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Materials
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Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Additive Manufacturing of Steels
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Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Additive Manufacturing of Steels

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Metals and Alloys".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 May 2025 | Viewed by 1956

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Robert Bidulský

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Bodva Industry and Innovation Cluster, Budulov 174, 04501 Moldava nad Bodvou, Slovakia
Interests: powder metallurgy; additive manufacturing; metals and alloys; metallurgical engineering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Jana Bidulská

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia
Interests: powder metallurgy; metal forming; ECAP; ECAR; additive manufacturing; metal and alloys; light-weight materials; soft magnetic materials; microstructure; porosity; mechanical properties
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Metals and alloys are widely used as automotive components, radio and electrical equipment, precision tools for flight controls, and telecommunications devices. Various plastic-forming processes produce high-performance parts with complex shapes with varying levels of accuracy and surface quality. Moreover, advanced plastic deformation processes can greatly improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of metal materials. It is crucial to study the microstructure developments and properties of metals and alloys in the whole life cycle to promote the development and application of final products. This Special Issue aims to publish original, important, and developed research papers that focus on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and additive manufacturing of steels.

In this Special Issue, we welcome the submission of the latest research on the appropriate topics, including, but not limited to, the following: metal-forming processes; finite element simulation technology during plastic deformation; the severe plastic deformation process of metal materials; microstructure evolution; mechanical properties test; and additive manufacturing of steels.

Dr. Robert Bidulský
Dr. Jana Bidulská
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • metals
  • alloys
  • microstructure
  • mechanical properties
  • additive manufacturing
  • joining
  • simulation
  • metal forming

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 3283 KiB  
Article
Design and Analysis of Fluorine-Free Mold Fluxes for Continuous Casting of Peritectic Steels
by Márcia Maria da Silva Monteiro Pereira, Hervé Tavernier, Tiago dos Santos Junior and Fernando Vernilli
Materials 2024, 17(23), 5947; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235947 - 4 Dec 2024
Viewed by 425
Abstract
Fluorine-based mold fluxes are critical for continuous casting of peritectic steels, controlling heat transfer and preventing cracks. However, environmental and health concerns associated with fluorine have spurred the search for alternative flux compositions. This study applied a factorial design to explore the effects [...] Read more.
Fluorine-based mold fluxes are critical for continuous casting of peritectic steels, controlling heat transfer and preventing cracks. However, environmental and health concerns associated with fluorine have spurred the search for alternative flux compositions. This study applied a factorial design to explore the effects of Na2O, TiO2, B2O3, and fluorine on key properties such as viscosity, crystallization temperature, and melting behavior. Analytical methods, including viscosity measurements, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), combined with thermodynamic modeling, were used to evaluate performance. Four formulations were selected based on factorial design results. Sample A, with high Na2O, exhibited intense crystallization of merwinite (Ca3MgSi2O8) and perovskite (CaTiO3). Sample B, incorporating B2O3, had reduced crystallization and suitable viscosity (2.97 Pa·s). Sample C, with a slightly higher fluorine content than Sample B and without B2O3, presented balanced low viscosity (1.75 Pa·s) with a moderate crystallization tendency. Sample D, free of fluorine and B2O3, showed high viscosity (4.58 Pa·s) and significant crystallization. These results demonstrate that fluorine-free fluxes with properties comparable to fluorine-based compositions can be developed, offering a sustainable alternative for steelmaking. Industrial trials are necessary to validate their performance under operational conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Additive Manufacturing of Steels)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Graphical abstract
Full article ">Figure 1
<p>Density plot for the desirability function for formulations containing: (<b>a</b>) 0% fluorine and (<b>b</b>) 3% fluorine.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Evolution of phases in equilibrium for the compositions studied in this work, estimated by thermodynamics calculations.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>XRD of the powder glass samples of samples A, B, C, and D.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>SEM images of the polished sections of samples A, B, C, and D.</p> Full article ">Figure 4 Cont.
<p>SEM images of the polished sections of samples A, B, C, and D.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>DSC curves of the samples A, B, C, and D, obtained at a heating rate of 20 °<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mi>C·min</mi> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math> and a cooling rate at 30 °<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <msup> <mi>C·min</mi> <mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Comparison between melting and crystallization areas measured from DSC curves for samples A, B, C, and D.</p> Full article ">
15 pages, 4907 KiB  
Article
Post-Processing Effect on the Corrosion Resistance of Super Duplex Stainless Steel Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
by Zbigniew Brytan, Mengistu Dagnaw, Jana Bidulská, Róbert Bidulský and Mohd Ridha Muhamad
Materials 2024, 17(12), 2807; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17122807 - 8 Jun 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1074
Abstract
This study examines the microstructural characteristics and corrosion resistance of super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) produced through laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The analysis shows that the as-printed samples mainly exhibit a ferritic microstructure, which is due to the fast-cooling rates of the [...] Read more.
This study examines the microstructural characteristics and corrosion resistance of super duplex stainless steel (SDSS) produced through laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The analysis shows that the as-printed samples mainly exhibit a ferritic microstructure, which is due to the fast-cooling rates of the LPBF technique. X-ray and microstructure analyses reveal the presence of minor austenite phases in the ferritic matrix. The process of solution annealing led to a more balanced microstructure. Analyses of corrosion resistance, such as potentiodynamic polarization tests and EIS, indicate that heat treatment has a significant impact on the corrosion behavior of SDSS. Solution annealing and stress relieving at 400 °C for 1 h can improve corrosion resistance by increasing polarization resistance and favorable EIS parameters. However, stress relieving at 550 °C for 5 h may reduce the material’s corrosion resistance due to the formation of chromium nitride. Therefore, stress relieving at 400 °C for 1 h is a practical method to significantly enhance the corrosion resistance of LPBF-printed SDSS. This method offers a balance between microstructural integrity and material performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Additive Manufacturing of Steels)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>The isothermal precipitation diagram for various DSS is based on [<a href="#B4-materials-17-02807" class="html-bibr">4</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Heat treatment conditions on the isothermal precipitation diagram of DSS.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>XRD patterns of LPBF-printed SDSS at as-printed, stress-relieved, and solution-annealed conditions.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>SEM microstructure of LPBF-printed SDSS (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) in as-printed conditions, (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) after stress relieving at 550 °C for 5 h, and (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>) in solution-annealed conditions.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>The potentiodynamic polarization-corrosion testing results of LPBF-printed SDSS: (<b>a</b>) open circuit potential; potentiodynamic polarization curves: (<b>b</b>) as-printed; (<b>c</b>) stress-relieved at 300 °C/5 h; (<b>d</b>) stress-relieved at 400 °C/1 h; (<b>e</b>) stress-relieved at 550 °C/5 h; (<b>f</b>) solution-annealed at 1100 °C/15 min. Arrows indicate the direction of the potential scan, the forward and backward scan.</p> Full article ">Figure 5 Cont.
<p>The potentiodynamic polarization-corrosion testing results of LPBF-printed SDSS: (<b>a</b>) open circuit potential; potentiodynamic polarization curves: (<b>b</b>) as-printed; (<b>c</b>) stress-relieved at 300 °C/5 h; (<b>d</b>) stress-relieved at 400 °C/1 h; (<b>e</b>) stress-relieved at 550 °C/5 h; (<b>f</b>) solution-annealed at 1100 °C/15 min. Arrows indicate the direction of the potential scan, the forward and backward scan.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Impedance spectra of LPBF-printed SDSS for as-printed, stress-relieved, and solution-annealed conditions: (<b>a</b>) Nyquist plot; (<b>b</b>) impedance modulus as a function of frequency; (<b>c</b>) phase angle as a function of frequency.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Equivalent electric circuit (EEC) for LPBF-printed SDSS studied in NaCl solution.</p> Full article ">
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