Mahatma Gandhi Mission'S Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College

FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY MANUALPREPARED BY: - Mr.
KIRANKUMAR JAGTAP

MGMS JNEC, AURANGABAD, MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.

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MAHATMA GANDHI MISSIONS
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
AURANGABAD. (M.S.)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

MANUAL

PREPARED BY: - Mr. Kirankumar R. Jagtap
FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY MANUALPREPARED BY: - Mr. KIRANKUMAR JAGTAP


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MAHATMA GANDHI MISSIONS
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
AURANGABAD. (M.S.)

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY

MANUAL

Prepared By Revised & Approved By Issued By

Mr. Kirankumar R. Jagtap Dr.M.S.Kadam MR
(Head of Department)


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FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES EXPERIMENTS

SUBJECT: - Fluid Mechanics and Machines
CLASS: - Third Year Mechanical Engineering

LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Sr.
No.
Name of Experiment Page No.
From To
I To Verify Bernoullis Theorem 04 06
II To Observe & Draw Flow Patterns 07 08
III To Find the Overall Efficiency of Centrifugal Pump Test Rig 09 13
IV To Find The Metacentric Height of Cargo/War Ship 14 16
V To Conduct a Test on Francis Turbine Test Rig 17 24
VI Flow Through Orifice 25 27
VII Flow Through Venturimeter 28 30
VIII To Identify The Type of Flow by using Reynolds Apparatus 31 36
IX To Conduct a Test on Pelton Wheel Turbine at Constant Head 37 39
X Performance Test on Gear (Oil) Pump Test Rig 40 41
XI To Study the Variation of Viscosity of Oil with Temperature 42 44
XII Cavitation Test Rig 45 49
XIII To Determine the Coefficient of Impact of Vane using Impact
Of Jet Apparatus
50 52

QUESTION BANK 54 61

Time Allotted for each Practical Session = 02 Hrs.


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EXPERIMENT NO: I - to Verify Bernoullis Theorem

AIM-: To verify the Bernoullis theorem.
Apparatus-: Bernoullis Set Up, Stop Watch, & Meter Scale.
Theory-: Bernoullis Theorem states that, in steady, ideal flow of an in compressible fluid,
the total energy at any point of the fluid is constant. The total energy consists of Pressure
Energy, Kinetic Energy, & Potential Energy (Datum Energy). The energy per unit
weight of the fluid is Pressure Energy.
Therefore,
Pressure Energy = P / g
Kinetic Energy = V
2
/ 2g &
Datum Energy = Z
The applications of Bernoullis theorem are-:
1) Venturi Meter
2) Orifice Meter
3) Pilot Tube



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Description-: The equipment is designed as a self sufficient unit; it has a sump tank,
measuring tank, & 0.5 HP monoblock pump for water circulation. The apparatus consists
of Supply Tank & Delivery Tank, which are connected to a Perspex flow channel. The
channel tapers for a length of 25 cm & then piezo-meter tubes are fixed at a distance of 5
cm , centre to centre for measurement of pressure head.
Procedure-:
1. Keep the bypass valve open & start the pump & slowly start closing the valve.
2. The water shall start flowing through the flow channel. The level in the piezometer
tubes shall start rising.
3. Open the valve at the delivery tank side, & adjust the head in piezometer tubes to a
steady position.
4. Measure the heads at all the points and also discharge with the help of Diversion
Pan in the measuring tank.
5. Change the discharge & repeat the procedure.
6. Do the necessary calculations using the readings noted down before.



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Specifications-:
Tube
No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
C/S
Area
3.6 3.2 2.8 2.4 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8

Observation Table-:

Result-:
1) At discharge ..liters / second,
Total head is ..centimeters.
2) At discharge ..liters / second,
Total head is ..centimeters.



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EXPERIMENT NO: II - To Observe Flow Patterns & To Draw
Flow Patterns
AIM-: To observe the Flow Patterns and to draw Flow Patterns.
Apparatus-: Flow Visualization Set Up, Dampers, Cabinet, etc.
Purpose-: This experiments clearly differentiates between Laminar flow and
Turbulent Flow.
Theory-:
Laminar Flow-: It is defined as the type of flow in which the fluid particles moves along
well defined paths / streamlines and all the streamlines are straight & parallel.
Turbulent Flow-: It is the type of flow in which the particles move in zigzag way. The
eddies formation takes place which are responsible for high energy loss.
When fluid is flowing, its flow is in the form of lamina, sliding over each other.
When certain obstacles are immersed in the flow, the flow is disturbed, but still the lamina
remains separate. When the velocity of flow exceeds certain limit, the laminas no longer
remain separate. But they diffuse over each other & flow becomes Turbulent. The
apparatus is designed to visualize this phenomenon & to observe the flow patterns around
the obstacles of various shapes.
Procedure-:
The apparatus is made up of Perspex sheet. These sheets are suitably arranged in a
horizontal casing. Water is supplied at one end of the casing, and it is allowed to flow
between the sheets. Dye bottle is fixed over a stand provided on casing. Dye is prepared
from colored solution, like solution of Potassium Permanganate.
Dye enters the Dye manifold & then into the main flow through the small tube.
Obstacles of various shapes can be kept between the sheets. The casing is provided with
leveling bolts so that the apparatus can easily leveled with slight downward inclination
towards outlet of water. A cabinet is at the core.
Initially, the flow of water is maintained very slow & dye is allowed to flow with
water through the obstacles. As the water flow speed is very slow, we can observe the
Laminar flow clearly in which laminas remains separate.
And then, the flow of water is increased & dye is allowed to flow with water
through the obstacles. As the water flow speed is more, we can observe the Turbulent flow
clearly in which laminas do not remains separate, they mix with each other.

Result-: We have studied the various types of flow patterns.
.


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EXPERIMENT NO: III - To Determine the Overall Efficiency
of a Centrifugal Pump
AIM-: To determine the overall efficiency of a Centrifugal Pump.
APPARATUS-: Centrifugal Pump Set Up, Stop Watch, Meter Scale, etc.
THEORY-: The hydraulic machine which converts mechanical energy into hydraulic
energy is called as the pump. The hydraulic energy is in the form of Pressure Energy. If
Mechanical Energy is converted into Pressure Energy by means of Centrifugal Force which
is acting on fluid. This hydraulic machine is called as a Centrifugal Pump. A Centrifugal
Pump consists of an impeller which is rotating inside a spiral / volute casing. Liquid is
admitted to the impeller in an axial direction through a central opening in it side called the
Eye. It then flows radially outward & is discharged around the entire circumference into a
casing. As the liquid flows through the rotating impeller, energy is imparted to the fluid,
which results in increase in both: the Pressure Energy, and the Kinetic Energy. The name
of pump Centrifugal is derived from the fact that, the discharge of liquid from the rotating
impeller is due to the centrifugal head created in it when a liquid mass is rotated in a vessel.
This results in a pressure rise throughout the mass, the rise at any point being proportional
to the square of the Angular Velocity & the distance of the point from the axis of rotation.



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DEFINITIONS-:
1) Static Head-:
The difference between the liquid level in sump & high level
reservoir is called as Static Head / Static Lift, & is represented by h. It can be
divided into two parts
1) Suction Head (h
s
) -: It is the height of liquid level in the sump upto the
centre of impeller.
2) Delivery Head (h
d
) -: It is the height of liquid level in the high level
reservoir measured fro the centre line of the pump.
Thus,
H = H
s +
H
d

2) TOTAL HEAD-:
The head which a pump delivers must equal to the static head / lift +
all losses in suction pipe, impeller, & delivery pipe. The last term must include the energy
losses in strainer valves and bends in the pipe.
Let, h
fs
& h
fd
denote the head loss in the suction and delivery pipes respectively.
Total head / Total lift is,
H = h + h
s
+ h
fd
+ h
fs

Therefore,
H = h + h
f
+ Vd
2
/ 2g
Where,
Vd = Velocity in delivery pipe.
h
f
= Total head loss in pipe system.
OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS-:
For optimum performance (i.e. operation at maximum efficiency) a centrifugal
pump is required to run at its desired speed, which happens to be the speed of driving
motor, the head, & discharge from these characteristics. It is possible to a certain whether
or not the pump will be able to handle given quantity of liquid against the desired head
from P vs.Q Curve. The size of motor can also be determined by pump through the switch
and energy meter. Put on the switch & see that whether the pump rotates in proper direction
or not. Put sufficient water in main tank before start to actual practical. Do the priming of
the pump if necessary.



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PROCEDURE-:
1) Switch on the motor and check the direction of rotation of pump in proper direction.
2) Keep the discharge valve full open and allow the water to fall in main tank.
3) No doubt the speed of the motor is controlled by the hand tachometer.
4) The readings of suction and discharges are noted.
5) Note the power consumed by pump from energy meter.
6) Measure the discharge of the pump in the measuring tank by diverting the flow.
7) Take few readings by varying the discharge.
PRECAUTIONS-:
1) Priming is necessary if pump doesnt give discharge.
2) Leakage should be avoided at joints.
3) Foot valve should be checked periodically.
4) Lubricate the swiveled joints & moving parts periodically.

SPECIFICATIONS-:
Pump type -: Centrifugal Pump Type
Motor Power -: 01 HP
Dimmer Stat -: 04 Amp., Open Type
Energy Meter -: Electrical
Vacuum Gauge -: 0 to 760 mm of Hg (0 to -30 PSi)
Pressure Gauge -: 0 to 2.1 kg / cm
2

Observation Table -:
Sr. No. Pump Speed (N) Suction
Head H
s

(m)
Discharge
Head H
d

(m)
Discharge
Q (lit/sec.)
Time x 10
(sec.)
1
2
3
4



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Calculations -:

Result -: The overall efficiency of the Centrifugal Pump is = %.



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EXPERIMENT NO: IV - To Determine the Metacentric Height
of a Cargo / War Ship

AIM: - To Determine the Metacentric Height of a Cargo / War Ship
INTRODUCTION:-
Metacenter is defined as, the point about which the body starts oscillating when it
is tilted (inclined) by a small angle.
Metacenter may also be defined as, the point at which the line of action of force of
buoyancy will meet the normal axis of the body when the body is given a small angular
displacement.
Metacentric Height is defined as, the distance between the Metacenter of a floating
body & center of gravity.


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DESCRIPTION:-
The ship model is approximately 37 cm size square in plan and is about 23 cm high.
The model is floated on water. The ship is tilted by moving a small weight at the level of
the deck of the ship. To note down the tilt of the ship, a plumb is provided which records
the tilt on a graduated arc of a circle. An arrangement is made to load the ship as a War
ship or Cargo ship.

PROCEDURE:-
Sr.
No.
For Cargo Ship For War Ship
1 Place suitable symmetrical weights at the
bottom of the ship and load it as a Cargo
Ship.
Place suitable symmetrical weights at the
deck level of the ship and load it as a War
Ship.
2 Float the ship on the water. Float the ship on the water.
3 Adjust the balancing weights on both the
sides of the ship so that the Plumb indicates
zero reading on the graduated arc.
Adjust the balancing weights on both the
sides of the ship so that the Plumb
indicates zero reading on the graduated arc.
4 Keep the Moving (Hanging) Load/Weight
at a distance of 3.5 cm off the centre on left
side.
Keep the Moving (Hanging) Load/Weight
at a distance of 3.5 cm off the centre on left
side.
5 Note down the tilt of the ship in degrees. Note down the tilt of the ship in degrees.
6 Go on shifting the Hanging Load towards
left & note down the distance of the centre,
& tilt of the ship.
Go on shifting the Hanging Load towards
left & note down the distance of the centre,
& tilt of the ship.
7 Repeat the procedure by shifting the load on
the right hand side of the centre.
Repeat the procedure by shifting the load
on the right hand side of the centre.



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OBSERVATION TABLE:-

W
1
= Weight of the ship including balancing weight in grams.
W
2
= Total weight added to make it as a Cargo / War Ship.
W
3
= Weight of the Hanging Load in grams.
Sr.
No.
Distance off the
centre to the left
X in cms
Tilt of the
Ship in
degrees
Metacentric
Height=MG
1

in cms.
Distance off
the centre to
the left
X in cms
Tilt of the
Ship
in degrees
Metacentric
Height=MG
2

in cms
Average
MG in
cms
01
02
03
04

SPECIMEN CALCULATIONS:-

W = (w
1
+ w
2
) in grams.
MG
1
or MG
2
= Metacentric Heights in centimeters.
= W1 x X / W x tan
0

Average MG = MG
1
+ MG
2
/ 2

RESULTS:-

Metacentric Height of a Cargo Ship (MG
c
) = ..cms.
Metacentric Height of a War Ship (MGw) = ..cms.

CONCLUSION:-
As the angle of tilt (
0
) increases, Metacentric Height (MG or GM) also
increases / decreases.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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EXPERIMENT NO: V - FRANCIS TURBINE TEST RIG

1. INTRODUCTION

The Francis Turbine Test Rig is supplied as a complete set to conduct experiments
on model Francis Turbine in Technical Institutions and Engineers Colleges. It has been
specially designed to conduct experiments in METRIC UNITS. The test Rig mainly
consists of (1) Francis Turbine, (2) A supply pump unit to supply water to the above
Francis Turbine, (3)Flow measuring unit consisting of a Venturimeter and a Manometer,
and (4) piping system (5) A supply tank made of M.S. with base frame on which entire unit
is fixed.

2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The unit essentially consists of a spiral casing, and rotor assembly with runner, shaft
and brake drum, all mounted on a suitable study base frame. An elbow fitted draft tube is
provided for the purpose of regaining the kinetic energy from the exit water and also
facilitating easy accessibility of the turbine due to its location at a higher level than the tail
race. A transparent hollow Perspex cylinder is provided in between the draught bend and
the Casing for the purpose of observation of flow atexit of runner. A Rope brake
arrangement is provided to load the turbine. The output Of the turbine can be controlled by
adjusting the guide vanes for Which a hand wheel and a suitable link mechanism is
provided. The Net supply head on the turbine is measured by a pressure and vacuum
Gauge.



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3. CONSTRUCTIONAL SPECIFICATIONS

1. Spiral Casing is precision moulding out of special
Grade Cast Iron for providing smooth
surface and better life and less
vibration.

2. Runner is of bronze, designed for efficient
operation accurately machined and
smoothly finished.

3. Guide Vane Mechanism Consists of guide vanes made of Gunmetal
bushes operated by a hand wheel through
a link mechanism. External dummy guide
vanes are provided to indicate the position
of the actual guide vanes working inside
the turbine.

4. Shaft is a steel accurately machined and
provided with a bronze sleeve at the
stuffing box.
5. Bearing One number ball bearing and one number
Roller bearing

6. Draught Bend is provided at the runner with
a transparent cylindrical window for
observation of flow past the runner. To the
bend is connected a draught tube of mild
steel fabrication of 1200 mm length.

7. Brake Arrangement Consists of a machined and polished cast
Iron brake drum, cooling water pipes,
Internal water scoop, discharge pipe,
Standard cast iron dead weights, spring
Balance, rope brake etc., arranged for
Loading the turbine.

8. Finish. Is of high standard suitably for laboratory
Use in Technical Institutions.



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4. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

4-1. Francis Turbine
1. Rated supply head 10.0 meters.
2. Discharge 1000 lpm.
3. Rated speed 800-1000 rpm.
4. Power output 1 HP
5. Rope & Hanger Weight 0.776 Kg
8. Runner diameter 160 mm.
9. No. of guide vanes 10 Nos.
10. P.C.D. of guide vanes 230 mm.
11. Brake rope diameter 13 mm
12. Brake drum diameter 214 mm
4.2. Supply Pump set Specifications:
1. Rated head 6/15 meters
2. Discharge 30.83 / 17.33 LPS
3. Normal speed 2880 rpm.
4. Power required 05 HP
5. Size of pump 100 x 100 mm.
6. Type Centrifugal High speed,
Single suction volute.
7. Impeller diameter 165 mm.
8. Orifice Meter Material Aluminium
9. Orifice Diameter 75 mm
10. Pressure Gauge 0 - 2.0 Kg/cm2



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OBSERVATION TABLE:-

Sr.No.
P=Inlet
Pressure
Gauge
Reading
(Bar)
Orifice Meter
Pressure (Bar)
Discharge
(m3/s)
Load on
Turbine
(Kg)
Net
Wt.
(Kg)
Speed
(rpm)
Power
(Kw) Efficiency

P1 P2
H(p1-
p2)
Q W1 W2 W N O/P I/P
01
02
03



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IMPORTANT FORMULAE:

Input Power =
Brake Power =
Efficiency =
Where N = Turbine speed in RPM.
T = Torque in Kg. (effective radius of the
Brake in meters x the net brake load in Kgs)

The value of the constant depends on the unit in which power is
measured. The value of the constant for different units of power is
given below.

Power in Kilowatts Constant 6120
Power in Metric horsepower Constant 4500
Power in British Horsepower Constant 4560



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DIAGRAM:


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EXPERIMENT NO: VI - FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE
(Constant Head method)
AIM:
To determine the co-efficient of discharge (C
d
) of the orifice by constant head
method.

DESCRIPTION:
An orifice is a small opening provided in a vessel, through which the liquid flows.
The
Orifice may be provided in the side wall or bottom of the vessel. Co-efficient of discharge
(C4) is the ratio between the actual discharge (O
a
) and the theoretical discharge (Q
t
)
The unit consists of a M.S. supply Tank of cross sectional area 0.3 x 0.3 sq. m.
provided with an inlet diffuser for damping level oscillations, an overflow outlet, a gauge
glass tube scale fitting and a provision for fixing interchangeable orifices and
mouthpiece. Water is supplied to the tank from a pump through a regulating gate valve.
Water from the orifice is collected in the collecting tank. A sump tank is provided to store
water.

PROCEDURE:
1. The diameter of the orifice and the internal plan dimensions of the collecting tank
are measured.
2. The supply valve to the orifice tank is regulated and water is allowed to fill the
orifice tank to a constant head (h).
3. The outlet valve of the collecting tank is closed tightly and the time t required for
H rise of water in the collecting tank is noted using a stop watch.
4. The above procedure is repeated for different heads and the observations are
tabulated.
5. The co-efficient of discharge is calculated for different heads.

FORMULAE USED:
Theoretical Discharge, Q
1
= a
Where, a = Area of orifice
H = Head of the liquid above the center
of orifice
g = Acceleration due to gravity (9.81m/sec
2
)
Actual discharge, Q
a
= Actual volume of liquid collected in
Unit time
=
Cd =


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DIAGRAM:


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OBSERVATIONS AND RESULT:

Diameter of orifice, d = mm
Internal plan dimensions of collecting tank
Length, l = mm
Breadth, b = mm

Sr.
No.
Head
H
(MM)
Time for H=100mm
Rise T sec
Discharge(mm
3
/s)
Co-efficient
of
Discharge
Trials
Average
Actual Theoretical
1 2
01
02

03

04

05

Mean Value of C
d
=.

MODEL CALCULATIONS: (Reading No.)
Area of orifice a = (mm
2
)

Internal plan area of collecting tank ^ = l x b (mm
2
)
Actual discharge, Q
a
=
(mm
3
/s)
Theoretical discharge, Q
1
= a
(mm
3
/s)
Co-efficient of discharge, Q
d
=

GRAPH:
Q
a
vs. ----- on X-axis

RESULT:
Average Co-efficient of the Orifice, C
d
= .

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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EXPERIMENT NO: VII - FLOW THROUGH VENTURIMETER

AIM: To determine the co-efficient (K) of the Venturimeter.

DESCRIPTION:
Venturimeter is a device, used to measure the discharge of any liquid flowing
through a pipe line. The pressure difference between the inlet and the throat of the
Venturimeter is recorded using a mercury differential manometer, and the time is recorded
for a measured discharge. Venturimeters are used to measure the flow rate of fluid in a
pipe. It consists of a short length of pipe tapering to a narrow throat in the middle and then
diverging gradually due to the reduced area and hence there is a pressure drop. By
measuring the pressure drop with a manometer, the flow rate can be calculated by applying
Bernoullis equation.
The meters are fitted in the piping system with sufficiently long pipe lengths
(greater than 10 mm diameter) upstream of the meters. Each pipe has the respective
Venturimeter with quick action cocks for pressure tappings. These pressure tappings are
connected to a common middle chamber, which in turn is connected to a differential
manometer. Each pipe line is provided with a flow control water is collected in an M.S.
collecting tank of cross sectional are 0.4 m x 0.4 m provided with gauge scale fitting and
drain valve.
PROCEDURE:
1. The diameters of the inlet and throat are recorded and the internal plan
dimensions of the collecting tank are measured.
2. Keeping the outlet valve closed, the inlet valve is opened fully.
3. The outlet vale is opened slightly and the manometric heads in both the limbs (h
1

and h
2
) are noted.
4. The outlet valve of the collecting tank is closed tightly and the timet required for
H rise of water in the collecting tank is observed using a stop watch.
5. The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow and observing
the required readings.
6. The observations are tabulated and the co-efficient of the Venturimeter is
computed.
FORMULAE USED:
Constant of Venturimeter, K =
Where, a
1
= area of inlet
a
2
= area of throat
h = Venturi head in terms of flowing liquid =
h
1
= Manometric head in one limb of the manometer
h
2
= Manometric head in other limb of the manometer
S
m
= Specific gravity of following liquid
S
1
= Specific gravity of following liquid
g = Acceleration due to gravity

Actual Discharge (Q
a
) =


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OBSERVATIONS AND RESULT:

Diameter of inlet, d
1
= .mm
Diameter of inlet, d
2
= .mm
Internal plan dimensions of collecting tank
Length, l =.mm
Breadth, b =.mm

Sr.
No
.
Manometric Readings
(mm) of Water
Venturi
head in
terms of
flowing
fluid
(h) mm

Time for
H=100mm rise
t Sec.
Actual
Discharge
(mm
3
/sec)
Coefficient
of
Venturimeter
H
h
2
Difference
X=(h
1
-h
2
)
Trials Avg.

1 2

01

02

03

Mean Value of C
d
= .

MODEL CALCULATIONS : (Reading No. )
Area of inlet of Venturimeter a
1
=

d
1
2
/4
(
mm
2
)
Area of throat of Venturimeter a
2
=

d
2
2
/4
(
mm
2
)
Internal plan area of collecting tank = l x b (mm
2
)
Actual discharge, Q
a
= (mm
3
/s)

Coefficient of Meter, (K) = Q
a
/ C.

GRAPH:
Q
a
vs. ----- on X-axis
RESULT:
Average Co-efficient of the Venturimeter, C
d
=
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



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EXPERIMENT NO: VIII
TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF FLOW BY USING REYNOLDS
APPARATUS.

REYNOLDS NUMBER:
Reynolds number Re is the ratio of inertia force to the viscous force where
viscous force Is the product of shear stress and area inertia force is the product of
mass and acceleration.

APPARATUS:

1. Reynoldss apparatus which consists glass tube, water tank and a small dye
container at the top of tank.
2. Potassium permanganate (dye).
3. Thermometer.
4. Measuring tank.
5. Stop watch.

DIAGRAM:



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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



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EXPERIMENT NO: IX
TO CONDUCT A TEST ON PELTON WHEEL TURBINE AT
A CONSTANT HEAD

AIM: To conduct a test on Pelton Wheel Turbine at a Constant Head
APPARATUS:
1. Pelton Wheel Turbine
2. Nozzle & Spear Arrangement
3. Pressure Gauges (03 Nos. Range = 00 07 kg/cm
2
)

THEORY:
Pelton Wheel Turbine is an IMPULSE type of turbine which is used to utilize high head for
generation of electricity. All the energy is transferred by means of Nozzle & Spear arrangement.
The water leaves the nozzle in a jet formation. The jet of water then strikes on the buckets of
Pelton Wheel Runner. The buckets are in the shape of double cups joined together at the middle
portion. The jet strikes the knife edge of the bucket with least resistance and shock. Then the jet
glides along the path of the cup & jet is deflected through more than 160 170 degrees. While
passing through along the buckets, the velocity of water is reduced & hence impulse force is
applied to the cups which are moved & hence shaft is rotated.
The Specific Speed of Pelton wheel varies at constant head.

TEST REQUIREMENTS:
The Pelton Wheel is supplied with water at high pressure by Centrifugal Pump. The water
is converged through Venturimeter to the Pelton Wheel. The Venturimeter with manometer
connection is to be determined. The nozzle opening can be positioned and decreased by operating
Spear wheel at the entrance side of turbine. The Spear wheel can be positioned in 8 places, i.e.
1/8,2/8,3/8,4/8,5/8,6/8,7/8,8/8 of nozzle opening. The turbine can be loaded by applying loads on
brake drums by means of placing the given loads on the loading arm also placing the given loads
on the loaded turbine.
The speeds (r.p.m.) at the entrance can be measured with the help of Tachometer.


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PROCEDURE:
1. Keep the nozzle opening at the required position.
2. Do the priming & start the pump.
3. Allow the water in the turbine to rotate it.
4. Note down the speed of the turbine.
5. Take the respective readings in the respective pressure gauges.
6. Load the turbine by putting the weights.
7. Note down the dead weights.
8. Also note down the Head level.
9. Repeat the same procedure for different loading conditions.

SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Diameter of Drum = 40 cms = 0.4 m
2. Diameter of Rope = 15 mm = 0.015 m
3. Total diameter (D) = 415 mm = 0.415 m

OBSERVATION TABLE:

RESULT: Avg. Efficiency of the Pelton Wheel Turbine = ..%

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sr.
No.
Pressure
Gauge
Readings in
Kg/cm
2

Head
(H)=P/W
Meters
Q
act=
0.0055 x
(H)
1/2

Speed
(N)
in rpm
H at inlet of
turbine
Dead
Weight
T1
in Kg
Spring
Weight
T2
in Kg
Weight of
Hanger
T0
in Kg
Resultant
Load (T)=
T1 + T0
T2
in Kg
B.H.P.
=
DNT/
60x75
I.H.P.=
WQH/
75
% Efficiency =
BHP/IHP X 100
P1

P2

P3

P
Kg/cm
2

H
In m
01
02
03
04
05


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EXPERIMENT NO: X
PERFORMANCE TEST ON GEAR (OIL) PUMP

AIM: To conduct the performance test on the given oil gear pump and to
draw the characteristic curves.
DESCRIPTION: Gear pump Test Rig consists of a Gear Pump, connected to
a motor, mounted on a reservoir tank. A collecting tank is also mounted
adjacent to the pump so that the oil is pumped from reservoir to the collecting
tank through suction and delivery pipe. A delivery valve controls the output
pressure. The oil from the collecting tank is discharged into the reservoir by
opening the gate valve of the upper tank. The power required by the pump is
obtained by rotation of the disc in the Energy meter.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
Close the delivery gate valve completely.
Start the motor and adjust the gate vale to the required pressure and
delivery.
Note the following readings
The pressure and vacuum gauge readings
The time te for N revolutions of energy meter disc
The time te for h cm rise of water collecting tank.
The above steps are repeated for different values of discharge.
Switch off the monitor.
Calculate the input, output and efficiency.

CALCULATIONS:

1. Discharge = Ah/tc
2. Head : [H] = h
d
+ h
s
+h
g

3. Output of the pump : = QH W
4. Input of the pump: = (3600 x 1000 x N
2
x 1 x 2)/Nt
e
Watts.
5. Efficiency : = x 100
A = Area of collecting tank [l x b]
= Specific weight of oil (N/m
3
)
Q = Discharge (m
3
/sec)
H = Total head (m of water)
N = Number of revolutions from the energy meter disc
1 = Efficiency of pump
2 = Efficiency of energy meter disc



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OBSERVATIONS:
Energy Meter Constant (N) =
Efficiency of Motor (
1
) =
Efficiency of Energy Meter (
2
) =
Breadth of Collecting Tank (b) =
Length of Collecting Tank (l) =

DATASHEET:
Sr
No.
Pressure Gauge
Readings (H
d
)
Total
Head
[H] m
Time for N
2
rev. in
Sec. (t
e
)

Discharge
(Q)=Ah/t
c

in
m
3
/sec.

Input
(W
1
)

Output
(W
2
)

Efficiency
(% ) Kg/cm
2
m of
Water

GRAPHS:
Discharge vs. Head
Discharge vs. Efficiency
Discharge vs. Output

RESULT:
The performance of submersible pump is conducted and characteristic
curves are drawn.

Efficiency = .. %
Discharge = ..m
3
/sec.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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EXPERIMENT NO: XI -
TO STUDY THE VISCOSITY OF GIVEN OIL WITH
TEMPERATURE

AIM : To study the viscosity of given oil with temperature

EQUIPMENTS: Red Wood Viscometer, Measuring Flask, Thermometer &
Stopwatch.
THEORY:
Red Wood Viscometer is based on principle of laminar flow through capillary tube
of standard dimension under falling head. The Viscometer consists of vertical cylinder with
orifice of centre of base of inner cylinder. The cylinder is surrounded by water both which
can maintain temperature of liquid to be tested at required temperature.
The water bath is heated by electric heater. The cylinder which is filled up to fix
with liquid whose viscosity is to be determined is heated by water bath to desired
temperature. Then orifice is opened and time required to pass 50 cc of liquid is noted. With
this arrangement variation of Viscosity with temperature can be studied.
In case of Red Wood Viscometer Kinematic Viscosity and time required to pass 50
cc of liquid are co-related by expression,
V= 0.0026t 1.175/t
Where, V Kinematic viscosity in stoke
t: Time in seconds to collect 50 cc of oil.

PROCEDURE:
1. Level instrument with help of circular bubble and leveling foot screws.
2. Fill water bath.
3. Close orifice with ball valve and fill cylinder upto index mark.
4. Record steady temperature of oil.
5. By lifting ball valve, collect 50cc of liquid in measuring flak and measure time
required for same.
6. Repeat procedure for different temperatures by heating oil with water bath.



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DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Temperature
(
0
C)
Time to collect 50cc of oil
in time t (Sec)
Kinematic Viscosity v in
stokes

Kinematic Viscosity (v) = {0.0026t 1.175 / t}



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CONCLUSIONS:
Kinematic viscosity of given oil at 40
0
C is .. Stokes.
Kinematic viscosity decreases/increases with increase/
decrease in temperature.
Rate of decrease/increase of kinematic viscosity
..increases/decreases with .increase/decrease in temperature.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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EXPERIMENT NO: XII -
CAVITATION TEST APPARATUS

Introduction:
Cavitation is most unpleasant hydrodynamic phenomenon, whose harmful effects
are both widespread and obvious and seriously handicap many phase of science and
engineering. Conversely its basic nature has long been veiled in mystery and only recently
it is beginning to understood. Cavitation is a liquid phenomenon and does not occur under
any normal circumstances either in solids or gases. It is seldom observed in concerned field
because it normally occurs within closed opaque conduits. But now with the help of this set
up demonstration of its direct appearance and measurement of conditions is possible. Thus
it is very helpful for better understanding of cavitation supports the theoretical statements
boosts the further study in this regard. Here with this setup controlled cavitation could be
produced, defected & located.

CAVITATION:

The Phenomenon of cavitation was first observed in 1885 during the testing of
marine propellers and subsequently on the blades of water turbines working under high
heads. In spite of various investigations the cause of destruction in completely convincing
manner.
The phenomenon of cavitation could be described as follows: When a body of
liquid is heated under constant pressure on when its pressure is reduced at constant
temperature by static or dynamic means, a state is reached ultimately at which vapor
gas and vapor filled bubbles or cavities become visible & grow. The pressure is called
as vapor pressure zone they collapse and the liquid around it rushes to the centre of
the cavity and a shock wave of sound is produced which leads to vibration.
The cavitation could be controlled by controlling the pressure reduction and could
be observed at various stages of its advancement.

DESCRIPTION:
This is a experimental setup with help of which cavitation could be initiated and
controlled. The setup consist f following items: (See sketch)
1) The sump tank or delivery tank.
2) Centrifugal pump.
3) Venturimeter for discharge measurement.
4) Pressure tank.
5) Perspex Venturimeter to initiate cavitation.
6) Manometer for pressure measurement.
7) Pressure gauges.



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:
DIAGRAM:



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WORKING:
The test setup works as close circuit system and uses only above 750 liters of water
as a cavitating fluid. Two tanks one as a sump of delivery tank and other as pressure tank is
provided. The centrifugal pump sucks water. The delivery side of the pump is fitted with a
valve for flow variation. A measurement Venturimeter provided for discharge measurement
with pipe line. The discharge is given to a closed pressure vessel where the water gets
pressurized and it passes through the Perspex Venturimeter and the same goes back to the
sump tank through a suitable pipe line. The Perspex Venturimeter is so designed that the
liquid reaches its vapor pressure at a desired discharge of water and cavitation is initiated at
the throat and the pressure at throat is reduced to about 620 mm of Hg. (07 to 08 meters of
water head). At this time the cavities could be observed around the throat area and they
start travelling in the flow direction. After reaching a pressure zone they start collapsing
and rattling sound could be heard.

OPERATION:

1. Fill water in the delivery tank (11) up to 1
st
Ring marking from top. Keep the pump
discharge valve (10 A) open at the time of filling as the pressure tank (4) shall also
be filled up to that level.
2. Keep the valve (10A) slightly open and valve (10B) completely open and start the
pump motor (1),.(2).
3. The water shall start flowing in the pressure tank (4) and through it in the bell
mouth entry section (6) and the Perspex venture (7) back to the delivery tank (11).
4. Open the vent valves on manometers, Pressure tank
Open pressure tapping valves on measurement Venturimeter (3) and remove
air from the hose and close the overflow valves of respective manometer.
5. Adjust the discharge so s to get 5 to 7 cm mercury deflection in the measurement
Manometer.
6. Now to remove air from the other manometer open the overflow valve and by
applying back pressure with the help of valve (10B) remove air close the overflow
valve on manometer.
7. Now open valve (10B) to its full range and then slowly increase discharge with the
help of valve 10A.
During this operation you shall feel that the cavitating has started due to following
reasons but it may be a false indication.
a) Air bubbles in the water passing through the venture.
b) The obstruction due to the pressure tapping in the flow.
8. As soon as you reach a position when the pressure in the tank (4) is @0.3kg/cm
2

and you shall find that a ring of bubbles is seen at throat of the Perspex venture (7).


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9. The deflection in the other manometer shall be @62 cm of Hg at this time. This is
the right position of cavitation inception.
10. As you go on increasing the discharge the cavitation shall advance and no. of
reading could be taken.

CALCULATIONS:

Discharge Measurement Venturimeter

Data:
1.
Throat diameter = 3.9 cm. = Area a
2
= 11.94 cm
2
2.
Inlet diameter = 6.5 cm. = Area a
1
= 33.16 cm
2
3. C
d
. = 0.94
4. Water Head (h) = h(S-1) [S= 13.6 sp.gr. of mercury]

Q= C
d. {
a
1.
a
2
/ (a
1
2
-a
2
2
)
1/2
}

x {
(
2gh)
1/2
}

Perspex Venturi

Data:
1.
Inlet diameter (d
0
)= 6.5 cm. = Area (a
0
) = 33.16 cm
2
2.
Throat diameter (d
t
)= 2.6 cm. = Area (a
t
) = 05.30 cm
2
3. Velocity at inlet (V
o
) = Q/ a
0

4. Velocity head at inlet (V
o
) = V
o
2
/ 2
g

Cavitation Number:

K= P
o
-P
t
/ (V
o
2
/2
g
)

P
0
= Pressure at inlet of Perspex venturi.
P
t
= Pressure at throat of Perspex venturi.

Note: 760 mm of Hg = 1030 cm of water.
1 kg / cm
2
= 1030 cm of water head.



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OBSERVATION TABLE:

Sr.
No.
MeasurementVenturi Cavitation Venturi K= P
o
-
P
t
/(V
o
2
/2
g
)
h cm of mercury Q ccs / sec Inlet Pressure
(P
o
)
Throat
Pressure (P
t
)
V
o
2
/ 2
g

01

02

03

04

05

06

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



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EXPERIMENT NO: XIII -
IMPACT OF JET APPARATUS
AIM: To find the coefficient of impact of jet for vane, K
(Stationary & Inclined).
APPARATUS:
1. Impact of Jet experimental Set up
2. Stopwatch
DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus consists of an Acrylic cylinder. At the center of the cylinder, a nozzle
is provided. On the top of the cylinder, lever is provided for which fulcrum is given at one
end. At another end of the lever, Balancing Weight is provided. On the lever, required vane
is attached. A Movable Weight is provided on the scale to get lever balance. The discharge
is led into the Measuring Tank.

PROCEDURE:
1. Fix a required vane (suppose a Flat Plate) to the lever.
2. Adjust the Balancing Weight so that the lever becomes horizontal.
3. Start the supply. The jet of water through the nozzle will impinge on the vane. The
force due to impact of water will be acting on the vane in the upward direction. This
will disturb the initial balance of the lever.
4. Suitably adjust the position of the Sliding (Movable) Weight, so that the lever
becomes horizontal or takes the balanced position.
5. Adjust the Supply Valve and take few more readings / observations.
6. With different vanes attached, F, repeat the procedure.



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OBSERVATIONS:
Diameter of Nozzle = 1.0 cm ; A = 0.786 cm
2

Distance X
2
cm = 14 cms
Weight of Jockey (W
1
) = 0.250 Kgs = 250 gms.
Gravitational Constant (g) = 9.81 m/s
2

Sr.
No. X
1

cms
Time for
5 liters
in
Seconds
Displacement
of Mass
(X
1
-X)
Discharge
Q in
m
3
/sec
(Actual
Force)
F
a
in
N
(Theoretical
Force)
F
t
in
N
Coefficient
K= F
a
/F
t

01
02
03
04
05

RESULT:

Average Coefficient of Impact of Jet for Stationary Vane(K
STATIONARY
) =
Average Coefficient of Impact of Jet for Inclined Vane (K
INCLINED
) =

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


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Question Bank
FLUID MECHANICS & MACHINES (M)



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Mahatma Gandhi Missions
Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Fluid Mechanics and Machines (M)
Part A
1. Define fluid.
2. Differentiate between fluid and solid.
3. Define Specific volume
4. Define Specific gravity.
5. Define Viscosity.
6. Define Compressibility.
7. Define vapor pressure.
8. Define Capillarity.
9. Define Surface tension.
10. Differentiate between Absolute and gauge pressures.
11. Mention two pressure measuring instruments.
12. What is Piezometer?
13. How manometers are classified.
14. What is pitot static tube?
15. Write down the units for dynamic and kinematic viscosity.
16. State Newtons law of viscosity.
17. Differentiate between Newtonian and non Newtonian fluid.
18. Differentiate between ideal and real fluid.
19. What is ideal plastic fluid?
20. Define velocity gradient.
21. What is the difference weight density and mass density?
22. What is the difference between dynamic and kinematic viscosity?
23. Differentiate between specific weight and specific volume.
24. Define relative density.
25. What is vacuum pressure?
26. What is absolute zero pressure?
27. Write down the value of atmospheric pressure head in terms of water and Hg.
28. Define stream line.
29. Define path line.
30. Define streak line.
31. Define steady flow.
32. Define uniform flow.
33. Differentiate between laminar and turbulent flow.
34. How will you classify the flow as laminar and turbulent?
35. Differentiate between compressible and incompressible flow.
36. Differentiate between rotational and irrotational flow.
37. Define stream function.
38. Define velocity potential function.
39. Write down continuity equation for compressible and incompressible fluid.
40. Write down continuity equation in three dimensions.
41. Differentiate between local and convective acceleration.
42. Define circulation.
43. Define flow net.
44. Write down Eulers equation of motion.
45. Write down Bernoullis equation of motion for ideal and real fluid.


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46. State the assumptions made in Bernoullis equation of motion.
47. Mention the applications of Bernoullis equation of motion.
48. Mention few discharge measuring devices
49. Draw the Venturimeter and mention the parts.
50. Why the divergent cone is longer than convergent cone in Venturimeter?
51. Compare the merits and demerits of Venturimeter with orifice meter.
52. Why Cd value is high in Venturimeter than orifice meter?
53. What is the difference between Pitot tube and Pitot static tube?
54. What is orifice plate?
55. What do you mean by vena contracta?
56. Define coefficient of discharge.
57. Define coefficient of velocity.
58. Define coefficient of contraction.
59. State Buckinghams Pi Theorem.
60. What is dimensional homogeneity?
61. What is dimensionless number?
62. Mention the methods for dimensional analysis.
63. Mention few important dimensionless numbers.
64. Mention the type of forces acting in moving fluid.
65. Define Reynolds number.
66. Define Froudes number.
67. Define Eulers number.
68. Define Webers number.
69. Define Machs number.
70. What is the difference between model and prototype?
71. Mention two application of similarity laws
72. Define geometric similarity.
73. Define kinematic similarity.
74. Define dynamic similarity.
75. What is the difference between fluid kinematics and fluid dynamics?
76. Write down Hagen poiseulle's equation
77. Sketch the velocity distribution for laminar flow between parallel plates.
78. Sketch the shear stress distribution for laminar flow between parallel plates
79. Differentiate between Hydraulic Gradient line and Total Energy line.
80. Write down Darcy -weisback's equation.
81. Mention the application of moody diagram.
82. What is the difference between friction factor and coefficient of friction?
83. What do you mean by major energy loss?
84. List down the type of minor energy losses.
85. What is compound pipe?
86. What do you mean by equivalent pipe?
87. What is the condition for maximum efficiency of power transmission?
88. Define boundary layer thickness.
89. What do you mean by boundary layer separation?
90. Define displacement thickness.
91. Define energy thickness.
92. Define momentum thickness.
93. How boundary layers are classified?
94. Define laminar boundary layer
95. Define turbulent boundary layer.


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96. Define laminar sub layer.
97. On what basis, the boundary layer is classified as laminar and turbulent?
98. Define drag force.
99. Define lift force.
100. Define turbine.
101. What are the classifications of turbine
102. Define impulse turbine.
103. Define reaction turbine.
104. Differentiate between impulse and reaction turbine.
105. What is the function of draft tube?
106. Define specific speed of turbine.
107. What are the main parameters in designing a Pelton wheel turbine?
108. What is breaking jet in Pelton wheel turbine?
109. What is the function of casing in Pelton turbine
110. Draw a simple sketch of Pelton wheel bucket.
111. What is the function of surge tank fixed to penstock in Pelton turbine?
112. How the inlet discharge is controlled in Pelton turbine?
113. What is water hammer?
114. What do you mean by head race?
115. What do you mean by tail race?
116. What is speed ratio?
117. What is flow ratio?
118. What is the difference between propeller and Kaplan turbine?
119. Mention the parts of Kaplan turbine.
120. Differentiate between inward and outward flow reaction turbine.
121. What is the difference between Francis turbine and Modern Francis turbine?
122. What is the difference between outward and inward flow turbine?
123. What is mixed flow reaction turbine? Give an example.
124. Why draft tube is not required in impulse turbine?
125. How turbines are classified based on head. Give example.
126. How turbines are classified based on flow. Give example
127. How turbines are classified based on working principle. Give example.
128. What does velocity triangle indicates?
129. Draw the velocity triangle for radial flow reaction turbine.
130. Draw the velocity triangle for tangential flow turbine.
131. Mention the type of characteristic curves for turbines.
132. How performance characteristic curves are drawn for turbine.
133. Mention the types of efficiencies calculated for turbine.
134. Define Hydraulic efficiency
135. Define Mechanical efficiency.
136. Define overall efficiency.
137. Define pump.
138. How pumps are classified?
139. Differentiate pump and turbine.
140. Define Rotodynamic pump.
141. Define Positive displacement pump.
142. Differentiate between Rotodynamic and positive displacement pump.
143. Define cavitation in pump.
144. What is the need for priming in pump?
145. Give examples for Rotodynamic pump


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146. Give examples for Positive displacement pump.
147. Mention the parts of centrifugal pump.
148. Mention the type of casing used in centrifugal pump.
149. Why the foot valve is fitted with strainer?
150. Why the foot valve is a non return type valve?
151. Differentiate between volute casing and vortex casing.
152. What is the function of volute casing?
153. What is the function of guide vanes?
154. Why the vanes are curved radially backward?
155. What do you mean by relative velocity?
156. What is whirl velocity?
157. What do you mean by absolute velocity?
158. What is the function of impeller?
159. Mention the types of impeller used.
160. Mention the types of efficiencies calculated for pump.
161. Define Hydraulic efficiency
162. Define Mechanical efficiency.
163. Define overall efficiency
164. Define specific speed of pump.
165. Mention the type of characteristic curves for pump
166. How performance characteristic curves are drawn for pump.
167. Mention the parts of reciprocating pump.
168. What is the function of air vessel?
169. What is slip of reciprocating pump?
170. What is negative slip?
171. What is the condition for occurrence of negative slip?
172. What does indicator diagram indicates?
173. What is the difference between actual and ideal indicator diagram?
174. Briefly explain Gear pump.
175. Differentiate between internal gear pump and external gear pump.
176. Briefly explain vane pump.
177. What is rotary pump?
178. Draw the velocity triangle for centrifugal pump.
179. Draw the indicator diagram fro reciprocating pump.
180. What is the amount of work saved by air vessel?
181. Mention the merits and demerits of centrifugal pump.
182. Mention the merits and demerits of reciprocating pump.
183. What is separation in reciprocating pump?
184. How separation occurs in reciprocating pump?
185. Write down the equation for loss of head due to acceleration in reciprocating
pump.
186. Write down the equation for loss of head due to friction in reciprocating
pump.
187. Differentiate single acting and double acting reciprocating pump.

188. Define Gauge pressure.
189. Give the expression for Eulers Equations of motion.
190. What is Total energy line?


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191. List few minor energy losses in a pipe line.
192. State Buckinghams - theorem.
193. What is geometric similarity?
194. Define specific speed in a centrifugal pump.
195. What is jet ratio in a Pelton wheel?
196. What is indicator diagram in a centrifugal pump?
197. What is the use of air vessel in a pump?
198. Define fluid.
199. Differentiate between fluid and solid.
200. Define Specific volume
201. Define Specific gravity.
202. Define Viscosity.
203. Define Compressibility.
204. Define vapor pressure.
205. Define Capillarity.
206. Define Surface tension.
207. Differentiate between Absolute and gauge pressures.
208. Mention two pressure measuring instruments.
209. What is Piezometer?
210. How manometers are classified.
211. What is pitot static tube?
212. Write down the units for dynamic and kinematic viscosity.
213. State Newtons law of viscosity.
214. Differentiate between Newtonian and non Newtonian fluid.
215. Differentiate between ideal and real fluid.
216. What is ideal plastic fluid?
217. Define velocity gradient.
218. What is the difference weight density and mass density?
219. What is the difference between dynamic and kinematic viscosity?
220. Differentiate between specific weight and specific volume.
221. Define relative density.
222. What is vacuum pressure?
223. What is absolute zero pressure?



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224. Write down the value of atmospheric pressure head in terms of water and Hg.
225. Define stream line.
226. Define path line.
227. Define streak line.
228. Define steady flow.
229. Define uniform flow.
230. Differentiate between laminar and turbulent flow.
231. How will you classify the flow as laminar and turbulent.
232. Differentiate between compressible and incompressible flow.
233. Differentiate between rotational and irrotational flow.
234. Define stream function.
235. Define velocity potential function.
236. Write down continuity equation for compressible and incompressible fluid.
237. Write down continuity equation in three dimensions.
238. Differentiate between local and convective acceleration.
239. Define circulation.
240. Define flow net.
241. Write down Eulers equation of motion.
242. Write down Bernoullis equation of motion for ideal and real fluid.
243. State the assumptions made in Bernoullis equation of motion.
244. Mention the applications of Bernoullis equation of motion.
245. Mention few discharge measuring devices.



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Part B QUESTIONS (Theory / Derivation)

1. Derive continuity equation in three dimension
2. Derive Bernoullis equation from Eulers equation of motion.
3. Derive an expression for discharge in Venturimeter
4. Derive an expression for discharge in orifice meter
5. Derive Hagen poiseulles equation for laminar flow through circular pipe.
6. Derive Darcy-weisbacks equation for flow through pipes
7. Explain the types of similarities.
8. Derive an expression for specific speed for pump.
9. Derive an expression for specific speed for turbine.
10. Explain with neat sketch the working principle of Centrifugal pump
11. Explain with neat sketch the working principle of Reciprocating pump.
12. Explain with neat sketch the working principle of Pelton wheel turbine
13. Explain with neat sketch the working principle of Kaplan turbine
14. Explain with neat sketch the working principle of Reaction turbine
15. Explain with neat sketch the working principle of rotary pump( Gear / Vane pump)
16. Derive the efficiencies in centrifugal pump
17. Derive the amount of work saved by air vessel in reciprocating pump.

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Mahatma Gandhi Mission'S Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College

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FLUID MECHANICS LABORATORY MANUALPREPARED BY: - Mr.

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