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Applied Sciences
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Research and Estimation of Traffic Flow Characteristics
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Research and Estimation of Traffic Flow Characteristics

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Transportation and Future Mobility".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 August 2025 | Viewed by 3437

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Ireneusz Celinski

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Guest Editor
Department of Transport Systems, Faculty Transport and Aviation Engineering, Traffic Engineering and Logistic, Silesian University of Technology, 40-019 Katowice, Poland
Interests: scientific interests combining the problems of the road traffic engineering: control; modeling; organization; C-ITS and telemetry; data transmission; vision techniques; biometrics; cognitive science; eye trackers; electronic devices in transport; airport management
Dr. Renata Żochowska

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Transport Systems, Faculty Transport and Aviation Engineering, Traffic Engineering and Logistic, Silesian University of Technology, 40-019 Katowice, Poland
Interests: traffic engineering; travel demand modeling and forecasting; analyses of public transport; mathematical modeling of transport processes; estimation of the capacity and assessment of traffic conditions at intersections; optimization of traffic networks; comprehensive traffic studies; multi-criteria decision support; sustainable mobility; route choice and assignment models; work zones and temporary traffic organization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Grzegorz Karoń

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Transport Systems, Faculty Transport and Aviation Engineering, Traffic Engineering and Logistic, Silesian University of Technology, 40-019 Katowice, Poland
Interests: modelling of transportation systems and processes
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are faced with complex and difficult issues in terms of the changing picture of traffic in contemporary transport networks. On one hand, these changes are imposed by the post-industrial era, changing the distribution of traffic flows in line with changes in the socio-economic system. This affects the characteristics and distribution of traffic flows. On the other hand, administrative restrictions are imposed and transport systems could contribute to building more sustainable societies. This considered, changes in traffic flows will be observed in the coming years. The introduction of autonomous vehicles will also occur in the near future, also in relation to the issue of mixed traffic structure. In this context, the research on and estimation of traffic flow characteristics contribute significant new knowledge, thus improving traffic safety, efficiency, organization, and control.

The introduction of fifth/sixth-generation mobile networks in combination with C-ITS could change traffic characteristics in a way never seen before. Hence, traffic flow research can help people to make the best decisions in the fields of organization, management, and control of traffic. The characteristics of traffic flows are closely related to the infrastructure conditions. New infrastructure solutions are being implemented. Proper connection of infrastructure with the traffic that burdens it would allow users to access several modes of transport, increasing accessibility and reducing exclusion from transport. In this context, we would like to pay attention to multimodal transit systems and vehicle sharing. We also pay attention to new technologies, including IoT, big data, blockchain, machine learning, and artificial intelligence.

We also expect proposals regarding the use of new techniques and devices for traffic flow research. They are useful for establishing better transport systems designed and based on exact traffic characteristics. We do not limit the topic to road traffic; rather, we are also interested in examining traffic characteristics in the fields of rail, air, and sea traffic.

This Special Issue will highlight new and modified approaches to traffic characteristic research. We welcome papers on the following topics:

  • Study of traffic flow characteristics;
  • Estimation of traffic flow;
  • Traffic flow research in context to support real-time management;
  • Applications of technologies in traffic research such as CV, ET, LIDAR, etc.;
  • Case studies related to traffic flow measurement;
  • Meta-analyses and reviews related to traffic flow measurement;
  • Future perspectives on traffic flow study;
  • Optimization and rationalization of traffic flows;
  • Modern and unconventional solutions to the above topics;
  • Eye tracking research in transport systems;
  • Biometry research in transport systems;
  • Vibrocaustic research in transport systems;
  • Airport management  and organisation;
  • Implementation of new technologies by enterprises in transport systems.

Dr. Ireneusz Celinski
Dr. Renata Żochowska
Dr. Grzegorz Karoń
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • traffic flow
  • estimation of traffic flow
  • traffic measurement

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

28 pages, 4565 KiB  
Article
A Review of Vessel Traffic Services Systems Operating in Poland in Terms of Their Compliance with International Legislation
by Wojciech Durczak and Ludmiła Filina-Dawidowicz
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(2), 797; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020797 - 15 Jan 2025
Viewed by 556
Abstract
Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) systems are complex systems facilitating decision-making processes and integrating technical infrastructure, aiming to ensure the safety of ship traffic and marine environment protection in indicated water areas. Such services are offered in Poland in selected regions. These systems operate [...] Read more.
Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) systems are complex systems facilitating decision-making processes and integrating technical infrastructure, aiming to ensure the safety of ship traffic and marine environment protection in indicated water areas. Such services are offered in Poland in selected regions. These systems operate based on guidelines established by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and European Parliament; therefore, they should be constantly developed and adjusted to current regulations. The aim of this article is to review and assess the adjustment of VTS systems operating in Poland to current selected regulations introduced by the IMO and European Parliament. A comparative analysis and evaluation of three VTS systems operated in Poland was carried out. In addition, the impact of VTS systems on the development of the trans-European transport network was examined. It was stated that the investigated VTS systems’ current adjustment to analyzed regulations is different depending on the systems’ configuration and possessed infrastructure, parameters of fairways, traffic regulations and other criteria. Based on the achieved research results, recommendations to improve the VTS systems in Poland were proposed. The research outcomes may be interesting for the managers of maritime administrations, ports’ authorities, and other decision-makers responsible for safe navigation and traffic management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Estimation of Traffic Flow Characteristics)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Areas of responsibility of the VTS systems operated in Poland (our own elaboration based on [<a href="#B11-applsci-15-00797" class="html-bibr">11</a>]).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Research methodology.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Areas of responsibility of the VTS Centers in Szczecin and Świnoujście (our own elaboration based on [<a href="#B11-applsci-15-00797" class="html-bibr">11</a>]), where “Mijanka Zalew” and “Mijanka Police” are places indicated within Świnoujście–Szczecin Fairway where ships may pass each other and purple circles represent map components.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Configuration of vessels’ traffic lanes. (<b>a</b>) VTS Zatoka Gdańska. (<b>b</b>) VTS Ławica Słupska [<a href="#B11-applsci-15-00797" class="html-bibr">11</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Schematic location of ports along the Świnoujście–Szczecin fairway. (<b>a</b>) General overview of the fairway, (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) enlarged characteristics of the two fairway sections (marked with green circles on (<b>a</b>)) (our own elaboration based on [<a href="#B11-applsci-15-00797" class="html-bibr">11</a>]).</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Area covered by the VTS Zatoka Gdańska system. (<b>a</b>) Density map of ships’ movements on each individual LEG. (<b>b</b>) Probability of collision on each individual LEG (our own elaboration based on [<a href="#B57-applsci-15-00797" class="html-bibr">57</a>]).</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Area covered by the VTS Ławica Słupska system. (<b>a</b>) Density map of ships’ movements on each individual LEG. (<b>b</b>) Probability of collision on each individual LEG (our own elaboration based on [<a href="#B57-applsci-15-00797" class="html-bibr">57</a>]).</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Area covered by the VTS Świnoujście–Szczecin system. (<b>a</b>) Density map of ships’ movements on each individual LEG. (<b>b</b>) Probability of collision on each individual LEG (our own elaboration based on [<a href="#B57-applsci-15-00797" class="html-bibr">57</a>]).</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Probability of collision on individual sections (LEGs) in relation to limits identified by IWRAP MK II. LEGs 4–9 are assigned to VTS Zatoka Gdańska, LEGs 10–15 are assigned to VTS Ławica Słupska and LEGs 16–29 are assigned to VTS Świnoujście–Szczecin (our own elaboration based on [<a href="#B57-applsci-15-00797" class="html-bibr">57</a>]).</p> Full article ">
15 pages, 5336 KiB  
Article
Study of Distribution of Free Flow Speeds on Urban Road Sections Depending on Their Functional Purpose and One-Way Traffic—Evidence from Kharkiv (Ukraine)
by Oleksandr Riabushenko, Grzegorz Sierpiński, Viktor Bogomolov, Ivan Nahliuk and Dmytro Leontiev
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(23), 11302; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142311302 - 4 Dec 2024
Viewed by 683
Abstract
Data on the distribution of the free flow speed (FFS) of cars are used to solve a wide range of tasks in the field of road transport, starting from road design and ending with the development of traffic modeling and simulation programs. The [...] Read more.
Data on the distribution of the free flow speed (FFS) of cars are used to solve a wide range of tasks in the field of road transport, starting from road design and ending with the development of traffic modeling and simulation programs. The purpose of this study was to obtain the distribution of vehicle speeds on typical sections of the city road network, characterized by the presence of one-way traffic. The data were obtained by field observations using a portable radar. As a result, statistical characteristics and speed distribution laws for four sections of streets in the city of Kharkiv were analyzed. It was shown that the characteristics of FFS distributions differ depending on the functional class of the streets. Average FFS values on main street segments were on average 19 km/h higher. The one-way traffic has less impact on the FFS distribution, especially for arterial streets. The characteristics of FFS distributions differ depending on the type and functional class of streets; they can be described with sufficient accuracy by typical distribution laws, such as Normal, Log-normal, Gamma, and Chi-square. The results of this study can be useful for traffic modeling problems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Estimation of Traffic Flow Characteristics)
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Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Location of measuring stations on the city map.</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Box and whisker plot of the experimental FFS distributions.</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Polygonal and cumulative plots of the distribution of FFS values.</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Approximation of FFS experimental data by theoretical distribution laws for the section Ave. Heroiv Kharkova.</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>Approximation of FFS experimental data by theoretical distribution laws for the section Ave. Traktorobudivnykiv.</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>Approximation of FFS experimental data by theoretical distribution laws for the section St. 12-ho Kvitnia.</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Approximation of FFS experimental data by theoretical distribution laws for the section St. Myru.</p> Full article ">
22 pages, 6331 KiB  
Article
Use of Wireless Sensor Networks for Area-Based Speed Control and Traffic Monitoring
by Mariusz Rychlicki, Zbigniew Kasprzyk, Małgorzata Pełka and Adam Rosiński
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(20), 9243; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14209243 - 11 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1140
Abstract
This paper reviews the potential of low-power wireless networks to improve road safety. The authors characterized this type of network and its application in road transport. They also presented the available technologies, highlighting one that was considered the most promising for transport applications. [...] Read more.
This paper reviews the potential of low-power wireless networks to improve road safety. The authors characterized this type of network and its application in road transport. They also presented the available technologies, highlighting one that was considered the most promising for transport applications. The study includes an innovative and proprietary concept of area-based vehicle speed monitoring using this technology and describes its potential for enhancing road safety. Assumptions and a model for the deployment of network equipment within the planned implementation area were developed. Using radio coverage planning software, the authors conducted a series of simulations to assess the radio coverage of the proposed solution. The results were used to evaluate the feasibility of deployment and to select system operating parameters. It was also noted that the proposed solution could be applied to traffic monitoring. The main objective of this paper is to present a new solution for improving road safety and to assess its feasibility for practical implementation. To achieve this, the authors conducted and presented the results of a series of simulations using radio coverage planning software. The key contribution of this research is the authors′ proposal to implement simultaneous vehicle speed control across the entire monitored area, rather than limiting it to specific, designated points. The simulation results, primarily related to the deployment and selection of operating parameters for wireless sensor network devices, as well as the type and height of antenna placement, suggest that the practical implementation of the proposed solution is feasible. This approach has the potential to significantly improve road safety and alter drivers′ perceptions of speed control. Additionally, the positive outcomes of the research could serve as a foundation for changing the selection of speed control sites, focusing on areas with the highest road safety risk at any given time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Estimation of Traffic Flow Characteristics)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1
<p>Typical LoRaWAN architecture. (Source: authors’ image based on [<a href="#B51-applsci-14-09243" class="html-bibr">51</a>,<a href="#B52-applsci-14-09243" class="html-bibr">52</a>,<a href="#B53-applsci-14-09243" class="html-bibr">53</a>]).</p> Full article ">Figure 2
<p>Architecture of the proposed solution. (Source: authors’ own image based on [<a href="#B51-applsci-14-09243" class="html-bibr">51</a>,<a href="#B52-applsci-14-09243" class="html-bibr">52</a>,<a href="#B53-applsci-14-09243" class="html-bibr">53</a>]).</p> Full article ">Figure 3
<p>Road system in the Stare Babice commune (source: authors’ own image based on [<a href="#B61-applsci-14-09243" class="html-bibr">61</a>]).</p> Full article ">Figure 4
<p>Topographic map of the Stare Babice commune. (Source: authors’ own image based on [<a href="#B71-applsci-14-09243" class="html-bibr">71</a>]).</p> Full article ">Figure 5
<p>“Area” sub-path attenuation method. (Source: authors’ own image based on [<a href="#B72-applsci-14-09243" class="html-bibr">72</a>]).</p> Full article ">Figure 6
<p>CompleTech ComAnt CAS+ antenna radiation characteristics [<a href="#B73-applsci-14-09243" class="html-bibr">73</a>].</p> Full article ">Figure 7
<p>Impact of h<sub>GW</sub> transmitter station location height (10, 15, 20, and 25 m) on radio coverage.</p> Full article ">Figure 8
<p>Impact of h<sub>EN</sub> receiving antenna height-wise positioning (2, 4, 6, and 8 m).</p> Full article ">Figure 9
<p>Locations of transmitting stations (GWs) and distribution of area boundaries and roads.</p> Full article ">Figure 10
<p>Radio coverage areas and values for six transmitting stations (GWs) within the preset area.</p> Full article ">Figure 11
<p>Areas of radio coverage by individual GW transmitting stations.</p> Full article ">Figure 12
<p>Area radio coverage with a signal exceeding the preset value.</p> Full article ">
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