The S-Block Elements
The S-Block Elements
The S-Block Elements
Be
Na
Mg
Ca
Rb
Sr
IA Alkali metals
Cs
Ba
Fr
Ra
Chapter summary
Characteristic properties of the s-block
elements
Variation in properties of the s-block
elements
Variation in properties of the s-block
compounds
Uses of compounds of the s-block elements
Metallic character
Low electronegativity
Basic oxides, hydroxides
Ionic bond with fixed oxidation states
Characteristic flame colours
Weak tendency to form complex
Metallic character
High tendency to lose
e- to form positive ions
Metallic character
increases down both
groups
Electronegativity
Low nuclear
attraction for
outer electrons
Highly
electropositive
Small
electronegativity
Group I
Group II
Li
1.0
Be 1.5
Na
0.9
Mg 1.2
0.8
Ca 1.0
Rb
0.8
Sr
Cs
0.7
Ba 0.9
Fr
0.7
Ra 0.9
1.0
Hydroxides
Oxide
Hydroxides
Li2O
LiOH
BeO
Be(OH)2
Na2O,
NaOH
Na2O2
K2O2, KO2 KOH
MgO
Mg(OH)2
CaO
Ca(OH)2
SrO
Sr(OH)2
Rb2O2,
RbO2
Cs2O2,
CsO2
RbOH
CsOH
Oxide: O2- + H2O 2OHPeroxide: O22- + 2H2O H2O2 + 2OHSuperoxide: 2O2- + 2H2O 2OH- + H2O2 + O2
.. .. 2:O:O:
.. ..
Peroxide ion
. .:O:.O:
.. ..
Super oxide
Hydroxides
Group I
hydroxides
Li
Na
Rb
Cs
Be
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
Flame test
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
HCl(aq)
sample
:NH3
H3N:
H3N:
:NH3
Co
:NH3
:NH3
Variation in properties of
elements
Atomic radii
Ionization enthalpies
Hydration enthalpies
Melting points
Reactions with oxygen, water, hydrogen
and chlorine
0.152 Be
0.112
Na
0.186 Mg
0.160
0.231 Ca
0.197
Rb
0.244 Sr
0.215
Cs
0.262 Ba
0.217
Fr
0.270 Ra
0.220
Fr
Li
Be
Ra
Ionization Enthapy
Group I 1st I.E.
2nd I.E.
Li
519
7300
Na
494
4560
418
3070
Be
900
1760
14800
Rb
402
2370
Mg
736
1450
7740
Cs
376
2420
Ca
590
1150
4940
Sr
548
1060
4120
Ba
502
966
3390
Ionization Enthalpy
1st I.E.
2000
600
Li
500
400
300
Be+
Na
K
1500
Rb
Cs
2nd IE
Ca+
1000
Ba+
Be
500
Ca
1st IE
Ba
Ionization Enthalpy
Group I
1. Have generally low 1st I.E. as it is well shielded
from the nucleus by inner shells.
Ionization Enthalpy
Group II
1. Have low 1st and 2nd IE.
2. Removal of the 3rd electron is much more difficult
as it involves the loss of an inner shell electron.
3. IE decrease as the group is descended.
4. IE of the group II is generally higher than group I.
Hydration Enthalpy
M+(g) + aqueous M+(aq) + heat
-600
M+
-300
Li+ Na+ K+
Rb+ Cs+
Hydration Enthalpy
-2250
-600
-2000
-1750
-300
-1500
Li+ Na+ K+
Rb+ Cs+
Hydration Enthalpy
General trends:
1. On going down both groups, hydration enthalpy
decreases.
(As the ions get larger, the charge density of the
ions decreases, the electrostatic attraction between
ions and water molecules gets smaller.)
2. Group 2 ions have hydration enthalpies higher
than group 1.
( Group 2 cations are doubly charged and have
smaller sizes)
Be
1000
Ca
Sr
750
Ba
Mg
500
250
Li
Na
10
K
20
Rb
30
40
Cs
50
60
Structure Group II
B.C.C.
Be
B.C.C.
Mg
B.C.C.
B.C.C.
B.C.C.
Ca
Sr
Ba
Structure
H.C.P.
H.C.P.
C.C.P.
C.C.P.
B.C.C.
Formed by
.. 2:O:
..
Li and
Group II
Peroxide
.. .. 2:O-O:
.. ..
Na and Ba
Superoxide
. .:O:.O:
.. ..
K, Rb, Cs
-3.05 volt
-2.71
-2.93
-2.99
-3.20
Be -1.85 volt
Mg -2.38
Ca -2.87
Sr -2.89
Ba -2.90
Reactions of chlorides
1. All group I chlorides are ionic and readily
soluble in water. No hydrolysis occurs.
2. Group II chlorides show some degree of covalent
character.
Beryllium chloride is covalent and hydrolysis to
form Be(OH)2(s) and HCl(aq).
Magnesium chloride is intermediate, it dissolves and
hydrolysis slightly.
Other group II chlorides just dissolve without
hydrolysis.
Reactions of hydrides
They all react readily with water to give the
metal hydroxide and hydrogen due to the
strong basic property of the hydride ion, H:H:-(s)+ H2O(l) H2(g)+ OH-(aq)
Hydride ions are also good reducing agent.
They can be used to prepare complex hydrides
such as LiAlH4 and NaBH4 which are used to
reduce C=O in organic chemistry.
Thermal Stability
Thermal stability refers to decomposition of the
compound on heating. Increased thermal stability
means a higher temperature is needed to decompose
the compound.
Thermal Stability of
carbonates
Li2CO3 Li2O + CO2 ( at 700oC)
All other group I carbonates are stable at ~800oC
BeCO3 BeO + CO2
MgCO3 MgO + CO2
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
SrCO3 SrO + CO2
BaCO3 BaO + CO2
( at 100oC)
( at 540oC)
( at 900oC)
( at 1290oC)
( at 1360oC)
Thermal Stability of
hydroxides
All group I hydroxides are stable except LiOH
at Bunsen temperature.
Be(OH)2(s) BeO(s) + H2O(g)
Mg(OH)2(s) MgO(s) + H2O(g)
Ca(OH)2(s) CaO(s) + H2O(g)
Sr(OH)2(s) SrO(s) + H2O(g)
Ba(OH)2(s) BaO(s) + H2O(g)
H = +54 kJ/mol
H = +81 kJ/mol
H = +109 kJ/mol
H = +127 kJ/mol
H = +146 kJ/mol
Thermal stability
1. Carbonates and hydroxides of Group I metals
are as a whole more stable than those of Group II.
2. Thermal stability increases on descending the group.
3. Lithium often follow the pattern of Group II rather
than Group I.
This is an example of the diagonal relationship.
Explanation of Thermal
Stability
1. Charge of the ions
2. Size of the ions
3. Compounds are more stable if the charge increases
and size decreases.
4. For compounds with large polarizable anions, thermal
stability is affected by the polarizing power of the
cations.
Explanation of Thermal
Stability
+
Decreasing
polarizing
power
Increasing
stability
Explanation of Thermal
Stability
O
Mg2+
:O C
O:-:O
-:O
Mg2+
Explanation of Thermal
Stability
MgCO3
MgO
BaO
MgO
BaCO3
BaO
0.020 x 10-3
Ca(OH)2
1.5 x 10-3
Sr(OH)2
3.4 x 10-3
Ba(OH)2
15 x 10-3
Solubility of hydroxides
increases down the group.
3600 x 10-4
CaSO4
11 x 10-4
SrSO4
0.62 x 10-4
BaSO4
0.009 x 10-4
Solubility of sulphates
increases up the group.
Explanation of solubility
aqueous
M+(aq) + X-(aq)
MX(s)
H solution
H hydration
-H lattice
M+(g) + X-(g)
H solution =
-H lattice + H hydration
Explanation of solubility
1. Group I compounds are more soluble than Group II
because the metal ions have smaller charges and
larger sizes. H lattice is smaller, and H solution is
more exothermic.
H solution =
-H lattice + H hydration
Explanation of solubility
H solution =
-H lattice + H hydration
SrSO4
Explanation of solubility
H solution =
-H lattice + H hydration
Sr(OH)2
Sodium hydrocarbonate
Baking powder
Soft drink
Magnesium hydroxide
Milk of magnesia, an antacid
Calcium hydroxide
To neutralize acids in waste water treatment
Strontium compound
Fireworks, persistent intense red flame
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