_ < Kq QQ ~<_.
JH_O_ Ô`"_ l =YHOÔ H=O <O_ Hg@~
=`". J ~# = P ^~O <O_ " H.g.Q
`zOk. J~` Q_ ""#@ P ~_ K h\Q
LO@O^@.
`^ H^? ''Un Qu < ~OQ N ~OQ Jx
U_O@ Ô`s ^q ^ KO` |i<O.
152
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
H~
153
Z@H P ~u k QO@ =lb Kiuq. T~ ~. Hx

O Q\ z# P T~ ~u `qk QO@H |=OÒQ
x^Ò^@ b '* H@_. J# '* H> P T~O>
b HOz` HO H^@.
^K~ O OQ =_=_Q U^ J~Ô K#@
`kOKHx Q|Q WO_ "`<~. XH =Oz @ LOk.
Hx ^~ JkHO. XH <~HO @ XH QbA ~O f<O.
XH ~` Q^ Jx = P` i KC<O. JH_ < K
x ~Q `QO@=x _ =#<O. Qr ~O
_ @ HO |~O. ~[h [< îHOk. JO`
~z z. Q~OQ~O , O, HOkC, K< PQc c.
Q i# P=<~ Q_ H\ # H=\ ~Q. "_ "_ ##O. ~
i. J^~= P~ ~H JK~. `$Q u<O.
''"} < ~} Jx =i #g~^_ `# ZC_O>
JC_ aOK ''~u H`~O QiOz K#@ "O =
"# x^^=` QiOz =m =m g ZO^ KCH"e?
H _ ~x H=x ~u.
"Travel means escape into freedom

and escape into eternity"
- Ibne Batuta
~u ÔÒ T__# <

Ô`"_ = `q^= ~A ìOk. Ò HO
=HO QOk. H=# =Y H# =`" =yOz W=è
HKO. ~O Mm K XH K `y ^g Ô`s ^"xH
|^~O. THO` =Ok `Q "~ H#|_~. g~O` "*Q
". gOx H~O_ W# Yx[O Q# xK\xH
=K~@. "*Q @ H~O_ ~ = J~ "b "iH J#"#
} H~O.
J#=^=_ `# ~*x ~~ #O_ Ô`"_ =i#_
D Ôì Px xiOz#@ H^ K~O =Ok. JO`QH D
^"xH XH ~}H Q^ _ LOk. yiuH ~u Ò_
^H*u `# K# [O O^~OQ t=} J==xOzK@O=
~u P J==<x iOKH J^ [QO_O ^H Pù
KOk. t=_ ^# ^~O K LÔ` q+= `# ^~#
KHO` ~u qQ` s~x 54 =HQ K JO`\ qi"Q
Jg H ~Q "e<@. ~u ÔÒ WH_ _ Ô`s
^"OQ qeO^@.
J#=^=_ `# ~[^xx ~~ #O_ WH_H `~eOK
@C_ ^[OO` @ J<H qQ# _ WH_H `z #
u+ K_.
154
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
D Ô`s PO dh _dh J# ~O_ #^ OQ=

#O "eOk. P ~O_ #ê KO. JO^ <,
[ K<~. "O P i~x XH\ ~O_ z#Q# _
OîOKHx uiy y^" K~<O.
+~ ==Q JH_ _ _| P"\ H JO_ \.
Z_ |` ^Q~ <# < \ =iz#. J~QO@ `~` <#
JH_H " Jk < HO ''HOHQ JH_ xsH ~Ok.
Hx ~O H^. ÔQ|k <QsH ` yi[# LO_^x
=~i ~A"Ok.
= ` }oH H~O "O P OÒ @O
= c*~ K~H"e.
W\=e HO c*~ "~x O H^!
Pk= u_ [OQ= ^=_ t=# `Kx
''OOH~ Jx =m |^~O. ("`# "`Q<
T`^# L` T`^Q< QiOK=#x =#q).
''*Q` =! #~HO ~_ WQ LO\~. H=# K
#~HxH " =m W\O\ ~_ Qu J#@ D ~_ #~HxH
OQ D g^< |k K@@Q L<~. HOH~ HOH~ "
OH~ Q"< OQu U"Qx HOH~~ g^ }O H @
Q LOk. x# ~u Q~OQ, Q_^Q " "# = |O_
WC_ O\ \@Q P HOH~ ~ g^ @O @O Jx
O@O@ L~Òk. O ^x ^ ^xk. = ^ =k. `
H `q J#@.
y^" @ c*~ 81 H.g. Q <+# ". Jk ~
=`" =# ^Q~ =xe\ ~_ JO`HO> =O^~@ @~. =
J= ''r<a =+, =~a =+ J#@ LOk.
H~
155
OQ OQ = î XH ~ HxOzOk '' t"#O^

Q~ JH_Oz ^~O ~O_ H.g. Jx XH }O Q~ _
LOk. P P=xH " JH_ T~# _ K_K P T~x
=#+` =K@ KCH=Kx < P. Q Q~O. z# z#
H _ LO\~! < [ q#Q< f+ HO
=OKHzOk. OÒ Q @O K~H". H`
~u J~OÔ> x#\ ~uQ << u _x "_ O.
"_x z#Q |[yOz < îH `KHx P TiH " He@H
|O_x =eO.
P T~ JO` Q. zO` K@ h_ HO^ fiHQ <=~
"# P=O^. QQ}O #. "O =O^ Q~xH "O.
Kx K@ h_ HO^ K@ L# K\ =^ x|OQ `
KO@# =h~_ P Q~O LOk. _QO_` H
A@` XH J~_[# =Ok z# = Z^~_ #=~
K = ^ =Oy =Oy Ô_ _`<~. "~O^~
Pk" . HO` ^~O =# z# K~= =iHO` =Ok
|i` D` H_`<~. P hg^ ~H~} _
ye# JÔ "~ =H=`<~. P H WHeOe
\ WiHOKO. P P=O Q~=Q~ [#O =<~@.
Q_ g^ ~# +`# K^=` HO` P# HO
Z^~KO. P# `~Q `q@@ H#_^. =~H f+
Ò^~. T [< ~. O # "~@. ~ = O
WO` J#x u~Q=YO \O.
=m *f zÒ îH =KO.
PH YO_Ox "~H Ô O=`~xHi =Oz
=O_>O_ HO Z_i ` JO`~f \
x~~@. ^ ^ #O_ JO^ #\xH
=~@. XH ~A H^, ~O_ ~A H^, "~O k ~A @
156
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
P Z_i XH K@ #O_ | î =~ K@H K~H"e.

Z_i WH H ~HÒ> #O_ Q_^ "` |~=.
uO_ u, h, =O^, ~u _< Q_~ Jh
Z=iq "~ "O@ #_"e. |^~ =O^ JO^~
QOQ< |^~`~. Hx "^\ ~A }O z=~<
JO^~ q_`~. WH XO@i `< Qu. ~` Z_~
K^<xH W=èH =K q+Hq H@H ~. Q JkH
LQ` ~u JujÒ i q~^ "`=~}O. ` z=~ `Q
h J~` Z=i =Ò "~ `Q`~. uO_ J~` Z_i
|<, WOH^< q+ ~` r"< KO xC g^ He ux
}x xO\~. Ju "_qH Ju j`xH =Y= ^,
^ ye ~H H~`~. __+<` <eH ZO_ =@
|\H ~^. "~O k ~A Kp K_ z=iH =lb K~O\~.
"iH "^|$OÔ QÒ Òk. P \ q*`,
F_~# "~ JO@ Z=~ q_ q_Q LO_~. JO` =#".
\ #@O, =lb K~H=@O | JO`. J^ =YO. XH
H"~ Uq@O> JO^ _ O\~. P `
JO^~ =$`= JOK K~x =$`=# =^_ ^x
i+OQO #O_ |\H~. JO` r=#~} J#"<^~x
_ =m O=`~O P \ =KiH "= _ ~_ Jx uiy
`~ J=`~.
=x+ qz`"# rq. Z_~, HO_, H#, Jy~`
tY~, Z`# =OKHO_, , [`, =^Q~,
PH=~ } ZO^ K_ ^xHO K_
KO.
''O =HO =$`= XH HH^
=$`=# =M=dQ Z^~x ^x H H \ K ^xx
iOz ^xx |OuQ<, O| Q< K Q_ qi
H~
157
H>"_ =x+. `#C_ =$`=# z# z~=`, =OÔ`

QÒ K HiOK"_ =x+
=` H " ~M H r<
=$`= =i O K WO~O\ JO_ WO@~OQ
\H.
P = u` e ""O`? = ` ZO`? ~_
=O^ kq\O. =H =O^ =~QAO. eHO.
=~}O QiOz =~H =@ K =y#.
=~}Oz# `~` _ rqOK@@ =x+ rqOKe. nxH
O|OkOz# XH H`.
''<Q~ ~`Q H^~O KO^~. Ô, ^ *hHO
H Q~Ok. P x*x Z\ #= ^_^. `H jiH
Z\ \ ZO` ZH"Q \ Jx uH"~ A@
O@<~.
a\ "~uH Z_@~ H~Ol, H.U. J# ez +
|e>< HO K OHOQ `H jiH \x, Jk _ ~O_
=_ ^ HO> qOK~^x, H=~ r < =" P XH
jiH =`" LO_x, qQ` =@~ ~O_ r =O^x ''#~
aQ=` Q|Q K#eK_.
=~" J ^YO PQ@O ^. Oy Oy i i H
LaH =Ok. <` P# J#|OÔ K ^Q~k. J~<
=#~ U__xH _ >O ^. H~= x~} =O^, ^YO
`~`.
J J~^ xq PzOz `H jiH# x~~OK_.
H~Ol =_ ^ =~ J#=u WK_.
158
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
J ~O_ ^< P `H jiH# \_. qQ` uHh

s s jiH` <~, < =~}OK~ J# J~`
jiH _` ... J =Ò "Nehru Lives" J<_.
=~}Oz# `~` _ rqOK\xH |u#_ Z rqOK
Z=iH "~ J~O KH"e. x~~OKH"e.
< PK# ^~ ~`Q `y~Ok. #~=#=_ XH_
_ H#~x P H# < "~Q XH [Ow Pn
`~__. f+# |uq_ |O_ POK#. "_ = "#H
#_KO@ <=kQ =<_. H "_HO Z^~K
^QiH ~Q< sHQ K#. P [Ow Pn =_ H^, =$^_.
Hx =O` KO. Z~\ ZO_ He He #Q =QQ
=i ZO_ P~# X~Q`#HQ ZO_~ L<_. =`<
#=x JO\@# P ^, P He" =OH~ uiy
~. XH~`"# #_= J_k_OQ K@<_. Z=~
Wz# ~OQ"# xO_ K` he~OQ +~# "<_. Hx
QO_ H Jk _O_Q P XO\ "_Òk. `H Ò_.
[O U@"Q F H~. ^xH "_`# F ZO_ ~> =@.
|~ Pk" rq`xH uxkO\"_. On HiOK. "_
+ U" ~O_ =H Q}Q_ =@ =iz# =#=_
Q<_. XH \ kQÔ Jx H"~ K\ K` Q K#.
^ HÔ_< =m U^ Q}Q_. \ kQ`< K
<g^< L<~. <# < <QiH Pk`x J\ \ kQ@O
^~ x~OK<#! Hx <# J`x HO UO KQ# XH
W~" ~ W=@O `!
c*~ K~O. P T O` [~QÒk. Pk"
H@H@_`<~. = P O` OîOK FH =O =.
@ HO @ _`<O. T~ <~HOQ< L< b
=Ò +OQ L<~. Kf_ Ò Pk" UO K<
H~
159
K< =x+H b# xqOz#@Ok. T~ z=iH =z<

=Oz @ Un H#~^. z=iH F Q_ @H ^~O.
"_ = H+Q L<_. K` [#O K` K`Q K~.
C ^=^=_"_ =YOQ LOk. ~ "_` =# `Q^
ZO^Hx U" <Q "` HuHO. =O_ P ZO_ h`<
H_ xO_Òk. WOH uO_ ZH_ Zk?
c*~ #O_ @O =~ J~" Hg@~. ZO_
Z__ D KO P KO "~Ok. Kex e J<~. =i D
ZO_# U=<!? ~_ H` +~ ==. c*~ #O_
@O JO` ^@"# J_q =~O. XHK@ =O^`~` ~_
e~Ok. ~_ ^ Hx JH_ "#O xO_ J`^xH
P^` b. `^ H=# "i< î QiOz On
J_QO. ^~OQ H#|_ P T #O_ J_îx } =m D
~_ HO^x ^` K~. "O TH "O Hx î ` P
T~^\ WOH T~" }OKQO. =H J#=#" XHi
J_y` "#H uiy =z# î< TH "o JH_ Z=~< J_Q=x
WK_. WOHO J@~ JO. P T~ "^\ WO\ ^Q~
PQO. P WO\ #O_ W~" UO_ =_ =K_.
K^=#"_. OQu q=iOKO. WO\H "o K\ =Oz f~O
`zK_. K\ Oki HO^ |@g^ ~=<_. = |O_H
_ h_ HOKO qOu îHOk. J`# HO^\ <<
^~^ U^ HO^ ` L^QO WO@~ H =K_@. <#
< ` ~K#. Di @O = Ò_ = WO\H ~"x.
WO` =O^ K#Q Jizè PfQ KH=@"
u'' H}O. = û_ Pk<~}, gk U O
Jx Z=~< J_y` =k u''O Jx KC`_. P WO\
#O_ HO` =Ok z# =z = \\` g_ eH~.
P WO\ =Oy\ = J_Q*_e =ke =m =O^ QO.
160
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
î zO` JkHO HyOk. <H _KQ@Hx

`<~. h ZO_ "}Q =i`<~. J^$+O Hn
XH H~}O\k H#|_Ok. WO\ =O^ XH _OH H_
XH OHÒQ @<~. } z =z# "O J@" ~Q
fO. P j` hx @ @ J~OQ KiOKO.
JH_ =_` =@ He#. J`# ~ L^_@.
Pk"~O = H=# P ~A ^H}O ~<_@. =s=s
O`+"# OQÒ@O> J`# `Q =\_`<_. WH
WH_O_ JO` `Q "`=~}" Jx J`# J<iH =
P#O^xH J=^". WO\H K~#O` O`+O HeyOk.
pH\ _H =O^ @O =KOk. @O JO> J^^ ^
\< J#<O. Hx J^H ^. ^^Q LOk. 1857
u~Q@ D T _ [iyOk. WH_ xH [qO^~
^=~= a\+ "i u~Q@ [O_ Z`_. Q^=i #k f~
OÒ XH <x U~@ K a\+ "ix =Cu \
=_ K~= h `yOK_. a\+ "~ H K Ok ~`
J`_x ~Oz |OkOK~. J~< P u~Q@ Py^. J`x
^# J#K~ |~= =i "O~~= P u~Q@#
K HO H#yOK~. 1859 U 29# gi <HÒ W^~
`^~# `=~~. KHO `~` "O~~=# J~ K
ÒQ JO_=<x ''Hh * OOK~. J\
Ki` @O _ XH g~q.
=~M< ZH_O^ Ò^=x XH |@ ^H}O
=O^ Py<O. JH_ #Q~^Q~ Ki H|~HKs K<~. H
^ =#+ HxOK~. P ~u PQ\xH Q=~"O@Q*
ZH_ Jx J_QO. "~O` OQ =~OQ `Q
=\_`<~. JO^ XH# P Ti ~OK, qO` ^<
^_ =i c* =O_ J^_ _. <k ^^
J#OQ< "#< ^^ "z |Ô ~_x He< J<_.
H~
161
ii =@. =K@. ^< H K<O. WQ D H#O_

Z_= =o` =O^ =O_ P ^x H# _H uiy HQ
` Q J<_. JH_ Ò @ g `Q [#O _
^~`k J<_.
~\ = }O ~ QiOz "i` KiOKO. JO^~ ^
Z`# KiOz z=iH UO f~#O K~O> =_ ~ L<~.
XH\ Y=O #O_ =~OQ ~ Hx Jk K K@ u~Q_ x.
H=# ~^ ^. H~Q ZO_ ~h J~`~. ~O_k
WH_Oz ~OK ^ ~ =Ok. Hx 65 H.g. Z=
u~Q. H=# Jk _ AQ H~ ~. WH Pv ~ D
T< WO^=u #k ^\ [OQ O@ ` ~OK #lH ~. Hx
[~ ~_ QO_^. u _. P 65 H.g. |K~k.
''=i #^@ ^\
HtOz#O. =~ =M` ~< ~<Q.
''UO H~. _=O@
''=i D |O_
^x c _= _~. [~Hx Z= e.
JO`^H =#OQ K# Hv |@# P# |~
| _=~@. UO ~^. ~^# <# c J@_ H~O
". < ~O_ |O_ g^ `#. q=e < ZO|>
fH` H~O W__ Jx "Q#O KO_.
= } z =z#. =i Ò_ ~" J#O.
''gHO^ ~^# g~ P Q *< LO_O_. U_ QO@
=~ ~OK<Q <#H_ LO@ J#_.
XH |O J~O^x Q | î#O. Jk x*O
HO <\ =~ M<. K Z` Ô LOk. HOkH K
=O uiy# WO^=u. H~ Q_. Q_ HO.
"`=~}O QO^x O`+_#O. "K"< =K_. ~"[~
162
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
i+< x^ Qk ^~H^#_. "O Q=~"O\ L^Q=x H~

KOz#O. J~< xH. Pk"~O =. H=# ~"[~
WO\ L<_@. <# f+# JH_ kO P "K"<# < |O_ "#H
~@x P ~"[~ WO\H "o#O. =k#O. H=# "_
Q z^#O^ u TQ`, `Q` Ow |h< g^ ''J
P~O H =" J#@ ^~#qK_.
OQ` H#x =~OQ " Qk W b` ~h.
J~~u@ =z ` H_~. < Ku UO ^. _\
`^~# H=O_ Jx WzO_.
=m P## H=_xH T~=` Q=~"O@ H~~ "O.
P# `#~ JkH~ |$OÔ` He ÒQ `~
J=`<_. Q Q Q.
H~ KOz OQu q=iOz#. P# =~^Q W`~ qè
iKO K~. JO^ P Ti i W<H~ _ L<_. ~
Jx < #O|~ Qk W==x "K"< O *s KO_.
H$`[` K W=` _#.
~O K QOk. `HO <\ qHi< =#O. K Z`
eOQ. K ^ ^ Q^. Kh #O J iH pH\ _Ok.
fiHQ #_KO@ Ò @ K~<O.
`Q [#O. P ~A LÔ Ô`"_ | î WH_H
"O K# }O 171 H.g..
Some journeys begin well in the

mind before they actually do.
- Jaswanth Singh,
Ex Defence Minister
163
H~
~OK J~}
Q$#YOQ..
` ^=~A =i PYi~A.
f+# Ò^~\ Ò^~ Ò^~Q # =yOKx U_
QO@H ~_ JO. îK J`# U_QO@H =#x J<_.
H=# J`x > " K@O =~^ H^x J#<O. Qrx
*Q`Q |O_H ayOz H@<O. J`x HO ZkiK W=`
=~O_ L# ~<O. K `Qx <eH Òk.
KHO Ò @ " J`# q J=`_x "
J`# =z# `~` He `QÔ =x J`x HO xsH
~<O.
WO` "K"< ^" =K_, H|~ _O. ^" ~#
qx J`# .. ^ c~ OÒ "_x TOKO. ''P H
H J#. ''" =~OQ H Jx "_ = g^ ^
O| "_. ''" H? <"` ^" J<O ''r
=~ ~* ^^ ~^^ = P J<_. K
K O`+OKO. =# |O^= WH_ _ L#O^.
U_#~. K `Q#O^ `< Ok. ^"` He P
=~M< =O^ \ kQO. Jk Q J~<
^" i`+HO =@KO. " c Y+. " c Y+.
164
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
J`# ~^. K ^. ''WO`*~ " WO`H Q

J#@Ok = iu. h~OQ XHi =M XH~O K<O.
UO `^. =O Zxqk ^\Ok. QO@. JO` H^ WO_<
>O J#<O. =_ =_ Jx = "" i KC<O.
[OQ H ~ H=# H î è# =x+ `_O> =Ozk
J##O. Q H~O ^H =##_ K =Oz =x+ Jx
"K<O.
Hx P# `_. Zxqk#~ J~~Ok. ~ Ò @
~x K `QO@ P# HO î HÔ Jx x~~OKx
^" =~i H =iOz P @ J_
a~~Oz#O. K `y#O. J`# ~. W_ <=k <=kQ
u#O. J`# ~^. Ke J`# =K î g^< iz#O. J`#
~. =m HO_ ~O_ K. J~< J`# ~, Hx >O `qk
^\Ok. U_ QO@H =#x J#_ P ~_ èx
=#=_, "~\OQ ~ Q_ <@HO J`# ~<^.
''~ #k X_# H HÔ ^ Jx f+ J#_. k
x= WO^=u #n Oî O^~#O. ^xH ZO_HO
ZO_ HO îOzO^" S~ ~ #_O #Q
zH~Ok. P" HO Q #k Q pe~
LOk. Hx ZO_Q ^. ZO_ ZO_Q _Òk. WH
WHQ QQ _Òk. #kH_ #~=#==~ H#~=@O
^. XH _= |HzH# =e"_ `. |O_x WH
#O@ #O@ P _= H_H K~#O. "_ ==e
HiOzO_.
''J q=e #k ^\OK=x XH# K W^ _= P
X_ ~O_, ^ Q U_ QO@ J#_. P =@
q#OQ< = ZO` HO =zOÔ> ''P ~ <_ WH_ KO D
H~
165
WH< O^ \xOzOk P H` ~_ = J_q

Hx ` Kx Q\ x~O f#O.
WH P _= OQu ... P _=, _= ^. ~O_ ` KHe
<Q "` H\ _= JO@<~. "q^~O =HO,
= =@, = |O_ JO^ ZH #k =^H "OQ _=. XO\ g^ K\H =OO _ x P
=_H Jk iÒk. ^\ Oz KO ^~H#@Ok Hx
|H~ QO "" îHO "_H. UO ~"^, _= ZHO_ Jx
= xx ~ W#_. O ^x ^~O K`#_.
f+ XH ''Jq_ =zOk. ## |O_x P Z~\ ZO_ H
WH =^ J@< "ke \ "He` WH H ZuZu
UO@ ^ D_O@ D_O@ X_# L# T~
~O_. P WH < e@ "~H WH Z_iQ =iOk.
ZH_ h_^. QQ QQ P WH g^ x|_#
K#. _= P X_ "o ~Ok. ZO_ =_ =_Òk.
J@ ZO` x<< <H è^. ZO_^| HO_ ~
H=`<~. ^~# X_# U^ bQ =H=HQ H#|_k.
H ##Q HÔ@ < " "Ok. ZOk~ <~< Jx
HO_ z\OKx < g^ J~K~ J_O @x sHQ
K#. =O^ ~O_ Z_ H#|_~. `~` |O_ H#|_Ok. WH P
`~`~` ~H` OQ=O ~Ô# x|_ zkOQ
#=`# J~#_ f+ ^~#qK_. "_ [Q*`
166
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
KO*M<Q < " =<_. "_ =YO ''Z@H

kOK# J# O`+O` "eyÒk.
~OQ< "_ < i~ a\ KO_. T Z=~ XH ~Q
_ ^@. Zxqk QO@H JO^~ O# `~@. XH
WO\ =O^ D |O_ H#|_O^@. Hx |O__ _. Z_ =.
ZÒQ ZÒQ XH WO\H_ WQ D ~_ H#|_O_@. W
Ò> f+ @x |uq_ P K, "~ " Z_#
D |O_H H\ W\ ''q[ q~O K < ^QiH =K_@. cQ
Wn i~ J<_.
^x` H^ J~ Qx ~ "^~Ok. Z_ |O_gkH =
|O_x ZHOK. = =@ P Z_ |O_< _e. U@"Q
L# P Z_ |O_ gk #O_ = |O_ [~# *i HO^_O_ U
XH~ ZH ^x Q\ Q @H". =i |O_ gkH |O_x Z\
ZHOK? qe< _~H<. P |O_ ~_ { "q^~O
O ^. WOH W^~ =Qi O H". P X_# ~#
K > =_ = ^QiH ez#O. DQ î
^# XH H @Hx = Px O K=x J_#O.
J@< =~ W^~ ~Hi # = îH~. JO^~O He
J _` |O_ gkH |O_ ZHOz#O. ^x H< f+
[Q*` JQO_~ z~= ~=O@ x|__. D "Y =m
=m ^~H^x <<" \ g^ \ QOA_. "~" H <
! P Z^ XH\ ~\ =~H\ . ~ < _~O\
S_ r L#@<~. XH\ W@QOl` =~H\ J@
QOAÒk. "\@q XH> Hx ` |~|~ ki#@ =.
P ~_ "\ [=x H^ H=# "_K , `~ `~ =dH
L`~# ''k#H_ KCH Jx P Z^ M`~
K<~.
H~
167
|O_ #kH kQOQ< Z^ K Q_|_ K#. Jq ZC_

#kH ky |O_ Q^x P ~_ KOQ =K~O JOkOK_.
<<" J\H "He` h #k x|_ =<#. K=
`H# @~#@~ X_ K~<O.
QO_O Q_z O_O W=` _O^x O`+Oz |O__H, î#
^#, ~Hi #, ==e WO^=u =Oz
Q^\ Ò^ @ x# K =_H JOîH Ô_Q
|H Wz#O.
= J~*x =` xqi Or W=OQ< ^x WO[< ~
J~Ok. J^H qh"# =_O\ =Qrq Hx =Qrq.
WO^=u #k ^\ D X_ =z =~R \x Q_~e
lx ~OK J_q "tOz#O. JH_ x|_ J@_ X_#
K = "# KfQ_ \\ K#O.
~OK JO> ~ LOK Jx J~""!
''~ H\ H H<
~ AH H #
~~+ H `=<
J =~ k"
Jx J# ~ TOKQ LOz D ~OK J_= OKiO>
=i "ix D ` .. .. .. .
i i è# "iH `*=.
=i èx "iH `=.
WH Di iOQ` _# ~ ~=~Ok. x= z=~
H=HQ = ` z=i ~A# P ~OK J_= P J#"
Z^~<~.
168
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
@O HO` =Ok ^ J_î J_î JO@O> Jk

J_"# ^~x "O TOKH O. ^~ 65 H.g.
Z=#Q< D J_"# îx ZOKHx [# i_ J#"x
OkOK<O. D ` =y# `~` WC_ P J#"
= =^~"# J#"Q qye~.
=# Hx =Ozh` QO` `_Hx `
t~} `_QHx PHx JO^< ~ èx _Q
_Q K@ h_ HO^ P P~ HO ^@OQ ~e# P g^
qO` =_x $+ =m = }O. +OQ î JO@ Ug
x î Hx î. He@. = "#H HOKO ^~O XH _
H g^ = _= ^Q~ O K# ''î# ^#
WO` J`_ ~ ^# H^ ~= J@. Z=~ Jx J_y`
HO J#_. H~=. = @ KOK @ ~=.
''W@< KHQ O_ ~. `= XH\ ~O_ T~ `Q`. Jq
^@OQ< ~OK ^~_ Hxk Jx DrQ J<_
Hx JO` Dr~ H^x HO@H=$`"# H@ Jx `~`~`
*<Ô [iyOk. "O J`} ^> =O^ QÒ.
x[OQ _ Kx JO^"# J_q. XH\ ~O_ `
`. =`Q "^Q x^`# J_q. " |\. ZH_O_
W= "#, LQkH =O^K ` ` =q_ O^
"# WOH U"" J_q = "#, Q"uOK
QoO ==e K@=@`<~. QeH Kki k~ K@
P ~~ KC = U"" ~ O^# OH`#
O<~. @ QO^x }O LOQ LO^x "O
O`+O> P @ ~O_Q pe~Ok. _ Z_=Q!
HOH~=O? Uk î? Uk "# î? Z@` Z@ K~O\O.
J Q=x K~O\= H z=~YiH U^< ~=$QO
H~ |e J=`=? "H O^.
H~
169
g^ . K "~=~~? WOH=~? WOH=~?

H =K H ~=. H~=< = î K
~~=_. JC_ Q>HOz# "_ P< H^! H=# èq
`= =~~, WOKH #O =O_. ^Q ~=
=z g î K#. JO^H ~=[# K_. ~=<=O
[OK_. ìOK_.
|O_H _O_ " "`Q P ~e# P < [ ~Q
"`Q ~`Q K#O. Z~ UHO` = Jx |z|
H`H"# H^ ~#@Q< <# _ ''J_q UHOÒ Jx XH
H^ ~e. J#@ J_=e HO_e e# H@ Q_ tk
""# UHOÒ<, Z=~ x "< ~` "Q h_<
K_e. JHHOQ, J^ÒQ LO@Ok. <<Hi c^~ H@#
xO_ #q "< "Qh_ OîOK#. P ~u `qk
QO@ =O TiH ^~OQ x~#+OQ LO_ P e#
H@Q_H ~#O> ~#x JH_ P >O ÔQ LO@~h,
^ u~Q`=x P\_=~ "O_H |uq_ Z=
PKOz JH_H "#. J^`"# JOÔ. "< #
*"i P H@ "~Ok. qiy~# P H=# HO^ "@ g^
K ~x P "Q h_ pH\ H}H K |=h
~A ~} P`` O+ ="H=#. Q x|OQ
xK# P H@ P ~u K Hh\ H^ KOk.
_ H Ò@ H ~= ==e K~<_.
~O_Q pe# îx KOKO. J J Jx #u
K J# î KOK_. ~ #qQ Jx
J#O@ =O^ y<O.
=m HO` ^~O H QO_ @ HeOk. J\ K
^~O "O. #k X_# QH~ g^ #_#> = }O.
= "#O #@, H, H Jh _e~, =^~
170
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
H~
171
HH=x J~#q. |O_ |O_O` HH KC. WH_

|O_H U^< J~`, OH~ J~` UO Qu? UO ^, XH ^ U_
U_ O^ `q |O_x JO^ u\ ''Q~ #O|~ | ZH
=O^ Q@". (^" ~O_ H #_H Q~ #O|~ |)
JH_ ~O_ ~O_ S@O L#q. "~O ~A HO^@ K# H~

|Ok, =i H>Q "< KH~ #HO O\ K. W@
U_O. J@ #=O. O`+O HeyOK OQu XH> XH\ . JO`
=~OQ `Q =\_ ÒQ} ".
HO` ^~O OQ< XH ` ~_~~ `C\ tk=

H#|_Ok. ^x g^ ^^ \ Jx ~Ok. ZO` PzOz<
Jk JH_ ZOÔ^ U HO #O_ LO^ J~O H^. WOH
HOKO =O^ "Q< "Q g^ QO x~}O< P# z#
z# =O`# HxOK~. nx ="q u~=? Jx =
g^ "# "<O. ["| ^~H^.
P H@ #O_ W=`H =z ~[=~OH "tOKO.

JO` Z~< ~O_ " K\ . PHx JO^< ^
^ `\K@. =m =#+H =KO. ~OK T~ Ja=YOQ
}O. XH HeOk. JH_ iOQ ^Q~ OH\ H
K` OQ H_<O. JH_H XH _ ^ k<O_
"_ aO^@x h HO =K_. |HQ #Q L<_. ~
J_QO. UO K^=`#= Jx J_QO. Z=~ Jx J_QO.
<# ^^ =KH _H~ Hi z~Orq Qi` < `

J#" KO> D ~_~~ ~O P# |@\_.
U_= x*O HO ^^ #O_ K =Ok HO\H~ |~
J_=H "o H "~O K"~. "iHO x*O JH_ ~_
=O`# xiO> DQ 1948 b H< [iyO^@. ^x`
#h |O^. J\ =QQ 60 U #Oz x# P ~_~~
Ki` H O.
''D OQu gH@ ` Jx <# <~\ O=~`
t
''= U HÒ < =#O è ~A XH L^= x~}O
HO |~, ~OK J_=h uiQ# J<_#.
P =@ qx P# Q~=OQ #=~O K#.
J\ "Q, =OH "~ #O_ _` XH\ ~O_
e Q_e ^\ q@=Ô `~` ~OK ^
~_ K~#O. JH_ X Q_@. =O^ ZO_ P P
Q_ ^@OQ H> Q. ''=# H Q\ O_ "` WH_
L J~Ok. g_=_ ~=x K =z # `~` Q_O_.
''=kQO ~ J<_.
''=kQ Ô_~ ` J_Q#.
''=O^H+ =kQ _ ` ~. P g\OQ _ "O
"o#O.
Z, a, , _ =sH~} ZO` |"O^, ZO` <"O^ =m
=~Hi < J~"Ok. ÒQ} =i =kQ Ô_~
~O_ ZC_ Q!
~OK T~H "tOKO_ H`= QO_ Q^=i #kx ^>
_= ~= _ "QO. Jh ~` @O Q_. JO`
`Q"~. == K KQ L#~. H=# =#+ =M
H LOk. H H L<~. Q^=i Q@ g^ XH ^ zO` K@
^x HO^ ##\ K\ "O@ Q^. ~=O` qq^=x P
K@ HO^ Q^g^ K<O. Qî g^ #O_ g# Qe
`"~. }O ~Q LOk. #k ^@` H~O _=#
O`+= LOk. P P#O^ _ Z=~< ^Qi ^ #
Kx JxOzOk. "O@< gH}O Z_@~ =i = ÒQ}
172
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
s \ _ J~# <@ "}Q < K <

K@Kx =\_`# J#. ^xH "} K O`+Oz ''P ~OK
T a\+ HO <\ J^ "_ K" Jx J_Q_.
''"O T~H "O_< H#O_ D Q^=i f~xH =KO
J<#. ''^ ^ Jk Ò_ K_=# =#O. q H"^
J<_.
''"} K# `~` Jk Ò_ K_=# ^" Jx uiy
" TH "o#O. K Z`g^ P ~`# =#O. WOH
H_OnQ K K^~O_ HQ LOk. Z=~ l HH~ ~
JkHi 150 O=`~ HÒ Jk `# JkH~ x" =#OQ
H\ OK<_@. z#A H#= Q LOk. P =#O
O_ |\H K _" Q^=i, }`, WO^=`
OQ= #O H#|_Òk. K\ q"# , Q_,
[ JO` P#O^" P#OÔ. P qHi< HO <\ =Oux
W_ U^ @i @Q =~ ` [~Q`<~. D
<\ D ` un "~".
=m è Q^=i #n f~xH K~<O. ~= ^Q LOk. ~O_,
=_ =~_=. [< xO_# `~`< D î #O_ | î
=~ # x= }Oz J@ f~O H~O ^Q~
WH PQ`~. =m "q^~O J _` = "<x
WH ^|O@ K=@ H~ #k h ^QiH K~<O.
O = K =Oz " QQ #=` JO^~ He
J=OÒ = |O_x _= O_ " x\~. XHK@ Z^
|O_ =~HK@ =~_= J^$+=O> = PH" O_ @
g~^ H^!?
P = ^xx H Q " _= \#O^
J^#OQ J~" ~ =`" f<~. P _= JO^~
@~ [. XH" =Ò < ZH~ HO_ `HOQ
H~
173
H#|_Ok. #__ =x+. P" XH` Qx OK =#, _

K L#q. "@xO\h FHQ, *Q`Q _=H ZHOz
x^#OQ `@@ _O_ <=kQ KOk. _= HkeOk.
Q^=i h HH_` QQ #=`<~. <# P"`
=@ He#. T~, ~ \x "\x =$u "H=
ZH_Oz ~=@O ZH_H =@O ~= == q=~ Hi
è#^=#Q ...
''P"k ~[=O^=~=@. WH_ ~OK Q^=i#n f~#
=Q} =e Hx ==O K~O^@. u =_ <
P~ W\ `<H` D }O ~[=O_^H J@. H~O
ky | =~OQ +< =m JH_O_ ~ q["_ ^
_~HQ ~[=O_.
#k <QiH` Z\ qiOK, h#K\H [< |`
`~= HO Z\ K~<~ `HOQ `#@xOzOk. =i
D + "ae\ ZH_O_ ZO^= =Ok?
#k Q^=i #k. #k J Q =^ _= }O. #k _
=`@ }Ok. x[OQ #k XH ^ u~.
Q^=i @H`< }~. uO|HO HO_ gk |O_
~ @ @Q [xOz <H ~`# }H`x =#O K
<O^_ Q~^~ `NJH K ~ ~f ~xH
#=iOz ^~i =O^x# ~=i H~O `#
^~ ~=` N~=eOQ~xH H~a+HO K ^K
}HÒ `~=KO^ g_ eH HO_ @
=^ #O_ = uiy X q~Kx "~OQ ~O\
x K@=\ H$u u ~=t H\e è e
~[=O^=~O [O^Hx +~< e nq
^=~O qiOz q~x îOz JO`~k Q~
OQ=O JO`~#= D #k `# [##O #O_ Q=#O
174
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
=~ XH n~ l HH =~q\? }# #k. #k
}# _=. _= }# "=. un }O.
un `.
J*#O #O_ *<xH K# }" `.
`. k ~A `. ^` i=#"# @~
`. `. [`, O``, H$u` ="H"#
x``. qhHO qiOK } "
Pi\H L`~ ^$=O #O_ #O ~OaOz ci =OK
Z_~e ^\ H tY~Q JOK gk ~^x uHOz,
OO^ =# ~=~# =xy è P` JO`~OQe
JO`~` He i~KHx P ~ui xO_ #q KO^~_
iOK "< # [ *"i =# ~=~ "^<
Kx `x =OK~ "e e è ``"~ `~
*= ==#Q=# JkQqOz [O| nOx ^~^~
f~HQ = qOQ= " "q^~O ÒQ} =~O
=~Y_Q ^ ~ #O H< Hx K<@
z Hyè H x Ô g^ _ ^ k=~O,
P"~O. XH\ ~O_ XH~ W^~ J<H<H JO^"# J#"
OQ= =^. JOQ@ PQ"~# P[O* q. Hh
WOH~# H# HHf HO <\ QH@ K~=.
ÒQ} Q "i Q= OQ~}. OQ~} Q# Q~O
xC~=e ~yeOz "eyOz# +yi. O^qk=O^ J~"
`qk <lOH <~ ÒQ} =~ Jx ZQu
x#kOz#, qHOz# q^`[O OK. =OKH# =~O
=O ^` H~"# ^K ~=_. WH P PHe~=_H
ZOyeO_ ~z KOKx |s =`. Ô_H~}O Ô_@
~\ i\@. iH` ~*H~ ~OAO. Q Kki#
Q= yi[#. Ô"# ^~ g^ W#\ H"`.
`ì` HH~} QeO OaOQ. #H` =~#
H~
175
xt~u }. z`@O J_Q# [`

[îO. h\ [ HiO. Kh ~~
=_ MKO^, W<< H B^ WH , ^qx
H+Ò Hx=x #Q ^ yiuH H=u, P`HO |~^
J~~# |OQ^ |~<. " ~Q HO xsHOK ~s
"^_. f~Q=O =~î Q_. ~} Q~ `=Q=~.
"O O ~ iq K# "i #$Ò.
HO_Ki #O_ HOkH ^H |O_~ `^< f~Q_
[` ^$. PQ` Q` Q` PQ` K#
=~[OQ=`H }O XH = = `\ # "i
`~e# < QQ <\ ~QQO. =m J= H_#
L=h\H "o#O` KQ ~Q Pk= HO <\ < J_Q
*_e iH`Q J<+OKO@ < ~ Q$#O. |~ yi[#
*`~ ^x H " `_`H_ HQQO He~
J~ P ~u HO_Q" ~=O` ^fi H}O xH =m
|# `~OQ< <~<~ #` ~ g^Q Zyi`
~H=$uH ^b~*~ ky Py y "~Q# OKO HO =~
OKO HO _` *hH O`+ OK HO ~_
[ H" rqOz [ H" } |e\# xw ^
qx OîOz J=~ g~ Pè HiOz "i "~e
~=iOz ~~x ^+Oz ~yx qOK +^ P`#
HO_ xOx $Ô "Ox _H~ ~*<,
[#H ~~, K@s ^<# OkOz xw $lOz#
Hx JH~# ggk =@ "O@ OOQ
=_=_Q iQu iQu HOH~ K~x =^ "@g^ H
qqOz "~~Oz# "<xH + K [Q^~O
H "@ JH`Q J^$+=` "~ #= îOz =O^
=O`= K~= L# ` c+_ [Q^s
Q~OQ=x OîOz J=$` =K<# qx ~* g~ KO^
|O*^" HHf q^Q^# PHOz ~HH JH Ki`
176
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `
HQ xK# ~[= z`\# K KeOz qKe`

$^` #pH@# pO@ y^" g^Q P ~u Q
^ ~# `~` ^q Ô`s~= "e qqOz =~_
` " dh _dh #^ OQ=Ox P#
îOKHx *f zÒ ~î yy Q~O
H He _QO_x z~=e [H@e `~
WiHOz |OkOz c*~= <~HO <Q "è HuH
O*HO* ~OQ HO`b< OO^ @O
=HO K P ì ZO` ~x "_HO WO`*iOz ` Jx
WO`M~~ =O_>O_ WH Z_i Z_ |O_ g^ |O_`
peH eH [_ WO^=ux ^\ ~OK J~}x î
Hx ^~ =î ^~ PQ=Q" H~=
O` î _ JOQA HO <\ J^ =# gHOz
_= }O #n=` Q^=ix ^\ ''K\ ~ O
~ J#@ XH `# `èHOQ q~q ... qq
...
WOH
J<H<H , ~H~H ^ Je^, Je^, ~ qOQ,
^^x, Y^, \\, g_, Q_ HO_ Hh QO_
K~= = = P` JO`~OQe "" îOKx,
OîOKx, OK~ " ^ k=~" =H_"
P"~^" .... ... ...
- Farewell to Godavari, Indrawati, Sironcha & Chattisgarh.
_= H~O f~O KiOk. "= = "#O *Q`Q

WH O_ J~<O. =m P _= = |O_x *Q`Q
Q@^H #_OKH"~.
J\ "O Q>H H~Ox P N ~=eOQ~q ^QiH
K~<O. PYiiQ JH_ l i+` =#O \
177
H~
fx H"~# Q >#O. O@ @ H~O \

J#=@.
XH H @H î#O. \ h` =YH#. K\
=Oz f~O. XH _| P"\ JO_ Q~O Q~O K.
P ~A @O #O_ ~OK "O }Oz# ^~O
80 H.g. =m H~O #O_ e, ~g^Q
=~OQ }OzOk 126 H.g #HO_ H`~x f+
WO\H ~uH k QO@ K~<O. ==e K z< ^
JO^~ H=OQ uiy =z#O^ O`+OK~. k~A (Feb.
7 #O_ Feb 17, 2009) 1943 H.g }OKO. \ 1600
~. =`" J~Ok. JO> H.g. 85 KC#. uO_
u | J^#OQ <Q, S^ ".
J~"#, JO^"# `#".
''^xH ~ H~
^xH ~ H~
^xH ~ H~H
W<< ~ H~.
No one realises how beautiful it is to

travel until he comes home and rests
his head on his old, familier pillow.
- Lin Yutang
178
ÒQ} K` Kf_ @~ `

Sscooter Yatra Text

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sscooter Yatra Text

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sscooter Yatra Text

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

`OQ} K`

XH O ~OQ LO_H *# =~#HO

~HO ''^@#O q^O z=~ XH =Y"#

''S`~ }O K~"u K~"u J<

''u~Q`< =x+ r=# =^=x O^Q_.

< kKH "#O| #k~Oz KfQ_#

Kf~. J#Q 36 @O Jx J~O. [~O^_ HO

`H `OQ} H~H~Q _ P ~R ~@# ## PHiOz

A Journey of thousand miles

2. ^^ P"PnQ, ^ =x+Q ZH_ UO ^~`

8. WH =~H =Y"# =K@. U `= #O_ P ~RO

The world is just like a book. Those who

|O_x =| KH" Q~x ^O

Kf_ `#~@ Q^ Jx H+~ c == #=

A good traveller has no fixed plans, and is

|=s x"~O U_= `n L^" S^ QO@

H\ <O. ^i =^ U =`O W|Ok @O_. Q` "q

"Q n "eQ P WO_# <=@O K~. P @Oh

}# = K P#O^OQ LOk. "O uiy# #\

H=OQ Pk^ =~ qiOK~. Oe 1927 Q

^" OQ}Ox `h Juk Q$O Q^ =x

For a good traveller the destination is not important,

Ex. Defence Minister

`~OQ =e+ K#. Z^~Q \ O \O

^~O "`O^ J# < z# |~ L^~OKk. D

"^i. = H O = Q=O = =Ol = =H^ J^. P @

WH P k~A ` "O u k#O _| P"\ H.

= WH_O_ # H.g.. P ^i QO_^. Q`

f+ =#OQ `# `# U^ iQ Pz#@ <

''H< =u~HOQ `~ H< q=H ~@O K

''JQ~ H M" H ~^ H~` LH [<

''"s Q_. =i *u ~\ =>q\ Jx K~# <#

(U^< XH *ux <#O KO> =O^ "i +# <#O

''`O NOH #_# LTTE q=H ~@O "#H

~ J<O Hx "O P # \OK^.

''D =# ^xH <Ok Jx ~\OK#.

13= `|O< * XH |"# `q~[O LO_^x

`~` ` `@ bQ xK\xH `q<_ #O_

^. XH *ux `H"# *uQ QiOKO> P [O` XH

N~=_H ZOye ~z K# H |i ~ P #kH

For my part, I travel not to go any

~OQ Z`# b "<. "\ `_`H_Q

|O_ #_`# f+H K ''P K@ h_ H Py ~

P=~=~=O@ H_~ P~yOKO. h `Q\xH O^O>

U_<_. J<~Q""! WO` XH Pq =z P"`

Ke =kiOk. XH K@ |O_ P<O. H\ H pH\ , H=#

H` H# pH\ . Hx P "Q qs`"` _ H# pH>.

H =O^ "o _OQ QiOz "H| KO. P#O^ _

Two of the greatest gifts we can give

@O \ xOx Qe K~OKHO@O> JH_ s

yi[# `Q, qa# +` WH_ x=<~. [ =#~

yi[# #=HO. P JO^ |On# `~=KO^ ^x

h"^## KHKHQ Ki P #k "x =i

D z` @O @ [=xQ rq<_@. ~ =`O

^i ^ ^ QO_, t. "\ =^ J#"# x

_= ^iH J@" uiyOk. X_# HO_ Q z~^=.

Z`# ~u QO_ g^ x|OQ ~x h ue# "<

P O`=O^ ''=O^ ^@OQ \ z#@<_. =m J`x`

"Travelling almost like talking with

^. XH ux `H"# uQ QiOKO> P [O` XH

pH\ ~_ f+ Q`Q |O_ #_`<_. f